BIOL 2610L Biodiversity, Ecology, and Evolution Laboratory ANSWER DOCUMENT

Inheritance Patterns II – Independent Assortment, Linkage, and Epistasis

Please TYPE your answers into these tables and upload the completed file to the Inheritance
Patterns II Lab Report assignment in Canvas.

Table 4-1 Budgie feather layers

Layer Genotype Pigment
Homozygous dominant OR
Outer Yellow pigment
Heterozygous (YY, Yy)
Outer Homozygous recessive (yy) No pigment
Homozygous dominant OR
Inner Melanin pigment
Heterozygous (II, Ii)
Inner Homozygous recessive (ii) No melanin pigment

Table 4-2 Overall Budgie feather color

Genotype Genotypes Layer pigments Overall
color
At least one
Outer ________________ Outer ___________________
dominant allele for Green
each gene
Inner ________________ Inner ___________________
Homozygous
recessive for outer Outer ________________ Outer ___________________
layer gene; at least Blue
one dominant allele Inner ________________ Inner ___________________
of inner layer gene
At least one
dominant allele of Outer ________________ Outer ___________________
outer layer gene;
Yellow
homozygous
recessive or inner Inner ________________ Inner ___________________
layer gene

Homozygous Outer ________________

Outer ___________________
recessive for both White
genes Inner ________________
Inner ___________________

Independent Assortment

NOTE: All answers must be typed into this document for submission as your lab report.
Rev. 9/2022
BIOL 2610L Biodiversity, Ecology, and Evolution Laboratory ANSWER DOCUMENT

The parental Budgies are both heterozygous for each feather color gene. Each of these genes
is on a different chromosome.

Table 4-3 Punnett square, independent assortment

Maternal Genotype:______________________
Gametes Egg Egg Egg Egg

Sperm

Paternal Sperm
Genotype:
_________ Sperm

Sperm

Table 4-4 Offspring Genotypes

Offspring Genotypes Expected Frequency of Each Type (n/16)
1) YYII

2) YYIi

3) YYii

4) YyII

5) YyIi

6) Yyii

7) yyII

8) yyIi

9) yyii

Table 4-5 Offspring phenotypes

NOTE: All answers must be typed into this document for submission as your lab report.
Rev. 9/2022
BIOL 2610L Biodiversity, Ecology, and Evolution Laboratory ANSWER DOCUMENT

Offspring Phenotypes Expected Frequency of Each Type (n/16)

Green

Blue

Yellow

White

Linkage

Next you will determine the predicted offspring feather colors if the two feather color genes are
linked close together on the same chromosome. The dominant outer feather layer allele is
linked onto the same chromosome as the recessive inner layer allele Y-i and the reverse is
true on the homologous chromosome y-I. The overall genotypes of the parents have not
changed, they are heterozygous, but the inheritance pattern will change due to linkage.

Table 4-6 Punnett square of linked budgie feather color genes

MATERNAL GENOTYPE ___________

EGG GENO EGG GENO

Y—i y—I
SPERM
GENO
PATERNAL Y—i
GENOTYPE SPERM
___________ GENO
y—I

Table 4-7 Offspring genotypes

Offspring Genotypes Expected Frequency of Each Type (n/4)

Table 4-8 Offspring phenotypes

NOTE: All answers must be typed into this document for submission as your lab report.
Rev. 9/2022
BIOL 2610L Biodiversity, Ecology, and Evolution Laboratory ANSWER DOCUMENT

Offspring Phenotypes Expected Frequency of Each Type (n/4)

Green

Blue

Yellow

White

Question: If a Budgie breeder collected data on the offspring of crosses between Budgies who
were heterozygous for both genes and found that 108 were green, 30 were blue, 42 were
yellow, and only 10 were white, explain which inheritance pattern is supported by the data.

Epistasis

Table 4-9 Punnett square, independent assortment and epistasis

Maternal Genotype:
Gametes Egg: Egg: Egg: Egg:
Sperm:
Sperm:
Paternal
Genotype: Sperm:

Sperm:

NOTE: All answers must be typed into this document for submission as your lab report.
Rev. 9/2022
BIOL 2610L Biodiversity, Ecology, and Evolution Laboratory ANSWER DOCUMENT

Table 4-10 Offspring genotypes

Offspring Genotypes Expected Frequency of Each Type (n/16)

Table 4-11 Offspring phenotypes

Offspring Phenotypes Expected Frequency of Each Type (n/16)
Black

Brown

Yellow

NOTE: All answers must be typed into this document for submission as your lab report.
Rev. 9/2022
BIOL 2610L Biodiversity, Ecology, and Evolution Laboratory ANSWER DOCUMENT

Incomplete Dominance

Table 4-12 Hair texture Punnett square

This Punnett square displays the results of crossing 2 parents who both have wavy hair.

MATERNAL GENOTYPE _____

EGG EGG
SPERM
PATERNAL
GENOTYPE SPERM
__________

Question from page 60 (d.) What are the expected genotype frequencies of the offspring/?
Explain your answer.

Questions from page 60 (e.) What are the expected phenotype frequencies of the offspring?
Explain your answer.

Human Eye Color

Table 4-13 Two gene, incomplete dominance, model of human eye color

Genotypes AABB AABb or AaBB AaBb, aaBB, or aaBb or Aabb aabb

AAbb
Eye color Dark brown Medium brown Light brown Deep blue or Light blue
or black green

NOTE: All answers must be typed into this document for submission as your lab report.
Rev. 9/2022
BIOL 2610L Biodiversity, Ecology, and Evolution Laboratory ANSWER DOCUMENT

Mr. Jones decided it was time to use the Web to calm his fears concerning his wife's activities.
He wrote to drknowsabitaboutgenetics.com and asked the Web doctor what he thought about
the fact that he and his wife have dark brown eyes, but their son has blue eyes. The Web
doctor consulted the widely used eye color model described in Table 4-13 and replied that Mr.
Jones was not the boy's father and that he should hire a lawyer. Consider what you know
about genetics and explain an alternative reason why the Jones' son has light blue eyes.

Discussion Questions for Lab Report

In horses, there are three coat color patterns, termed cremello (beige), chestnut (brown), and
palomino (golden with a light mane and tail).

Cremello Chestnut Palomino

If two palomino horses are mated they produce about ¼ cremello, ¼ chestnut, and ½ palomino
offspring. In contrast, when cremello horses are are bred with other cremellos, only cremello
horses are produced. Likewise, when chestnut horses are bred together, only chestnut horses
are produced.

NOTE: All answers must be typed into this document for submission as your lab report.
Rev. 9/2022
BIOL 2610L Biodiversity, Ecology, and Evolution Laboratory ANSWER DOCUMENT

Please answer the following questions to analyze the trait of coat color in horses. Your
answers must be formulated as full sentences. Answers of one or a few words will not receive
full credit.

1. Excluding linkage, which of the inheritance patterns examined in today’s lab exercise is
demonstrated by the inheritance of coat color in horses? (0.5 pt)

2. How many genes are involved in the production of coat color in horses? Explain how you
know this. (1 pt)

3. If a palomino horse and a chestnut horse are bred, what is the expected color(s) of the
offspring and in what frequencies? (1 pt)

NOTE: All answers must be typed into this document for submission as your lab report.
Rev. 9/2022