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INFILTRATION
INFILTRATION
Infiltration Processes
5.1.1 Definition
Infiltration is the flow of water through the soil surface into a porous medium under gravity action and
pressure effects.
Figure 5.1 The infiltration process depending on soil type and flow [Musy,2001]
Infiltration regime i(t) depends on the supply regime (irrigation, rain), but also on soil properties. The
cumulative infiltration I(t), is the total amount of water infiltrated during a given period.
(5.1)
where:
Hydraulic conductivity at saturation ks, is an essential parameter of infiltration. It represents the limiting
value of infiltration if the soil is saturated and homogenous. Percolation is the vertical water flow in
soils (porous unsaturated environment) on the groundwater layer under the influence of gravity. This
process follows infiltration and has a major influence on the underground layer water supply.
Net rain is the amount of rain that falls to the ground surface during a shower. The clear rain is deduced
from the total rain, diminished by the intercepted fraction of vegetation and that which is stored in
ground depressions. The difference between the infiltrated rain and the drained rain on the ground
surface is called production function.
• the soil type (texture, structure, hydrodynamic characteristics). The soil characteristics
influence capillary forces and adsorption;
• the soil coverage. Vegetation has positive influence on infiltration by increasing the time of
water penetration in soil;
• the topography and morphology of slopes;
• the flow supply (rain intensity, irrigation flow);
• the initial condition of soil humidity. Soil humidity is an important factor of infiltration regime.
The infiltration regime evolves differently in time for dry or wet soils;
• soil compaction due to rain drop impact and other effects. The use of hard agricultural
equipment can have consequences on the surface layer of soil.
Figure 5.2 The infiltration regime depending on time for different types of soil [Musy,2001]
(5.2)
or
(5.3)
where:
I(t) total quantity of infiltrated water from initial time until the moment t (mm water column)
This formula is not linear and it presents certain practical difficulties. Through linearization, we obtain:
(5.4)
As logarith, we get:
(5.5)
The formula of the Institute of Soil and Water Management of the EPFL is:
(5.6)
where:
a,
correction coefficients
b
The relation is a little different from that of Horton. There are just two parameters. This relation has the
advantage of allowing the search of functional relations between the limit/final capacity of infiltration
and soil texture, and also between the parameter a and the amount of soil humidity. Other formulas
can be used to determine the infiltration regime of water from soil.
a - constant
Dooge Fmax - maximal retention capacity
Ft - water quantity retained on soil at time t
From the models presented in Table 5.1 the following two models have been used most often:
Philip proposed a method of resolving the vertical infiltration for certain initial and boundary conditions.
This model has introduced the notion of "sorption" that represents the soil capacity to absorb water
when the flow is produced only under gradient pressure [Musy, 1998]. The infiltration can be simplified
as follows:
(5.7)
where:
t time (s)
For horizontal infiltration the gravity gradient is not involved. Infiltration will have the following
expression:
(5.8)
(5.9)
Figure 5.3 Infiltration process schematisation according to Green and Ampt [Musy,2001]
Based on the Darcy law the model includes the hydrodynamic parameters of soil:
(5.10)
where:
t time (h)
(5.11)
where:
(5.12)
(5.13)
(5.14)
This model is satisfactory when applied to a soil with coarse texture, but it is an empirical method in
which it is necessary to determine the pressure head of humidification front.
During a rainfall the infiltration capacity of soil decreases to a limiting value, which represents the
infiltration potential at saturation. If we compare the rain intensity and the infiltration capacity of the
soil, there are two possibilities:
• when the rain intensity is inferior to infiltration capacity, water infiltrates faster due to the supply
regime. The necessary time to equalize the infiltration capacity is variable and depends on
existing soil humidity conditions or on the shower. The time taken is longer when the soil is dry
and the water supply regime is similar to the hydraulic conductivity at saturation ks;
• when the rain intensity is superior to the infiltration capacity of the soil the water surplus is
stocked on the surface or in ground depressions. The infiltration regime and the infiltration
capacity for net storm rain are presented in the next Figure (Figure 5.5) [Musy,2001].
Drobot, R., and P. Serban. 1999. Aplicatii de hidrologie si gospodarirea apelor (Application of
Hydrology and Water Resources Management). Ed. HGA, Bucuresti, Romania.
Musy, A. 1998. Hydrologie appliquée, Cours polycopié d'hydrologie générale, Lausanne, Suisse.