Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Κινητική αναπηρία
Κινητική αναπηρία
Κινητική αναπηρία
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
23
27
(..G Biofeedback)
28
29
31
32
33
34
34
35
36
Duchenne
37
39
40
41
42
43
44
47
49
1.
50
2.
51
2.1
51
2.2
55
2.3
57
2.4
57
2.5
58
2.6
58
3.
59
3.1
62
3.2
65
4.
71
5.
76
5.1
78
5.2
80
5.3
82
5.4
84
6.
88
7.
89
8.
91
9.
94
10.
96
98
1.
101
2.
102
3.
108
4.
114
5.
119
6.
127
7.
136
8.
141
9.
147
/
/
152
153
157
159
164
169
171
178
181
186
186
188
191
192
193
202
202
205
207
213
214
217
222
225
229
&
:
234
235
237
244
Windows
246
247
249
250
250
252
254
1. /
254
2. /
256
257
260
3. (Cause n Effect)
H
262
264
265
266
266
268
270
271
273
273
275
280
281
282
285
287
289
290
293
293
1.1.
295
1.2. , Inclusion
295
1.3.
295
300
300
3.1.
3.2.
.
306
306
311
313
317
324
326
330
334
338
342
344
347
350
352
353
357
365
369
369
2004
.
,
(
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
,
, .
.
,
.
, .
,
.
5-6
-, ,
, ,
, , ,
..
-
.
,
.
.
!
10
, ,
.
.
-
.
.
:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
11
14)
15)
.
500.000 ,
700 3.000 .
,
, , , , .
50%.
,
.
10
, .
.
.
.
.. 2,5 1.000
, . 100.000
250 .. .
, 15 100 ,
.
!
12
,
, , ..
.. ,
( 3 5 ).
, ,
.
50-75%.
1)
(,
, ..)
2) ... ( )
(
Dandy-Walker,
..).
3)
4)
(,
, ..).
5)
1)
2)
3) ...
4)
13
5)
6)
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
..
.
..
, , ,
.
, .
,
.
.
(
) .. .
.
14
..
.
.
,
( ).
..
, , , .
.. ,
.
, ,
, .
, ,
,
.
.
,
,
, .
..
.
, ,
.
.
.. . ,
,
, ,
.
15
, ,
, .
,
,
.
,
. ..,
,
, .
:
1) .
2) , , ,
3) , , (
).
4)
5) , ,
6)
7)
8)
16
.
(--),
.
.
..
- ,
.
.
,
.
..
..
.
-
- .
..
,
17
,
.
,
.. :
1)
( , ..).
2) ,
.
.. :
1)
2)
3)
4) -
5)
6) -
7)
(30-75%) ..
.
.
..
, .
(10%) .. 0,5%
.
18
.. , .
.
,
,
.. .
- -
.
.. 15%
.
-
-
.
.
, .
, ,
.
. ,
.
19
(30-50%) ..,
4.
- -
.
.
.
.
..
.
, 33%
, ,
25%
- -
.
.
,
.
,
,
, .
:
1) ,
.
20
2) .
3) ,
,
.
4)
.
5) .
- stesolid () -
.
,
.
..
.
, , .
-
.
. (30%-50%).
.
21
.
.
..
, , , ,
,
.
,
.
..
,
..
-
..
.
, .
, .
, , ,
,
.
22
.
,
, .
.. , ,
.
..
,
.
, ,
.
..
.
,
.., , ,
, , . ,
.
.
75% ,
.
, ,
.
.. .
23
..
.
, ,
.
,
,
.
. ,
Peto, Bobath, Vojta, P.N.F. ..
,
.
..
.
- - 3 .
24
..
.
4-7
.
,
.
..,
. , ,
:
1) ( )
2) ( , .)
3) (, , )
4) (, , )
25
.
,
..
, ,
.
.
,
, , , ..
, ..
.
26
.
:
1)
.
2)
( - ),
3) ,
4) .
27
7
.
( - ). ,
.
.
(E.M.G.Biofeedback)
28
,
.
.
.
laser.
,
-.
,
, , .
29
(----
), - ,
,
.
.
.
,
.
30
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
31
32
1.
2.
3. .
4.
5.
6. .
,
.
33
- .
, ,
-
.
, .
,
.
.
,
.
..
. ,
.
,
, ,
.
..
,
.
, ,
,
.
34
..,
. ..
.
.
:
1)
2) .
3) o
4)
5) ,
, -
.
,
.
.
.
.
35
..
.
.
,
.
,
.
..
. ,
9 ,
24 30 .
.. ,
5 ,
.
..
36
1)
2)
3)
4)
.
,
.
.
.
Duchenne
1:3.600
.
.
21.
21 ,
, .
,
.
. (,
, ).
.
.
37
.
,
.
.
().
.
.
.
.
9 12 (.. 9,5 )
.
38
6
"".
.
.
- -
,
.
,
.
,
. :
1) ( Werding - Hoffman)
4 .
2)
12 .
. .
.
39
.
7
.
40
.
.
. ,
, , ..
, , ,
, ,
,
..
,
,
,
, ..
, ,
,
,
.
, .
( )
( ,
41
)
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
.
,
. .
.
.
.
.
.
!
42
,
.
:
1) .
2)
.
3)
.
:
1) .
2)
3)
.
75%
.
,
.
.
43
.
,
,
. ,
,
, :
1)
2)
3)
1) 50%
2) .
.
3)
4)
.
,
.
- .
.
44
, -
, .
( Argo Walkabout)
,
.
.
,
.
,
, ,
, ,
..
, , ,
, Boccia, .
(,
, , , , ).
45
,
, .
46
. , . -:
Cox A.D. Lambrenas K. (1992) Childhood physical disability and
attachment
Hagberg B., Hagberg G. (1993) The origins of cerebral palsy
Lamb B., Lung R. (1992) Etiology of cerebral palsy
Clark PN, Allen Ast (1997) Occupational therapy for children
Cohen M.E. and Duffner P.K. (1981) Prognostic indicators in hemiparetic
cerebral palsy
7 2003
47
2004
48
, , .
( )
, ,
, .
,
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
(...)
.
...
,
.
...
.
,
.
49
,
.
1.
, ,
,
.
,
.
.
,
.
(, , ..).
,
,
,
.
.
50
2.
2.1.
(.1),
(.2):
1 :
2 :
( , . 1995)
i.
,
.
(.3). ,
,
. ,
.
51
3.1 :
3.2 :
3.3 :
3.4 :
52
3.5 :
3.6 : -
ii.
,
.
, ,
(.4).
, .
4.1 :
53
4.2 :
iii.
4.3 :
,
.
, (.5)
- (.6).
5.1 :
5.2 :
( . 2002).
54
6 : -
,
.
,
.
2.2.
, .
, .
.
.
.
,
.
55
,
.
, ,
(...).
...
,
( ,
).
, .
,
.
.
.
,
,
, .
, (),
.
.
56
2.3.
.
.
, ,
, , ...
.
,
.
,
.
2.4.
.
.
.
, .
.
,
,
.
,
.
!
57
, ,
.
2.5.
, ,
,
.
,
,
. ,
.
, ,
. ,
,
.
,
,
, , ...
2.6.
. , .
,
.
!
58
,
.
3.
,
,
,
.
. ,
, , .
.
,
.
.
,
.
.
.
,
,
.
(Moro Reflex),
(Palmar grasp), (Plantar grasp),
(A.T.N.R.),
!
59
(S.T.N.R.),
(Sucking Reflex), (Positive supporting
reaction), (Reflex walking) ...,
,
,
. 2
, (Moro
Reflex)
.(.7).
