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Genetics: An Integrated Approach (Sanders)
Chapter 7 DNA Structure and Replication
7.1 Multiple-Choice Questions
1) In 1928, Griffith found that injecting which strains of Pneumococcus caused the mouse to die?
A) living type RII
B) heat-killed type SIII
C) heat-killed type RII
D) heat-killed type SIII and living type RII
E) heat-killed type RII and living type RII
Answer: D
Section: 7.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
2) The process by which Pneumococcus transfers DNA between living type RII and heat-killed type
SIII cells is known as __________.
A) transformation
B) replication
C) transduction
D) ligation
E) conjugation
Answer: A
Section: 7.1
3) Avery, Macleod, and McCarty expanded on Griffith’s experiment to prove that DNA is the
hereditary molecule required for transformation. What treatment of the heat-killed SIII bacteria
extract resulted in the mouse living?
A) destroying type SIII lipids and polysaccharides
B) destroying type SIII DNA with DNase
C) destroying type SIII RNA with RNase
D) destroying type SIII proteins with protease
E) the control group (null treatment), in which all components are intact
Answer: B
1
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section: 7.1
4) In the Hershey-Chase experiment, what was labeled by growing bacteriophage in 32P-containing

medium?
A) ghost phage particles
B) proteins
C) lipids
D) DNA
E) RNA
Answer: D
Section: 7.1
5) Which of the following are classified as pyrimidines?

A) adenine and thymine
B) guanine and cytosine
C) adenine and guanine
D) thymine and cytosine
E) adenine and uracil
Answer: D
Section: 7.2
6) What type of bond is formed between the hydroxyl group of one nucleotide and the phosphate
group of an adjacent nucleotide, forming the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA?
A) glycosidic bond
B) phosphodiester bond
C) ester linkage
D) hydrogen bond
E) ionic bond
Answer: B
Section: 7.2
7) What is the difference between a nucleotide and a nucleoside?

A) Nucleotides are found in DNA, while nucleosides are found in RNA.
B) Nucleotides are involved in eukaryotic DNA replication, while nucleosides are used in bacterial
DNA replication.
C) Nucleosides contain only deoxyribose sugars.
D) A nucleoside with a phosphate ester linked to the sugar is a nucleotide.
E) Nucleosides are purines, while nucleotides are pyrimidines.
Answer: D
Section: 7.2
8) What types of bonds are formed between complementary DNA bases?
2
A) glycosidic bonds
B) phosphodiester bonds
C) covalent bonds
D) hydrogen bonds
E) ionic bonds
Answer: D
Section: 7.2
3
9) If there is 24% guanine in a DNA molecule, then there is _____ cytosine.
A) 24%
B) 26%
C) 48%
D) 52%
E) impossible to determine
Answer: A
Section: 7.2
Skill: Application/Analysis
10) What fraction of the nucleotides in a double-stranded DNA molecule are cytosine and thymine
(% C and % T added together)?
A) 25 %
B) 50 %
C) 75 %
D) 100%
E) It depends on the DNA sequence
Answer: B
Section: 7.2
11) If complementary DNA strands were arranged in a parallel manner, what would you expect to see?
A) Complementary nucleotides would be attracted to each other, forming ionic bonds that would
make the helix stable but not uniform in width.
B) Charges of complementary nucleotides would repel and no hydrogen bonds would form.
C) Complementary nucleotides would line up properly; but fewer hydrogen bonds would form, so
the strands could be more easily pulled apart.
D) Purines would pair with both purines and pyrimidines due to the closer alignment of the parallel
strands.
E) There would be no discernable difference between DNA strands aligned in a parallel versus an
antiparallel manner.
Answer: B
Section: 7.2
12) In their famous experiment, which of the following would Meselson and Stahl have observed after
one cycle of replication in 14N medium if DNA replication was conservative?
A) DNA molecules containing one strand of 15N-DNA and one strand of 14N-DNA
B) DNA molecules containing two 15N-DNA strands only
C) DNA molecules containing two 14N-DNA strands only
D) An equal number of DNA molecules containing two 15N-DNA strands and DNA molecules
containing two 14N-DNA strands.
E) A mix of DNA molecules corresponding to A and B.
Answer: D
Section: 7.3
4
13) A portion of one strand of DNA has the sequence 5′ AATGGCTTA 3′. If this strand is used as a
template for DNA replication, which of the following correctly depicts the sequence of the newly
synthesized strand in the direction in which it will be synthesized?
A) 3′ TTACCGAAT 5′
B) 5′ TAAGCCATT 3′
C) 3′ AATGGCTTA 5′
D) 5′ AATGGCTTA 3′
Answer: B
Section: 7.3
14) Based on the following replication bubble, which of these statements is true?
A) X and Y are leading strands, W and Z are lagging strands

