Test Bank for Fundamental Accounting Principles Canadian

Canadian 14th Edition by Larson ISBN 1259066509 9781259066504

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02
Student:

1. Which of the following statements is correct?

A. When an insurance premium is paid in advance, the payment is normally recorded in a liability account
called Prepaid Insurance.
B Goods and services are commonly sold to customers on the basis of oral or implied promises of future
. payment, called promissory notes.
C. Increases and decreases in cash are always recorded in the equity account.
D. An account called Land is commonly used to record increases and decreases in the land and buildings
owned by a business.
E. None of these statements are correct.
2. If Girard Don, the owner of Girard's Software proprietorship, uses cash of the business to purchase a
personal computer, the business should record this use of cash with an entry to:
A. Debit Salary Expense and credit Cash.
B. Debit Girard Don, Salary and credit Cash.
C. Debit Cash and credit Girard Don, Withdrawals.
D. Debit Girard Don, Capital and credit Cash.
E. Debit Girard Don, Withdrawals and credit Cash.

3. A list of all accounts used by a company, including the identification number assigned to each account, is
called a:
A. Ledger.
B. Journal.
C. Trial balance.
D. Chart of accounts.
E. General Journal.

4. The following accounts appear on either the Income Statement (IS) or Balance Sheet (BS). In the space
provided next to each account write the letters, IS or BS, that identify the statement on which the account
appears.
5. Put the steps of the accounting cycle in the correct order:
Adjust
Analyze transactions
Close
Journalize
Post
Prepare adjusted trial balance
Prepare post-closing trial balance
Prepare statements
Prepare unadjusted trial balance

6. Identify each of the following accounts as a revenue, expense, asset, liability, or equity by placinginitials
(R, E, A, L or E) in the blanks.
(1) Rent Expense
(2) Cash
(3) Equipment
(4) Owner, Capital
(5) Fees Earned
(6) Accounts Receivable
(7) Accounts Payable
(8) Owner, Withdrawals
(9) Supplies
(10) Unearned Revenue
(11) Prepaid Insurance
(12) Sales

7. List the steps in the accounting cycle.

8. A $130 credit to Office Equipment was credited to Sales by mistake. By what amounts are the accounts
under- or overstated as a result of this error?
A. Office Equipment, understated $130; Sales, overstated $130.
B. Office Equipment, understated $260; Sales, overstated $130.
C. Office Equipment, overstated $130; Sales, overstated $130.
D. Office Equipment, overstated $130; Sales, understated $130.
E. Office Equipment, overstated $260; Sales, understated $130.
9. Jelly's Grocery Store showed the following account balances at the end of 2015:

If all of the accounts have normal balances, what are the totals for the trial balance?
A. $86,000.
B. $119,600.
C. $127,600.
D. $186,600.
E. $255,500.
10. Of the following errors, which one by itself will cause the trial balance to be out of balance?
A. A $200 salary payment posted as a $200 debit to Cash and a $200 credit to Salaries Expense.
B. A $100 receipt from a customer in payment of his account posted as a $100 debit to Cash and a $10
credit to Accounts Receivable.
C. A $75 receipt from a customer in payment of his account posted as a $75 debit to Cash and a $75
credit to Cash.
D. A $50 cash purchase of office supplies posted as a $50 debit to Office Equipment and a $50 credit to
Cash.
E. All of these errors will cause the trial balance to be out of balance.

11. If the Debit and Credit column totals of a trial balance are equal, then:
A. All transactions have been recorded correctly.
B. All entries from the journal have been posted to the ledger correctly.
C. All ledger account balances are correct.
D. The total debit entries and total credit entries in the ledger are equal.
E. No sliding or transposition errors have been made.
12. The purchase on credit of a delivery truck for $9,600 was posted to Delivery Trucks as a $9,600 debit and
to Rent Expense as a $9,600 debit. What effect would this error have on the trial balance?
A. The total of the Debit column of the trial balance will exceed the total of the Credit column by$9,600.
B. The total of the Credit column of the trial balance will exceed the total of the Debit column by$9,600.
C. The total of the Debit column of the trial balance will exceed the total of the Credit column by
$19,200.
D. The total of the Credit column of the trial balance will exceed the total of the Debit column by
$19,200.
E. The total of the Debit column of the trial balance will equal the total of the Credit column.

13. In which of the following situations would the trial balance not balance?
A.A $1,000 collection of an account receivable was incorrectly posted as a debit to Accounts Receivable
and a credit to Cash.
B. The purchase of office supplies on account for $3,250 was incorrectly recorded in the journal as
$2,350.
C. $50 cash receipt for the performance of a service was not recorded.
D. The purchase of office equipment for $1,200 was posted as a debit to Office Supplies.
E. The payment of a $750 account payable was posted as a debit to Accounts Payable and a debit to Cash
for $750.
14. If, on a trial balance, the total of the debits is $7,500 and the total of the credits is $7,419, the difference
could have been caused by:
A. An error in copying an account balance from the ledger to the trial balance.
B. A transposition error.
C. A sliding error.
D. Posting only one side of an entry.
E. All of these answers are correct.

15. A $15 credit to Sales was posted as a $150 credit. By what amount is Sales out of balance?
A. $150 understated.
B. $135 overstated.
C. $150 overstated.
D. $15 understated.
E. $135 understated.

16. While in the process of posting from the journal to the ledger, the accountant for X Company failed to
post a $50 debit to the Office Supplies account. The effect of this error will be as follows:
A. The Office Supplies account balance will be overstated.
B. The trial balance will not balance.
C. The error will overstate the debits listed in the journal.
D. The total debits in the trial balance will be larger than the total credits.
E. This error will not make any difference.

17. Which of the following statements is true?

A.The trial balance is never used to prepare financial statements.
B.The trial balance is a list of all the accounts in the journal.
C.Another name for the trial balance is the "chart of accounts".
D.The trial balance is a list of the accounts in the general ledger.
E.A trial balance is only prepared at year end.

18. Zen Hatha opened an art gallery and during a short period as a dealer completed these transactions:

What was the total of the debit balances shown in the trial balance prepared after these transactions were
posted?
A. $152,300.
B. $167,700.
C. $173,950.
D. $181,900.
E. $243,620.
19. A summary of the ledger that lists the accounts and their balances, in which the total debit balances
should equal the total credit balances, is called a(n):
A. Account balance.
B. Trial balance.
C. Ledger.
D. Chart of accounts.
E. General Journal.