7 : (Moro Reflex)
2
(A.T.N.R.),
.
(.8)
60
8 : (A.T.N.R.)
(
)
.
, .
,
,
.
:
i.
,
,
ii.
, , , ,
...,
iii.
, , ,
iv.
, ,
.
.
,
(Gesell and Amatruda 1947,
Griffiths 1954). ,
. :
61
(. ).
(. ).
.
,
,
. ,
.
3.1.
,
.
,
.
.
, ,
.
()
, .
.
(Bobath
and Bobath 1967).
.
.
.
!
62
,
.
(Bobath and Bobath 1964):
i.
,
(
)
ii.
.
(
)
iii.
.(
).
iv.
,
. ( )
v.
.(
)
,
,
,
.
,
. , ,
.
,
.
!
63
.
.
.
,
. ,
,
,
,
()
(.9)
9 :
.
,
.
.
.
64
.
, .
.
3.2.
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
65
1 : .
2 : .
.
3 : .
. .
66
4 : .
.
.
.
5 : .
. .
67
6 :
7 : .
. .
68
8 : .
.
9 :
10 : .
69
11 : .
12 : .
.
,
.
.
.
.
. 18
,
, .
- .
,
2,5 3 .
.
,
.
70
3
` .
( ),
.
, .
, 3,5 .
, .
, .
,
,
.
.
.
4.
...,
.
.
,
.
,
71
).
.
,
...
.
.
i)
ii)
.
, .
,
` .
:
i)
,
.
ii)
,
.
iii)
, .
.
.
.
.
...
,
. `
!
72
,
, .
,
, .
,
..
,
.
.
.
, .
.
, .
,
,
.
, (..
, .)
.
,
.
...
73
.
...
.
.
,
.
.
(.10).
10 : .
( Bobath K. 1971)
,
(.. )
, .
. 6
10
74
(Bobath
and Bobath 1959).
.
,
o
.
,
.
.
(-).
.
.
.
().
2.
.
.
.
,
.
75
.
,
.
.
,
.
, ,
.
.
.
,
.
()
.
-.
.
.
5.
.
!
76
,
.
.
:
: ,
. ,
.
: ,
.
.
, , , ,
, .
: `
. ,
.
: ` .
,
.
: `
.
.
. ,
77
.
.
,
.
5.1.
.
.
.
.
W (.11).
11 : W .
78
.
,
`
.
,
(.12)
()
.
12 :
,
,
.
.
(
),
.
,
.
(.
79
) ,
,
.
.
, (, ,
) (. )
.
.
,
.
()
.
,
.
, (
).
.
,
.
5.2.
.
.
(.
!
80
),
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
!
81
,
, .
5.3.
.
,
(.13).
13 :
.
3 .
, - .
.
82
.
.
,
.
.
,
.
.
,
.
.
, .
w, --
.
.
, ().
(.14).
83
14 : (
Platzer W., Leonhard H., Kahle W. 1985).
.
,
.
5.4.
.
.
,
. ,
(.15),
, (.16).
84
15 :
.
16 :
.
.
.
,
.
,
(.17).
85
17 :
,
.
(.18).
.
18 :
.
.
86
.
.
,
(.19).
, .
19
.
.
.
,
. (
)
.
.
.
87
6.
.
,
.
,
.
, .
.
, .
,
.
( , , )
.
,
,
.
,
-- ,
, , ...
88
7.
..
.
5-6%
.... T
,
,
.
.
,
.
:
i)
).
ii)
,
, ...( ).
iii)
, .
iv)
, ,
, ,
, ...
89
v)
.
.
vi)
.
,
.
vii)
viii)
, ,
...
ix)
,
.
.
.
, .
,
.
.
90
8.
.
,
.
.
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
, (
)
.
.
,
!
91
, .
.
.
, 90.
( )
.
.
,
.
90.
.
( ) .
.
,
.
(
),
() .
.
92
,
.
,
.
,
(.. ).
.
, ,
.
.
.
.
,
(
www.minenv.gr).
.
,
.
.
!
93
,
.
9.
.
( - ),
( , ) (
, , ).
.
. .
.
.
,
. ,
.
,
.
(1).
!
94
1 :
, .
(, .)
.
(2) (3).
.
.
2 :
2 :
95
(, , )
( , ).
(4) ,
- (5).
4 :
5 :
10.
. ,
,
.
(,
, ...).
.
96
,
.
, ,
.
,
.
,
.
.
.
,
.
.
97
1.
, ,
.:
2002.
in
the
treatment
of
cerebral
palsy.Physiotherapy,vol.50(8) p.246-262,1964.
4. Bobath B., Bobath K.:
.
, 1992.
5. Bobath K.: The neuropathology of cerebral palsy and its
importance in treatment and diagnosis. Cerebral palsy bulletin,
vol 1 (8), p.13-33, 1959.
6. Bobath K.: The prevention of the mental vetardation in patients
with
cerebral
palsy.
5th
international
congress
of
child
., .:
2001.
8. ., .:
., .,
.:
. , , 7283. 1998.
9. ., .:
., .
.: -. , , 84-106, 1998.
10. Gesell A. & Amatruda G.S.: Developmental Diagnosis 2nd
Edition Harper, London, 1947.
98
University
Studio
Pres,
, 1996.
13. . : . . ,
, 2000.
14. Platzer W., Leonhard H., Kahle W.:
1,
. , ,1985.
15. . .
.: .,
.,
--.
.:
, . 7-71,1998
16. . .: .
..
, 1991.
17. .: . , 1995.
18.
.:
, 1986
19. .,
.:
( )
, 1990
20. ., .: . , ,
1995
21. Willoughby C., Palatajko Hj.: Motor problems in children with
development
coordination
disorder:
review
of
literature.
99
2004
100
1.
,
,
. ,
,
. ,
.
, ,
. , ,
,
, :
, ,
. ..,
.
.
( )
,
.
, .
,
.. .. 20
15 , .. 2 ,
( ) .
101
, 5 ,
, .
2.
,
. , ,
(, 1998).
,
, .
,
, (..
).
, ,
.
,
. ,
, ...
,
(Bobath & Bobath, 1992). ,
:
. ,
. ..,
,
( ) (Colangelo, 1992).
102
,
.
.
(Colangelo, 1992). ..,
,
( ),
,
. ,
, ..
,
.
,
,
. ,
( ) ,
( ) .
(Bobath, 1980).
( )
.
( )
( )
(.. ).
,
, -
,
.
(Colangelo, 1992; , 1998).
!
103
, (Cook & Hussey, 1995):
(...)
,
( ). ,
(Colangelo, 1992). ,
,
. , ,
,
( ).
,
. ,
( )
(
) (Bobath, 1980).
(....)
,
. ,
,
. ,
104
,
.
Moro
,
( ).
.
,
,
(Bobath & Bobath, 1992).
Gallant
( 12 )
(
) (Bobath & Bobath, 1998). ,
, (
). ..
. ,
, .
.
.
...
,
()
105
.
.
.
-,
. ,
(Bobath, 1980).
:
1. :
(.. ..., ....).
,
.
2.
-,
- ...
106
3.
,
.
,
(Cook & Hussey, 1995):
: ,
.
.
. ()
.
: ,
.
... ().
,
.
.
, .
.
.
( ).
107
, .
,
, . ..,
. ,
.
. ..
),
.
. ,
, (Scherzer &
Tscharnuter, 1990).
.
.
. ,
, .. ,
,
.
,
(Warren 1992a).
.
!
108
:
(Cook & Hussey, 1995).
, (
),
.
, ,
.
