SLIDE 1: ENDURANCE SPORTS

Post-World War I Transformation:

- America reinvented itself after World War I, emerging as a major world power.

Endurance Craze in the 1920s-1930s:

- Dance marathons were popular during this period, lasting for hours or days and testing physical
and psychological limits.
- McCoy's book "They Shoot Horses, Don’t They?" and its movie adaptation depicted the
exploitation of marathon dancers during the Great Depression.

Bunion Derby (1928):

- C. C. Pyle organized a footrace covering 3421 miles from Los Angeles to Madison Square Garden,
testing athletes' endurance in various conditions.

Triathlon Origins (1920s-1930s):

- Triathlon roots traced back to France in 1920, featuring a 3-kilometer run, a 12-kilometer bike
race, and a swim across the Marne Channel.
- The first American triathlon occurred in 1974 in San Diego.

Hawaiian Ironman Triathlon (1978):

- Commander John Collins proposed a triathlon to settle debates about the fittest athletes
(swimmers vs. runners).
- The first Hawaiian Ironman Triathlon took place in 1978, involving a 2.4-mile swim, 112-mile bike
race, and a 26.2-mile run.

Olympic Triathlon (2000):

- Triathlon made its Olympic debut in the 2000 Sydney Games with a 1500-meter swim, 40-
kilometer bike race, and 10-kilometer run.

Endurance Competitions Beyond Triathlons:

- Flagpole sitting contests and long-distance swims were other popular endurance competitions in
the early 20th century.
- Channel swimmers raced across bodies of water, such as the English Channel and the Catalina
Channel in the U.S.

Philosophy of Endurance Athletes:

- Endurance athletes seek meaning and self-reflection through physically challenging activities.
- Despite seemingly insurmountable obstacles, these athletes captivate us with their ability to
exceed and excel where many would falter.
SLIDE 2: COLLEGE FOOTBALL

1. Football Dominance in College Athletics:

- By the turn of the century, football had become the most popular sport on American college
campuses.
- Notable college football matchups included Stanford–California, Army–Navy, and the Rose Bowl.

2. Legendary Coaches:

- Renowned coaches in the early 20th century included Amos Alonzo Stagg, Glenn “Pop” Warner,
John Heisman, Fielding Yost, and Knute Rockne.

3. Integration of Black Colleges in Football:

- The first reported game between two black colleges involved Biddle University (Johnson C.
Smith) and Livingston College in 1892.
- Historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) started playing intercollegiate football by
1894.

4. Challenges and Brutality in Early Football:

- In 1905, the brutality of football resulted in eighteen player deaths and numerous injuries.
- Columbia and Northwestern dropped the sport, and Stanford and California switched to rugby
due to safety concerns.
- Mass formation plays like the "flying wedge" contributed to the game's dangerous nature.

5. Issues in College Football in the Early 1900s:

- Football rapidly became big business with the construction of huge stadiums on college
campuses.
- Alumni and fans demanded winning seasons, leading to the commercialization of the sport.
- Issues included recruiting scandals, promises of money and gifts to players, and lax eligibility
rules.

6. Reforms and the Role of Theodore Roosevelt:

- In 1905, President Theodore Roosevelt pushed for reforms to make football safer after player
deaths and injuries.
- The Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States, later renamed the NCAA, was
formed in 1910.

7. NCAA's Initial Role and Adoption of the Forward Pass:

- Initially, the NCAA focused on an educational role and adopted minimum eligibility rules.
- The forward pass was introduced as a revolutionary rule during a meeting in 1905.

8. Impact of World War I on College Athletics:

- During World War I, the NCAA encouraged colleges to continue offering athletic programs for
men.
 - Some colleges dropped intercollegiate athletic programs in favor of physical education programs
emphasizing military drills.

9. Positive Effect of War on Athletics:

- Despite some program drops, the war had a generally positive effect on athletics and physical
education.
- Athletic participation increased as sports were believed to prepare young men for military
service.

10. Continued Pattern During Wartime:

- The pattern of increased athletic participation during wartime continued through the 1980s,
with sports seen as beneficial for military preparation.

SLIDE 3: PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL

1. Early Professional Football (1894):

- Professional football dates back to 1894, involving blue-collar workers and former college players
from Ohio and Pennsylvania.
- Teams practiced a few times a week and played primarily on weekends.

2. Struggles for Legitimacy:

- Professional football struggled to gain legitimacy compared to professional baseball.
- Notable teams included those sponsored by Philadelphia's major league baseball teams.

