Anthropology The Human Challenge 14th Edition

Haviland Prins McBride Walrath 1133955975

9781133955979
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Chapter 11 – Modern Human Diversity: Race and Racism

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Which of the following scientists divided humans into subspecies based on geographic
location?
a. Johan Blumenbach
b. Carolus Linnaeus
c. Charles Darwin
d. Franz Boas
e. Fatimah Jackson
ANS: B DIF: Applied REF: The History of Human Classification
OBJ: 1 MSC: New

2. In Blumenbach’s classification of races, light-skinned peoples from Europe and adjacent parts
of western Asia and northern Africa were part of which race?
a. European
b. Guinean
c. Dravidian
d. American Indian
e. Caucasian
ANS: E DIF: Applied REF: The History of Human Classification
OBJ: 1 MSC: Pickup

3. Human genetic variation generally is distributed in a continuous range, with varying clusters
of frequency. The significance we give our variations, the way we perceive them—in fact,
whether or not we perceive them at all—is determined by our
a. genes.
b. origins.
c. culture.
d. physical traits.
e. intelligence.
 ANS: C DIF: Conceptual REF: Chapter Introduction
OBJ: 1 MSC: Pickup

4. German physician Johan Blumenbach divided humans into racial types by

a. intelligence.
b. height.
c. geographical origin.
d. genealogy.
e. hierarchy.
ANS: E DIF: Applied REF: The History of Human Classification
OBJ: 1 MSC: New

5. The problem with the kinds of definitions of racial groups devised by 18th century Swedish
naturalist Carolus Linnaeus is that, besides being ethnocentric,
a. they confuse biological traits with cultural characteristics.
b. they do not include all of the traits by which these races are distinguished.
c. they are not scientific enough; that is, they do not include the frequencies with
which these characteristics occur in the population.
d. they argue that certain groups are superior to others because of their geographical
location.
e. they include too many categories to be functionally useful.
ANS: A DIF: Conceptual REF: The History of Human Classification
OBJ: 1 MSC: Pickup

6. Who was Ota Benga?

a. He was the last member of his race of Twa pygmies
b. He was a Twa scientist who did research to overturn the biological basis of race
c. He was an anthropologist who worked to make the census racial categories more
accurate
d. He was a Twa pygmy who was captured and exhibited in a New York zoo
e. He was an African who underwent radical surgery to change his race
ANS: D DIF: Applied REF: The History of Human Classification
OBJ: 1 MSC: New

7. One of the strongest scientific critics of racism in the U.S. during the early part of the 20th
century was anthropologist
a. Franz Boas.
b. Margaret Mead.
c. Clifford Geertz.
d. Bronislaw Malinowski.
e. Marvin Harris.
ANS: A DIF: Factual REF: The History of Human Classification
OBJ: 1 MSC: New
 8. Which anthropologist has been concerned for the ethical treatment of minorities in the human
genome project?
a. Margaret Mead
b. Franz Boas
c. Hortense Powdermaker
d. Fatimah Jackson
e. Farook Johanas
ANS: D DIF: Factual REF: Race as a Biological Concept
OBJ: 2 MSC: Pickup

9. How does the definition of race differ from biology to anthropology?

a. Anthropologists see race as a cultural category, while biologists use this term to
indicate species variation
b. Anthropologists see race as a biological category, while biologists see race simply
as a genetic marker
c. Anthropologists do not acknowledge that racial categories exist, while biologists
continue to use this term for different species
d. Anthropologists argue that race is fixed by type, while biologists see race as an
arbitrary category
e. Anthropologists use race as a way of teaching people what is wrong with human
variation, while biologists use this term to divide living forms into different
taxonomic categories
ANS: A DIF: Conceptual REF: Race as a Biological Concept
OBJ: 2 MSC: New

10. Which of the following is not a significant characteristic of race?

a. It is an arbitrary designation
b. No scientific criteria exists on how many differences it takes to make a race
c. No one group has exclusive possession of any gene or genes in the human gene
pool
d. Populations are genetically open
e. The genetic differences between populations, or groups, is greater than that
between any two human beings
ANS: E DIF: Applied REF: Race as a Biological Concept
OBJ: 2 MSC: New