: 1)
, .. . 2)
. 3) -
(Cook & Hussey, 1995; Warren, 1992b), ..
).
(Warren, 1992a).
(hemianopia)
(quadrantanopia)
. ,
(
) (Jackson, 1997).
,
.
45 .
.
!
109
,
(Cook & Hussey, 1995) (..
, , ).
(..
).
45 . , , .
(
, ),
, (
) (Warren, 1992b).
, :
. ..
.
(Cook & Hussey, 1995).
, .
, . ,
.
.. .
110
,
.
. ,
,
.
(Cook & Hussey, 1995).
, :
, .
. ,
,
, , ...,
,
, .
: ,
, ..
.
,
.
111
(..
).
,
.
( ) .
3: ().
, . ,
. Retrieved August 25, 2004, from
http://www.michaelbach.de/ot/sze_muelue/index.html
4: .
( )
( ).
,
.
Retrieved
October
2,
2004,
from
http://www.michaelbach.de/ot/sze_muelue/index.html
112
, .
, ,
... , ,
.
..
(, 1998). ,
.
, . ,
, ...,
, .
: ,
. (....,
1994).
. ,
,
.
.
, ,
113
(...., 1994).
,
.
,
(
) ,
.
.
, :
:
.
.
:
.
(...., 1994).
.
,
.
(
),
, (
) ( & , 2000).
, :
.
114
.
.
Barkley (1997),
,
.
,
(Du Paul & Eckert,
1997; Werry & Sprague, 1970).
,
,
, .
,
.
..,
,
( ) (Ollendick, 1986).
,
, .
( ),
,
( & , 2000).
115
,
.
.
, , , ,
, . ,
:
.
, .
,
, (
),
(Goldstein, 1994).
(
)
.
,
, ,
( &
, 2000).
,
. :
,
.
,
.
(..
116
. , (Jones,
1989):
. ,
.
,
. , ,
,
.
,
.
.
,
.
,
. ,
.
, .
117
. ,
.
. ,
,
.
. .
.
,
.
:
,
.
.
, , ,
.
(
),
,
.
118
,
, .
. ,
.
.
. ,
(
). ..,
;
( & , 2000).
.
,
.
, ,
.
,
.
, .
,
(Abramowitz & O Leary, 1990).
(splint orthotics)
,
(
).
119
.
(Duncan, 1989;
Rowe, 1997).
) , .
(.. ,
).
, ..
).
,
,
.
,
joystick
.
,
. , :
120
,
. , :
, .
(Rowe, 1997).
.
,
.
.
,
. ,
,
(Swan, 1984).
, , .
(Bowker, Condie,
Bader, Pratt & Walllace, 1993).
121
,
(Sharp & Thompson, 2004).
( 3).
200.
.
,
, .
( ),
, .
100 (
).
( ,
) ( ),
100
50.
450
, 300 450 1
( ) 100 200 2
.
122
,
( )
. , :
( 5)
. , ,
.
.
.
,
( 4). ,
. ,
.
(Rowe, 1997).
6: ,
( , . )
.
.
,
,
123
.
, (Rowe, 1997):
).
. (Malick, 1980):
. ,
, (
). ,
.
. ,
,
.
, (
)
.
,
.
( ) , :
124
,
).
Velcro .
.
,
(Rowe, 1997).
,
, ,
,
.
125
9
8
6
7
11
5
12
14
13
10
15
1
3
7:
.
http://moon.ouhsc.edu/gsharp/namics/hand.htm (Retrieved July 15, 2004).
: ,
1 =
2 = ( )
3 = ( )
4 =
5 =
6 =
7 =
8 = 1
9 = 2
10 =
11 =
12 =
13 =
14 =
15 =
!
126
, ,
. ,
, .
, .
:
)
. ,
,
.
. ,
.
) :
,
.
,
, (Alley, 1992).
:
.
, :
127
( 6):
,
.
( ) .
6:
( 7):
, ,
.
.
7:
( 8):
,
.
8:
( 9): ,
.
9:
128
( 10): 2 3 ,
,
.
.
10:
( )
( 11):
.
(
).
11:
( 12): ,
,
.
12:
129
( 13):
,
.
13:
( 14): ,
.
14:
( 15):
.
,
15:
15:
( 16):
.
(Alley,
1992).
16:
130
:
,
. ,
,
. ( ,
) ,
( )
(Erhardt, 1983; Erhardt, 1993).
:
(A.O.T.A, 1994).
:
(...., 1994).
.
, ,
,
. , ..
,
. ,
. ,
(Galloway,
1990).
:
,
..,
,
.. (A.O.T.A., 1994).
:
.
17.
131
17: . : 2004
, , :
,
90.
90.
2,5 cm
,
.
2,5 cm.
5 cm
,
.
.
,
.
132
,
(Alley, 1992; Wilsdon,
1997).
(Alley, 1992).
, ,
...
( ).
(.. ,
).
.
.. .
!
133
Stencil.
, .. Mastermind.
, .
.
(Alley, 1992).
. ..,
, .
, .
, .. Mastermind.
(Alley, 1992).
. ,
, .
. ,
.
(Alley, 1992).
134
(
) . ,
, .
. , ( ,
), (
, )
( , ) ( ).
,
, .
135
1 : ,
.
...,
. ,
, ...
(, 1998).
,
. ,
.
,
.
, (
) (,
1998).
,
.
136
,
,
.
,
, :
,
(Warner, 1981):
.
, .
. ,
, .
,
,
,
.
().
, ,
. :
( ).
(
). ,
. ,
(
).
137
, ,
( )
.
, ()
. .
: ,
. ....
,
. ,
(Morris & Klein, 1987).
(..
).
( ),
(.. ),
(, 1998).
( ),
,
()
(, 1998).
,
. ,
,
138
. ,
,
(, 1998).
(.. )
. ,
...
(Farber, 1982):
(Farber,
1982).
( )
,
, .
, ,
,
. ,
(Wolf & Glass, 1992):
, .
(, , ...)
, .
139
,
.
, ,
(
) ,
(Wolf & Glass, 1992).
/
, :
,
.
,
. ,
,
140
, .
:
. ,
(Dycem), Vettex .
( )
. ,
,
. , ,
.
, (
) ,
(
). ,
(Coley & Procter,
1989).
, ,
,
.
, ,
. ,
,
(
) (Case Smith, 1994).
141
,
(Shepherd, Procter & Coley,1996).
,
( 1).
1.
(
)
2.
()
3.
4.
5.
142
()
6.
7.
1: . : Christiansen, C.
(1994). Ways of Living. USA: A.O.T.A. Inc, . 132.
,
.
, ,
.
1,
.
, .
,
,
143
(Case
Smith, 1994).
/
,
, .
,
(
.. ,
. , ,
,
(Case Smith, 1994).
( ,
)
.
. ,
, ..
. , (
) .. ,
(Case Smith, 1994).
!
144
(, , )
,
.
, (
) .
,
. ,
, . ,
,
(Case Smith, 1994).
__,
.
.
,
. ,
.
: ) )
. ,
(Case Smith, 1994).
- .
(, 1998).
!
145
1 . ,
(..
), :
, .
.
.
. , ,
. ,
,
.
(..
)
(Case Smith, 1994).
.
.
146
147
Coley, I.L., & Procter, S.A. (1989). Self maintenance activities. In P. Pratt & A.
Allen (Eds.), Occupationa Therapy for Children (pp. 260 294). St. Louis:
Mosby.
Cook, A.M., & Hussey, S.M. (1995). Assistive Technologies: Principles and practice.
St. Louis: Mosby.
Du Paul, G.J., & Eckert, T.L. (1997). The effect of school based intervention for
ADHD: A meta analysis. School Psychology Review, 26, 5 27.
Duncan, R.M. (1989). Basic principles of splinting the hand. Physical Therapy, 69
(12), 1104 1119.
Erhardt, R.P. (1983). Developmental Hand Function. (2nd Ed.). San Antonio: Therapy
Skill Builders.
Erhardt, R.P. (1993). Cerebral Palsy. In H. Hopkins & H. Smith (Eds). Willards &
Spackmans, Occupational Therapy, (8th Ed.). Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott
Company
Farber, S.D. (1982). A multisensory approach to neurorehabilitation. Philadelphia:
W.B. Saunders.
Galloway, J. (1990). A handle on handedness. Nature, 346, 223-224.
Goldstein, S. (1994). Understanding and assessing ADHD and related educational and
behavioural and emotional disorders. Therapeutic Care and Education, 3, 111
129.
Jackson, S. (1997). Cerebrovascular accident. In A. Turner, M. Foster, S. Johnson
(Eds.). Occupational Therapy and Physical Dysfunction Principles, Skills and
Practice. (4th Ed.) (pp. 433 461). New York: Churchill Livingstone.
Jones, C. (1989, November/ December). Managing the difficult child. Family Day
Caring, 6 7.
Klein, M. (1988). Predressing Skills, Tucson A.Z.: Therapy Skill Builders.
148
Malick, M.H. (1980). Manual on static hand splinting. (4th Ed.). Harmarville
Rehabilitation Centre, Pittsburgh, Vol. 1
Mathiowetz, V., & Haugen, J. B. (1995). Evaluation of motor
ehaviour: Traditional
ehaviour
149
Warner, J. (1981). Helping the Handicapped child with early feeding. London.
Winslow Press.
Warren, M. (1992a). A Hierarchical model for evaluation and treatment of visual
perceptual dysfunction in adult acquired brain injury, Part 1, American Journal
of Occupational Therapy, 47, 42 - 53.
Warren, M. (1992b). A Hierarchical model for evaluation and treatment of visual
perceptual dysfunction in adult acquired brain injury, Part 2, American Journal
of Occupational Therapy, 47, 55 - 66.
Werry, J.S., & Sprague, R. (1970). Hyperactivity. In G. Costello (Ed.). Symptoms of
Pshchopathology (pp. 397 417). New York: Willey.
Wilsdon, J. (1997). Cerbral palsy. In A. Turner, M. Foster, S. Johnson (Eds.).
Occupational Therapy and Physical Dysfunction Principles, Skills and
Practice. (4th Ed.) (pp. 395 431). New York: Churchill Livingstone.
Wolf, L.S., & Glass, R.P. (1992). Feeding and swallowing disorders in infancy:
Assessment and management. Tucson A.Z.: Therapy Skill Builders.
(2004).
, ., & , . (2000).
. :
, . (1998). :
. : .
150
.
.
2004
151
. ,
.
,
, .
.
, ,
,
(.. , , ,
)
.
, ,
.
.
,
, ,
, .
.
.
,
.
.
. ,
152
, ,
, .
,
.
. (Kierman,
1987). , /
/ .
.
, , ,
(Jones, 1990).
:
.
-
. :
, , ,
, ,
,
153
,
,
,
, , ..
,
.
, Bliss symbols ..
, , .
/ .
.
() ( )
(, , , )
(Bernstein & Tiegerman, 1993).
, , , , .
.
. .
-
.
154
. .
.
(..
) (Kierman, 1987).
.
.
(Bernstein & Tiegerman, 1993).
-
.
- , (feedback)
, , ,
.
-
.
:
. : , , ,
155
. -
. (listening)
. :
. (Rinaldi,1992)
.
,
156
(Porter & Kirkland,
1995).
,
(Porter &
Kirkland, 1995).
(,
)
.
(,
2003).
:
.
(,
, ).
, ,
.
,
.
!
157
,
.
,
.
. ,
, ,
.
(,
).
(..
).
,
, ,
,
,
(Kierman, 1987).
(
, , ,
, ,
,
..) (Bernstein &
Tiegerman, 1993).
158
, ,
.
:
()
().
().
().
159
,
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
:
.. -
( ).
,
.
(, . 1992).
160
()
(, , ...),
(, ...)
. ,
.
()
, .
:
, ,
161
(Jones, 1990).
,
. ,
, ,
.
.
. . .
, .
T
.
.
, .
, ,
, ,
(Bloom & Lahey,1988).
162
.
. ,
.
: ! .
. ,
:
! .
,
. .
,
, .
,
, .
.
.
163
.
,
.
.
,
(- : 0 12 ).
( : 12 18 ). ,
(.. ,
..)
( ) (Bernstein & Tigerman, 1993).
,
,
/ .
/
(Craeghead et al, 1985).
,
,
. ,
(.. , ,
).
,
, /
(.. ,
,
, ,
).
!
164
,
,
.
.
,
.
.
.
( ,
).
,
.
. , .
, , /
. ,
. ,
.
, ,
(Beukelman & Mirenda, 1998; Law et al, 2000)
165
()
, .. ,
, , .
(.. ).
.
(.. )
.
.
.
. (Law et al, 2000).
,
.
.
(Lahey, 1988; Law et al,
2000 ).
166
, . (Fascioscapular &
Myotonic)
.(Dubowitz, 1995).
, .
.
, ,
. , ,
. /
( , 1985; Dubowitz, 1995).
10 .
2
,
, , .
. ,
167
. ,
. .
()
,
/ . 68%
, / (Craighead,
1985). ,
.
, ,
:
(): , (
) .
.
.
.
,
. ,
.
.
(-):
, , .
!
168
, ,
.
, (..
).
,
.
, , ,
, .
,
, /
.
(McDonald,
1987).
.
,
. ,
.
Batshaw (1997)
:
/ : 60%-70%
,
(..
,
, ). 32 !
169
45% (, 1994).
,
.
: 46%
, , , -
, , , ..
30% ( ).
.
.
: 50% (
).
:
,
.
,
.
,
.
:
.
.
, ,
.
: .
(..
170
,
,
.
.
.
(.. )
(.. )
.
-
(
- ).
.
,
:
/
.
/
, .
, ,
, , ,
(.. ).
, .
171
,
.
.
. -.
(.. , , ,
, ) ,
.
.
, , ,
, .
.
, ,
.
.
50
! (McDonald, 1987).
.
.
.
172
:
, , , (resonance),
, , /
,
. (Craighead, 1985)
:
(
) -
, ,
, .
31%-88%
(Beukelman & Mirenda, 1998).
(.
).
:
1.
.
2.
. (
) (Mysak, 1971)
, ,
,
(resonance), .
.
!
173
5 :
( / )
A. /
B.
.
. ,
.
. (
)
1.
2.
3.
4.
. ( )
1.
2.
3.
4.
. ( / )
1.
2.
3. ( )
4. /
6.
( )
.
.
.
.
!
174
.
. Irregular articulatory breakdown
.
.
.
. /
.
.
. ,
.
.
.
.
(Darley et al, 1975)
.
.
,
.
.
,
(.. ).
,
.
.
.
175
.
,
/
, .
,
.
, :
(
): >
> > > .
.
. .
.
3 4
, ,
, . ,
.
.
(Craighead et al, 1985)
176
( ,
, , ..) /
(Mysak, 1971).
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
,
, ,
(.. ,
, ).
.
.
177
.
.
( ).
(- ,
check-lists).
( ).
( , ).
, , .
.
. .
:
A. :
.
(
, ,
).
,
.
B. :
178
: - , ,
,
.