3. Organized Professional Football (1920):

- The era of organized professional football began in 1920 with the formation of the American
Professional Football Association (APFA) in Canton, Ohio.
- Jim Thorpe served as the APFA's first president.

4. Formation of the National Football League (NFL):

- Joe F. Carr became the new president, renaming the APFA to the National Football League (NFL)
in 1922.
- The franchise fee was lowered to $50, and teams from Muncie, Massillon, and Hammond
withdrew, replaced by franchises in Green Bay, Detroit, Buffalo, Cincinnati, and Columbus.

5. Challenges and Growth in the 1920s:

- Many clubs faced financial difficulties, and several folded; however, the NFL persisted.
- In the 1920s, most college coaches discouraged their players from turning professional.

6. Turning Point in 1925:

 - In 1925, Tim Mara formed the New York Giants, garnering media attention for professional
football.
- Harold "Red" Grange signing with the Chicago Bears in 1925 added legitimacy and drew large
crowds.

7. Post-World War II Growth:

- Professional baseball and college football were more popular than professional football until
after World War II.
- The establishment of the American Football League (AFL) in 1960, the Super Bowl in 1966, and
the AFL-NFL merger in 1970 contributed to professional football's growth.

8. Attempts at Competition and Expansion:

- The World Football League (WFL) and the United States Football League (USFL) attempted to
compete with the NFL but were short-lived.
- Arena football and the World League of American Football (WLAF) in Europe were later attempts
at expansion.

9. NFL Europa and Decline:

- The WLAF reinvented itself as NFL Europa in 1995 but shut down in 2007 due to limited
popularity in Europe.

10. Pro Football Hall of Fame and Early African American Players:
- The Pro Football Hall of Fame recognizes Rube Marshall and Fritz Pollard as the first African
Americans to play in the NFL in 1920.
- Marshall played for the Rock Island Independents, and Pollard was with the Akron Pros. They
faced discrimination similar to Jackie Robinson in baseball.

SLIDE 4: BASEBALL

1. Baseball as America's Pastime:

- Baseball, known as America's "pastime," thrived in the twentieth century, becoming hugely
popular.
- Highly organized teams and leagues were available for players of all ages, starting from
youngsters as young as 8 years old.

2. Widespread Baseball Participation:

- Baseball was accessible at community parks, schools, colleges, and even businesses, with various
age groups participating.
- The sport was deeply ingrained in American society.

3. Racial Segregation in Baseball:

- Racism was a significant issue in twentieth-century America, and baseball was not immune to it.
 - Major League Baseball, represented by the American League and National League, was
exclusively white until 1947.

4. Jackie Robinson and Breaking the Color Line:

- Jackie Robinson, a phenomenal athlete from Pasadena, California, broke the color barrier in
baseball in 1947.
- Signed by Branch Rickey and the Brooklyn Dodgers, Robinson faced racial taunts and threats but
excelled on the field.
- Robinson's character and achievements paved the way for the integration of black and Hispanic
athletes in professional sports.

5. Eddie Kelp's Lesser-Known Story:

- Eddie Kelp, a white man, signed with the Cleveland Buckeyes of the Negro League in 1946.
- Kelp faced racial taunting and discrimination, experiencing segregation in places like
Birmingham, Alabama.
- His story is less commonly mentioned in history but highlights the challenges faced by white
players in the Negro Leagues.

6. Challenges and Aftermath:

- Jackie Robinson's success contrasted with Eddie Kelp's struggles after his time in the Negro
Leagues.
- Kelp faced personal challenges, becoming an alcoholic and a petty criminal, spending time in jail.
- Despite the challenges, both Robinson and Kelp played significant roles in challenging racial
norms in baseball.

SLIDE 5: BASKETBALL

1. Invention of Basketball:
- Dr. James A. Naismith, a faculty member at Springfield College, invented basketball in 1891.
- Dr. Luther Gulick, the director of the gymnasium, requested Naismith to create a game for
indoor play during the winter months.

2. Basketball's Early Development:

- Naismith experimented with various sports elements before devising basketball with two goals
(peach baskets) placed ten feet high.
- The first basketball game took place on December 21, 1891, between Naismith and future
football legend Amos Alonzo Stagg.

3. Rapid Spread of Basketball:

- Basketball became an instant success, and Naismith traveled to introduce the game in
northeastern cities.
- YMCA became a hotbed for basketball, and the sport quickly spread to high schools, colleges,
and women's teams.
 - Senda Berenson modified the game for women, creating women's basketball, emphasizing
cooperation over competition.

4. Women's Basketball Rules:

- Women's basketball rules were more cooperative and varied from place to place.
- In 1899, women physical educators convened at Springfield to develop uniform basketball rules,
using modified YMCA rules for men.

