GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC AMBAD

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

COURSE: Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning

COURSE CODE: RAC- 22660

A PROJECT REPORT ON

“Study different types of Refrigerants with

properties, designation, selection, and application”

FOR THE AWARD OF

DIPLOMA IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CLASS: ME6I
ACADEMIC YEAR 2022-23

Under the guidance of

Prof. M. B. Sanap

Submitted by

Roll.no Name of the Students En. No

303 Dange Vishnu Narhari 2011620293
324 Jadhav Rohit Babasaheb 2011620428

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 GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC AMBAD
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Micro-project entitled “Study different types of Refrigerants

with properties, designation, selection, and application” for the course RAC- 22660 being
submitted herewith for the award of Diploma in Mechanical Engineering from Maharashtra
State Board of Technical Education (MSBTE), Mumbai is completed under my supervision
and guidance.
To the best of my knowledge and belief, the work completed as a Micro-project is totally new
and done very effectively by the group of students. This project is done in 6 th semester of
Academic Year 2022-23.

Place: Ambad Prof. M. B. Sanap

Date: Micro-project Guide

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 DECLARATION

We, the undersigned students, hereby declare that the project entitled “Study different types of
Refrigerants with properties, designation, selection, and application” is written and
submitted by us to Government Polytechnic Ambad during academic year 2022- 23 in 6th
semester for partial fulfillment of the Micro Project requirement of “Refrigeration and Air-
Conditioning” course under Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai
curriculum & under the guidance of Prof. M. B Sanap.

The empirical findings in this project are based on the data collected from various sources.

Roll.no Name of the Students En. No

303 Dange Vishnu Narhari 2011620293

324 Jadhav Rohit Babasaheb 2011620428

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We have a great pleasure to express our immense gratitude towards a dynamic person and
my project guide Prof. M. B. Sanap Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government
Polytechnic, Ambad for giving us an opportunity to work on an interesting topic in this semester.
The work presented here could not have been accomplished without his most competent and
inspiring guidance, incessant encouragement, constructive criticism and constant motivation
during all phases of our group Micro-project work. We are greatly indebted to him.

I am very much thankful to Dr. P. T. Kale, our Head of Department and Dr. A. M.
Agarkar, Principal for his encouragement and providing us motivating environment and
project facilities in the institute to carry out experiments and complete this Micro- project work.
We would like to extend our thanks to all our professors, staff members and all our friends
who extended their co-operation to complete the project.
We are indeed indebted to my parents and other family members for their immense help
at all levels with moral, social & financial support, care and support throughout my studies
without which my work would not have seen light of the day.
With warm regards,

Place : Ambad Yours Sincerely

Date : Jadhav Rohit Babasaheb

Dange Vishnu Narhari

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 ABSTRACT

Study of different types of refrigerants which is principally applicable for all Automotive,
Domestic and Industrial Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Applications. Briefly, introduction
to be given to the classification, selection, designation, and applications. The blood of the Air-
conditioner and Refrigerator, that is, the refrigerants, their properties, merits and demerits are
summarized to map the various types and their classifications. Detailed comparison is made
on first generation, second generation and third generation refrigerants, including the option
of using HCs and CO2. Main focus is given to the Montreal Protocol and Kyoto Protocols.
Possibilities of changeover from CFC/HCFC based refrigerants to HFC or HFO based third and
fourth generation refrigerants are also covered. The blood of the Air-conditioner and Refrigerator,
that is, the refrigerants, their properties, merits and demerits are summarized to map the
various types and their classifications. At the end of the session, all attendees would able get
the absolute clarity on the Study of different types of refrigerants with properties, designation,
selection and application. Their merits and demerits of various Refrigerants in terms of design of
the system and their components, ODP, GWP & TEWI indexes also Application of this micro
project.

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 Index

Sr Title Page No.

No.

1 Introduction 7

2 Aim of The Project 8

3 Types of Refrigerants 9

4 Chlorofluorocarbons 10

5 Hydro Chlorofluorocarbons 11

6 Natural Refrigerants 12

7 Carbon Dioxide 13

8 Hydro Carbons 14

9 Ammonia 15

10 Applications of the Micro 17

Project
11 Conclusion 18

12 References 19

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 INTRODUCTION

A refrigerant is a substance utilized in a heat cycle to switch heat from one area and remove it to
another. Usually a gas at room temperature. Found in quite an awful lot the entirety that cools, and
every so often in things that heat, maximum usual air conditioners, fridges, freezers, and car air
conditioners. Traditionally, fluorocarbons, mainly chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), have been used as
refrigerants, however, they're being phased out due to their ozone-depleting effects. Other common
refrigerants utilized in diverse programs are ammonia, sulfur dioxide, and non-halogenated
hydrocarbons which include propane. Most refrigerants located in giving up of existence devices are
ozone-depleting and global warming-inducing compounds.