20. Eli opened a new business by investing the following assets: cash, $6,000; land, $30,000; building,
$100,000. Also, the business will assume responsibility for a note payable of $22,000. Eli signed the note
as part of his payment for the land and building. Which journal entry should be used on the books of the
new business to record the investment by Eli?
A.

B.

C.

D.

E.

21. Green's Book Store purchased a new automobile that cost $25,000, made a down payment of $4,000, and
signed a note payable for the balance. The entry to record this transaction is:
A.

B.

C.

D.

E.
22. Welder Company purchases supplies from Plumber Company on account. The entry for this transaction
will include a:
A. Debit to Accounts Payable for Welder Company.
B. Debit to Accounts Receivable for Welder Company.
C. Debit to Accounts Receivable for Plumber Company.
D. Credit to Accounts Payable for Plumber Company.
E. Credit to Accounts Receivable for Welder Company.

23. The most flexible type of journal that can be used to record any kind of transaction is called a:
A. Ledger.
B. Trial balance.
C. Chart of accounts.
D. General Journal.
E. Balance column account.

24. A compound journal entry usually affects three or more accounts.

True False
25. A general journal entry usually includes information about the date of a transaction, titles of affected
accounts, dollar amount of each debit and credit and an explanation of the transaction.
True False
26. On June 30, the Cash account of Lutness Company had a normal balance of $4,300. During July the
account was debited for a total of $3,400 and credited for a total of $3,600. What was the balance in the
Cash account on August 1?
A. $-0.
B. $4,100 debit.
C. $3,400 credit.
D. $3,400 debit.
E. $4,100 credit.

27. During the month of November, Cornish Company had cash receipts of $3,500 and paid out $1,000 for
expenses. The November 30th cash balance was $4,300. What was the cash balance on November 1?
A. $1,800.
B. $2,800.
C. $4,300.
D. $5,800.
E. $7,300.
28. A credit entry:
A. Increases asset and expense accounts, or decreases liability, equity, and revenue accounts.
B. Is recorded on the left side of a T-account.
C. Decreases asset and expense accounts, or increases liability, equity, and revenue accounts.
D. Decreases asset, expense and revenue accounts.
E. Increases the withdrawals account.

29. On May 31, Don Company had an Accounts Payable balance of $57,000. During the month of June,
total credits to Accounts Payable were $34,000, which resulted from purchases on credit. The June 30
Accounts Payable balance was $32,000. What was the amount of payments made during June?
A. $32,000.
B. $34,000.
C. $57,000.
D. $59,000.
E. $84,000.
30. A liability created by the receipt of cash from customers in payment for products or services that have not
yet been delivered to the customers is:
A. Recorded as a debit to an unearned revenue account.
B. Recorded as a debit to a prepaid expense account.
C. Recorded as a credit to an unearned revenue account.
D. Recorded as a credit to a prepaid expense account.
E. Not recorded in the accounting records.

31. An asset created by a payment for economic benefits that does not expire until some later time is:
A. Recorded as a debit to an unearned revenue account.
B. Recorded as a debit to a prepaid expense account.
C. Recorded as a credit to an unearned revenue account.
D. Recorded as a credit to a prepaid expense account.
E. Not recorded in the accounting records.

32. Of the following accounts, the one that normally has a debit balance is:
A. Accounts Payable.
B. Accounts Receivable.
C. Ted Neal, Capital.
D. Sales Revenue.
E. Unearned Revenue.
33. Of the following accounts, the one that normally has a credit balance is:
A. Cash.
B. Office Equipment.
C. Sales Salaries Payable.
D. Ted Neal, Withdrawals.
E. Sales Salaries Expense.
34. Which of the following statements is incorrect?
A. The normal balance of the accounts receivable account is a debit.
B. The normal balance of the owner's withdrawals account is a debit.
C. The normal balance of an unearned revenues account is a credit.
D. The normal balance of an expense account is a credit.
E. The abnormal balance of a revenue account is a debit.

35. A credit is used to record:

A. A decrease in an expense account.
B. A decrease in an asset account.
C. An increase in an unearned revenue account.
D. An increase in a revenue account.
E. All of these answers are correct.
36. A debit entry:
A. Increases asset and expense accounts.
B. Decreases liability and equity accounts.
C. Increases the owner's withdrawals account.
D. Decreases revenue accounts.
E. All of these answers are correct.
37. The right side of a T-account is a(n):
A. Debit.
B. Increase.
C. Credit.
D. Decrease.
E. Account balance.
38. Double-entry accounting is:
A. An accounting system that disregards the accounting equation, A = L + E.
B. An accounting system that records the effects of transactions and other events in at least two accounts
with equal debits and credits.
C An accounting system in which each transaction affects and is recorded in two or more accounts with
. unequal debits and equal credits.
D.An accounting system in which the sum of the debit account balances never equals the sum of the
credit account balances.
E. An accounting system in which errors never occur.
39. A simple account form widely used in accounting education to illustrate how debits and credits work is
called a:
A. Withdrawals account.
B. Capital account.
C. Ledger.
D. T-account.
E. Balance column account.

40. Prepaid expenses are:

A. Payments made for economic benefits that never expire.
B. Classified as liabilities on the balance sheet.
C. Generally all combined into one account called "Miscellaneous Expenses".
D. Assets created by payments for economic benefits that are not used up until later.
E. Always debited to an expense account.
41. A record of all accounts used by a business is called a:
A. Journal.
B. Book of original entry.
C. General Journal.
D. Trial balance.
E. Ledger.
42. A debit is used to record:
A. An increase in a liability account.
B. A decrease in an asset account.
C. A decrease in the withdrawals account.
D. An increase in an asset account.
E. An increase in a revenue account.

43. Which of the following statements is correct?

A. The left side of a T-account is the credit side.
B. Entries that decrease asset and expense accounts, or increase liability, equity, and revenue accounts are
posted as debits.
C. The left side of a T-account is the debit side.
D. The right side of a T-account is the debit side.
E. Entries that increase asset, expense, and revenue accounts are posted as debits.

44. An account balance is:

A. The total of the credit side of the account.
B. The total of the debit side of the account.
C. The difference between the increases (including the beginning balance) and decreases recorded in the
account.
D. The same as the balance sheet equation.
E. Not used in the real world.
45. An unconditional written promise to pay a definite sum of money on demand or on a defined future date
(or dates) is a(n):
A. Unearned revenue.
B. Prepaid expense.
C. Account payable.
D. Promissory note.
E. Account receivable.