5. High School and College Basketball Growth:

- Denver formed the first high school basketball league in 1896, and the Intercollegiate League
was established in 1901.
- By World War I, basketball was the second most popular sport in high schools and colleges after
football.
- The American military introduced basketball worldwide, and missionaries, like Robert Gailey,
introduced the game to China in 1898.

6. Challenges with Basketball Rules:

- Lack of uniformity in basketball rules led to different sets of rules by colleges, YMCA, and the
Amateur Athletic Union (AAU).
- In 1915, the Joint Basketball Committee was established to agree on uniform rules, but
professional teams continued to have their own rules.

7. Widespread Public Attention:

- Basketball gained widespread public attention during the era of World War I, becoming a
popular sport in Indiana, Kentucky, Kansas, and New York City.

SLIDE 6: BOXING

1. Boxing's Popularity and Legal Challenges:

- In the early 20th century, boxing was outlawed in many states, leading to matches being held in
remote locations beyond legal reach.
- Despite legal challenges, boxing remained highly popular, drawing large crowds and substantial
bets.

2. Attributes of Boxing as a Sport:

- Boxing was considered a "manly" sport, requiring courage, brute strength, athletic skill, and the
ability to endure physical punishment and pain.

3. Legendary Boxers:
 - America produced legendary professional boxers, including Jack Dempsey, Rocky Marciano,
Sugar Ray Leonard, Mike Tyson, Oscar De La Hoya, Joe Frazier, George Foreman, and Muhammad
Ali (formerly Cassius Clay).

4. Jack Johnson - The Unbeatable Boxer:

- Jack Johnson, born in 1879 in Galveston, Texas, was perhaps the greatest boxer ever.
- Initially barred from fighting white champion boxers, Johnson became the first African-American
heavyweight champion, reigning from 1908 to 1914.

5. Controversial Personal Life of Jack Johnson:

- Johnson's personal life was marked by tabloid-worthy elements, including fine clothes, good
liquor, fast cars, and marriages to three white women.
- His behavior challenged societal norms of the early 20th century, especially for a black man.

6. Gentleman Jim Jeffries and the "Great White Hope":

- Former champion "Gentleman" Jim Jeffries came out of retirement in 1910 to fight Johnson.
- Johnson defeated Jeffries in fifteen rounds, leading to race riots across America.

7. Mann Act and Legal Troubles:

- In 1912, Congress passed the Mann Act, aimed at stopping the transportation of women across
state lines for prostitution.
- Johnson was charged with violating the Mann Act in 1913, facing a racially charged trial that
resulted in a guilty verdict.

8. Exile and Loss of Title:

- Johnson fled to Canada and then Europe to escape legal troubles.

- He lost the heavyweight title to Jess Willard in 1915 in Havana, Cuba, after twenty-six rounds.

9. Imprisonment and Later Life:

- Johnson surrendered in 1920, served nine months in federal prison, and then fought in small
towns and carnival shows for a living.
- He died in 1946 at the age of 67 in an automobile accident.

SLIDE 7: VOLLEYBALL

1. Invention of Volleyball:

- Volleyball was invented in 1895 by William Morgan during a lunch hour at the Holyoke,
Massachusetts, YMCA.
- The game was initially called "minonette" and was developed as a recreational activity less
demanding than basketball.
 2. Early Volleyball Rules and Setup:

- The initial game used the entire gymnasium and a basketball bladder hit over a 6-foot, 6-inch
tennis net.
- Each game consisted of nine innings, and the size of each team depended on the number of
players available.
- Players volleyed the ball back and forth without letting it hit the floor or the net.
- Dribbling by bouncing the ball on the hand was allowed, but players couldn't go within four feet
of the net.
- A serve had to go at least ten feet and could be helped over the net by a player on the same
side.

3. Challenges in Gaining Acceptance:

- Volleyball faced challenges in being accepted into school physical education curricula.
- Similar to basketball, there was a perception that the sport did little to develop the upper body.
- Some physical educators preferred gymnastics, which was considered to have a more
scientifically established benefit.

4. Promotion by the YMCA and Military Adoption:

- Despite initial challenges, volleyball was promoted by the YMCA and adopted by the American
military.
- The game gained popularity among YMCA members.

5. Late Adoption by Women:

- Women's volleyball, now popular in high schools and colleges, was not initially embraced by
women.
- Volleyball was promoted as a men's game, and it took time for the YWCA and college women to
start playing the sport.