B) X and Z are leading strands, W and Y are lagging strands
C) X and W are leading strands, Y and Z are lagging strands
D) W and Z are leading strands, X and Y are lagging strands
E) W and Y are leading strands, X and Z are lagging strands
Answer: E
Section: 7.4
15) The following represents a DNA strand in the process of replication. The bottom sequence is that of
the DNA strand with polarity indicated and the top sequence represents the RNA primer.
GGGGCCUUU
5′ AAATCCCCGGAAACTAAAC 3′
Which of the following will be the first DNA nucleotide added to the primer?
A) A
B) G
C) C
D) T
E) U
Answer: A
Section: 7.4
5
16) What is one difference between DNA replication in bacteria versus eukaryotes?
A) Eukaryotic chromosomes are replicated bidirectionally, while bacterial chromosomes are
replicated in one direction.
B) Eukaryotic chromosomes have many origins of replication and replicate bidirectionally, while
bacteria have only one origin of replication and replicate unidirectionally.
C) Bacterial chromosomes are replicated bidirectionally, while eukaryotic chromosomes are
replicated in one direction.
D) Eukaryotic chromosomes have many origins of replication, while bacteria have only one origin
of replication.
E) The process is identical in bacterial and eukaryotic DNA replication.
Answer: D
Section: 7.3
17) During DNA replication in E. coli, what is the role of DnaA?

A) DnaA is a region of DNA recognized by the replisome where replication is initiated.
B) DnaA bends DNA, hydrolyzing the hydrogen bonds in the 13-mer region of oriC and creating
an open complex.
C) DnaA is a helicase that uses ATP to hydrolyze hydrogen bonds and separate DNA strands.
D) DnaA carries the helicase protein to the open region of DNA where hydrolysis and strand
separation will occur.
E) DnaA prevents reannealing of the separated strands so replication can proceed.
Answer: B
Section: 7.4
18) Which arrow(s) point(s) to the location of helicase in the diagram shown?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) A and E
E) B and D
6
Answer: E
Section: 7.4
19) If SSB is not present during DNA replication, what would you expect to see?
A) The replisome complex would not assemble on the oriC region.
B) The DNA cannot bend, so hydrogen bonds in the 13-mer region of oriC remain intact.
C) Helicase activity is inhibited, so DNA strands cannot be separated.
D) SSB carries the helicase protein to the open region of DNA, so hydrolysis and strand separation
will not occur.
E) SSB prevents reannealing of the separated strands, so strands would quickly reanneal and DNA
replication cannot proceed.
Answer: E
Section: 7.4
20) DNA helicase inhibitors are well studied as potential drug targets. What would you expect to see
if DNA helicase activity is inhibited?
A) The replisome complex would not assemble on the oriC region.
B) The DNA cannot bend, so hydrogen bonds in the 13-mer region of oriC remain intact.
C) Helicase catalyzes ATP hydrolysis and DNA strands separation, so the helix cannot be unwound
and strands will not separate.
D) Helicase carries the SSB protein to the open region of DNA, so hydrolysis and strand separation
will not occur.
E) Helicase prevents reannealing of the separated strands, so strands would quickly reanneal and
DNA replication cannot proceed.
Answer: C
Section: 7.4
21) What is required for DNA polymerase to initiate DNA strand synthesis?
A) a short DNA primer synthesized by the enzyme primase
B) a short RNA primer synthesized by the enzyme primase
C) ATP and a short DNA primer synthesized by the enzyme topoisomerase
D) ATP and a short RNA primer synthesized by the enzyme topoisomerase
E) DNA polymerase initiates DNA strand synthesis without requiring any additional enzymes.
Answer: B
Section: 7.4
22) What enzyme(s) is/are responsible for removal of RNA primers and joining of Okazaki fragments?
A) DNA polymerase I
B) DNA polymerase III
C) DNA ligase
D) DNA polymerase I and DNA ligase
E) DNA polymerase III and DNA ligase
7
Answer: D
Section: 7.4
23) You identify a cell in which DNA polymerase III is functional, but it seems to exhibit extremely
low processivity. This is likely a defect in what structure?
A) the t proteins
B) the pol III holoenzyme
C) the clamp loader
D) the topoisomerase enzyme
E) the sliding clamp
Answer: E
Section: 7.4
24) The extraordinary accuracy of the DNA polymerase III enzyme lies in its ability to “proofread”
newly synthesized DNA, a function of the enzyme’s __________.
A) 3′-to-5′ exonuclease activity
B) 5′-to-3′ exonuclease activity
C) 3′-to-5′ polymerase activity
D) 5′-to-3′ polymerase activity
E) 3′-to-5′ helicase activity
Answer: A
Section: 7.4
25) Where would you expect to find telomerase activity?