The refrigerant is a heat-carrying medium which during their cycle (i.e. comparison, condensation,
evaporation) in the refrigeration system absorbs heat from allow temperature system and discards the
heat so absorbed to higher temperature system.

The natural ice and mixture of ice and salt were the first refrigerants. In 1834, edger ammonia,
Sulphur dioxide, methyl chloride, and carbon dioxide came into use as refrigerants in compression
cycle refrigeration machines. Most of the early refrigerant materials have been discarded for safety
reasons or for lack of chemical or thermal stability. In the present day, many new refrigerants including
halo-carbon compounds, hydrocarbon compounds are used for air-conditioning and refrigeration
applications.

The suitability of a refrigerant for a certain application is determined by its physical

thermodynamic, chemical properties, and by various practical factors. There is no one refrigerant that
can be used for all types of applications i.e. there is no ideal refrigerant. It one refrigerant has certain
good advantages, it will have some disadvantages also. Hence, a refrigerant is chosen which has greater
advantages and fewer disadvantages.

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 Aims/Benefits of the Micro Project

The 21st century predicts revolutionary developments in Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning.
Considering the wide and increasing use of Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning for domestic,
commercial, and industrial applications and the challenges put in it is absolutely necessary that
Diploma Engineers should learn these systems. They should know the processes, equipment, and
systems of Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning with their functioning, maintenance, repairs, and
measures to meet the current demand. They should know the processes, equipment, and systems of
Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning with their functioning, maintenance, repairs, and measures
to meet the current demand.

In this project, we know about Different types of refrigerants with properties, designation, selection,
and applications

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 TYPES OF REFRIGERANTS

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs):

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are nontoxic, nonflammable chemical substances containing atoms of

carbon, chlorine, and fluorine. They are used with inside the manufacture of aerosol sprays, blowing
marketers for foams and packing materials, as solvents, and as refrigerants. CFCs are labeled as
halocarbons, a category of compounds that comprise atoms of carbon and halogen atoms. Individual
CFC molecules are labeled with a completely unique numbering machine. For example, the CFC
number of eleven shows the number of atoms of carbon, hydrogen, fluorine, and chlorine (e.g. CCl3F
as CFC-eleven). The first-rate manner to do not forget the machine is the "rule of ninety" or add ninety
to the CFC number in which the primary digit is the number of carbon atoms (C), the second digit is the
number of hydrogen atoms (H), and the 1/3 digit is a number of the fluorine atoms (F). The overall
number of chlorine atoms (Cl) is calculated via way of means of the expression: Cl = 2(C+1) - H - F. In
the instance CFC-eleven has one carbon, no hydrogen, one fluorine, and consequently three chlorine
atoms.

 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) properties 

 non-flammable
 tasteless
 odorless
 Chemically stable
 Boiling points close to zero degrees Centigrade.

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  Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) designation 

CFCs are categorized as halocarbons, a class of compounds that include atoms of carbon and halogen
atoms. Individual CFC molecules are categorized with a completely unique numbering system. For
example, the CFC range of eleven shows the range of atoms of carbon, hydrogen, fluorine, and chlorine
(e.g., CCl3F as CFC-11).

 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) applications 

 refrigerants
 solvents
 degreasing agents in the electronic industry
 blowing agents in the plastic formation
 Propellants for aerosol cans.

Hydro Chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)

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 HCFCs are compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, chlorine, and fluorine. Industry and the
medical network view positive chemical compounds inside this class of compounds as suitable transient
options for chlorofluorocarbons. The HCFCs have shorter atmospheric lifetimes than CFCs and supply
much less reactive chlorine to the stratosphere in which the "ozone layer" is found. Consequently, it's
miles anticipated that those chemical compounds will make contributions plenty much less to
stratospheric ozone depletion than CFCs. Because they still include chlorine and feature the capability
to damage stratospheric ozone, they're considered simplest as transient replacements for the CFCs.
Current global legislation has mandated manufacturing caps for HCFCs; manufacturing is against the
law after 2020 in advanced international locations and 2030 in growing international locations.