SLIDE 8: WOMEN AND SPORT

1. Early Beliefs and Biases:

- Athletic activities for girls and women in the late 19th and much of the 20th century reflected
societal beliefs and biases.
- Early sport advocates argued that sports built manliness, suggesting women should not be
involved.

2. Transition from Gymnastics to Athletics and Dance:

- In the early 20th century, there was a shift from gymnastics to athletics and dance in women's
physical education programs.
- Dance, including clog, tap, aesthetic, folk, natural, modern, social, and square dancing, became
integral to physical education.
3. Women's Colleges and Athletic Programs:

- Women's colleges, such as Vassar, Wellesley, Smith, and Bryn Mawr, initiated athletic programs.
- Field hockey, lacrosse, volleyball, cricket, soccer, and water polo were introduced at these
institutions.

4. Leadership in Women's Athletics:

- Women like Blanche M. Trilling, Mabel Lee, and Agnes Wayman played crucial roles in shaping
women's athletics.
- Blanche Trilling, as the director of physical education for women at the University of Wisconsin,
convened a meeting in 1917 that led to the formation of the Athletic Conference of American
College Women.

5. Efforts for Intramural Programs:

- Early organizations like the State League of Girls’ Athletic Associations in Illinois aimed to
promote intramural programs and mass participation.
- They sought to counter the undesirable aspects of interschool athletics focused on a few highly
skilled athletes.

6. Philosophy of Women's Athletics:

- The philosophy of women's athletics during the early 20th century was "a sport for every girl and
every girl in a sport."
- Opposition to intercollegiate athletics for women was based on concerns like professionalism,
emphasis on the few, unsocial nature, the need for professional coaches, undesirable results,
expenses, and "nerve fatigue."

7. Organizational Struggles:

- The control of women’s athletics saw conflicts between organizations like AAU, NAAF, NFHSAA,
and State Leagues.
- Women physical educators resisted AAU efforts to control and coordinate women’s athletics.

8. Shift in Attitudes:

- The success of athletes like Mildred “Babe” Didrikson Zaharias in the 1932 Olympics challenged
the notion that women were physiologically unsuited for intense athletic competition.
- Didrikson's achievements in track and field, followed by her success in golf, contributed to a shift
in attitudes towards women's sports.

9. Committee on Women's Sports:

- The National Committee on Women’s Sports, established in 1917, aimed to determine rules and
standards for women's athletic participation.

10. Post-World War II Era:

 - The decade preceding World War II was significant for women’s athletics, with the
reorganization of the Committee on Women’s Athletics into the National Section on Women’s
Athletics (NSWA).
- Trends included increased opportunities for women in sports, greater acceptance in society, a
growing use of research for program improvement, and a reexamination of limitations on
intercollegiate athletics for women.

11. Challenges and Limited Opportunities:

- Despite gradual acceptance, opportunities for competitive athletics for girls and women were
limited compared to men.
- Conservative thinking prevailed, expecting women to refrain from sports that might detract from
their femininity.

12. 1950s and Girls' Athletic Association (GAA):

- In the 1950s, high schools provided opportunities through the efforts of the Girls’ Athletic
Association (GAA).
- Colleges offered contests against other institutions in various sports, emphasizing a social
atmosphere.

SLIDE 9: THE FLYING QUEENS OF WAYLAND BAPTIST UNIVERSITY

1. Historical Women's Basketball Dominance:

- Wayland Baptist University in Plainview, Texas, had a dominant women's basketball team long
before the prominence of Baylor, UConn, Tennessee, and Stanford.
- The team achieved a remarkable feat of winning 131 straight games from 1953 to 1958.

2. Era and Restrictive Rules:

- The era was marked by Dwight Eisenhower's presidency and restrictive rules for women's
basketball.
- AAU (Amateur Athletic Union) rules required six women on each team, limited dribbles to three
before passing or shooting, and had specific positions like "rovers."

3. Progressiveness of Wayland Baptist University:

- Wayland Baptist University, despite being a strict conservative institution, encouraged women to
play sports and be competitive.
- The university's president, J.W. Marshall, integrated the university in 1951, ahead of the U.S.
Supreme Court's Brown v. Board of Education ruling.

4. AAU Rules and Leniency:

- AAU rules during that era were lenient, allowing for unique opportunities and experiences.
- In 1948, the university president sought transportation from Claude Hutcherson, who owned a
flying service, providing the women's basketball team with private planes, athletic scholarships,
hairstylists, and luxurious accommodations.
 5. Interaction with Harlem Globetrotters:

- While in Nashville for a tournament, the Flying Queens (Wayland Baptist's team) met the Harlem
Globetrotters.
- The Globetrotters taught the women tricks like spinning the basketball on their fingertips and
dribbling behind their legs and backs, leading to a popular warm-up routine.