A) At the end of a chromosome in a normal healthy eukaryotic body (somatic) cell.
B) At the end of a chromosome in a cancerous eukaryotic body cell.
C) On the leading strand of DNA in a normal bacterial cell.
D) On the lagging strand of DNA in a normal bacterial cell.
E) At the centromere of a chromosome in a healthy eukaryotic reproductive cell.
Answer: B
Section: 7.4
26) Which of the following would you find in a Sanger sequencing reaction but not in a polymerase
chain reaction?
A) DNA template
B) DNA polymerase
C) dNTPs
D) ddNTPs
E) DNA primer
Answer: D
Section: 7.5
Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation
8
27) Which functional groups have been altered in a ddNTP compared to a dNTP?
A) The ddNTPs have a 2′ OH and a 3′ H, while dNTPs have a 2′ H and a 3′ OH.
B) The ddNTPs have a 2′ H and a 3′ H, while dNTPs have a 2′ H and a 3′ OH.
C) The ddNTPs have a 2′ OH and a 3′ OH, while dNTPs have a 2′ H and a 3′ H.
D) The ddNTPs have a 2′ H and a 3′ H, while dNTPs have a 2′ OH and a 3′ OH.
E) The ddNTPs have a 2′ H and a 3′ OH, while dNTPs have a 2′ H and a 3′ H.
Answer: B
Section: 7.5
28) Which of the following temperature cycles would you expect to see in a standard polymerase chain
reaction (from denaturation to annealing to extension)?
A) 95° → 72° → 55°
B) 45° → 72° → 95°
C) 95° → 55° → 72°
D) 95° → 72° → 95°
E) 75° → 95° → 45°
Answer: C
Section: 7.5
7.2 Short-Answer Questions
1) Based on Griffith’s results, what would you expect if you injected both heat-killed type RII and
living type SIII?
Answer: The mouse lives.
Section: 7.1
2) What are the three parts of a DNA nucleotide?

Answer: deoxyribose, base, phosphate
Section: 7.1
3) What is the molecular diameter of the DNA helix (in angstroms)?

Answer: 20 Å
Section: 7.2
4) What are the regions where DNA-binding proteins can make direct contact with exposed
nucleotides?
Answer: major and minor grooves
Section: 7.2
9
5) What is removed from dNTPs to provide the energy required for DNA polymerase to catalyze DNA
strand elongation?
Answer: two phosphates (pyrophosphate group)
Section: 7.2
6) What type of experimental technique did Huberman and Riggs use to produce the first evidence of
bidirectional replication in bacteria?
Answer: pulse-chase labeling
Section: 7.3
7) What do the DNA sequences found at the origins of replication signify?

Answer: binding replication enzymes
Section: 7.4
8) What well-characterized sequence in E. coli is 245 bp, AT-rich, and divided into three 13-mers and
four 9-mers?
Answer: oriC
Section: 7.4
9) In E. coli, which protein uses ATP to hydrolyze hydrogen bonds holding complementary strands
together?
Answer: DnaB
Section: 7.4
10) During DNA replication in E. coli, how does the cell prevent the DNA strands from following their
natural tendency to seek maximum stability and reanneal?
Answer: SSB prevents reannealing.
Section: 7.4
11) What is the overall direction of DNA strand elongation?