( ):
- , , , ,
. :
,
, .
. ,
. ,
. ,
. .
(Musselwhite & St. Louis, 1982)
,
, .
:
1. .
/ .
.
(.. , , ,
, , ,
, ).
2.
:
179
1.
(
).
2.
.
3. /
, ,
.
4. .
5. .
6. .
(Musselwhite & St.Luis, 1988)
(
, , , ,
, , ,
, ).
, ,
(.. ) -,
,
.
.
(.. ,
,
).
.
3. .
180
,
(.. )
.
, , ,
, , , ,
, .
/
.
,
( ).
.
4.
(
).
(, )
( , ).
(Sensory
, , , ,
.
(..
, , , ,
).
.
181
-
(McDonald, 1987).
.
, ,
,
, ,
,
,
(Winstock, 1994).
,
( ).
.
: , , ,
.
: , , ,
, ,
,
, (Johnson & Scott, 1993)
(.. )
(
) /
.
. ,
, , ,
.
, .
.
182
.
(..
, ).
,
, , ...
, ,
,
, , , ,
.
(McDonald, 1987).
:
-
, Adapted cuing technique (Klick, 1994), Touch cue method
(Bashir, Grahamjones, & Bostwick, 1984), ..
, Nuffield
Dyspraxia Program.
,
(.. )
, Melodic intonation therapy (HelfrichMiller, 1994).
.
.
.
.
183
;
:
,
(..
),
,
,
,
,
.
(Darley et al, 1975)
:
.
.
,
.
,
.
.
.
(Guild & Vail, 2002).
184
.
, , ,
. .
(Beukelman & Mirenda, 1998).
(
).
.
/
. /
, ,
.
.
.
,
.
.
, , , ,
.
.
,
.
185
, , ,
.
. ,
()
;
, , ,
. ,
.
.
.
.
;
/
.
186
1.
1.
.
2.
.
3.
(.. ).
4.
.
5.
.
1.
).
2.
,
/ .
187
3.
:
.
. /
.
.
4. ,
,
,
.
5. (
, ).
Musselwhite & StLouis, 1988
;
, .
(.. , ,
).
, , .
, .
188
: ,
.
, :
:
1. (.. ,
)
2.
:
() text-based
(.. , , // /)
() non text-based
(.. , ).
189
/ (Barrett & Herriotts, 1995).
()
____________________________________________________________
/
(jargon)
(/)
(.. )
Signed English
( )
190
1. (..
)
(.. ,
, )
,
.
2. (.. )
(..
)
.
.
( )
.
,
.
,
.
.
:
(, ).
.
(
).
( ,
, ,
)
(
)
191
( )
(Unaided communication)
:
/ / /
/ /
- (.. )
Signed English
(.. )
:
.
.
.
:
(.. )
, . .
192
.
:
1. / (.. )
2. (.. )
3. (.. )
1.
2. /
3.
4. (. )
,
.
(
)
.
(Aided communication)
(1) (.. ,
, , . )
(2)
(3) (.. PCS, Rebus, Picsyms,
DynaSyms, Pictogram Symbols, Blissymbols, )
(4) (.. Yerkish Lexigrams)
(5) (.. , , , )
(.., Braille, Morse Code)
193
(6) ( )
..
Blissymbols
.
.
.
( ):
-
- /
-
-
1.
194
2.
.
Velcro
(..
). ,
.
.
195
( 3):
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
( ):
-
- BIGmack ( , 20 )
- ( )
( ):
- ( )
- ( )
- ( )
- / (.. , , Touch
Screen)
,
(,
).
,
.
(.
/).
.
!
196
/. , .
/
(.. ).
.
/
.
, , .
, , , .
,
.
.
( text-based)
-. ,
,
.
Canon Communicator
.
26
.
197
/ / :
Static Display:
, .
.
( ) .
.
. , ,
.
.
.
.. Liberator, Alphatalker, Walkertalker, Macaw II, Parrot, Vois 160,
Messagemate, Voicemate, Scanmate, Cameleon
MACAW II, :
5.
2, 4, 8, 16, 32
, , , .
198
) .
.. Talk
,
( ).
Dynamic Display:
( , ,
).
,
.
,
.
, touch screen . .. Dynavox
6. Dynavox
. /
. .
Dynasyms.
199
:
Static Displays . .
Alltalker, Introtalker, Touch talker, Lighttalker,
:
(Semantic
Compaction
(2,3, 4)
.
. .. Liberator, Speech Pac Epson, Real
Voice,
,
,
, .
/
.
, .
bbreviation expansion .
.
(.. , , ,
!
200
..
.
.
, -.
.
/
.
.
.
(.. ,
, .).
, ,
.
, ,
.
1. (.. , , , headstick,
chinstick)
2.
( , joystick,
, )
3. ,
.
(Semantic Compaction)
(Dynamic Display).
4.
201
:
,
,
:
.
.
.
.
;
.
;
(portability)
( ).
(.. , ,
).
.
.
;
.
, ,
. / ,
202
. :
1. ,
.. , ,
, ,
.
2. ,
,
..
,
.
3. ,
,
.. ! !,
..
, ;.
.
.
.
,
.. .
.
Scripting ( )
.
/
.
.
203
(,
).
.
.
.
,
.
(
).
:
( )
( ).
,
, .
.
, ,
204
.
.
:
(
). ,
. (
--
). ,
.
205
.
:
1. (Pragmatic Branching System) / 7.
206
, , .
.
.
.
.
.
/
.
. .
/ /
.
:
.
.
.
.
/
/ (..
).
207
.
.
(Shaping)
(.. ),
.
.
:
(..
).
(.. , , , )
, .
.
9.
/
, (.. ,
, , ),
, ,
, , ,
.
208
/ .
10
, PCS,
.
2
.
(Goosens et al, 1994)
,
,
.
.
,
, .
.
. .
.
.
!
209
.
(..
)
.
.
,
.
, ,
(.. ).
(.. , )
,
.
.
( ) (
).
. -
, ,
/
.
( )
( ).
210
________. .
. ,
,
.
.
.
.
(.. , ;)
.
.
, (.. , )
.
.
,
,
, .
.
.
. /
(
)
. - /
( )
. , (rhythmical intention)
211
,
. / ,
,
.
.
.
212
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
, ,
, ,
..
, , .
.
/
.
/
. , ,
, , , ..
.
,
.
213
Personal
(.. , , , )
;, ;,
;.
.
.
Beukelman & Mirenda (1998) Houghton,
Bronicki, & Guess (1987)
.
( )
1 ,
7%-15% .
,
, , , ,
.
:
214
- ,
/ .
- , BIGmack,
/
.
:
- ,
- .. ,
- ,
- ..
!,
!, !!
- .
-
2 .
.
.
3, 4, ....
(..
).
.
/ .
215
(.. ,
, )
( ).
(.. , ,
)
,
.
.
.
(..
),
(..
(.. )
.
.
.
216
()
.
(..
, , )
( ).
1. :
(..
)
(.. )
.
.
.
.
2. (, , ):
.
/
. :
.
.
.
217
;
, .
.
. .
:
/
(
!)
(..
, , / ,
)
( )
.
(.. ,
, , ).
218
.
..
_____________
,
.
.
.
.
, ,
.
:
(, , , ).
.
( )
.
219
.
, .
.
,
,
.
.
.
.
(
).
(..
, )
(.. , , , ).
.
-
(.. ). (..
).
- ,
, .
220
Silent Select
(..
( ) -silent select-
,
).
11. ,
.
.
(,
).
.
,
.
221
()
.
.
:
/
, ,
(.. , , ,
)
, .