11. In a study of the differences between populations of humans, Richard Lewontin found that the
total amount of genetic variation between groups is
a. 37%.
b. 23%.
c. 14%.
d. 11%.
e. 7%.
 ANS: E DIF: Factual REF: Race as a Biological Concept
OBJ: 2 MSC: New

12. Which field of science has begun commercially providing genomic data based on
mitochondrial DNA for ancestry purposes?
a. Genetic science
b. Human population genetics
c. Human growth and development science
d. Evolutionary biology
e. Forensic anthropology
ANS: B DIF: Factual REF: Race as a Biological Concept
OBJ: 2 MSC: New

13. All of the following are challenges associated with using mtDNA to trace ancestry except:
a. it is inherited only through the mother’s line.
b. you are equally descended from all four grandparents, but mitochondrially
descended from only one.
c. 75% of your grandparents are invisible to an mtDNA analysis.
d. a mitochondrial non-match means nothing at all.
e. mtDNA is extremely significant in understanding one’s ancestry.
ANS: E DIF: Applied REF: Race as a Biological Concept
OBJ: 2 MSC: New

14. What is the importance of ancestry research based on mitochondrial DNA?

a. It allows individual to trace disease in their family lines that could be potentially
fatal
b. It shows the importance of cultural beliefs and the symbolic power of
demonstrated ancestry
c. It allows us to reconstruct the human evolutionary tree and better understand our
history
d. It allows us to identify how our family migrated and also identify our distinct
biological heritage
e. It provides individuals with a valid way to trace inheritance and gain access to
legal representation
ANS: B DIF: Conceptual REF: Race as a Biological Concept
OBJ: 2 MSC: New

15. The racial categories used by the U.S. Census Bureau, e.g. White, Black, Hispanic, Alaskan
Native, American Indian, Asian, and Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander, are large catchall
categories that include diverse people. To compound the situation, inclusion in one or another
of these categories is usually based on self-identification. Thus, in reality what we are dealing
with are not biological categories at all, but rather are
a. hypothetical categories.
b. cultural constructs.
c. social scientific jargon.
d. ethnic categories.
 e. politically correct labels.
ANS: B DIF: Conceptual
REF: The Conflation of the Biological into the Cultural Category of Race
OBJ: 3 MSC: Pickup

16. The physical extermination of one people by another is called

a. genocide.
b. racism.
c. infanticide.
d. ratiocination.
e. discrimination.
ANS: A DIF: Factual
REF: The Conflation of the Biological into the Cultural Category of Race
OBJ: 3 MSC: New

17. Which of the following best describes the hypodescent rule?

a. A law that allows minority racial groups special access to government services
b. A law that gives racial superiority to one group over another
c. Assigning an individual with mixed ethnicity to the minority group
d. Configuring an individual’s ancestry to omit any minority groups from being
known
e. Changing an individual’s birth data, such as their age, so that they can be placed in
a different social category
ANS: C DIF: Conceptual
REF: The Conflation of the Biological into the Cultural Category of Race
OBJ: 3 MSC: New

18. Approximately how many people died worldwide due to genocide in the 20th century?
a. 480 million
b. 162 million
c. 83 million
d. 43 million
e. 17 million
ANS: C DIF: Factual
REF: The Conflation of the Biological into the Cultural Category of Race
OBJ: 3 MSC: New

19. A doctrine by which one group justifies the dehumanization of others based on their
distinctive physical characteristics is called
a. racism.
b. discrimination.
c. hypodescent.
d. genocide.
e. ethnocide.
ANS: A DIF: Factual REF: The Social Significance of Race: Racism
OBJ: 3 MSC: Pickup
20. In 2010, the U.S. Congress passed the Fair Sentencing Act to address many years of unfair
sentencing carried out in regards to the use of crack cocaine. This social injustice is an
example of
a. polygenetic inheritance.
b. structural violence.
c. physical violence.
d. hypodescent.
e. geocide.
ANS: B DIF: Applied REF: The Social Significance of Race: Racism
OBJ: 3 MSC: New