Answer: 5′ to 3′
Section: 7.4
12) What structure in E. coli delivers primase and accessory proteins to the oriC site to synthesize the
primer needed for DNA replication?
Answer: primosome
Section: 7.4
10
13) What is the term for the daughter strand synthesized continuously during DNA replication?
Answer: leading strand
Section: 7.4
14) What did Okazaki’s discovery of the short segments of DNA reveal about DNA replication on the
lagging strand?
Answer: It is discontinuous.
Section: 7.4
15) Eukaryotic polymerases interact with which protein that acts as the sliding clamp in eukaryotic
DNA replication?
Answer: PCNA
Section: 7.4
16) Which enzyme, a combination of several proteins and a molecule of tRNA, acts as the template for
the telomere repeat DNA sequence?
Answer: telomerase
Section: 7.4
17) How might you choose a region of DNA for a PCR primer so as to increase the temperature
necessary for primer annealing (to minimize nonspecific PCR products)?
Answer: look for higher GC concentrations
Section: 7.5
18) What characteristic of the polymerase isolated from Thermus aquaticus makes it unique and highly
useful for maintaining the enzyme efficiency during PCR?
Answer: heat stability
Section: 7.5
19) What are the three steps of each PCR cycle?

Answer: denaturation, annealing, extension
Section: 7.5
7.3 Fill-in-the-Blank Questions
1) The large, complex aggregation of proteins and enzymes that assembles at the replication fork is
known as the ________.
11
Answer: replisome
Section: 7.4
2) Comparison of conserved sequences among related species usually leads to the identification of
________, which illustrate the nucleotides most often found at each position of DNA in the
conserved region.
Answer: consensus sequences
Section: 7.4
3) DNA polymerase requires a primer sequence to provide a ________ functional group to which the
new DNA nucleotide can be added.
Answer: 3′ OH
Section: 7.4
4) The major and minor grooves of DNA are features of the helix that can be attributed to _______,
which involves tight packing of DNA bases in a duplex.
Answer: base stacking
Section: 7.2
5) ________ is the term for multiprotein complexes in which a core enzyme is associated with
additional protein components leading to its function.
Answer: Holoenzyme
Section: 7.4
6) ________ must be added to a PCR to direct the polymerase where to begin synthesis.
Answer: PCR primers
Section: 7.5
7.4 Essay Questions
1) Describe the DNA helix structure proposed by Watson and Crick. What is the diameter of the helix
and the distance between bases? What types of bonds are involved in stabilizing the DNA
backbone, and what types of bonds are found between complementary base pairs? Why would a
sequence containing high concentrations of G and C require more energy to break the bonds?
Answer: The DNA model contains two DNA polymer strands in a right-handed twist around a
common axis. The strands are orientated in an antiparallel direction from 5′ to 3′ and 3′ to 5′. The
backbone consists of alternating sugar-phosphate groups stabilized by phosphodiester bonds, and it
is located on the outside of the helix. Complementary base pairs are stacked in the center of the
helix and are stabilized by hydrogen bonds. There are three hydrogen bonds between G and C, but
only two between A and T. Thus, GC-rich regions require higher temperatures to break the bonds.
12
The base pairs, which are perpendicular to the axis, are stacked with 10 base pairs per turn and a
helical repeat of 34 Å The overall diameter of the helix is 10 angstroms.
Section: 7.2
2) Briefly describe the Meselson and Stahl experiment that indicated that DNA replication is
semiconservative. How would their results have differed if DNA replication was actually
conservative in nature?
Answer: Meselson and Stahl grew bacteria in the presence of 15N and then replaced the 15N media
with the “lighter” 14N media. DNA was extracted at various intervals to collect several successive
generations. Using high-speed CsCl density-gradient ultracentrifugation, they observed that after
the first generation, the “heavy” DNA (15N/15N) was not present, and the DNA was intermediate
between light and heavy (14N/15N). After the second generation, there were two bands with equal
amounts of intermediate and light bands (14N/15N and 14N/14N). These results validated the
semiconservative model, in which one strand of the parent DNA is present in each daughter strand
of replicated DNA.
If the conservative model were correct, they would have expected to observe DNA molecules with
two distinct densities after generation 1 (15N/15N and 14N/14N). Their first-generation results
excluded this model.
Section: 7.2
3) Describe the function of the oriC. What do you predict will happen to the cell if 100 bp between the
13-mer and 9-mer sequence is deleted as indicated in the figure?
Answer: A consensus sequence is the portion of a conserved region that carries out the essential
function that is the focus of natural selection. The 13-mer and 9-mer consensus sequences that are
part of oriC have been maintained by natural selection because they have essential functional roles
in replication initiation, as we explain in the following section. Beyond the presence of the
consensus sequences themselves, natural selection also acts to maintain specific spacing between
the consensus sequences. Spacing is important because DNA-binding proteins must assemble at
sites where consensus sequences are located. Different proteins are attracted to different consensus
sequences, and each protein must have the physical space to bind to DNA and to interact with the
other proteins bound to the consensus sequence region. The spacing between consensus sequence
elements is also important to allow room on the DNA molecule for protein binding and interaction
13
between bound proteins. If you delete this region, replication will not proceed because there is not
enough space for replisome assembly.
Section: 7.4
4) Many antibacterial agents and chemotherapy agents act as topoisomerase inhibitors. Why would
inhibition of topoisomerase cause cell death in bacterial and eukaryotic cells?
Answer: During DNA replication, as DNA strands unwind it creates torsional stress that
accumulates as the unwound region gets larger. Without free ends, covalently closed circular DNA
readily accumulates superhelical twists (supercoiled DNA). The accumulating stress could break the
DNA template at random locations, potentially leading to a breakdown of DNA replication and,
ultimately, to cell death. Topoisomerases prevent this lethal event by catalyzing a controlled
cleavage and rejoining of DNA, thus enabling over-twisted strands to unwind. Topoisomerase
inhibitors block the ligation step of the cell cycle, generating single- and double-stranded breaks
that harm the integrity of the genome and ultimately result in apoptosis of the cancer cells or
bacteria.
Section: 7.4
14
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Geoff's
little sister
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.
Title: Geoff's little sister
Author: Evelyn R. Garratt
Illustrator: Ernest Smythe
Release date: October 24, 2023 [eBook #71949]
Language: English
Original publication: Ipswich: Smiths, Suitall, Ipswich, 1900
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GEOFF'S

