BIOLOGY REVISION – TOPIC 4 - BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES

Biological Molecule Needed for... Elements... Subunits... Food Example Food Test... Positive Result

Iodine turns from

Starch = Iodine yellow to blue-black
Carbon, Oxygen & Sugars Simple: Candy, fruits
Carbohydrates Energy
Hydrogen (e.g. glucose) Complex: Pasta, rice
Glucose = Benedict’s Benedict’s turns from
blue to red

Carbon, Oxygen,
Biuret solution turns
Proteins Growth & repair Hydrogen, Nitrogen Amino Acids Fish, eggs, meat Biuret Solution
from blue to purple
& sometimes sulphur

Insulation & Carbon, Oxygen & Glycerol and 3 Solution turns from
Lipids Butter, cheese, meats Ethanol emulsion test
energy Hydrogen fatty acids colourless to cloudy

Describe the test for starch: Describe the test for glucose Compare and contrast simple and complex carbohydrates

1. Place food to be tested on a 1. Place food sample into a boiling tube Both simple and complex carbohydrates are used for energy
spotting tile 2. Add an equal amount of Benedict’s Both simple and complex carbohydrates have only C, O, and H atoms
2. Add 2-3 drops of iodine solution solution
3. A positive result for starch is if 3. Place boiling tube in a hot water Simple carbohydrates are soluble in water, whereas complex
iodine turns from yellow to bath (or a beaker of water under a carbohydrates are insoluble
blue-black Bunsen Burner)
4. A positive test for glucose is if the Simple carbs are small (e.g. glucose). Complex ones are large, made
solution turns from blue to red of many simple carbohydrates joined together (e.g. starch)

Describe the test for protein Describe the test for lipids KEY WORDS: ASSESSMENT:
Carbohydrate
1. Place food to be tested into a test 1. Cut and place food into a test tube Protein
tube 2. Cover with ethanol Lipid
2. Add 5-6 drops of Biuret solution 3. Add a stopper and shake Amino Acid
3. A positive result for protein is if 4. Add distilled water to half-fill the Glycerol
Biuret solution turns from blue to test tube Benedict's Reagent
purple 5. Shake again Biuret Solution
6. A positive result for lipids is if a Iodine
cloudy white emulsion forms Ethanol
 BIOLOGY REVISION – TOPIC 4 - BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
Why is Vitamin C needed? What is the test for vitamin C? Draw a diagram of DNA:
Tissue repair & disease resistance DCPIP

What foods have vitamin C? Describe how to complete it:

Oranges, lemons, limes
1. Pipette 2cm3 of DCPIP into a conical
State and describe the condition associated flask What name is given to
with a vitamin C deficiency? 2. Add the vitamin C solution to a burette the shape of DNA?
3. Add the solution drop by drop, shaking
Scurvy - body tissue starts to break down. the conical flask each time Double Helix
Usually starts in the gums - they start to 4. Measure the volume needed for the
bleed and teeth fall out indicator to change from blue to What are the bases in
colourless DNA, and which ones
bond together?
What is meant by the term ‘solvent’? Why is amino acid sequence important in
proteins? A-T and C-G
A substance in which other substances can It determines protein shape
dissolve to form a solution
What does the shape of a protein
determine?
Describe the role of water as a solvent in the Protein function (what it does) Design an experiment to test Vitamin C content in
following: different fruit juices (Variables: IV, DV, and CV’s)
Explain how shape is important for the
1) Digestion following examples of proteins: IV = Type of fruit juice
Dissolves enzymes & nutrients in the DV = Volume of fruit juice to turn DCPIP colourless
alimentary canal so digestion and 1) Enzymes
absorption can occur Have a specific shape that fits to CV’s = Concentration of fruit juice, amount of DCPIP,
just one type of molecule. Speed up individual deciding on end point
2) Excretion the rate of reaction in our cells
Urea, a harmful waste product, is
dissolved in water (to make urea) so it 2) Antibodies
KEY WORDS: ASSESSMENT:
can be easily removed from the body Have a specific shape to fit one type
Vitamin C
of bacteria or virus. Allows them to
DCPIP
3) Transport destroy these pathogens
DNA
Blood plasma contains a lot of water.
Solvent
Allows substances dissolved in it, such 3) Haemoglobin
Amino Acid
as glucose, to be easily transported Has a specific shape to allow it to
Haemoglobin
around the body. carry oxygen in red blood cells.. This
Antibodies
is needed by cells for respiration.
Enzymes