21. All of the following statements about race and intelligence are correct except:
a. they generally involve comparisons among races, a category that is biologically
false.
b. problems with defining intelligence cross-culturally exist as intelligence involves
several different skills and abilities.
c. most instruments (tests) used to measure intelligence are biased toward the
dominant culture of the people who created the test.
d. they generally measure genetic disposition and not performance abilities.
e. as a complex set of traits, intelligence cannot be linked simply to discrete
evolutionary forces acting in a particular environment.
ANS: D DIF: Applied REF: The Social Significance of Race: Racism
OBJ: 3 MSC: New

22. The fact that children adopted into privileged families can boost their IQs by 20 points is
evidence that
a. the major cause of intelligence is heredity.
b. environment has very little influence on intelligence.
c. some races are more intelligent than others.
d. environment has an enormous effect on intelligence.
e. one’s race is determined by birth order and where one lives.
ANS: D DIF: Conceptual REF: The Social Significance of Race: Racism
OBJ: 3 MSC: Pickup

23. At what point in the process of growth and development are human beings subject to
distinction by environmental differences?
a. At conception
b. At 6 months old
c. When they become language ready
d. At puberty
e. After the age of 21
ANS: A DIF: Applied REF: The Social Significance of Race: Racism
OBJ: 3 MSC: New
24. Instead of using race as a characteristic in understanding human variation, anthropologists
prefer to use
a. grids.
b. taxa.
c. grades.
d. clones.
e. clines.
ANS: E DIF: Factual REF: Studying Human Biological Diversity
OBJ: 4 MSC: New

25. When different versions of a gene, known as alleles, mediate variation (such as blood types
determined by the alleles for types A, B, and O blood), the traits are said to be
a. polytypic.
b. polymorphic.
c. epicanthic.
d. faunal.
e. polygenetic.
ANS: B DIF: Applied REF: Studying Human Biological Diversity
OBJ: 4 MSC: Pickup

26. The distribution of the polymorphism of human blood groups is considered

a. evolutionary.
b. faunal.
c. polygenetic.
d. polytypic.
e. random.
ANS: D DIF: Applied REF: Studying Human Biological Diversity
OBJ: 4 MSC: New

27. Native Americans have a high frequency of the O allele in the ABO blood type system,
whereas the B allele has its highest frequency in Asia. This is an example of humans being
a. climatic.
b. polymorphic.
c. polytypic.
d. evolutionary.
e. faunal.
ANS: C DIF: Applied REF: Studying Human Biological Diversity
OBJ: 4 MSC: Pickup

28. The epicanthic fold is common among

a. East Asians.
b. West Asians.
 c. Africans.
d. Australians.
e. South Americans.
ANS: A DIF: Applied REF: Studying Human Biological Diversity
OBJ: 4 MSC: Pickup

29. Although it may be due to genetic drift, people with rounder-shaped heads are more
commonly found in
a. dusty climates.
b. wet climates.
c. dry climates.
d. warm climates.
e. cold climates.
ANS: E DIF: Factual REF: Studying Human Biological Diversity
OBJ: 4 MSC: New
30. What is ethnic plastic surgery?
a. Seeking plastic surgery from someone who is practiced in ethnic medicine
b. Seeking surgery to change one’s phenotypic traits so that they look more like the
majority culture
c. Plastic surgery that utilizes both Western and traditional methods as part of the
medical approach
d. Plastic surgery from non-licensed medical doctors and practitioners
e. The production of commercial products, such as dolls, in ethnic body type and
clothing
ANS: B DIF: Factual REF: Studying Human Biological Diversity
OBJ: 4 MSC: New