LITTLE SISTER ***
Transcriber's note: Unusual and inconsistent spelling is as
printed.
The table was pushed to one side, its former contents
cleared quite away, next Sunday's sermons among them.
GEOFF'S LITTLE SISTER.
BY
EVELYN R. GARRATT,
AUTHOR OF
"Dolly Do-Nothing," "An Ugly Hero," "Free to Serve," etc.
WITH
ILLUSTRATIONS
BY
ERNEST SMYTHE.
SMITH, SUITALL, IPSWICH.
PRINTERS & PUBLISHERS,

1900.
(Copyright).
SMITHS,
PRINTERS, BOOKBINDERS, AND PUBLISHERS,
SUITALL, IPSWICH.
"HE THAT IS SLOW TO ANGER IS BETTER THAN THE

MIGHTY; AND HE THAT RULETH HIS SPIRIT THAN HE
THAT TAKETH A CITY."—Proverbs xvi., 32.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I. GEOFF'S CHARGE
CHAPTER II. WHO BROKE THE DOLL?
CHAPTER III. PREPARING FOR CHRISTMAS
CHAPTER IV. TAKING A CITY
CHAPTER V. "POOR LITTLE LAD!"
CHAPTER VI. THEIR MOTHER'S CHRISTMAS PRESENT

GEOFF'S LITTLE SISTER.
CHAPTER I.
GEOFF'S CHARGE.
It was the end of November, and the cold winds were

sweeping over the country, swaying the rooks backwards
and forwards, as they perched on the topmost branches of
the trees, opposite the nursery window.
But Geoffrey was not looking at, nor thinking of the rooks.
He sat doubled up before the fire, with his feet on the

fender, staring at the red coals.
Forbes and Jack were surveying with tear-stained faces a

dish of oranges, which nurse had just placed before them
with the words:
"There, my laddies, you eat away at them oranges, and

don't you cry no more. Come, come," she added, as Jack
hid his face in her large white apron sobbing, "don't you
take on my beauty like that, you'll make yourself sick. Be a
good boy now, and try one of them oranges, they'll make
you feel better—see if they don't," and wiping Jack's tears
away with her apron, and giving him a hearty kiss, nurse's
comfortable figure disappeared hurriedly from the room, for
she was busy and was afraid of being delayed by the sound
of her boy's sobbing, which sound made her kind old heart
ache, for blue-eyed Jack was her darling.
Left to themselves Forbes and Jack surveyed the oranges