6. Dynasty of Championships:

- Wayland Baptist's women's basketball team achieved significant success, winning 10 AAU
championships.
- The team's remarkable winning streak of 131 games solidified its status as a sports dynasty.

7. Legacy and Decline:

- The dominance of Wayland Baptist in women's basketball eventually declined.
- Despite no longer ruling the women's basketball world, the team left a lasting legacy with its
remarkable achievements and experiences.

SLIDE 10: TITLE IX, AIAW, AND THE NCAA

1. Formation of NSGWS and Evolution into AIAW:

- In 1957, the National Section on Girls’ and Women’s Sports (NSGWS) was formed under AAHPER
(American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation).
- NSGWS evolved into the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW) in 1971.

2. AIAW's Administering for Women:

- AIAW was administered by women for women athletes, pledging to avoid certain practices
prevalent in men’s athletics.
- Initially opposed to athletic scholarships, recruiting gifted athletes, and a win-at-all-costs
philosophy.

3. AIAW Championships and Growth:

- AIAW sponsored championships in various sports, and membership grew steadily, reaching 970
colleges and universities by the late 1970s.

4. Title IX:

- Title IX of the Educational Amendments Act of 1972, an antidiscrimination provision, significantly

impacted women’s athletics.
- Mandated equal opportunities in physical education and athletics for both sexes, with
exceptions for contact sports.
- Required equal facilities, coaching, and financial support, with federal funding consequences for
non-compliance.

5. NCAA vs. Title IX:

 - NCAA filed a suit against Title IX, fearing financial instability if required to fund women’s athletic
programs equally.
- NCAA lost the suit, leading to the equal funding of women’s athletic programs in colleges and
universities.

6. NCAA Takes Control:

- NCAA attempted to govern women’s athletics through discussions with AIAW but faced
resistance.
- NCAA offered financial support and incentives, leading to the establishment of women's
championships in 1975.
- AIAW filed an antitrust suit in 1981, but the NCAA prevailed, leading to the disbandment of
AIAW in 1983.

7. Impact of Title IX:

- Title IX had a significant impact on women's sports, ensuring equal opportunities and funding.
- It played a crucial role in shaping the landscape of women’s athletics in educational institutions.

8. Challenges in Women's Sports:

- Despite progress, women's sports faced challenges, including scandals such as the sexual abuse
cases involving Dr. Larry Nassar in USA Gymnastics.
- Issues of discrimination and individual athlete abuse remain focal points for continued battles in
women’s sports.

SLIDE 11: The Legacy of One of the Greatest Women’s Basketball Coaches of All Time: Pat Summitt

1. Pat Summitt's Retirement and Legacy:

- Pat Summitt, one of the greatest women’s basketball coaches, announced retirement on April
18, 2012, due to early-onset dementia.
- Coached the University of Tennessee Lady Vols for 38 years.
- Became head coach emeritus after retirement.

2. Early Career and Rapid Rise:

- Started as a graduate assistant at UT in 1974 and quickly became the head coach at 22, with no
prior coaching experience.
- Won sixteen games in her first season and completed her master’s degree while coaching.
- Led the Lady Vols to consistent success, winning fewer than twenty games only in her second
season.

3. Olympic Achievements:

- Co-captain of the 1976 U.S. Olympic team, winning a silver medal in Montreal.
- Head coach of the women’s Olympic team in 1982, guiding the American women to a gold
medal finish in Los Angeles.
 College Achievements:

- Won eight NCAA national championships and made eighteen Final Four appearances.
- Named Naismith Coach of the Century in 2000.
- Overall coaching record: 1098 wins and 208 losses.
- Won thirty-two combined Southeastern Conference championships.

4. Financial Impact and Philanthropy:

- First women’s coach to earn over a million dollars a year.

- History of philanthropy, making a $600,000 gift to UT, Knoxville, and UT, Martin in 2008.

5. Comparison with John Wooden:

- Trails UCLA’s John Wooden in the number of NCAA Championships (8 to Wooden's 10).
- Boasts more Final Four appearances (eighteen) compared to Wooden's eleven.

6. Presidential Medal of Freedom:

- On April 19, 2012, President Barack Obama announced that Pat Summitt would be awarded the
Presidential Medal of Freedom.

7. Passing Away:

- Pat Summitt passed away on June 26, 2016, in Knoxville, fourteen days after her sixty-fourth
birthday.

SLIDE 12: