Global Marketing 9Th Edition Keegan Test Bank Full Chapter PDF

Global Marketing 9th Edition
Keegan
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Global Marketing, 9e (Keegan)

Chapter 5 The Political, Legal, and Regulatory Environments
1) Which of the following statements does not reflect the changes that have taken place in
Russia?
A) Russian shoppers spend billions each year on luxury goods, tourism, and foreign real estate.
B) Affluent Russians can shop at boutiques that offer Versace, Burberry, Bulgari, and other
exclusive brands.
C) The Kremlin limits foreign investment in strategic industries such as oil.
D) In March 2014, Putin angered the West by annexing Crimea, a region that had been
considered part of Ukraine.
E) Faced with a financial crisis and a test of his political will, Putin responded by blaming the
protestors for Russia's problems.
Answer: E
Difficulty: 2: Moderate
Chapter LO: 5.1: Understand the elements of a country's political environment that can impact
global marketing activities.
AACSB: Reflective thinking
1
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
2) Despite the positive publicity, the phrases used to describe the arbitrary exercise of state
power in Russia include all of the following except:
A) state capitalism.
B) political culture.
C) renationalization.
D) kleptocracy.
E) managed democracy.
Answer: B
AACSB: Application of knowledge
3) Any company doing business outside the home country should first carefully study the
________ in the target country.
A) political culture
B) nationalization
C) political risk
D) jurisdiction
E) sovereignty
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1: Easy
2
4) Categories of political risk listed by EIU (Economist Intelligence Unit) include all of the
following except:
A) war.
B) political turmoil.
C) bureaucracy.
D) corruption.
E) crime.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1: Easy
5) Bureaucracy is listed as a political risk category by:

A) BERI (Business Environment Risk Intelligence).
B) PRS Group.
C) EIU (Economist Intelligence Unit).
D) WTO (World Trade Organization).
E) OPIC (Overseas Private Investment Corporation).
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1: Easy
6) Various types of political risk insurance to U.S. companies is provided by:

A) BERI (Business Environment Risk Intelligence).
B) PRS Group.
C) EIU (Economist Intelligence Unit).
D) WTO (World Trade Organization).
E) OPIC (Overseas Private Investment Corporation).
Answer: E
Difficulty: 1: Easy
3
7) The high level of political risk currently evident in Russia can be attributed in part to:
A) changing of name of the country.
B) changing the national flag.
C) excessive loans from the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
D) participation in the WTO (World Trade Organization).
E) excessively high taxes on business operations.
Answer: E
8) What do value added taxes (VAT) encourage in countries such as China?