46. A place or location within an accounting system in which the increases and decreases in a specific asset,
liability, or equity item is recorded and stored is called a(n):
A. Journal.
B. Ledger.
C. Trial balance.
D. Account.
E. Chart of accounts.

47. An account used to record the owner's investments in the business plus any more or less permanent
changes in the equity is called a(n):
A. Withdrawals account.
B. Capital account.
C. Asset account.
D. Expense account.
E. Revenue account.

48. The account sometimes referred to as the owner's personal account or drawing account is called a(n):
A. Revenue account.
B. Withdrawals account.
C. Capital account.
D. Expense account.
E. Liability account.

49. A trial balance that is in balance is proof that no errors were made in journalizing the transactions, posting
to the ledger, and preparing the trial balance.
True False
50. If an account was incorrectly debited for $300 instead of correctly credited for $300, the account is out of
balance by $300.
True False
51. If an error is discovered in either the journal or the ledger, it must be corrected by erasing the incorrect
amount and entering the corrected amount.
True False
52. The accounting cycle begins with:
A. Preparing financial statements and other reports.
B. Analysis of economic events and recording their effects.
C. Posting to the ledger.
D. Presentation of financial information to decision makers.
E. None of these answers is correct.

53. Posting is the process of copying the debit and credit amounts from a journal to the ledger accounts.
True False
54. Since all figures are eventually posted to the ledger, the posting reference column in a journal is not
necessary.
True False
55. Unearned revenues are:
A. Revenues that have been earned and received.
B. Revenues that have been earned but not yet collected.
C. Liabilities created by advance cash payments from customers for products or services.
D. Recorded as an asset in the accounting records.
E. Increases to owners' equity.

56. The following transactions occurred during July for Hurley Services:

How much revenue was earned in July?

A. $1,200.
B. $2,300.
C. $2,800.
D. $5,500.
E. $7,000.

57. An abnormal balance in an account refers to a balance on the side where decreases are recorded.
True False
58. The trial balance is a list of the accounts that have balances in the ledger.
True False
59. Step Two of the accounting cycle requires that we record transactions in a record called a journal.
True False
60. If a company sells products and receives from the customer a formal written promise to pay a definite
sum of money on demand or on a defined future date (or dates), the seller should debit the promised
amount to Accounts Receivable.
True False
61. A transaction that decreases an asset account and increases a liability account must also affect another
account.
True False
62. When a business sends a bill for $200 to a customer for services rendered, the journal entry to record this
transaction will include a $200 credit to Accounts Receivable.
True False
63. A transaction that increases an asset account and decreases a liability account must also affectanother
account.
True False
64. A credit purchase of a business expense item should be recorded with a debit to an expense account and a
credit to Accounts Payable.
True False
65. If a company purchases land, paying part with cash and issuing a note payable for the balance, the journal
entry to record this transaction will include a debit to Cash.
True False
66. Prepaid Insurance is an expense account which is used for recording expenses that have been paid in
advance.
True False
67. Because they decrease equity, withdrawals made by a business owner are credited to his/her withdrawals
account.
True False
68. Asset accounts normally have credit balances and expense accounts normally have debit balances.
True False
69. The normal balance of an account refers to the debit or credit side where increases are recorded.
True False
70. The chart of accounts is a list of all the accounts used by a company.
True False
71. Purchasing supplies on credit increases assets while decreasing liabilities.
True False
72. Credits to accounts are always increases.
True False
73. To credit an expense account means to decrease it.
True False
74. Increases in liabilities are recorded as debits.
True False
75. Debits to accounts are normally decreases.
True False
76. All increases and decreases in cash are not necessarily recorded in the Cash account.
True False
77. A revenue account normally has a debit balance.
True False
78. Double-entry accounting means that every transaction affects and is recorded in at least two accounts.
True False
79. Debits increase asset and expense accounts.
True False
80. The accounting equation can be expressed as liabilities = assets - equity.
True False
81. In a double-entry accounting system, total debits must always equal total credits.
True False
82. The left side of a T-account is always the credit side, while the right side is always the debit side.
True False
83. The accounting equation is expressed as assets = liabilities - equity.
True False
84. A T-Account is a formal account frequently used in business.
True False
85. An account balance is the difference between the increases and decreases recorded in an account.
True False
86. Cash withdrawn by the owner of an unincorporated business in the form of a monthly salary should be
treated as an expense of the business.
True False
87. When a company sells services for which cash will not be received until some future date, the company
should credit an unearned revenues account for the amount charged to the customer.
True False
88. To make it easier for the bookkeeper, the cost of land is separated from the cost of buildings located on
the land.
True False
89. Unearned revenues are assets, because a service or product is owed to the customer.
True False
90. Withdrawals are a type of transaction that affects equity.
True False
91. A building is an example of an asset that does not provide any benefit to its owner.
True False
92. A ledger is a type of account.
True False
93. Goods sold on credit to customers are called accounts payable.
True False
94. As prepaid assets are used up, the costs of the assets become expenses.
True False
95. The first step in the accounting cycle is transaction analysis.
True False
96. An account is a detailed record of increases and decreases in a specific asset, liability or equity item.
True False
97. A compound journal entry is:
A. A journal entry that has three or more debits and three or more credits.
B. A journal entry that affects at least three accounts.
C. A journal entry that affects at least four accounts.
D. A journal entry involving at least two accounting periods.
E. A journal entry involving only two ledger accounts.