HCFCs are much less stable than CFCs because HCFC molecules incorporate carbon-hydrogen
bonds. Hydrogen, while connected to carbon in organic compounds consisting of these, is attacked via
way of means of the hydroxyl radical with inside the lower part of the environment referred to as the
troposphere. (CFCs, due to the fact they incorporate no hydrogen, and, therefore, no carbon-hydrogen
bonds, aren't destroyed via way of means of the hydroxyl radical.) When HCFCs are oxidized with
inside the troposphere, the chlorine launched usually combines with different chemical substances to
shape compounds that dissolve in water and ice and are eliminated from the ecosystem via way of
means of precipitation. When HCFCs emerge as destroyed in this manner their chlorine does now no
longer attain the stratosphere and make a contribution to ozone destruction.

 Hydro chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) properties 

 nonflammable
 chemically stable
 nonreactive

 Hydro chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) designation 

Hydro chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) are being advanced as replacements for chlorofluorocarbons

(CFCs) that burn up stratospheric ozone. The depletion of stratospheric ozone can also additionally
increase the depth of ultraviolet radiation on the earth's surface, which can be related to global,
destructive human health effects. The extra tropospheric lability of HCFCs, that is because of the
presence of C-H bonds, reduces HCFC migration to the stratosphere; HCFCs should, therefore, reason

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much less depletion of stratospheric ozone than CFCs. HCFCs below improvement encompass HCFC-
22 (chlorodifluoromethane)

 Hydro chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) applications 

 domestic and industrial refrigeration

 air conditioning
 aerosols
 medical inhalers
 Fire extinguishers.

Natural Refrigerants

Natural refrigerants are materials that exist clearly with inside the environment. With 0 ozone
depletion potential (ODP) and really low or 0 global warming potential (GWP), they may be taken into
consideration as the definitive option to the environmental harm because of artificial refrigerants. The
maximum significant herbal refrigerants utilized in HVAC/R programs these days are carbon dioxide
(CO2, R-744), hydrocarbons including propane (R-290), isobutene (R-600a) and propylene (R-1270),
and ammonia (NH3, R-717). Other natural refrigerants are water (H2O, R-718) and air (R-729), used
handiest for unique programs, or sulphur dioxide (SO2) and methyl chloride (CH3Cl), that are not used.

They’re materials that arise immediately in nature. The maximum usually used ones are ammonia
(NH3), carbon dioxide (CO2), and hydrocarbons (propane or isobutene). These materials have were
used as refrigerants till the Thirties earlier than fluorinated gases (f-gases) have become extra common
in refrigeration systems. Fluorine is a halogen and nowadays we recognize that those halogenated gases
grow the greenhouse effect.

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 Carbon Dioxide

Carbon dioxide (CO2, R-744) is a colourless fluid, heavier than air in ordinary situations and
odourless at low concentrations. Being a non-flammable and non-poisonous substance, it's far
categorized as A1 in line with ASHRAE Standard 34.

The impact of R-744 on the ozone layer is null, having an ODP value of 0. As regards its global
warming effect, its GWP is 1, that's the reference fee for evaluating the direct effect of different
refrigerants. However, it can be taken into consideration that R-744 does now no longer make a
contribution to weather change, as is received as a derivative from business techniques and could in any
other case be emitted into the atmosphere.

Other benefits of the usage of R-744 as a refrigerant encompass the truth that this is broad to be had
available in the marketplace at a completely low price. Additionally, R-744 has an exquisite coefficient
of the thermal switch and extraordinarily low viscosity.

 Carbon Dioxide Properties 

 harmlessness to the biosphere

 non-flammable
 non-toxic
 zero ODP
 GWP of 1

 Carbon dioxide applications 

CO2 can only be used with inside the conventional and very efficient refrigeration cycle while heat
discharge temperatures are lower than the critical temperature

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 Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons are odourless natural compounds product of not anything extra than carbon and
hydrogen atoms. They are flammable and non-poisonous substances, and consequently, their protection
category is A3. It’s ODP of zero and extraordinarily low GWP price suggest they're innocent of the

Ozone layer and in phrases of worldwide warming. Propane (R-290), isobutene (R-600a), and
propylene (R-1270) are the maximum common hydrocarbons presently utilized in HVAC/R
applications.