gravely, then the latter, still quivering with sobs, put out his
hand to take one; Forbes followed his example. They both
glanced at Geoffrey at this juncture, but the look of their
elder brother as he sat crouching over the fire, was too
miserable to allow of the thought of offering him one. So
with heavy hearts, they made holes at the top of their
oranges, into which they stuck lumps of sugar, and began to
suck them, their tears mingling with the juice.
But the oranges were very good, and deliciously juicy, and
just for the moment the cause of their tears was so
forgotten, that Jack's orange suddenly bursting and the
juice flying up into Forbes' face, a faint chuckle escaped the
boys.
Geoffrey turned his sad face towards them, looking both

shocked and surprised. Could they really be laughing? He
had thought they would none of them ever be able to laugh
again, he was quite sure he never could.
Only the other side of the nursery wall their dear dead
mother lay, with that wonderful awful calm on her sweet
face. How could they laugh after having seen her for the
last time—or—had they forgotten—could they have
forgotten?
Forbes coloured to the roots of his hair, as he caught sight
of that look on Geoffrey's face, and pushing his plate away
from him, felt ashamed of having been able to enjoy his
orange. He knew Geoffrey could not have eaten a morsel of
it. Indeed he had scarcely eaten anything since she had
died.
Forbes hated and despised himself for eating that orange,

and for actually wanting another.
Jack, notwithstanding that look on Geoffrey's face, was

about to take a second. Forbes could have kicked him,
particularly as there was something quite sly in the way he
smuggled it into his plate, in the hope that Geoffrey would
not see, winking at his brother as he did it.
"There my laddies, you eat away at them oranges, and don't you
cry no more."
But after all, thought Forbes, Jack was the youngest of the
three, and could not perhaps be expected to feel his
mother's death so deeply as he and Geoffrey did; neither
could Dodie (Muriel was her real name) who lay fast asleep,
happily unconscious that the little black frock that hung at
the end of her crib, about which she had been so excited as
she had watched Nurse making it up, was the sign of
something most precious having gone out of her life.
Ashamed of himself and full of remorse Forbes rose from
the table and took a seat opposite his brother.
A silence followed, during which he surveyed drearily the

old familiar room. It looked the same as ever, yet it felt
empty. Even the sky out of the window looked further off—
the world seemed wider—the home too large.
"Geoff!" he said, with a choke in his voice, "I can't believe

it!" Geoffrey did not answer.
"I can't believe that that is Mother," he added in an

awestruck whisper, signing with his head towards the next
room.
"It isn't Mother," said Geoffrey, still staring at the red coals,
with knit brows, as he passed his hand through his shaggy
red hair. "Do you think if it was Mother," he added in a low
earnest voice, "that Dodie would have been frightened at
her, and would have cried? She knew quite well that that
isn't Mother. I couldn't bear it, if it was. If," continued
Geoffrey looking up now at his brother with sad eyes, "If
she had looked—as she always looks—when she says good-
bye, I couldn't have borne it."
Geoffrey did not cry, it was not his way, but he spoke slowly
and with a desperate effort to control himself.
"I'm glad she's changed," he added after a moment's
pause, "for now I know that she is with God in heaven."
"And do you think—are you quite sure Mother would like Dodie
to wear a black frock?"
Nurse's familiar step was heard now on the staircase, and

at the same moment Dodie began to wake. She sat up in
her crib, rubbing her knuckles into her eyes, her pretty curls
disordered, and her little face flushed with sleep.
"Mammie," she cried.
Geoffrey's chest heaved, at the old familiar word.
Nurse was at Dodie's side in a moment, and took her into

her arms.
"Poor dearie," she said, seating the child on her knee, "she
doesn't know that her poor dear Mamma can't hear. Come
Jackie, you try and amuse her, while I try on her new frock,
bring her the ball, or something to play with, there's a good
boy."
But when Dodie caught sight of her new frock all inclination
to cry gave way to the pleasure of, for the first time,
wearing anything but white, and at the novelty of long
sleeves and a high neck.
Geoffrey did not watch the ceremony, it seemed to him too