(
). :
(.. , ,
).
( )
/ ,
.
(..
,
, .
222
,
.
.
.
.
.
(.. / , /
).
.
.
, , ,
Conductive Education,
.
(..
)
(Musselwhite & StLouis, 1988).
PECS
.
.
223
(Frost & Bondy, 1994).
SULP .
,
,
.
(Rinaldi, W. 1992).
, Rustin & Kuhr (1989)
,
.
.
224
0-24 .
(4-8 )
.
,
.
-
.
:
(1) :
.
(2) :
, .
(3) .
.
.
!
225
, , ,
, ,
.
,
,
.
, .
.
():
.
,
.
.
. (
)
- (
, )
.
226
.
, ,
,
.
.
.
12
.
.
-
,
, .
.
(tracking):
,
.
(scanning):
.
!
227
( ) .
.
2 .
, . 2
, .
( ).
.
.
. (,
/ ) .
,
.
, , ,
228
- , .
. University Studio Press, 1985.
, . (1992). .
.
, . . ,
, (: ,
). , , 1994.
, . (2003). :
. , , . (.).
: , , .
: .
Ayers, A. J. (1980). Sensory integration and the child. Los Angeles: Western
Psychological Services.
Barrett, J. & Herriotts, P. (1995). Communication and Access to Computer
Technology. Oxford: The Disability Information Trust.
Batshaw, M. L., (1997). Children with disabilities (4th ed.). Baltimore: Paul H.
Brookes Publishing Co.
229
Bloom, L., & Lahey, M., (1988). Language Disorders and Language
Development. Macmillan Publishing Company.
230
231
232
&
2004
!
233
(W.H.O.)
(impairment) ,
.
(disability) (.. ,
, ). (handicap)
,
.
,
(W.H.O. 1980).
, ( )
().
, .
,
,
.
,
/ , .
,
. , '
,
.
234
:
1) .
2) .
3) , ...
.
,
.
, ,
.
,
. ...
:
,
,
.
, .
, ,
,
.
,
.
, '
!
235
.
, ,
:
,
,
.
...
:
,
.
.
:
1)
.
2)
.
3) , , ,
.
4) ,
.
5)
.
.
236
.
, :
, ..
, /
..
,scooters,
, ..
(talkers),
, ..
, , ,
.
,
.
,
(switch operated toys)
, ,
, ,
.
.
,
,
237
, ,
.
,
, , ,
...
(Augmentative Communication)
.
.
(,
PICS,
...),
,
, ,
.
238
Tech Talk -
.
Dynamite -
.
. , ,
,
.
Switches
(input device),
( , )
(, ).
!
239
, , ,
trackball, , ,
.
Joystick
240
(keyguard),
.
(Environmental Control Units ECU)
, ,
on/off
(Velcro ).
(Mobility)
,
,
,
,
,
.
(Visual Aids)
(contrast), ,
!
241
.
, ,
/ ,
, , Braille,
(
), .
,
, ,
...
, ,
,
.
.
,
,
- (cause n effect) ,
.
(Positioning)
242
, ,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
, , ...
,
.
(hardware) (software).
243
/,
, (CPU),
(monitor)
(HDD Hard Disk Drive), DVD (Digital Versatile Disc- ).
(peripheral).
, (scanners),
.
,
.
.
.
(operating system).
(,
/ , . ...) /
.
(hardware) :
/ (.. ).
(.. CPU).
(.. ).
244
/ ,
:
(OCR)
(trackballs)
(joysticks)
&
, ,
.
.
245
, .
,
.
WINDOWS
Windows 15
.
windows 95
" " ,
, .
, , .
246
:
. ,
CTRL+P,
(CTRL, ALT SHIFT) Windows
.
,
.
247
,
. ,
, ,
.
,
.
,
, .
:
.
,
(CAPS LOCK, NUM LOCK SCROLL
248
LOCK).
.
.
,
.
249
.
.
,
NUM
LOCK.
,
. ,
.
,
.
250
.
.
, :
,
:
251
,
,
.
joystick.
,
:
,
.
,
,
.
,
joystick
252
, :
.
.
,
.
,
.
253
.
.
.
:
1) /
.
The Grid
The Grid Sensory Software
Windows
, (pointing
devices).
254
Grid :
( )
,
..
.
,
,
.
/
255
.
The Grid
.. .
The Grid
: , , ,
.
()
.
SwitchMe
To SwitchMe Sensory Software
/
.
-
, , ,
, .. Windows.
SwitchMe
2) /
,
-,
. ,
256
multimedia , ,
.
)
, ,
.
Overlay Maker
To Overlay Maker
IntelliKeys ( ).
Overlay Maker
257
IntelliKeys .
( )
, ,
(Shift, Alt).
/. .
IntelliPics
IntelliPics
.
IntelliPics
IntelliKeys.
258
Clicker 4
Clicker 4 ,
, .
Clicker 4
Clicker 4
.
(
),
.
.
259
)
,
(..
.)
,
.
ColorCards Interactive
,
ColorCards Semerc
:
ColorCards Interactive
:
260
: interactive
, ,
;
.
;
,
Beetles
, ,
, .
Beetles
, ,
. .
.
midi.
, ...
261
Switch Connection
(..
-, .)
3) (Cause n Effect)
/
.
.
,
, / ,
.
262
Spot On Games
Spot On Games -
(cause n effect) 6
, (space bar)
.
, .
Switch on Original
263
To Switch on Original
. (
- ) ,
-. ,
,
.
.
Leaps and Bounds
Leaps
and
Bounds
(5-6 .).
.
, .
..
. , ,
, ,
264
, .
.. ,
,
. ,
,
: ( ,
) .
,
(, , ).
,
( , ),
.
(screening)
,
(
...)
( ). ,
,
.
, .
,
. ( )
( control site).
,
!
265
(
, ,
, ).
()
()
: , , , ,
.
, ()
,
.
( )
. ,
,
,
. ,
.
,
,
.
..
.
(hardware and software) ,
,
,
!
266
, )
(,
, ).
,
hardware (, ...)
software ( , ,
...)
,
.
.
. ,
,
,
.
2 ()
267
(software).
(, , ).
:
(.. , joystick)
.
( , ).
268
.
.
/ .
software
- Robot
Roamer
. 3
IntelliKeys
( ).
( )
( , )
.
(Projects)
.
Simple
Communicator
...
269
.
/ 2
.
/
. ,
.
, :
web ...
Winspeak Clicker
-
.
.
-
.
!
270
,
.
.
,
(state of the art) .
(programmed instruction)
(teaching machines).
,
(Behavior therapy).
, ,
..
271
.
(1970-1980)
,
(hardware)
.
(Drill and Practice)
(DOS)
.
,
.
.
.
.
- (
)
( ).
,
.
.
.
!
272
.
.
(Computer Based Assessment),
.
State of the Art
,
, .
,
.
(Drill and Practice).
1+1=2
2+1=3
3+1=4
273
. ,
,
(S-R). ,
.
, Drill and Practice
.
.
Drill and Practice .
. (Drill and
Practice) , DOS.
.
,
.
,
.
.
.
,
.
274
.
(prototypes).
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
.
Center for Special Education Technology
.
, (user interface),
, (
project oriented work).
:
-
- (cause-effect),
/ (Drill and Practice)
275
Seymour
Pappert J.Piaget 60.
enabling technology ( )
.
: .
Cause and Effect,
.
276
E (closed environments)
/ ...
.
.
.
,
.
(open-ended
environments)
Logo.
Logo .
.
277
Logo
Logo
.
278
,
.
.
LogoMotor .
,
,
.
.
.