98. A book of original entry is:

A. A book in which amounts are posted from a journal.
B. Another name for the cash account.
C. Another name for the general journal.
D. Also called a ledger.
E. Sometimes called a book of final entry.
99. A ledger is:
A. A book of original entry.
B. A journal in which transactions are first recorded.
C.A book in which a complete record of transactions is recorded and from which transaction amounts are
posted to the accounts.
D. A book of finalentry.
E. Another name for the bank account.
100.A balance column ledger account is:
A. An account entered on the balancesheet.
B An account with debit and credit columns for recording entries and a third column for showing the
. balance of the account after each entry is posted.
C. Another name for the withdrawals account.
D. An account used to record the transfers of assets from a business to its owner.
E A simple form of account that is widely used in accounting education to illustrate the debits and credits
. required in recording a transaction.
101.The general journal provides a place for recording:
A. The transaction date.
B. The names of the accounts involved.
C. The amount of each debit and credit.
D. An explanation of the transaction.
E. All of these answers are correct.
102.A journal in which transactions are first recorded is:
A. A book of original entry.
B. A ledger.
C. A book of final entry.
D. A revenue account.
E. The cash ledger.
103.A column in journals and accounts used to cross reference journal and ledger entries is called the:
A. Account balance.
B. Debit.
C. Posting reference.
D. Credit.
E. Description.
104. The process of copying journal information to the ledger is called:
A. Double-entering.
B. Posting.
C. An internal business transaction.
D. Journalizing.
E. An external business transaction.
105. The first step in the accounting cycle is transaction analysis.
True False
106. An account is a detailed record of increases and decreases in a specific asset, liability or equity item.
True False
107.A ledger is a type of account.
True False
108. Goods sold on credit to customers are called accounts payable.
True False
109. As prepaid assets are used up, the costs of the assets become expenses.
True False
110. Withdrawals are a type of transaction that affects equity.
True False
111.A building is an example of an asset that does not provide any benefit to its owner.
True False
112. To make it easier for the bookkeeper, the cost of land is separated from the cost of buildings located on
the land.
True False
113. Unearned revenues are assets, because a service or product is owed to the customer.
True False
114. Cash withdrawn by the owner of an unincorporated business in the form of a monthly salary should be
treated as an expense of the business.
True False
115. When a company sells services for which cash will not be received until some future date, the company
should credit an unearned revenues account for the amount charged to the customer.
True False
116.A T-Account is a formal account frequently used in business.
True False
117. An account balance is the difference between the increases and decreases recorded in an account.
True False
118. The left side of a T-account is always the credit side, while the right side is always the debitside.
True False
119. The accounting equation is expressed as assets = liabilities - equity.
True False
120. The accounting equation can be expressed as liabilities = assets - equity.
True False
121. In a double-entry accounting system, total debits must always equal total credits.
True False
122. Double-entry accounting means that every transaction affects and is recorded in at least two accounts.
True False
123. Debits increase asset and expense accounts.
True False
124. Credits to accounts are always increases.
True False
125. To credit an expense account means to decrease it.
True False
126. Increases in liabilities are recorded as debits.
True False
127. All increases and decreases in cash are not necessarily recorded in the Cash account.
True False
128.A revenue account normally has a debit balance.
True False
129. Debits to accounts are normally decreases.
True False
130. Because they decrease equity, withdrawals made by a business owner are credited to his/her withdrawals
account.
True False
131. Asset accounts normally have credit balances and expense accounts normally have debit balances.
True False
132. The normal balance of an account refers to the debit or credit side where increases are recorded.
True False
133. The chart of accounts is a list of all the accounts used by a company.
True False
134. Purchasing supplies on credit increases assets while decreasing liabilities.
True False
135. Prepaid Insurance is an expense account which is used for recording expenses that have been paid in
advance.
True False
136.A credit purchase of a business expense item should be recorded with a debit to an expense account and a
credit to Accounts Payable.
True False
137. If a company purchases land, paying part with cash and issuing a note payable for the balance, the journal
entry to record this transaction will include a debit to Cash.
True False
138. If a company sells products and receives from the customer a formal written promise to pay a definite
sum of money on demand or on a defined future date (or dates), the seller should debit the promised
amount to Accounts Receivable.
True False
139.A transaction that decreases an asset account and increases a liability account must also affect another
account.
True False
140.When a business sends a bill for $200 to a customer for services rendered, the journal entry to record this
transaction will include a $200 credit to Accounts Receivable.
True False
141.A transaction that increases an asset account and decreases a liability account must also affect another
account.
True False
142.Step Two of the accounting cycle requires that we record transactions in a record called a journal.
True False
143.A compound journal entry usually affects three or more accounts.
True False
144.A general journal entry usually includes information about the date of a transaction, titles of affected
accounts, dollar amount of each debit and credit and an explanation of the transaction.
True False
145. Posting is the process of copying the debit and credit amounts from a journal to the ledger accounts.
True False
146. Since all figures are eventually posted to the ledger, the posting reference column in a journal is not
necessary.
True False
147. An abnormal balance in an account refers to a balance on the side where decreases are recorded.
True False
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factors at work in shaping this region in the modern European.
Monkeys, on the other hand, show no considerable gluteal
development at all. It would appear, therefore, that tree-climbing has
not played a great role in developing these muscles, but seems
rather to have influenced the growth of the deltoid muscle, which
extends from the upper arm to the shoulder-blade and collar-bone,
and of the big pectoral muscle.
The thigh-bone, although it is slender, like the rest of the long
bones of the Australian, is abruptly dilated at its epiphyses, and, in
that respect, differs considerably from the European femur, which
widens gradually towards the extremities, in trumpet fashion. The
Australian’s thigh-bone is more like the Neanderthal type, but the
smallness of its head at once distinguishes it from the fossil. The
slenderness of the shaft, together with the relative smallness of the
condyles, brings the Australian femur nearer to the Pithecanthropus.
Generally speaking, this bone is stronger in the Tasmanian than in
the Australian.
One occasionally finds a strongly developed ridge or process in
the upper portion of the Australian femur, which has been styled the
third trochanter. At the lower extremity, the smooth depression on the
anterior surface of the bone, between its condyles, is deep in the
Australian and Tasmanian, and in that respect resembles the
Neanderthal femur. The superior margin of the hyaline cartilage
covering this depression is variable, and occasionally far exceeds
the average European limit.
Among certain tribes of central and southern Australia, the tibia is
often peculiarly flattened laterally, like a sword, whilst the anterior
edge of the bone is remarkably prominent. This condition is known
as platycnemia and has also been observed, quite frequently, in the
skeletons of the extinct men of Europe and Egypt, and in the Negroid
and Polynesian races.
Occasionally this platycnemic condition is associated with an
exaggerated curvature of the anterior edge of the bone, a
phenomenon which Dr. E. C. Stirling has described as
camptocnemia. The popular name for it among bushmen is
“Boomerang-Leg”; in some cases the tibia certainly has quite as
large a curvature as some of the least bent of the familiar throwing
sticks have.
In attempting to offer an explanation for this remarkable
phenomenon, it is at the outset difficult to say to what extent it might
be pathological, that is, the direct result of some constitutional
disorder, like rickets, from which the individual, in whose shin-bone
the curvature appears, might be suffering.
A theory has, however, been advanced to the effect that, since the
anterior ridge of the bone represents part of the surface from which
the tibialis posticus muscle arises, and since this muscle effects the
adduction of the foot, when a person is walking, it is feasible that the
altered shape and the increased bulk of the tibia may be due to that
factor. The Australians, like other primitive hunters, are possessed of
an astounding endurance when running down wounded game.
Dr. Ramsay Smith points out that there may be a connection
between a platycnemic condition and the peculiar method the
Australians have of lifting things from the ground with their toes, by
which the tibialis posticus muscle is specially involved.
The fibula of the Australian is straight, and, especially in the case
of the female Tasmanian, often has the end adjacent to the knee,
which is known as its head or capitulum, prolongated in an
extraordinary manner. This feature is of morphological interest
because it harks back to a primitive condition in the evolution of the
knee, in which the long bone of the lower extremity played a more
important part in the action of the joint than it nowadays does in the
human species.
In male Tasmanians the shoulder-blade is of considerable length,
and its apparent narrowness is primarily due to the elongation of the
infra-spinous fossa.
The humerus of the Australian shows a very small torsion, the
angle being less than in any other human type. A foramen is not
infrequently observed between the condyles of this bone. The
Tasmanian humerus possesses a peculiar, laterally convex curve;
and its internal condyle is often much enlarged.