A) They make trademarks and copyrights more valuable.
B) They result in cross-border shopping and smuggling.
C) They make it harder to bribe officials.
D) They protect companies from antitrust scrutiny.
E) Global companies refrain from offering bribes.
Answer: B
9) In Great Britain, the Wine and Spirit Association estimates that, on average, cars returning
from France are loaded with 80 bottles of wine. This is most likely due to
A) trademarks and copyrights violation.
B) cross-border smuggling.
C) bribes accepted by officers.
D) antitrust scrutiny.
E) high excise and VAT taxes.
Answer: E
Difficulty: 3: Challenging
4
10) After Fidel Castro took power in Cuba in 1959, his government seized control of American
property without paying compensation. Coca-Cola, DuPont, Texaco, and dozens of other
American companies have filed claims against Cuba seeking financial settlements. Which of the
following terms most specifically describes the action Castro took against these companies?
A) nationalization
B) confiscation
C) expropriation
D) internationalization
E) deportation
Answer: B
11) The governmental action to dispossess a foreign company or investor is known as:
A) compensation.
B) confiscation.
C) expropriation.
D) internationalization.
E) nationalization.
Answer: C
12) Affluent Russians can now shop at Versace, Burberry, Bulgari, and other exclusive brands.
Answer: TRUE
Difficulty: 1: Easy
13) As the ruble's value fell through most of 2014, European firms began to feel the effects.
Answer: TRUE
Difficulty: 1: Easy
5
14) As the ruble's value fell through most of 2014, Russian consumers rushed to change rubles to
dollars and euros and to buy big-ticket items such as big-screen TVs and luxury cars.
Answer: TRUE
Difficulty: 1: Easy
15) Terms like crony capitalism and kleptocracy refer to rampant corruption and bribery on the
part of Putin loyalists.
Answer: TRUE
Difficulty: 1: Easy
16) A Russian ban on European dairy imports has resulted in excess supplies of milk and falling
prices for small-scale Lithuanian dairy producers.
Answer: TRUE
Difficulty: 1: Easy
17) British Petroleum, British Airways, and Rolls-Royce were some of the companies that were
privatized under so-called Thatcherite economics.
Answer: TRUE
18) Some observers believe global market integration is enriching national economic
sovereignty.
Answer: FALSE
19) The high level of political risk currently evident in Russia can be attributed in part to
excessively low taxes on business operations.
Answer: FALSE
6
20) If a foreign company is taken over by the host country government, and some form of
compensation is paid, "confiscation" has occurred.
Answer: FALSE
21) If a foreign company is taken over by the host country government, and some form of
compensation is paid, "expropriation" has occurred.
Answer: TRUE
22) A "civil-law country" is one in which the legal system reflects the structural concepts and
principles of the Roman Empire in the sixth century.
Answer: TRUE
23) India, Pakistan, Malaysia, Korea, and Japan have common-law jurisdictions.
Answer: FALSE
7
24) The ultimate threat a foreign government can pose toward a company is seizing assets. South
Korea nationalized Kia, the nation's number three automaker, in the wake of the Asian currency
crisis. How does this nationalization differ from expropriation and confiscation?
Answer: Nationalization is generally broader in scope than expropriation. It occurs when the
government takes control of some or all of the enterprises in a particular industry. This is
recognized by international law as a legitimate exercise of government power, as long as the act
satisfies a "public purpose" and is accompanied by "adequate payment." On the other hand,
expropriation refers to governmental action to dispossess a foreign company or investor.
Compensation is generally provided, although not often in a prompt, effective, and adequate
manner. Also, it may not match with international standards. If no compensation is provided,
then it is referred to as confiscation. Confiscation is generally prohibited under international law
and is considered an unfair practice.
25) Located in The Hague, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the judicial arm of the:
A) United States.
B) European Union.
C) United Nations.
D) Netherlands.
E) United Kingdom.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1: Easy
Chapter LO: 5.2: Define international law and describe the main types of legal systems found in
different parts of the world.
26) What type of international disputes would be taken before the International Court of Justice?
A) disputes between two nations
B) disputes between two companies
C) disputes between a company and a nation
D) disputes between a citizen of one country and a company from a different country
E) disputes between profit and non-profit organizations
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1: Easy
8
27) What happens if a nation has allowed a case against it to be brought before the ICJ
(International Court of Justice) and then refuses to accept a judgment against it?
A) American Arbitration Association can be sought for justice.
B) UN Conference on International Trade Law can be approached.
C) International Chamber of Commerce will be another source for seeking justice.
D) European Court of Justice can be approached if the country is in the European Union.
E) The plaintiff nation can seek recourse through the UN Security Council.
Answer: E
28) The Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) is fully adopted by all U.S. states except:
A) Virginia.
B) North Dakota.
C) Wisconsin.
D) Louisiana.
E) Montana.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1: Easy
29) The German civil-law tradition prevails in all of the following countries except:
A) Poland.
B) Hungary.
C) Czech Republic.
D) Scandinavia.
E) Germany.
Answer: D
9
30) In West Africa, Burkina Faso, the Ivory Coast and Senegal are former French colonies, while
Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and Ghana are former British colonies. Based on this information, which
of the following would be correct?
A) Burkina Faso, the Ivory Coast and Senegal are civil-code countries, while Nigeria, Sierra
Leone, and Ghana are common-law countries.
B) Burkina Faso, the Ivory Coast and Senegal are common-law countries, while Nigeria, Sierra
Leone, and Ghana are civil-code countries.
C) West Africa, the Ivory Coast and Senegal are the only common-law countries.
D) All the West African nations mentioned are likely to be civil-code countries.
E) All the West African nations mentioned are likely to be common-law countries.
Answer: A
31) Islamic law is a comprehensive code based in part on:

A) Anglo-Saxon common law.
B) Roman law and the Napoleonic Code.
C) the Uniform Commercial Code.
D) the Koran.
E) the French Civil Code.
Answer: D
32) Any western country doing business in Malaysia or the Middle East should have an
understanding of:
A) the French Civil Code.
B) Anglo-Saxon common law.
C) Islamic law.
D) the Uniform Commercial Code.
E) Roman law and the Napoleonic Code.
Answer: C
10
33) "Sharia" and "haram" are important concepts in civil-code laws, which are commonly
practiced in Middle Eastern countries.
Answer: FALSE
34) The requirement that all restaurants declare that the meat is "halal" is based on Islamic Laws.
Answer: TRUE
35) In Malaysia and Saudi Arabia, it is common to see that restaurants have signs declaring that
all food is "Halal." It is common that courts handle marriages, divorces, distribution of family
assets, and business practices by the "Sharia" law. What are these tenets and how do they have
an impact on international business?
Answer: The legal system in many Middle Eastern and some Far Eastern countries is identified
with the laws of Islam. These laws are associated with "the one and only one God, the
Almighty." In Islamic law, the sharia refers to a comprehensive code governing Muslim conduct
in all areas of life, including business. The code is primarily derived from two sources. The first
and foremost source is the Koran or the Holy Book that is a record of the revelations made to the
Prophet Mohammed by Allah (God). The second source is the Hadith which is an interpretation
of Koran based on the sayings and practices of Prophet Muhammad. In particular, the Hadith
spells out the products and practices that are Haram (forbidden) compared to Halal (allowed).
Any non-Muslim doing business in Islamic countries should be aware of the Islamic laws which
have wide implications for commercial activities including advertisement and promotion.
11
36) Explain giving examples as to why "Jurisdiction" plays an important role in global
marketing?
Answer: Jurisdiction plays an important role in trade-related disputes. Two examples illustrate
the importance jurisdiction plays in addressing trade-related disputes. One pitted Volkswagen
AG against General Motors. After GM's worldwide head of purchasing, José Ignacio López de
Arriortúa, was hired by Volkswagen in 1992, his former employer accused him of taking trade
secrets. Volkswagen accepted U.S. court jurisdiction in the dispute, although the company's
lawyers requested that the U.S. District Court in Detroit transfer the case to Germany.
Jurisdiction was also an issue in a trade dispute that pitted Eastman Kodak against Fuji Photo
Film. Kodak alleged that the Japanese government had helped Fuji in Japan by blocking the
distribution of Kodak film. The U.S. government turned the case over to the WTO despite the
opinion expressed by many experts that the WTO lacks jurisdiction in complaints over trade and
competition policy.
37) What are the differences between a patent, trademark, and a copyright? What is meant by
counterfeiting?
Answer: A patent is a formal legal document that gives an inventor the exclusive right to make,
use, and sell an invention for a specified period of time. Typically, this invention should be a
new, novel, and/or non-obvious creation. On the other hand, a trademark is defined as a
distinctive mark, motto, device, or emblem that a manufacturer affixes to a particular product or
package to distinguish it from goods produced by other manufacturers. A copyright establishes
ownership of a written, recorded, performed, or filmed creative work.
Counterfeiting is the unauthorized copying and production of a product. An associative

counterfeit, or imitation, uses a product name that differs slightly from a well-known brand but is
close enough that consumers will associate it with the genuine product. The worst form of
counterfeiting is known as piracy, which is the unauthorized publication or reproduction of
copyrighted work. Counterfeiting and piracy are particularly important in industries such as
motion pictures, recorded music, computer software, and textbook publishing. The United States
in particular has a vested interest in intellectual property protection worldwide since it is home to
many companies which have patents, trademarks, and copyrighted materials.
12
38) When a company invents a product or service, it should have a right to defend its creativity
with intellectual patents. However, there are some countries like Italy and China where piracy
and copyright violations are common. How can a corporation prevent this by having some built-
in measures in products and services?
Answer: Individuals or companies sometimes find ways to exploit loopholes or other unique
opportunities in patent, trademark, and copyrights. A company should take measures to protect
itself from such piracy situations. For many of the technological products, certain codes can be
built into the software program such that it is self-destructive or becomes inaccessible for those
who would like to use piracy. One of the sure safe methods is to make the product or service of
such a quality that it becomes very difficult or expensive for anyone to copy. One such example
can be seen in the formulas of Coke and Pepsi beverages. The product has special features and it
is distributed so cheaply such that there is no money left for the counterfeiters. Similarly,
packages and containers can be made in such a way that it will become expensive or otherwise
technologically impossible to copy. For example, in China, Budweiser cans have fluted edges
that are difficult to manufacture. Thus, there can be some inherent qualities or manufactured
processes which can make it difficult, if not impossible, to duplicate.
39) Nippon Paper Industries was found guilty in a U.S. court of conspiring with other Japanese
companies to raise fax paper prices in the United States under the antitrust laws. What are the
implications of such a law, and how does it affect international business?
Answer: Antitrust laws in the United States and other countries are designed to combat
restrictive business practices and to encourage competition. Agencies such as the U.S. Federal
Trade Commission, Japan's Fair Trade Commission, and the European Commission enforce
antitrust laws. According to some legal experts, the pressures of global competition have resulted
in an increased incidence of price-fixing and collusion among companies. The Sherman Act of
1890 prohibits certain restrictive business practices, including fixing prices, limiting production,
allocating markets, or any other scheme designed to limit or avoid competition. The law applies
to the activities of U.S. companies outside U.S. boundaries, as well as to foreign companies
conducting business in the United States. Nippon Paper Industries was found guilty in a U.S.
court of conspiring with other Japanese companies to raise fax paper prices in the United States.
The Japanese government denounced the U.S. indictment as a violation of international law and
Japan's sovereignty. A U.S. federal judge struck down the indictment, ruling that the Sherman
Act does not apply to foreign conduct. However, a federal appeals court reversed the decision.
13
40) In a recent case, Revlon sued United Overseas Limited (UOL) in the U.S. District Court for
the Southern District of New York for breach of contract. UOL countered by asking the court to
dismiss the claim since they are not operating in that area. Revlon cited the presence of a UOL
sign above the entrance to the offices of a New York company in which UOL had a 50-percent
ownership. The court dismissed UOL's claim. This is an issue related to :
A) jurisdiction.
B) antitrust.
C) dilution of equity.
D) bribery and corruption.
E) intellectual property.
Answer: A
Chapter LO: 5.3: Understand the most important business issues that can lead to legal problems
for global marketers.
AACSB: Analytical thinking
41) A formal legal document that gives an inventor the exclusive right to make, use, and sell an
invention for a specified period of time is known as a:
A) patent.
B) copyright.
C) trademark.
D) trade secret.
E) trade dress.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1: Easy
42) Engineers at a company in a developing country study an American computer chip design,
copy it, and produce identical chips that are then sold to local computer makers. What form of
intellectual property has been wrongly appropriated?
A) patent
B) copyright
C) trademark
D) trade secrets
E) technological
Answer: A
14
43) Counterfeiting is:
A) the use of a formal legal document for illegal purposes.
B) the ownership of a written, recorded, performed or filmed creative work.
C) the unauthorized copying or production of a product.
D) the use of a product name that has different meaning than the original brand.
E) the use of a distinctive mark of a brand that is no longer producing the original brand.
Answer: C
44) The unauthorized publication or reproduction of copyrighted work is referred to as:

A) associative counterfeit.
B) imitation.
C) mistake.
D) trade secrets.
E) piracy.
Answer: E
45) In many parts of the world, sales of unauthorized videos of Hollywood movies cost the
movie studios billions of dollars. When illegal copies of movies are made, what form of
intellectual property has been wrongly appropriated?
A) patent
B) copyright
C) trademark
D) trade secrets
E) down loading
Answer: B
15
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ERICA imbricata.
CHARACTER SPECIFICUS.
Erica, antheris muticis, exsertis; corollis urceolatis; calycibus duplicatis,

viscosis, imbricatis, coloratis, corollam sub-æquantibus; foliis ternis,
lævibus, truncatis, linearibus.
DESCRIPTIO.
Caulis fruticosus, erectus, spithamæus; rami et ramuli frequentissimi,

foliosi, erecti.
Folia terna, linearia, recta, truncata, plana, lævia, petiolis brevissimis
adpressis.
Flores in ramulis terminales, sub-terni, umbellati, cernui; pedunculis
longitudine calycis.
Calyx. Perianthium duplicatum, adpressum, imbricatum: foliolis ovatis,
viscosis, incarnatis.
Corolla urceolata, apice incarnata, laciniis obtusis, minutis, erectis.
Stamina. Filamenta octo capillaria, incurvata. Antheræ muticæ, exsertæ.
Pistillum. Germen subrotundum. Stylus filiformis, longitudine
staminum. Stigma tetragonum.
Habitat ad Caput Bonæ Spei.
Floret a mense Julii in Octobrem.
REFERENTIA.
1. Calyx et Corolla.
2. Corolla et Stamina.
3. Calyx lente auctus.
4. Stamina a Pistillo diducta, antherâ unâ lente auctâ.
5. Stylus et Stigma, lente aucta.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Heath, with beardless tips without the blossoms, which are pitcher-shaped;
cup double, clammy, tiled, coloured, and almost the length of the blossoms;
leaves grow by threes, even, appearing cut off at the point, and linear.
DESCRIPTION.
Stem shrubby, upright, a span high; the larger and smaller branches are
numerous, covered with leaves, and upright.
Leaves grow by threes, straight out, appearing cut off at the point, flat,
even, and having their footstalks pressed to the branches.
Flowers grow in bunches, generally three together, at the ends of the
smaller branches, hanging downward; footstalks the length of the cup.
Empalement. Cup double, pressed to the blossom, tiled: the leaves are
egg-shaped, clammy, and flesh-coloured.
Blossom pitcher-shaped, flesh-coloured at the mouth, which has its
segments blunt, small, and upright.
Chives. Eight hair-like threads, bent inwards. Tips beardless, and without
the blossom.
Pointal. Seed-bud nearly round. Shaft thread-shaped, the length of the
chives. Summit four-cornered.
Native of the Cape of Good Hope.
Flowers from July till October.
REFERENCE.
1. The Empalement and Blossom.

2. The Blossom and Chives.
3. The Empalement magnified.
4. The Chives detached from the Pointal, one tip magnified.
5. The Shaft and its Summit, magnified.
ERICA incarnata.
Erica, antheris cristatis, subinclusis; corollis subovatis, carneis; pedunculis

longissimis, coloratis; foliis quaternis.
DESCRIPTIO.
Caulis suberectus, pedalis ramosissimus, rami, et ramuli, flexuosi,

divaricato patente.
Folia quaterna, obtusa, linearia, glabra, subtus sulcata; petiolis
brevissimis, adpressis.
Flores terminales, racemum densé formantes; pedunculi longissimi,
purpurei, bracteis tribus instructi.
Calyx. Perianthium tetraphyllum, foliolis ovatis, carinatis, acuminatis.
Corolla subovata, cernua, carnea, ore contracto, lævissime quadrisido,
laciniis erectis.
Stamina. Filamenta octo capillaria, receptaculo inserta. Antheræ cristatæ,
sub-inclusæ.
Pistillum. Germen subrotundum. Stylus filiformis, exsertus. Stigma
tetragonum.
Floret a mensi Julii, in Octobrem.
REFERENTIA.
1. Calyx, et Corolla.
2. Calyx lente auctus.
3. Stamina, et Pistillum.
4. Stamina a Pistillo diducta; anthera una lente aucta.
5. Stylus, et Stigma, lente aucta.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Heath, with crested tips, nearly within the blossoms, which are almost egg-
shaped, and flesh-coloured; the foot-stalks are very long, and coloured; the
leaves grow by fours.
DESCRIPTION.
Stem nearly upright, a foot high, and very much branched; the larger and
smaller branches grow zigzag, and spread outward.
Leaves grow by fours, are blunt, linear, smooth, and furrowed
underneath; with short foot-stalks pressed to the branches.
The Flowers grow at the end of the smaller branches, forming a close
bunch; the foot-stalks are very long, and purple, having three floral leaves.
Empalement. Cup four-leaved, which are egg-shaped, keeled, and
pointed.
Blossom nearly egg-shaped, bending downward, and flesh-coloured, the
mouth contracted, but slightly cut into four upright segments.
Chives. Eight hair-like threads, fixed into the receptacle. Tips crested,
nearly within the blossom.
Pointal. Seed-vessel nearly round. Shaft thread-shaped, and without the
blossom. Summit four-cornered.
Flowers from July, till October.
REFERENCE.
1. The Empalement, and Blossom.

2. The Empalement magnified.
3. The Chives, and Pointal.
4. The Chives detached from the Pointal; one tip magnified.
5. The Shaft, and its Summit, magnified.
ERICA jasminiflora.
Erica, antheris basi bicornibus, inclusis; stylo exserto; corollis ampullaceis,

sesquipollicaribus, laciniis cordatis, patentibus; floribus subternis; foliis
ternis, trigonis, subulatis, patenti-erectis.
DESCRIPTIO.
Caulis filiformis, erectus; rami simplicissimi, filiformes, longi, patenti.

Folia terna, trigona, acuta, subulata, margine serrata, basi adpressa,
apicem versus patula, sexfariam imbricata.
Flores terminales, sub-terni, horizontales, umbellati; pedunculi purpurei,
bracteis tribus, ovatis, coloratis, instructi.
Calyx. Perianthium tetraphyllum, foliolis ovatis, viscosis, purpureis.
Corolla viscosa, sesquipollicaris, summa cylindracea, ad basin inflata,
ore arctata; laciniis expansis, sub-ovatis, maximis.
Stamina. Filamenta octo capillaria; antheræ basi bicornes, apice
acuminatæ, inclusæ.
Pistillum. Germen ovatum, sulcatum. Stylus filiformis, exsertus. Stigma
tetragonum.
Floret a mensi Julii, in Novembrem.
REFERENTIA.
1. Folium unum, lente auctum.