Goldenberg (1979),
. ,
. ,
.
279
E
,
.
. ,
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
Logo
,
.
, ,
,
.
.
Logo. bigtrack,
Lego - Logo, Beach Lawler.
Lawler,
280
. Pappert
, , ,
.
.
,
. , .
.
Lawler
(cognitive engineering).
,
. ,
,
,
.
,
. ,
,
.
()
.
.
Logo, Logo (Pappert, 1970).
, -
Pappert .
.
281
.
Roamer,
.
( )
,
.
.
Roamer
,
(environmental
control) .
H
Virtual Reality (VR),
interface
. interface
o
,
!
282
, ,
, "mouse - pointer - window".
"",
,
,
,
. VR
, .
(VR)
,
, (display
devices). ,
, (input)
, ,
.
, (input devices).
.
VE,
.
283
VR
:
,
, ,
.
,
,
.
VR
284
. sites:
on-line ,
software.
:
285
R J Cooper R J Cooper
.
http://www.rjcooper.com.
Trace Centre
. http://trace.wisc.edu.
Web Site Accessibility Guidelines
. http://trace.wisc.edu.
AbilityNet .
. http://www.abilitynet.co.uk
Robert W. Lawler
, ,
. http://robertw.lawler.us/
286
, 1 .
DIUOA-990011, 1999.
., ., .
, , 2002
287
MEd
2004
288
.
, ,
,
.
.
.
.
,
, ,
.
( ).
289
.
.
,
.
,
,
, , .
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
.
290
,
.
, ,
.
.
, , ,
,
.
(World Health
Organization, 1980) (disability)
.
,
.
(impairment)
(handicap)
.
.
(Oliver, 1990)
. (Marks,
1999).
291
,
.
. (Ainscow, 1996).
. (James, 1999).
.
, ,
, , ,
.
/
,
,
.
292
1
1.1.
1700,
1970-1980.
.
. (Striefel, 1985, Biklen, 1985, Winzer, Rogow & David 1989).
,
.
,
. (, 2001).
,
,
, .
( & , 1990).
,
. (, 1999).
!
293
,
. (, 1984).
80
.
,
SWAN Education for all (, 1985)
UNESCO (1991) .
1994
,
, . (UNESCO, 1994).
:
...
,
, , , ,
. ,
, ,
,
.
inclusion ( ),
.
J. Sebba M. Ainscow (1996), inclusion
...
.
,
,
.
294
includere,
,
, , ,
.
. (-, 2000).
Len Barton,
inclusion
(-,
2000)
inclusion
...
,
.
,
,
, ,
. (Booth et al,
2000).
,
.
,
,
.
1.2. inclusion
, , ,
295
,
.
,
...
, ,
.
,
. ,
, ,
,
,
.
(,
1997,
1992,
1993,
, 1995).
(integration) 50
60
.
- (1996),
,
.
,
,
.
,
, , .
(, 1993). ,
296
, ,
(),
.
,
().
1.3.
,
,
. (,
2000).
,
: , .
.
.
- (2000 ):
.
.
, .
,
,
.
!
297
,
.
,
.
(rationale
for
integration) .
,
.
(Canadian Council of Ministers of Education, 1983; Howarth, 1983).
. (Canadian Education Association, 1985; Howarth, 1983, Winzer,
Rogow & David, 1987).
. (Hasazi, 1980; Canadian
Education Association, 1985, 1983).
.
, .
298
, .
(Howarth, 1983; Winzer, Rogow & David, 1987).
. (Bender, 1987; Howarth, 1983).
,
. (Biklen, 1985, Forest, 1985; Marshall, 1986; Rogow &
David, 1987; Slavin & Madden, 1986).
,
. (Biklen, 1985; Canadian Education Association, 1985, Florek,
1986, Weddell, Welton, Evans & Goacher, 1987, Winzer, Rgow & David,
1987).
. (Bender, 1987; Stainback &
Stainback, 1987, The Council for Exceptional Children, 1987).
299
.
,
.
, ,
.
.
1981,
, 1143/81 .
1143/81, . (2001) :
.
.
( ,
.
( ,
).
(6-17 ).
....
( -).
(
).
,
.
!
300
.
(.
, 2001).
1143/81
, ,
.
. (. , 2001).
(, 1997)
.
1566/1985,
,
. (-, 2000).
, :
9 (mainstreaming)
.
9 .
9 .
9 .
!
301
9
,
....
9 Braille .
,
.
(...., [ ], (1986),
).
1566/85
:
....
() .
,
,
(, 1999).
302
2817/2000.
, ,
, , ,
.
:
-
(, )
(, ).
, , ,
.
,
.
. - (2000) 2817/2000 :
.
,
.
(....).
() .
.
303
(,
..).
.
(, , ,
,
..)
.
,
,
. ,
,
,
.
2817/2000
,
.
,
.
, , ,
, .
2817/2000 ,
,
!
304
,
.
,
,
(....) ,
. (-, 2000).
,
.
,
.
,
, ,
.
,
,
,
.
305
.
.
-
, .
( , 1997).
,
.
.
- (2000):
,
,
.
!
306
, ,
:
9 ,
,
, , .
9 ,
.
9 ,
.
9
, ,
,
,
.
9
/
.
9
,
,
.
9 , ,
.
9 ,
.
9 ,
,
.
307
.
,
,
. (Sarason, 1995, Scruggs and Mastropieri,
1996). Fullan and Milles (1992):
, ,
, ,
,
.
Meister (2000)
,
,
13 :
: (,
.) .
:
.
:
.
: , ,
: ,
.
: ,
.
.
308
:
.
:
.
/ :
/
.
: ,
.
.
:
,
, .
:
.
:
.
,
.
,
.
Porter
(1997)
,
.
Ainscow (1995)
sine qua non,
.
309
,
, ,
,
.
,
,
.
Farrell (1997 , 1997 ) :
...
.
,
,
.
310
3.1.
3.2.
(....)
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
, ,
,
.
3.1.
.
!
311
,
.
.
...
. (Treder, Morse &
Ferron, 2000).
Meisel (1986)
:
,
,
, ,
,
. (Pivic, McComas & La Flamme, 2002).
,
,
312
,
. (Johnson, 1980, Hill, 1988).
,
,
.
. (McLeskey & Waldron, 2002).
.
. (Hayes K. Gunn, 1988, Center
R. Ward, 1987, Hill, 1988).
Center and Ward (1987)
.
3.2.
(....),
.
313
,
, ,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
2-9
8 .. 1 ..
.
,
,
,
. (Haskell and Barrett, 1993).
, ,
, ,
.
- ,
!
314
,
,
/ .
,
, .
: ,
,
.
-
.
:
.
,
, ,
,
.
:
,
- ,
.
, ,
,
.
315
(....) 5-9
, ,
.
,
, ,
- ,
.
,
, ,
,
316
317
from
the
Saskatchewan
Teachers
Federation
Study
of
mainstreaming.
Scruggs, T. E., & Mastropieri, M. A. (1996). Teacher perceptions of
mainstreaming / inclusion 1955 - 1995 : A research synthesis.
Exceptional children, 63, 59-74.
Sebba, J. and Ainscow, M., (1996). International Developments in
Inclusive Schooling : Mapping the Issues. Cambridge Journal of
Education, Vol. 26, No. 1, 1996.
!
318
319
(1997).
. :
.
- , . (1996). . ,
.
(2000).
- , . (.),
: ;
. ,
, (31-56).
- , . (2000). . - . (.)
. :
, . 11-25.
, . (1992).
, . : .
, . (2001). .
.
. : .
, . (1997) :
. 2
....... 13-14/6/1998.