PLATE III

1. Colossal brow-ridge, Arunndta man.

2. Supra-orbital prominence, deep notch at root of nose, prognathism (Tasmanoid

features), and female beard, Denial Bay tribeswoman.

As with ourselves, the bodily height of the Australian varies

considerably, even within one and the same tribe. No great racial
importance can on that account be placed upon statistical data in
respect of height. The tallest individual I know of was a man of
Yarrabah, near Cairns, in Queensland, who stood seven feet four
inches high.[1] Some of the smallest men I have ever seen lived in
the Tomkinson Ranges in Central Australia, who barely measured
four feet six inches in height; yet among the same tribe were many
men who stood over six feet. The smallest gin, the mother of two
children, who has come under my observation, measured four feet
five-and-a-half inches. She lived in the Katherine River district. We
might claim from five feet four-and-a-half inches to five feet six
inches as a reasonable average height for the male, and about five
feet for the female.

[1] Measured by the Rev. E. R. Gribble.

 CHAPTER III
THE BREAST AND ABDOMEN

The female breast—Aboriginal ideas of shapeliness—Traditional cultivation by

ceremonial—Prevalent shapes—Artificially induced lactation—The abdominal
region—“Pot-belly”—The sign of surfeiting as well as of malnutrition—Living
skeletons—Starvation a justifiable cause of cannibalism.

The female breast varies much in size and consistency, according

to the age and physical (and physiological) condition of the
individual. As in most matters that concern the aboriginal, his
utilitarian inclination outweighs his æsthetic instincts, even to the
extent that he regards the breast of his gin simply as that part of her
“flesh,” which at the required period contains or produces the nutrient
“water,” necessary for the rearing of his progeny. No breast, no
matter how firm and classically hemispherical it might be in our
estimation, would appeal to the aboriginal on account of its
shapeliness. To him the voluminous, pendant, udder-like form, which
can comfortably be handed over the gin’s shoulder, or under her
arm, to the babe riding upon her back, would seem the orthodox and
perfect creation. Indeed, among most of the tribes the husbands
endeavour to attain that type both by magical incantation and by
actual manipulation.
When the hour arrives that signs of adolescence first manifest
themselves in a girl, her future husband, to whom she has long been
assigned (perhaps even entirely speculatively, on the chance of the
sex, before ever she was born), sets about to conjure up her
feminine qualities. He may be, and usually is, joined by other men, to
whom tribal law has by descent given claim to periodic domestic
privileges approaching those of the marital relationships which are to
exist between the individual husband and his gin.
Without advertisement, the tender novice is quietly coaxed away
from camp by the men, who, by talking kindly to her, have no need to
apply coercion. At no great distance they halt, and the future
husband anoints the areas surrounding both nipples, which are likely
to bulge forth as the future breasts, with grease; the anointed areas
are then covered with a layer of red ochre. Whilst this is taking place,
all present sing to the budding milk-gland, first softly, then
vehemently, and with ceremony. During the performance on the
North Coast, the female dugong, whose motherly devotion to her
young is a recognised virtue, is frequently alluded to.
The painted areolas are frequently charmed by touching them with
a magic stone, and at intervals the enchanters bring an anointed
circle into contact with their lips, as if endeavouring to draw the
nipple forwards, that it might grow.
Ultimately the girl is told to return to the women, who take her on a
food-collecting expedition; during her absence from camp, it is quite
possible that the signs of approaching maturity may become more
definite.
The aboriginal breast begins to grow at an earlier age than the
European, on an average at about the tenth year. Neglecting for the
present the different phases in its development, from the puerile
papilla through various shapes, depending upon the growth of the
milk-gland and the deposition of fat about it, one type of breast is
typical of early adult life, that is the pear-shaped form. In this type,
especially in its earliest stages, the secondary bulge beneath the
nipple often fuses imperceptibly with the basal hemisphere, so that a
conoid shape results. In older women, the breasts at times assume
extraordinarily large dimensions, especially when the individual is
inclined to be on the well-nourished side. In very old gins, who have
born and reared a number of children, the shape disappears entirely,
the breasts becoming mere flaps of skin. A full dry breast is the
exception rather than the rule; only in youthful cases, who have not
become mothers, do we meet with firm and standing breasts. In later
life, the inevitable sagging and attenuation are materially increased
by a child in arms which, as the mother plies and looks for food,
secures itself by firmly clasping one or both of its parent’s breasts.
 The breast is situated a little more laterally in the aboriginal than in
the European; and in the former case it is also lower and more
nearly mid-way between shoulder level and umbilicus. One often
finds the breasts of one and the same individual unsymmetrically
developed (Plate IV, 1).
In connection with the female breast, I have a somewhat
remarkable case of artificially induced lactation to record from the
Alligator Rivers district. The mother of an infant of tender years
having died, a younger sister of the deceased, who had no children,
volunteered to adopt the helpless mite. The foster-mother diligently
treated her breasts with a pulp she made by mashing Eugenia
leaves with ashes and sufficient water to make a paste; and heated
stones were placed over the breasts at frequent intervals. The
mammary glands and their surrounding tissues were at every
opportunity plied with the fingers, and the babe’s lips were as often
put to the nipples. Within a short time, fluid formed in the breasts;
and the child was suckled. The fluid was said to have been more
watery than milk, but, nevertheless, made good nourishment for the
child. This case is by no means unique. A number of records are
available from different parts of the world, the most classical among
which is perhaps that mentioned by Alexander von Humboldt of a
South American man who sustained a child on his breast for five
months during the illness of his wife.
In the Australian, the belly is flatter, the pudendum if anything,
slightly more anterior, and the inguinal folds decidedly steeper than
in the European.
One frequently has an opportunity, however, of observing a
youngster with a remarkably big abdomen, a condition known in the
bush by the name of “pot-belly.” Such a picture might point to either
plenty or to want. In good seasons, when animal and vegetable diet
is to be had in abundance, the younger children soon acquire a “pot-
belly” in consequence of ample feeding and gorging. But, on the
other hand, a distended abdomen is more often found in
consequence of malnutrition and starvation, which the children have
to suffer during bad seasons of drought. The distention in this case is
due to the swelling of some of the large abdominal glands.
 The same sufferings manifest themselves similarly in the adults,
and particularly in the aged. Among the latter one only too often finds
hungering creatures whose flesh has wasted away to a mere
parchment wrapped around the bones, living skeletons in fact. In
these cases, too, enlarged glands give rise to an unhealthy nodular
protuberance in the epigastric region.
Can one wonder if, under such conditions, a kindly club, wielded
by a more robust relative, puts the sufferer out of his misery? It is
during these trying times, too, that parents are obliged to resort to
extreme measures, so that they might sustain the lives of their
children. Driven to the verge of despair, and visibly moved at the
thought of it, a father must occasionally make the pathetic and
gruesome decision to slay one child in order that another may be
saved.
On account of his acting thus, when dire need compels him,
people, who should know better, often call the Australian aboriginal a
cannibal! Is this cannibalism? Have not shipwrecked people of our
own colour, when in a similar plight, often been compelled to kill and
eat one of their friends to save themselves from starvation?
 CHAPTER IV
THE FACE AND ITS SKELETON

Fierceness of expression—European-like features—The eyes—Colossal brow-

ridges—The iris—An unusual colour—The eye-sockets—The nose and its
aperture—Natural and artificial flatness—“Primitive snout”—Prognathism
—“Negative chins”—The ear.

When we look an aboriginal in the face, the first impression it gives

us is that of wildness and fierceness amounting often to
repulsiveness. There are, of course, appreciable differences
between different individuals, and often during a day’s journey one
encounters features which might be classed as decidedly pleasing
and almost European. We might even go so far as to say that in
some faces, especially those of the old women, we might feel
inclined to establish an analogy with classical or historical types of
our own colour. Such descriptions, however, convey no more to the
person who has never seen an aboriginal than a statement like one,
often heard, to the effect that the features are of the “usual
Australian type.”
In order to arrive at a little more exact description of the facial
appearance, let us assume that the individual we are considering
possesses all of the “Australian” features, and let us analyze each of
them separately. At the same time, we must remember that probably
no single individual exists in whom all of these characteristics are
present.
To help us better understand the various points we are about to
introduce, it will be advisable, whenever possible, to draw into the
discussion the morphological peculiarities of the bony skeleton and
skull, which immediately underlie the fleshy parts of the face and
head.
 There is no doubt the eyes of an aboriginal largely account for the
wild appearance of his countenance, already alluded to. These
organs are deeply sunken in their sockets, which lie beneath a
projecting bony roof and bushy eyebrows. Nature in this way
protects the eyes against the scorching rays of the southern sun by
an effective screen, which lies above and before them like the peak
of a cap. For that matter, we ourselves often instinctively endeavour
to obtain a similar protection, when we stare into a glaring light, by
holding a hand against the brows. Within the scope of this protection
comes also, so far as the aboriginal is concerned, prevention, to a
certain degree, of such accidental harm as might be caused by
stakes or brushwood, during an exciting hunt through bush or forest
land. The strong colour-contrast of the sclera against the swarthy
skin, and the active, searching movements of the eyes, considerably
help to intensify the sullen look.
In the fossil men of Gibraltar and Neanderthal, too, the eyes were
overlain by very massive, bony ridges, but in those people the eyes
stood further forward.
The supraorbital region is unquestionably one of the most
prominent, and at the same time most striking, features of the
Australian aboriginal’s face. The high degree of development of the
bony prominence, combined with a sloping forehead, are primitive
characteristics which he shares with no other living race. Yet it is
possible for a cultured people, like for instance the Europeans, with
high forehead, at times to show a strong superciliary development.
As opposed to this, one not infrequently discovers an Australian with
strong brow-ridges combined with a comparatively full and steep
forehead. But usually the area occupied by these bony prominences
can be differentiated, from the forehead above it, by a dividing line or
zone of crowded foramina—the outlets of small blood-vessels. In the
aboriginal, the effect is intensified, not alone on account of the
usually receding forehead, but also because the root of his nose is
appreciably depressed between the eyes; and consequently the
glabella appears to project extraordinarily far outwards (Plate III).
It was Thomas Huxley who first drew attention to the analogy
existing between the skull of the fossil Neanderthal man and that of
the Australian aboriginal. To quote the words of that famous
anthropologist, “a small additional amount of flattening and
lengthening, with a corresponding increase in the superciliary ridge,
would convert the Australian brain case into a form identical with that
of the aberrant fossil.” Since those words were written, a number of
other fossil skeletons of men have been found, the examination of
which has confirmed Huxley’s observation upon the first Neanderthal
skull.
The substance of the supraorbital prominence consists of massive
bone. As in the fossil skulls, the sinuses lie behind this mass, not far
from the inner surface. It appears that this colossal growth of bone
takes place in early adult life; so far, no superciliary ridges have been
observed in children’s skulls.
Originally this great thickness of bone in the supraorbital region of
the Neanderthal calotte was regarded as a proliferation of bony
tissue caused by disease. Then it was proclaimed to be a
characteristic by which one might distinguish the skulls of fossil from
those of all living races. The subsequent recognition of true
supraorbital ridges or tori in the Australian completely disproved both
these hypotheses.
The feature is, so far as our present knowledge goes, essentially
masculine, and, as such, suggests a secondary origin comparable to
the tremendous supraorbital developments of bone in the skull of the
male gorilla. Professor D. J. Cunningham, who investigated this
subject thoroughly from a comparative anatomical point of view,
found “superciliary and supraorbital elements” even more or less
developed in the lower types of apes. A supraorbital prominence is
rarely observed in the female (Plate III, 2).
To return to the eye: the colour of the iris, in its normal condition, is
practically without exception dark brown. The only exception to this
rule, that has come under my personal observation, was a young,
full-blooded gin of the Mulluk Mulluk tribe in the Daly River district,
north Australia, whose iris was a deep bluish grey.
There is great variety in the shape of the cavities which hold the
eye-balls of the Australian. The orbits are large, and their outer
margins, as in the Neanderthal type, very nearly form a circle.
According to Professor Klaatsch’s measurements, the ratio of the
maximum vertical to the maximum horizontal diameter in the male
Australian skull is as 39 millimeters is to 40. As a rule, the eye-
cavities in children are slightly depressed horizontally, and
occasionally this is also the case in the skulls of females.
The orbit’s upper edge is very strong; and what is known as the
internal angular process of the frontal bone, in the inner wall of the
cavity, is very prominent in the Australian. The last named
characteristic is, however, also observed in the skulls of Veddahs
and other primitive people, as well as in those of the anthropoids.
But we must not forget, when dealing critically with a skull, that an
internal angular process may not be so typical in the male as it is in
the skulls of women and children.
The external angular processes are often well developed, the
malar boundary being strong and broad, without the sharp edge
usually noticed in European skulls.
The ethmoid bone in the inner wall of the orbit is, as in most of the
primitive skulls, noticeably small.
The groove of the lachrymal bone, which intra vitam carries the
tear duct connecting eye with nose, is usually very pronounced in the
Australian.
In children’s skulls a supraorbital notch divides the upper margin of
the orbital cavity into two almost equal parts, the outer of which has
a well-defined edge.
In the nose and its aperture, we again recognize primitive
characteristics of considerable importance in the Australian. We
have already had occasion to notice how deeply the root of the
external organ seems to be retracted under the great glabellar
prominence of the forehead. A bridge in the true sense of the word
seems wanting, the nose consisting of a flabby body at its point,
above which lies a saddle-shaped depression sloping imperceptibly