31. An individual seeking to remove the epicanthic fold in order to Occidentalize is seeking to do
all of the following except:
a. give their eyes a rounder look.
b. remove a phenotypic trait.
c. change their genotype.
d. change their East Asian phenotype.
e. fit into a more universal standard of beauty.
ANS: C DIF: Applied REF: Studying Human Biological Diversity
OBJ: 4 MSC: New

32. Which of the following protects skin against damaging ultraviolet solar radiation?
a. Aloe
b. Coconut oil
c. Melanin
d. Vitamin D
e. Lactase
ANS: C DIF: Factual REF: Studying Human Biological Diversity
OBJ: 5 MSC: New
33. While dark skin pigmentation has enjoyed a selective advantage in the tropics, the opposite is
true in northern latitudes, where skins have generally been lightly pigmented. This light
pigmentation enables the weak ultraviolet radiation of northern latitudes to penetrate the skin
and stimulate formation of
a. melanin.
b. niacin.
c. vitamin B.
d. vitamin D.
e. vitamin E.
ANS: D DIF: Applied REF: Studying Human Biological Diversity
OBJ: 5 MSC: New

34. Although culture often acts like an umbrella to protect genes from the selective pressures of
the environment, it also brings about its own selective pressures. For example, in populations
with cultural practices in which fresh milk is an important part of the diet, the gene for the
enzyme lactase
a. is absent.
b. has a very low frequency.
c. has a very high frequency.
d. is linked with the gene for skin color.
e. has no adaptive advantage.
ANS: C DIF: Applied REF: Studying Human Biological Diversity
OBJ: 6 MSC: Pickup

35. Up until 6,000 years ago, the _____ in humans permitted efficient storage of fat to draw on in
times of food shortage, and in times of scarcity conserved glucose for use in brain and red
blood cells, as well as nitrogen through its diminished exertion.
a. thrifty hormones
b. non-thrifty genotype
c. polytypic genotype
d. conservative genotype
e. thrifty genotype
ANS: E DIF: Applied REF: Studying Human Biological Diversity
OBJ: 6 MSC: Pickup

36. Fava beans, a dietary staple in the countries around the Mediterranean Sea, also provide some
protection against
a. AIDS.
b. yellow fever.
c. cholera.
d. tuberculosis.
e. malaria.
ANS: E DIF: Factual REF: Studying Human Biological Diversity
OBJ: 6 MSC: Pickup
 37. Which of the following populations typically has a G-6-PD (glucose-6-phosphate-
dehydrogenase) deficiency?
a. East Asia
b. Mediterranean
c. North Africa
d. Northern European
e. Scandinavian
ANS: B DIF: Applied REF: Studying Human Biological Diversity
OBJ: 6 MSC: New

38. Until _____ years ago, the genus Homo exclusively inhabited the tropics, and it is likely that
lightly pigmented skins are a recent development in human history.
a. 1 million
b. 800,000
c. 200,000
d. 40,000
e. 10,000
ANS: B DIF: Factual REF: Race and Human Evolution
OBJ: 6 MSC: Pickup

39. The first people to reach Australia arrived approximately

a. 150,000 to 100,000 years ago.
b. 75,000 to 90,000 years ago.
c. 40,000 to 60,000 years ago.
d. 25,000 to 40,000 years ago.
e. 5,000 to 10,000 years ago.
ANS: C DIF: Factual REF: Race and Human Evolution
OBJ: 6 MSC: New

40. We can conclude the all of the following about human diversity except:
a. it is associated with human adaptation.
b. culture can render some human variation largely irrelevant from a biological
perspective.
c. as a biological concept, race is a productive way to understand the human species
d. no discrete types of human exist.
e. the paleoanthropological record does correlate biology and culture, but this does
not hold for living peoples.
ANS: C DIF: Conceptual REF: Race and Human Evolution
OBJ: 6 MSC: New

TRUE/FALSE

1. Human genetic variation generally is distributed across the globe in a continuous fashion.
 ANS: T REF: The History of Human Classification
OBJ: 1 MSC: New

2. Fingerprint patterns of loops, whorls, and arches are environmentally determined.

ANS: F REF: Race as a Biological Concept OBJ: 1

MSC: Pickup

3. Racist ideology in the United States has played a role in our treatment of Africans, Native
Americans, and Asians.

ANS: T REF: The History of Human Classification

OBJ: 1 MSC: New

4. You are related to every other human being.

ANS: T REF: Race as a Biological Concept OBJ: 2

MSC: New

5. The ever-changing racial categories in use in the U.S. Census reflect and reinforce the
conflation of race as a biological and cultural category.