sad.
When he had seen Nurse cutting away at the black material

he had been amazed to find that Dodie was not only to be
put into black, but was to have her pretty little arms and
neck covered up for the first time.
"Mother said she didn't mean to put her into long sleeves till
next winter," he had said, as he stood and watched Nurse's
scissors cutting the material into shape. "And do you think—
are you quite sure Mother would like Dodie to wear a black
frock?"
"Not wear black, when she's lost her poor dear Mamma, my
dear? Why, we shouldn't be looked upon as respectable;
and I wonder at you Master Geoffrey for thinking of such a
thing. Haven't you lost the best Mother in the world, and
would you show no respect for her? And as for putting the
precious pet into a high necked frock with long sleeves, I
think I'm a bit more likely to know what your poor dear
Mamma would wish than you, considerin' I nursed her
through the measles and chicken pox before you was ever
born or thought of."
"Mother loved to see her little arms and neck," murmured

Geoffrey.
"But she wouldn't love to see her running about in the snow
this winter, catching her death of cold poor lamb—and they
say we're going to have the coldest Christmas that ever was
this year. She shall have a nice warm frock, that she shall,
and plenty of room to grow in it."
"Nurse must know best," put in Jack timidly.
Jack had blue eyes and curly hair and was the best looking
of the three boys. He was, moreover, Nurse's pet, and if
ever there happened to be an extra bun, or an unusually
large lump of sugar it was always given to Jack.
He made his remark in a somewhat timid tone of voice, for

being only seven years old, three years younger than
Geoffrey, he knew Forbes, who came between them in age,
would consider he had no right to interfere, and he stood in
awe of the latter's fists, which he used freely when he
considered that Jack had been cheeky. Forbes had an
immense admiration and love for his eldest brother. This
feeling had been fostered by the fact, that though Geoffrey
was only ten years old, his Mother had always treated him
as if he were older, and had taken him into her confidence,
and Geoffrey had grown up with the idea that, so long as
his Father was away, his Mother was to be his chief care.
Major Fortescue had been away in India two years, having

been obliged to leave his wife behind him on account of her
health. Little did he think as he said good-bye to her on the
troopship at Portsmouth, that he would never see her again
in this world.
Dodie was chuckling with delight, as she ran about
trying to see her little toes under the unusually long skirt.
The love between Mrs. Fortescue and her eldest son had
been very great. She had recognized in this red-haired,
plain, or as some people thought ugly boy of hers, qualities,
which, if fostered and encouraged, would make him a
strong and good man, and as she lay dying she gave Dodie
into his special care till his father returned, knowing that
the boy would look upon it as a sacred trust.
At Jack's remark, Geoffrey had moved away from the table

without another word. He could scarcely bear to hear his
sweet young Mother called by Nurse "your poor dear
Mamma," and much as he cared for Nurse, and submitted
quietly as a rule to her authority, having learnt from his
mother that if he wished to be a great man, he must begin
first by being an obedient boy, he felt as confident as ever
that his mother would not have wished Dodie to be put into
black. He did not therefore watch Nurse as she fastened the
frock, and it was only when he heard the child pattering
across the nursery floor that he moved his eyes from the
fire.
Dodie was chuckling with delight, as she ran about trying to

see her little toes under the unusually long skirt, and nurse
was standing with her arms akimbo laughing at her.
Geoffrey could bear it no longer. He rose pale and

trembling, and was on the point of leaving the nursery,
when nurse hearing herself called, hurried away.
The three boys stood watching their little sister with

perplexed faces.
"There's something quite wrong about the frock," said

Geoffrey, his brow puckered into a distressed frown, "it
looks dreadful."
"Why it's ever so much too long of course," said Forbes, "If
I dared to use Nurse's scissors, I'd cut it round the bottom,
it would look much better. I'm quite sure Mother wouldn't
like it."
"And if Father comes home as Nurse thinks he will, he'll

never guess how pretty Dodie really is," added Geoff.
"Anyhow," remonstrated Jack, "she'll be nice and warm as