into the retracted root beneath the forehead. Not uncommonly one
finds a number among the males of all tribes whose noses are
curved and give one the impression of Jewish features; the type is
rare among women (Plate VI, 2).
The breadth of the nose is very great, and consequently the nasal
aperture in Australian skulls is of corresponding dimensions. The
width of the aperture often actually exceeds thirty millimeters.
It must not be supposed that these features are quite peculiar to
the Australian; they are also present in the fossil skulls of Europe. If
then we regard the latter as the ancestral stock, from whom modern
peoples have sprung, and, at the same time, recollect that diverse
admixtures of strain might have taken place periodically, it would not
be amiss to expect indications of such primitive nose developments
in the higher types of man. That such do occur, we can every day
verify for ourselves.
Apart from being a racial characteristic, the flat broad nose is
cultivated by many of the tribes. Mothers artificially flatten the noses
of their children when quite young by pressing upon them with their
fingers, and often repeating the process. It is, therefore, often difficult
to say whether a specially flat nose is natural or is the result of
cosmetic culture. The wearing of a bone or stick through the septum
would also tend to flatten and widen the organ to an abnormal extent
(Plate VI).
The nasal aperture of a modern European skull almost invariably
has sharp lateral margins, which unite at the base behind a
prominent bony spine; for reasons which will become apparent
below, we shall call this the inner boundary. In an anthropoid, like the
gorilla, however, the cavity is bounded on its lower side by two
ridges, which enclose a groove in front of the large aperture.
Converging upwards, these ridges, on either side, unite to form the
lateral margins below the nasal bones. In the monkeys there is no
indication of a well-defined boundary at all, the lower surface of the
cavity appearing more or less smooth, whilst the spine, so prominent
in man, is barely recognizable.
In the Australian skull we often find an interesting transition stage
connecting these extremes, the inner margin being present but
associated with a pre-nasal groove at the base of the aperture.
Indeed, the sharp lateral margin is often found to pass into a pre-
nasal ridge which forms the anterior margin of the groove. Such a
condition is of considerable interest, since it recalls a stage in our
evolution, when the nose was closely connected with the mouth part;
that is to say, that a portion now absorbed into the modern skull was
originally the floor of the nose, and helped to build up the alveolar
process of the upper jaw.
In fact, we are reminded of this condition when we look upon the
living aboriginal; for his nose seems to ride upon the upper portion of
his mouth, to which it seems rigidly attached, after the pattern of an
animal’s snout. We see the same sort of thing in the European
embryo during the first few months of gestation.
This “primitive snout” is made the more conspicuous in the
Australian on account of the strong naso-labial folds in the skin, one
of which, on either side, encloses the angle of the mouth in a semi-
circular fashion. With us Europeans, the elevating processes which
our nose has undergone have tended to reduce the depth of these
folds, in the upper portions at any rate. This elevating process, by
the way, has largely been in consequence of the recession our
mandibular skeleton has suffered (Plate V).
The jaws of the Australian are, like those of most of the fossil
skulls and of the Negroids, protubefent—a condition known as
prognathism. In the Tasmanians, too, the strong development of the
jaws, and of the teeth, has resulted in a general fullness of the same
region (Plate III, 2).
In aboriginal infants, one often finds the bony process, upon which
the teeth subsequently grow, to be directed forwards, almost in a
straight line with the floor of the nose. This hereditary predisposition
towards a horizontal development of the alveolar region reminds one
forcibly of features belonging to the anthropoid apes.
Yet, generally speaking, it must be admitted, there is a great
variation in prognathism among the Australians.
In order to compare the degree of facial prognathism of the skulls
of different men, a method was devised by Fraipont: The glabella is
connected with the lambda by an imaginary plane, and another
plane erected at right angles to this at the glabella. The latter plane
usually cuts the alveolar plane at about the first or second premolar,
occasionally at the first molar. Still another plane is imagined,
extending vertically from the most anterior point of the alveolar to the
glabella-lambda plane. Then the rectangular distance between the
two upright planes represents, after Fraipont’s method, the
prognathism. The maximum prognathism of the Australian,
determined by this means, is, according to Professor Klaatsch,
twenty-five millimeters, and the minimum eight.
Let us now enquire into the possible origin of prognathism among
the primitive races of mankind. We shall have to take note, in the first
place, of the large occipital development of both the brain and the
brain-box in the lower types of the human species. In order to
antagonize the downward pull of this weight, the mandibular region
has expanded and provides the balancing moment about a fulcrum
on the spine. With this explanation fresh in our minds, we
understand how the development of the frontal region of modern
peoples would tend to modify the lower region of the face and
establish the condition known as orthognathism.
Prognathism is usually associated with a receding chin. By
elaborating the Fraipont method, Professor Klaatsch has added
another vertical plane at the most anterior point of the cutting surface
of the teeth. In primitive folks, like the Australians and the fossil
Neanderthals, the chin lies behind this plane and is called a
“negative chin”; in the Mongoloids (Malays, etc.) the chin practically
lies against the plane and is called a “neutral chin”; and lastly, in the
modern Europeans, the chin lies before the plane and is known as a
“positive chin.”
In the Tasmanians, the chin was bluntly rounded, without much of
the prominence so highly perfected in the modern peoples.
The mental foramen is usually situated at a point below and
between the second bicuspid and first molar.
The Australian’s ear is large and longish, much the same in
general appearance as the European’s; the Negroid’s ear is
decidedly rounder. There is, however, no great racial variety in the
human ear; man has, like the rodents, retained the primitive shape,
whilst the monkeys have acquired more specialized forms.
The small process, known as the tragus, which partially covers the
ear-hole, is mostly covered with bristly hairs in adult men.
The dependent portion, or lobulus, which carries the earrings of
our European ladies and is often mutilated by the lower races, is not
as a rule interfered with by the Australians. The custom of piercing
the lobulus appears to be confined to the Cape York Peninsula in
Queensland. The hole is pierced with a small pointed bone, after
which a short cylindrical wooden rod or bone is inserted, frequently
removed and replaced again, until the edge of the hole has healed.
In the course of time, a series of rods, of gradually increasing
diameter, are forced into the perforation, until a large pendant loop is
formed. Upon special occasions, short painted rods of wood, two
inches or more in diameter, are inserted into the loop.
The cheek bone, or zygomatic arch, is usually horizontal; but it
may curve upwards from the squamous bone, thence downwards
anteriorly. The mastoid process is comparatively small, but it is often
associated with an unusual thickness of the wall of the ear-passage.
 CHAPTER V
THE MOUTH