Hydrocarbons perform at standard running pressures and feature wonderful thermodynamic properties,
main to excessive energy efficiency. For instance, the latent heat of vaporization of hydrocarbons is sort
of times better than that of the maximum common HFC refrigerants (R-134a, R-404A, and R-507): this
indicates a better cooling/heating impact for the identical refrigerant mass flow.

The fundamental challenge of the usage of hydrocarbons as refrigerants comes from their excessive
flammability. This requires a careful layout of the machine and compliance with precise necessities for
flammable refrigerants described with the aid of using standards. Hydrocarbons are technically possible
for small and medium-sized refrigeration and air-conditioning applications, in addition to chillers.
Applications consist of home fridges, beverage coolers, vending machines, commercial refrigeration,
delivery refrigeration, small air con systems, chillers, heat pumps, and water heaters.

 Hydrocarbons properties 

 natural
 non-toxic refrigerants that have no ozone-depleting properties
 low global warming potential

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  Hydrocarbons applications 

 Domestic refrigerators and freezers.

 Bottle coolers.
 Ice cream freezers and commercial freezers.
 Commercial refrigerators.
 Beer coolers.

Ammonia

Ammonia (NH3, R-717) is an alkaline and colorless chemical compound at atmospheric pressure.
Being a mildly flammable and poisonous substance, its miles labeled as B2L. R-717 is likewise
corrosive, however, its sturdy odor makes it smooth to detect. Regarding environmental impact, it does
now no longer have any dangerous impact on the ozone layer and global warming while launched into
the atmosphere, for that reason its ODP and GWP values are 0. R-717 is extensively available in the
marketplace at a completely low price. Working at standard working pressures, its right thermodynamic
properties, consisting of the excessive latent heat of vaporization, places it a few of the refrigerants with
maximum electricity performance for each medium and coffee temperature operation. However, the
toxicity and flammability of R-717 have restricted its use in public places. Many advances had been
made currently to minimize dangers to human health, consisting of the improvement of hermetically
sealed systems or leak detection systems. R-717 has especially been used in commercial refrigeration
for plenty of years, but its use is being prolonged to different applications, consisting of commercial
refrigeration as a secondary fluid.

 Ammonia properties 

 colorless gas
 pungent smell
 It is lighter than air
 its density being 0.589 times that of air

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  Ammonia applications 

 dairies
 ice creams plants
 frozen food production plants
 cold storage warehouses
 processors of fish
 poultry and meat

Outputs of the Micro-Project

In this micro project, we get all information about different types of refrigerants with properties,
designation, selection, and applications

 Skill Developed / Learning outcomes of this Micro-Project

a. Develop group discussion skills.

b. Communication skills improved.
c. MS WORD skills developed.

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 Applications of this Micro-Project

 Normal cooling.

 Deep cooling.

 Heat pumps

 Pharmaceutical applications.

 Stationary cooling systems.

 Stationary air conditioning systems.

 Automobile air conditioning systems.

 Car air conditioning systems

 Data centers and electricity production.

 Preservation of perishable food products, food processing.

 Packaging, storing and transportation by storing them at low temperatures.

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 CONCLUSION

The major ecological gain of natural refrigerants for air conditioners and refrigerators is that they
may be a naturally-taking place so generating those materials isn't always energy-intensive, they are
greater sustainable, they've 0 Ozone depletion capability and negligible global warming capability.

The field of refrigeration and air-conditioning has experienced huge changes in the last century.
More and more new refrigerants having enhanced properties are being created globally. Research in
this field is now directed toward producing better environment-friendly refrigerants and replacing old
refrigeration systems utilizing halogenated refrigerants with the newer ones. Research in this field is
now directed toward producing better environment-friendly refrigerants and replacing old refrigeration
systems utilizing halogenated refrigerants with the newer ones. We can be sure that in the future,
refrigerants will be produced which will not only match the performance characteristics of the present-
day refrigerants but also surpass them. And all this will be done without generating any destructive
effect on the environment.

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 REFERENCES

 https://www.msbtemicroproject.tech/2022/04/Refrigeration-and-Air-Conditioning-22660-
Diploma-Micro-Project-MSBTE-I-Scheme.html?m=1
 https://mechaengineeringonline.blogspot.com/2016/02/how-designated-of-refrigerants.html
 https://www.swep.net/refrigerant-handbook/5.-refrigerants/sd6/
 https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/standards-and-guidelines/ashrae-refrigerant-
designations
 https://www.slideshare.net/KrishnaYadav136/refrigerants-and-designation

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