2. Calyx, lente auctus.
3. Calyx, et Corolla.
5. Stamina a Pistillo diducta, anthera una, lente aucta.
6. Stylus et Stigma lente aucta.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Heath with tips two horned at the base and within the blossom, the shaft
without; blossoms flask-shaped, an inch and a half long, the segments heart-
shaped and spreading; flowers growing by threes mostly; leaves grow by
threes, are three-sided, awl-shaped, upright and spreading.
DESCRIPTION.
Stem thread-shaped and upright; the branches are quite simple, thread
shaped, long, and spreading.
Leaves grow by threes, are three-sided, sharp, awl-shaped, sawed at the
edge, pressed to the stem at the base, spreading towards the end, and forming
six angles.
Flowers terminate the branches generally by threes, grow horizontal,
and in bunches; the foot-stalks are purple, having three oval, coloured floral
leaves.
Empalement. Cup of four leaves, which are egg-shaped, clammy, and
purple.
Blossom, clammy, an inch and a half long, the upper part cylindrical,
swelled at the base, and pinched in at the mouth; the segments spreading,
nearly egg-shaped and very large.
Chives. Eight hair-like threads. Tips two horned at the base, tapered to
the points and within the blossom.
Pointal. Seed-bud egg-shaped and furrowed. Shaft thread-shaped and
without the blossom. Summit four-cornered.
Flowers from July, till November.
REFERENCE.
1. A Leaf, magnified.
2. The Empalement, magnified.
5. The Chives detached from the Pointal, one tip magnified.
6. The Shaft and its Summit magnified.
ERICA lateralis.
Erica antheris cristatis, inclulis; corolla purpurea, urceolato-campanulata, ad

basin plana; pedunculis longissimis; floribus umbellatis, ternminalibus,
fecundis, cernuis; foliis quaternis, obtusis, glaberrimis.
DESCRIPTIO.
Caulis fruticosus, erectus, pedalis; rami sub-simplices, virgati, filiformes.

Folia quaterna, linearia, obtusa, sub-trigona, crassiuscula, brevissime
petiolata, petiolis adpressis.
Flores ad apices ramorum ramulorumque umbellati, cernui, secundi,
purpurei; pedunculi florum triplo longitudine colorati, bracteis tribus minutis
instructi.
Calyx. Perianthium tetraphyllum, foliolis minutis, adpressis, ciliatis,
subulatis.
Corolla sub-campanulata ad basin plana, purpurea; laciniis limbi
obtusis, suberectis.
Stamina. Filamenta octo, capillaria, apice incurvata. Antheras cristatæ,
atro-purpureæ, inclusæ.
Pistillum. Germen turbinatum, sulcatum, ad basin glandulosum. Stylus
staminibus longior, exsertus. Stigma tetragonum, virescens.
Floret a mense Augusti, in Decembrem.
REFERENTIA.
1. Calyx et Corolla.
2. Calyx, auctus.
3. Corolla.
5. Stamina a Pistillo diducta, anthera una lente aucta.
6. Pistillum, lente auctum.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Heath with crested tips, within the blossom; which is purple, between bell
and pitcher-shaped, flat at the base; foot-stalks very long; flowers grow in
umbels at the end of the branches, point all one way and hang down; leaves
grow by fours, are blunt and very smooth.
DESCRIPTION.
Stem shrubby, upright, grows a foot high; branches nearly simple, twiggy
and thread-shaped.
Leaves grow by fours, linear, blunt, almost three-sided, thickish, very
short foot-stalks, which are pressed to the stem.
Flowers grow in umbels, at the end of the larger and smaller branches,
nodding, all pointing one way, and are purple; foot-stalks thrice the length of
the flowers, coloured, and three small floral leaves upon them.
Empalement. Cup four-leaved, leaflets small, pressed to the blossom,
fringed and awl-shaped.
Blossom approaching to bell-shape; the lower part flat, and purple; the
segments of the border are blunt and rather upright
Chives. Eight hair-like threads, turned inwards at the upper part. Tips
crested, deep purple, and within the blossom.
Pointal. Seed-bud turban-shaped, furrowed, glandular at the base. Shaft
longer than the chives, without the blossom. Summit four-cornered and
greenish.
Flowers from August, till December.
REFERENCE.
2. The Empalement, magnified.
3. The Blossom.
5. The Chives detached from the Pointal, one Tip magnified.
6. The Pointal, magnified.

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Global Marketing 9th Edition

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Global Marketing, 9e (Keegan)

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