Nurse says, and will have plenty of room to grow in it,—and
Nurse is quite sure to know what is best." Jack added this
bravely as the last time he had made a similar remark it
had been allowed to go unreproved.
"Nurse does not always know best," said Forbes. "Don't you
remember how often she used to want to give us gregory
powder and rhubarb pills if we were a little ill, and Mother
never would let her. Of course she wouldn't know so well as
Mother what was best to do, and why just because Mother
has gone to Heaven," added Forbes, with a curious
expression about his mouth which his brothers understood,
"Dodie is made to look so sad and so—so ugly, I can't
think."
"She doesn't look ugly, she couldn't," said Geoffrey, as he

watched the child frisking about the room, so taken up with
her new frock, that she was entirely unconscious that her
brothers were looking at her, and talking of her.
Dodie was a lovely little girl. Her hair was curiously light,
the very palest shade of gold, her eyes dark brown, and she
had the sweetest most kissable little mouth imaginable. She
was so small too, that though she was three years old, she
looked like a little doll walking about. Any mother's heart
would have ached at the sight of these three motherless
boys watching with such sad sombre faces their baby sister.
Geoffrey loved this little sister next best to his mother, and
nothing she could do, ever vexed him. She might pull his

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Test Bank for Genetic Analysis An Integrated Approach 2nd

Edition by Sanders Bowman ISBN 0321948904

7.1 Multiple-Choice Questions

4) In the Hershey-Chase experiment, what was labeled by growing bacteriophage in 32P-containing

5) Which of the following are classified as pyrimidines?

7) What is the difference between a nucleotide and a nucleoside?

8) What types of bonds are formed between complementary DNA bases?

A) X and Y are leading strands, W and Z are lagging strands

17) During DNA replication in E. coli, what is the role of DnaA?

25) Where would you expect to find telomerase activity?

7.2 Short-Answer Questions

2) What are the three parts of a DNA nucleotide?

3) What is the molecular diameter of the DNA helix (in angstroms)?

7) What do the DNA sequences found at the origins of replication signify?

11) What is the overall direction of DNA strand elongation?

19) What are the three steps of each PCR cycle?

7.3 Fill-in-the-Blank Questions

7.4 Essay Questions

Title: Geoff's little sister

Author: Evelyn R. Garratt

Illustrator: Ernest Smythe

Release date: October 24, 2023 [eBook #71949]

Original publication: Ipswich: Smiths, Suitall, Ipswich, 1900

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GEOFF'S

SMITH, SUITALL, IPSWICH.

PRINTERS & PUBLISHERS,

"HE THAT IS SLOW TO ANGER IS BETTER THAN THE

CHAPTER I. GEOFF'S CHARGE

CHAPTER II. WHO BROKE THE DOLL?

CHAPTER III. PREPARING FOR CHRISTMAS

CHAPTER IV. TAKING A CITY

CHAPTER V. "POOR LITTLE LAD!"

CHAPTER VI. THEIR MOTHER'S CHRISTMAS PRESENT

It was the end of November, and the cold winds were

He sat doubled up before the fire, with his feet on the

Forbes and Jack were surveying with tear-stained faces a

"There, my laddies, you eat away at them oranges, and

Left to themselves Forbes and Jack surveyed the oranges

Geoffrey turned his sad face towards them, looking both

Forbes hated and despised himself for eating that orange,

Jack, notwithstanding that look on Geoffrey's face, was

A silence followed, during which he surveyed drearily the

"Geoff!" he said, with a choke in his voice, "I can't believe

"I can't believe that that is Mother," he added in an

Nurse's familiar step was heard now on the staircase, and

"Mammie," she cried.

Geoffrey's chest heaved, at the old familiar word.

Nurse was at Dodie's side in a moment, and took her into

Geoffrey did not watch the ceremony, it seemed to him too

When he had seen Nurse cutting away at the black material

"Mother loved to see her little arms and neck," murmured

"Nurse must know best," put in Jack timidly.

He made his remark in a somewhat timid tone of voice, for

Major Fortescue had been away in India two years, having

At Jack's remark, Geoffrey had moved away from the table

Dodie was chuckling with delight, as she ran about trying to

Geoffrey could bear it no longer. He rose pale and

The three boys stood watching their little sister with

"There's something quite wrong about the frock," said

"And if Father comes home as Nurse thinks he will, he'll

"Anyhow," remonstrated Jack, "she'll be nice and warm as

"She doesn't look ugly, she couldn't," said Geoffrey, as he