The lips—The vault and hard palate—The teeth—Excessive wear of grinding

surfaces—Tooth-picks—Fourth molars—Dental rudiments—The canines.

The Australian’s mouth is decidedly large, and his lips full. The
latter, especially of the children, are as often as not becomingly
arched and furnished with a shapely philtrum.
If we were to look into the mouths of a number of aboriginals we
would find considerable individual differences in the configuration of
the vault. In some instances the roof would appear high and arched,
in others low and flat. If, further, we extended our observations in the
direction of any differences which might exist in the individual faculty
of articulated speech, relative to the variations in height already
noted, our efforts would be fruitless. It is very doubtful whether any
such connection between the height of the mouth and freedom of
tongue or speech does exist in the aboriginal’s case. But it has been
rightly pointed out that the hard palates of fossil skulls are flatter than
they are in those of modern races.
Perhaps the finest natural gift of the Australian (and the same was
true of the Tasmanian) is his strong set of ivory white teeth. In the
primitive tribes, living apart from civilization, dental disease or caries
is practically unknown. A common feature, however, is that the teeth
are ground down on a level, to varying extents, depending upon the
age of the individual examined. In many cases, the biting and
grinding surfaces of the teeth have been worn to almost the alveolar
or gum-level of the jaws, leaving only the roots with short truncated
stumps to do the mastication.
This excessive wear of healthy teeth is mainly attributable to the
large quantities of sand contained in the everyday diet. The
aboriginal cooks nearly all his meals in hot ashes and sand; it is
unavoidable, therefore, to include an appreciable quantity of gritty
material in the articles which are consumed. The aboriginal,
furthermore, during the course of a meal, might repeatedly call upon
the strength of his teeth, as an easy way of crunching bones of
animals, and shell of molluscs and crabs, and many other things.
Casually one might take notice of the fact that the teeth of the fossil
of Gibraltar are worn in the same remarkable way.
An aboriginal does not take any particular care of his teeth, with
the exception that after every meal, some considerable time is
devoted to the removal of any remnants of meat which may have
been retained. For this purpose, the dry seed-stalks of grass and
small twigs are generally used. The old Kukata men were observed
to possess permanent tooth-picks, consisting of short pieces of wood
sharpened at one end. For convenience sake, they carried these,
planted in their shaggy beards.
Should there be an aching tooth to cure, the native does it by
heating the point of a small stick in a fire and inserting it into the
cavity which is causing the trouble.
A most interesting circumstance in connection with the dentition of
the Australian is the comparatively frequent occurrence of a fourth
molar in the jaws. We know that in European subjects the third molar
or wisdom tooth is smaller, and takes longer in coming to the surface
than the other molars; its development is certainly on the down-
grade with our kind; but the third molar of the aboriginal is strong and
lasting.
 PLATE IV

1. Aluridja woman. Note matted locks and asymmetry of breasts.

2. Wongapitcha warrior, so-called Semitic type.

Even when a fourth molar cannot be found in toto, there is often

present, behind the third molar, a peculiar prolongation of the
alveolar groove, which seems to be indicative of a former existence,
in the earlier evolutional history of the Australian, of such a tooth.
Indeed, the occurrence of a fourth molar in the human species,
which in the aboriginal is certainly not sporadic, must be looked upon
as a character originally common to the ancestral forms of both man
and anthropoid. For this reason, we must not be surprised to hear
that a fourth molar might occasionally be found in any race of man.
Professor W. L. H. Duckworth has described some small dental
rudiments on the alveolar surface of the upper jaw, which might even
suggest remnants of third premolars. Such rudiments usually occur
between the second bicuspid and the first molar, and consist of
dentine. If it can be proved that we have before us true evidence of
immature tooth-development, the phenomenon suggests a dental
formula similar to that of some of the simians possessing three
premolars. On the contrary, the formations may be the remnant
masses of temporary milk teeth.
Supernumerary bicuspids are, it appears, not very often observed
in the Australian.
It is still questionable whether, as Charles Darwin suggested, the
ancestor of the human species has ever possessed extra large eye-
teeth or canines in any way resembling those of an anthropoid. In
the Talgai skull, referred to later, the canines certainly seem
abnormally large, but one could not be expected to draw definite
conclusions from a single specimen, especially when it is known
that, even among ourselves, we here and there see persons whose
canines are quite the same size as those of the Talgai fossil.