ANS: T REF: The Conflation of the Biological into the Cultural Category of Race
OBJ: 3 MSC: New

6. Fatimah Jackson deals in research areas that are diverse yet unified by consistent
representation of African-American perspectives in biological anthropological research.

ANS: T REF: Race as a Biological Concept OBJ: 2

MSC: Pickup

7. Genocide began during WWII and continued afterward

ANS: F REF: The Conflation of the Biological into the Cultural Category of Race
OBJ: 3 MSC: New

8. The hypodescent rule was used legally in the U.S. prior to the civil rights era.

ANS: T REF: The Conflation of the Biological into the Cultural Category of Race
OBJ: 3 MSC: New

9. No inborn behavioral characteristic can be attributed to any group of people.

ANS: T REF: The Social Significance of Race: Racism

OBJ: 3 MSC: New

10. True intelligence can be measured if the researcher uses the correct test.

ANS: F REF: The Social Significance of Race: Racism

OBJ: 3 MSC: New
11. The social environment contributes enormously to intelligence.

ANS: T REF: The Social Significance of Race: Racism

OBJ: 3 MSC: New

12. Anthropologists have abandoned the idea of using race as a way to study human biological
variation.

ANS: T REF: Studying Human Biological Diversity

OBJ: 4 MSC: New

13. A species cannot be polymorphic. This is a term applied to individual variation.

ANS: F REF: Studying Human Biological Diversity

OBJ: 4 MSC: New
14. The epicanthic fold is common among Africans.

ANS: F REF: Studying Human Biological Diversity

OBJ: 4 MSC: New

15. Though the distribution of human variation for a single trait reflects a polytypic description,
the concept is valid as well when more than a single trait is involved.

ANS: F REF: Studying Human Biological Diversity

OBJ: 4 MSC: Pickup

16. Cultural adaptation has reduced the importance of biological adaptation in humans.

ANS: T REF: Studying Human Biological Diversity

OBJ: 6 MSC: New

17. Melanin is known to protect the skin against damaging ultraviolet solar radiation.

ANS: T REF: Studying Human Biological Diversity

OBJ: 5 MSC: Pickup

18. The thrifty genotype allowed humans to stay lean, muscular, and highly mobile.

ANS: F REF: Studying Human Biological Diversity

OBJ: 6 MSC: New

19. Pinto beans are known to provide some protection against malaria.

ANS: F REF: Studying Human Biological Diversity

OBJ: 6 MSC: New

20. Given what we know about the adaptive significance of human skin color, and the fact that,
until 800,000 years ago, hominids were exclusively creatures of the tropics, it is likely that
lightly pigmented skins are quite an ancient development in human history.

ANS: F REF: Race and Human Evolution OBJ: 6

MSC: Pickup
SHORT ANSWER

1. Describe the ethnocentric bias inherent in the work of Johan Blumenbach.

ANS: Will vary REF: The History of Human Classification MSC: New

2. Who was Ota Benga, and what does his life illustrate about the history of race?

ANS: Will vary REF: The History of Human Classification MSC: New

3. Describe the work of Fatimah Jackson and its contribution to understanding race.

ANS: Will vary REF: Race as a Biological Concept MSC: New

4. When defining race, what are three characteristics that cause it to lose biological meaning for
the human species?

ANS: Will vary REF: Race as a Biological Concept MSC: New

5. Why are today’s anthropologists actively working to get rid of race as a biological category
that applies to humans?

ANS: Will vary REF: Race as a Biological Concept MSC: Pickup

6. Today, it is popular to trace ancestors using mitochondrial DNA. What are some of the
drawbacks of using mtDNA to understand our ancestry?