, . (1997). :
. ,
.
320
, . : .
, 1984, 19, 17-24.
, . (1999).
.
.
. , 90, 87-103.
, . :
. , . ., 1995.
, . (2001). . ,
. (1906 - 1989).
, Gutenberg.
, . & , . (1990).
.
. ,
. : , . 95104.
, . (1993). .
. , 46-47, 18-29.
....., , 1986,
.
, . (2000).
. : .
Ainscow, M. (1995). Special needs through school improvement ;
school improvement through special needs. In : Clark, C., Dyson A. &
Millward, A. Towards Inclusive Schools ?
London : David Foulton.
321
. , , (71-85).
322
2004
323
.
.
.
, .
.
.
.
, ,
.
, .
,
, ,
324
,
.
.
,
,
.
, .
, .
.
,
.
.
, .
325
1.
, , .
,
,
.
, ,
,
.
,
.
.
.
,
,
. ,
.
, .
, ,
,
.4
,
, , .
4
.,1993
326
.
,
, ,
. .
, ,
. 5
,
.
.
.
,
.
:
. (),
.
..
.
. ,
.
.
. ,
,
.6
,
.
5
6
Acherman ., ,1992
.1994
327
,
, , .
,
, ,
.
7.
.
.
,
.8
.
.
,
.
.
,
, .
.
7
8
.1990
.1993
328
,
, .
.
,
,
, , .
,
, ,
,
(, , )
.
, ,
.
.
.
. ,
.
.
. .
,
.
,
.
!
329
, ,
(, , )
. .
,
,
.
.
2. .
,
.
.
.
, ,
-, -, -, -,
.
.1.
330
.
,
,
. ,
.
, ,
. 9
,
.
.
.
, .
.
.
, .
,
, .
.
, ,
. 1993
331
,
.
.
.
,
.
.
, ,
.
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
.
10
. .
10
,1993
332
,
.
,
.
,
, .
.
.
,
,
. ,
, ,
, ,
.
, :
1.
) ( , ,
, , -),
) ( . , ,
, )
) ( . , ,)
) , ( . , , ,
, ,
..
2. ,
,
,
3.
333
: . , , ,
, , , .
4.
, ,
, , ,
.11
,
,
.
3.
, , ,
, .
;
; ;
,
.
.
:
)
,
)
.
.
11
Dale N, 2000.
334
,
,
. ,
. ,
;
;
.
.
,
. .12
.
.
, , ,
,
.
.
,
( , ,
)
.
12
Alexander R,1974
335
.
, , ,
..
.
.
, .
..
.
,
.
,
.
13
,
.
.
, .
13
, 2000/12.
336
.
:
(, , ).
,
.
,
.
.
.
.
,
,
!
337
.
, ,
. ,
.
,
.
4.
,
,
: ;
, .
.
.
.
, ,
.
,
,
, ...,
,
. ,
,
338
,
.
,
, , , .
, ,
.
.
,
, .
,
.
,
, , ,
,
,
,
.
, ,
,
.
... !.14
, .
.
14
,1999
339
.
. .
,
.
,
.
,
, ,
.
.
, .
, ,
.
.
.
Cunningham Davis
:
1. ,
,
. .
,
.
2.
, , .
,
3.
340
.
,
.
4.
.
. 15
.
.
,
,
.
.
, .
,
, .
.
.
( )
.
15
Dale N.,2000
341
5.
,
,
,
. ,
, , ,
.
,
:
.
.
.
.
.
,
. , .
, ,
.
, ,
. , ,
,
.
!
,
,
.
!
342
!
,
,
.16
, ,
, .
.
,
;
,
.
.
.
, .
, , .
,
.
.
, ,
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
.
16
,1993
343
,
,
.
.
.
, ,
,
. , ,
.
, .
.
,
.
6. ;
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
. ,
.
!
344
. ,
.
,
(
)
, .
.
,
,
, . ,
, -
.
.
,
.
.
,
.
. ,
.
, .
345
,
.
, ,
.
,
, ,
. ,
, .
,
,
, , .
, .
,
, ,
.
,
,
,
,
, .
,
, ,
, ,
,
. ,
.
!
346
.
.
:
, , .
,
,
,
.
, , .
, .
7. ;
,
, . ,
.
.
, , , .
!
347
.
.
, .
,
.
.
. .
.
,
.
,
.
2.
.
.
.
, ,
,
..
.
!
348
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
/ ,.
,
.
.
.
, .
,
.
;
,
, .
.
, .
.
349
8.
.
, .
, .
,
- .
.
.
,
.
.
,
,
( , ), .
. ,
,
.
, ,
, ,
, ,
.
.
, , ,
,
.
. .
!
350
.
, .
, ,
, ..
.
, ,
. ,
,
-
.
. .
.
. ,
.
,
,
.
;, .
.
, .
, .
, , .
, ,
.
- -
.
, , ,
.
!
351
9.
.
,
, .
.
,
3.
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
,
,
.
.
, .
, . ,
.
, . -
!
352
-
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
- .
.
,
, ,
, .
10.
-----
,
, ,
.
, ,
, , 17
17
,1993
353
.
, ,
, .
, ,
.
- .
.
, , ,
, .
, .
,
, .
,
, ,
,
.
. ,
, ,
.
. ,
,
,
,
.
354
4.
.
,
.
.
. .
.
,
5.
.
.
355
.
,
, .
.
, , .
!
,
.
, .
,
,
. 18
,
, .
,
.
, ,
, .
, !
. ,
.
.
, ;.
,
18
.,1993
356
.
, ,
.
,
, ,
,
, , .
,
,
.
.
.
15 ,
,
,
.
11.
,
.
,
.
6.
.
357
,
.
,
.
, ,
, .
,
.
-
.
,
.
. , ,
. ,
.
,
.
.
, .
.
, . ,
.
,
,
.
.
.
.
, .
!
358
,
.
.
,
, ..
,
.
.
. ,
.
,
,
.
.
.
.
, .,
.
.
.
.
!
359
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
,
( , ).
.
,
.
.
,
.
.
.
, .
.
(
) .
,
.
.
!
360
, ,
.
. ,
,
.
, .
.
.
, /,
. ,
,
.
, . ,
. ,
. ,
,
,
,
.
.
361
.
.
,
.
,
.
, ,
, ,
.
,
, .
,
, ,
..
.
,
.
.
.
, ,
.
. .
.
,
,
,
362
, ,
.
, .
.
,
, ,
.
.
,
.
. ! !
: , ;
.
!
.
.19
.
,
,
. , ,
. ,
.
19
.1993
363
,
.
,
..
, ,
.
.
-
,
, .
,
.
.
,
.
, ,
, .
.
.
.
!
364
,
,
..
,
.
.
,
- -
.
.
, ,
.
.
,
, .
12.
...
( )
..
,
. ,
, ,
.
!
365
, ,
.
,
.
.
,
, ,
,
.
, .
.
.
.
, .
- .
!
, .
,
. .
, -
.
.
; ;
,
, , .
,
!
366
.
,
.
,
, .
.
, .
, .
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
, ,
.
.
,
.
. ,
.
!
367
.
.
, .
,
.
,
,
. ,
, .
..
,
.
: .
368
Robin-Cleese
John,
1989,
, .
5. .., 1990, ,
,
6. , 1993,
, ,
7. , 1994, ,
, 35,
8.
, 2000
, , ,.
9.
1993
www.circleofinclusion,org .113- www.corbis,com, 1 23,1 26, 2
29
www.health.state.nm.us/disability.htm 1 29 www.specialneedsfamily
fun.com, 1 31.
369