Faculdade de Ciências & Tecnologia

Condensação - Exercı́cios ALGA I 2021/2022 Janeiro 2022

RESOLUÇÃO DE ALGUNS EXERCÍCIOS DA SECÇÃO 3.3

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EXERCÍCIO Nº3.2)
Pretende-se discutir a caracterı́stica da seguinte matriz, em função dos parâmetros α e β:

2 1 α 1 
 

A = 1 1 α α2  , α, β ∈ R.
 
1 β α 1
 

Apresentam-se duas propostas de resolução deste exercı́cio:

Proposta de Resolução nº1

α
  α 
2 1 1  1 1 α
2 1 α 1 
 
α 

2
α
   
α
1 1 α 2  L3 ← L3 − L2 
1 1
2 α  L2 ↔ L1 2 1 α 1  L2 ← L2 − 2L1
   
 

1 β α 1
 
0 β − 1 0 1 −  0 β − 1 α 
0 1−
  
2 2
 α   α 
1 1 α  1 1 α 
 2   2 
0 −1 −α 1 − α  L ← −L 0 1 α α − 1  L3 ← L3 − (β − 1)L2
 2 2
α α 
 
0 β − 1 0 1 −  0 β−1 0 1− 
  
2 2
 α 
1 1 α 
 2 
0 1 α α − 1
 

 α 
0 0 α(1 − β) 1 − − (β − 1)(α − 1)
 
2
α
• c(A) = 2 ⇔ α(1 − β) = 0 ∧ 1 − − (β − 1)(α − 1) = 0
2

α
α(1 − β) = 0 ∧ 1 − − (β − 1)(α − 1) = 0
2
α
⇔ α = 0 ∨ β = 1 ∧ 1 − − (β − 1)(α − 1) = 0
 
2
α α
   
⇔ α = 0 ∧ 1 − − (β − 1)(α − 1) = 0 ∨ β = 1 ∧ 1 − − (β − 1)(α − 1) = 0
2 2
⇔ α=0∧β=0 ∨ β=1∧α=2
   

α
• c(A) = 3 ⇔ α(1 − β) , 0 ∨ 1 − − (β − 1)(α − 1) , 0
2

α
α(1 − β) , 0 ∨ 1 − − (β − 1)(α − 1) , 0
2
α
⇔ α , 0 ∧ β , 1 ∨ 1 − − (β − 1)(α − 1) , 0
 
" 2 #
−α
⇔ α,0∧β,1 ∨ β, ∧α,1
 
2(1 − α)

Professores: Grupo de ALGA I Campus de Palmarejo, CP 279 – Praia, Cabo Verde Pág. 1 de 3
 Faculdade de Ciências & Tecnologia
Condensação - Exercı́cios ALGA I 2021/2022 Janeiro 2022

– Se α = 1, obtemos
1
 
1 1 1 2 
0 1 1 0 

0 0 1 − β 12
 

e c(A) = 3, para qualquer β ∈ R.

RESUMO
c (A) = 3 c (A) = 2
α,0∧β,1 α=0∧β=0
−α
β, ∧α,1 α=2∧β=1
2(1 − α)
α=1∧β∈R

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 Faculdade de Ciências & Tecnologia
Condensação - Exercı́cios ALGA I 2021/2022 Janeiro 2022

Proposta de Resolução nº2

2 1 α 1  C1 ←→ C2 1 2 α 1  α
     
1 2 1 
1 1 α α2  1 1 α α2  L2 ← L2 − L1 0 −1 0 α
2 − 1
     

1 β α 1 β 1 α 1 L3 ← L3 − βL1 0 1 − 2β α − αβ 1 − β
     

1 2 α 1
 

0 −1 α
 0 2 − 1 


α
L3 ← L3 + 1 − 2β L2 0 0 α 1 − β 1 − β + 1 − 2β 2 − 1



α 
• c(A) = 2 ⇔ α(1 − β) = 0 ∧ 1 − β + 1 − 2β 2 −1 =0

α
 
α(1 − β) = 0 ∧ 1 − β + 1 − 2β −1 =0
2 

α

⇔ α = 0 ∨ β = 1 ∧ 1 − β + 1 − 2β −1 =0
 
 2 

α
α
    
⇔ α = 0 ∧ 1 − β + 1 − 2β − 1 = 0 ∨ β = 1 ∧ 1 − β + 1 − 2β −1 =0
2 2
⇔ α=0∧β=0 ∨ β=1∧α=2
   

α 
• c(A) = 3 ⇔ α(1 − β) , 0 ∨ 1 − β + 1 − 2β 2 −1 ,0

α
 
α(1 − β) , 0 ∨ 1 − β + 1 − 2β −1 ,0
2 

α

⇔ α , 0 ∧ β , 1 ∨ 1 − β + 1 − 2β
 
−1 ,0
" 2 #
−α
⇔ α,0∧β,1 ∨ β, ∧α,1
 
2(1 − α)

– Se α = 1, obtemos  
1 2 1 1 
0 −1 0 − 12 
 
0 0 1 − β 21
 

e c(A) = 3, para qualquer β ∈ R.

RESUMO
c (A) = 3 c (A) = 2
α,0∧β,1 α=0∧β=0
−α
β, ∧α,1 α=2∧β=1
2(1 − α)
α=1∧β∈R

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