ANS: Will vary REF: Race as a Biological Concept MSC: New

7. Compare the castas in Mexico to the hierarchy imposed in the U.S.

ANS: Will vary REF: The Conflation of the Biological into the Cultural Category of Race
MSC: Pickup

8. Can we connect race to behavior? Why or why not?

ANS: Will vary REF: The Social Significance of Race: Racism MSC: New

9. What are the reasons for differences in intelligence, one population to another?

ANS: Will vary REF: The Social Significance of Race: Racism MSC: Pickup

10. Why are intelligence tests increasingly becoming the subject of controversy?

ANS: Will vary REF: The Social Significance of Race: Racism MSC: Pickup

11. What is a cline, and why do anthropologists use this approach to the study of human
variation?

ANS: Will vary REF: Studying Human Biological Diversity MSC: New
 12. Define polymorphic.

ANS: Will vary REF: Studying Human Biological Diversity MSC: New

13. What is ethnic plastic surgery? Provide an example of this.

ANS: Will vary REF: Studying Human Biological Diversity MSC: New

14. How is skin color related to adaptation?

ANS: Will vary REF: Studying Human Biological Diversity MSC: Pickup

15. What is the role of the “thrifty genotype” in human evolution?

ANS: Will vary REF: Studying Human Biological Diversity MSC: New

16. How can culture act as an agent of biological selection? Give an example.

ANS: Will vary REF: Studying Human Biological Diversity MSC: New

17. What does it mean to be “lactase deficient”? What role does culture play in this biological
adaptation?

ANS: Will vary REF: Studying Human Biological Diversity MSC: New

18. Describe how fava beans can act as adaptive agents.

ANS: Will vary REF: Studying Human Biological Diversity MSC: Pickup

19. How does the migration of human populations play a role in the development of diverse skin
color?

ANS: Will vary REF: Race and Human Evolution MSC: New

20. What is the role of melanin in human adaptation?

ANS: Will vary REF: Studying Human Biological Diversity, Race and Human Evolution
MSC: New

ESSAY

1. Discuss the reasons why a racial approach to human variation is unproductive.

ANS: Will vary MSC: Pickup

2. Outline the early history of assigning racial constructs.

ANS: Will vary MSC: Pickup

 3. What are some of the problems with continuing to classify humans using racial constructs?

ANS: Will vary MSC: Pickup

4. How is the concept of intelligence defined? Could there be a genetic link to intelligence, and
if so, will scientists be able to quantify the data necessary to support the genetic basis?

ANS: Will vary MSC: Pickup

5. The confusion of social with biological factors is frequently combined with attitudes that are
then taken by some people as excuses to exclude whole categories of people from certain roles
or positions. This has happened in the United States and elsewhere. Give examples. How can
this be prevented from happening in the future?

ANS: Will vary MSC: Pickup

6. Though there are studies focusing on the differences in intelligence from one population to
another, these studies are flawed in many ways. Identify and discuss the flaws in such studies.

ANS: Will vary MSC: Pickup

7. The story of Ota Benga illustrates many characteristics of the social and cultural history of
race in the U.S. Discuss the importance of this chapter in history and what it tells us about
race in general.

ANS: Will vary MSC: New

8. The search for ancestry is very popular right now in the U.S. What are some of the challenges
with using genetic tests to trace evolutionary ancestry? Why do you think people are so keen
to identify their ancestors?

ANS: Will vary MSC: New

9. How do anthropologists study human biological diversity?

ANS: Will vary MSC: New

10. Why is it important to study human diversity?

ANS: Will vary MSC: New

11. Why do paleoanthropologists use a correlation between culture and biology in order to discuss
“types” of people, while it is not used as a way of understanding living peoples today?

ANS: Will vary MSC: New

12. Why is biological diversity a key component of our collective identity as a species?

ANS: Will vary MSC: Pickup

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