Ellyn Mar Manzano, RCrim

INSTRUCTOR
CHAPTER 1
NATURE AND HISTORY OF DRUG ABUSE
 HISTORY OF DRUG ABUSE
SAMSON AND DELILAH
The Book of Judges of the Old
Testament, revealed that SAMSON was put to
sleep by DELILAH by means of a drug-laced wine
before cutting his hair and subsequently gouged his
eyes before the feasting Philistines already “high
spirited” with narcotics mixed with intoxicants.
 HISTORY OF DRUG ABUSE
Cleopatra chose a
CLEOPATRA drug cocktail made
Ancient Greek and Roman Literature of opium, aconitum
(also known as
replete stories with alluding to drug abuse, wolfsbane) and
as in the lamentable and tragic romance of hemlock, a highly
Mark Anthony and Cleopatra . poisonous plant
Cleopatra, in desperation over her from the parsley
disprized love drank a narcotic – laden wine family that is
before allowing herself to be bitten to death believed to have
by a poisonous asp from the Nile River been used to
poison Socrates.
EGYPTIAN COBRA
GOLDEN TRIANGLE GOLDEN CRESCENT

LAOS IRAN

MYANMAR
PAKISTAN

THAILAND
AFGANISTAN
Global Drug Scene
DRUG TRAFFICKING
• Drug distribution, also known as
trafficking, is the crime of illegally
transporting, importing and selling
drugs.
• HAD THE INTENT TO SELL IT.
• The intent to sell is a critical part of
this charge. A person may only have a
relatively small amount of cocaine in his
or her home, and in this instance, the
person will most likely face drug
possession charges, which are still
extremely serious.
DRUG SMUGGLING
• Involves moving drugs from one
state to another or even one
country to another. It must be an
illegal substance, or if it is a legal
drug, then the smugglers must
actively avoid paying customs
duties and taxes to face charges
for drug smuggling. Simply
moving drugs is smuggling, but if
there is an element of selling the
drugs, then it goes into trafficking
territory.
 DRUG CARTEL
an illicit CONSORTIUM of CONSORTIUM-
an agreement,
independent organizations combination, or group
formed to limit competition and (as of companies)
formed to undertake an
control the production and enterprise beyond the
resources of any one
distribution of illegal drugs. Drug member
cartels are extremely well-
organized, well-financed,
efficient, and ruthless.
COLUMBIAN CARTEL
MEDELLIN CARTEL (NORTH COLUMBIA)

PABLO ESCOBAR • Colombian criminal who, as head of the Medellín cartel, was arguably
GAVIRIA the world’s most powerful drug trafficker in the 1980s and early ’90s.
• His early illegal activities included selling fake
diplomas, smuggling stereo equipment, and stealing tombstones to
resell.
• His notable partners included the Ochoa brothers: Juan David, Jorge
Luis, and Fabio. Escobar served as head of the organization, which
focused largely on the production, transport, and sale of cocaine.
• Escobar funded various projects to aid the poor, earning him
comparisons to Robin Hood. That perception helped him win election to
an alternate seat in the country’s Congress in 1982.
• However, such philanthropic works were offset by Escobar’s well-known
This cartel is reputedly responsible for
organizing world’s drug trafficking
ruthlessness. He handled problems with “plata o plomo,” meaning
network. “silver” (bribes) or “lead” (bullets).
 COLUMBIAN CARTEL
CALI CARTEL (SOUTH COLUMBIA)
The Cali Cartel was formed by the Rodriguez Orejuela
GILBERTO RODRIGUEZ brothers and Santacruz, all coming from what is described
OREJUELA a.k.a CHESSPLAYER as a higher social background than most other traffickers of
the time.
The recognition of this social background was displayed in
the group's nickname as "Los Caballeros de Cali"
("Gentlemen of Cali").
The group originally assembled as a ring of kidnappers
known as "Las Chemas", which was led by Luis Fernando
Tamayo García. Las Chemas were implicated in numerous
kidnappings including those of two Swiss citizens: a
diplomat, Herman Buff, and a student, Zack "Jazz Milis"
Martin.
The kidnappers reportedly received $700,000 in ransom,
which is believed to have been used to fund their drug
trafficking empire.
 Unlike the Medellin Cartel whose approach follows a
centralized management, in Cali Cartel, they operated
independently and called as “CLANDESTINE CELL SYSTEM.
The group developed and organized itself into multiple
"cells" that appeared to operate independently yet reported to
a celeno "manager".
Each leader of the Cali Cartel had their own operation to
run as they saw fit. There were 5 major Cali trafficking groups
that were separate but also worked together when their
interests aligned. This included, but was not limited to,
transporting drugs to the United States and money laundering.
The Cali Cartel eventually became "The biggest, most
powerful crime syndicate we've ever known", according to then
DEA chief Thomas Constantine.
GUADALAJARA CARTEL
MIGUEL ÁNGEL FÉLIX • former Mexican drug lord who founded the Guadalajara cartel.
GALLARDO A.K.A. EL
PADRINO (THE GODFATHER) • Born in 1946 in the Mexican state of Sinaloa, Felix began working
as a Sinaloa State Police Trooper after completing his education.
As a police officer, he soon became the bodyguard of Leopoldo
Sánchez Celis, the then Governor of Sinaloa. Working under
Sánchez enabled him to make connections to the underworld, and
soon began working for marijuana smuggler Pedro Avilés Pérez
(The Lion of Sinaloa). Concurrently, he married Maria Elvira and
fathered two children.
• However, in 1980, he overthrew Aviles and created the
Guadalajara cartel by unifying several rival drug traffickers with the
support of the DFS (Dirección Federal de Seguridad)
• Félix Gallardo became the first Mexican trafficker to smuggle
cocaine for the Colombian cartels and using his newfound wealth,
managed to corrupt Mexico's elite, including the country's defense
minister.
 SINALOA CARTEL
Was once the head of Mexico's most powerful organized crime group,
JOAQUÍN GUZMÁN the Sinaloa Cartel. His ability to simultaneously co-opt public officials, attack
LOERA “EL CHAPO” enemies' strongholds, and find creative ways to get his drugs to market has
made him a legend in the underworld.
The Sinaloa Cartel is not a hierarchical structure. El Chapo, El Azul
and El Mayo all maintained their own separate but cooperating organizations,
while the cartel's operations in foreign countries, and even within Mexico, are
often outsourced to local partners.
The Sinaloa Cartel's tentacles stretch from New York City to Buenos
Aires and almost every major city in between. The cartel was founded in
Mexico's Sinaloa state and now operates in 17 Mexican states, and by some
estimates, in as many as 50 countries.
It remains to be seen if the Sinaloa Cartel can again claim the spot as
the country's most dominant cartel, but right now the Sinaloa Cartel and CJNG
stand together as Mexico's two most dominant organized crime groups.
JALISCO CARTEL NEW GENERATION (CJNG)
The Jalisco Cartel New Generation (Cartel Jalisco Nueva Generación - CJNG)
NEMESIO OSEGUERA is a criminal group that has evolved as a result of killings, captures and rifts in older
cartels. It is known for its aggressive use of violence and its public relations campaigns.
RAMOS"EL MENCHO“ Despite the capture of certain top leaders, it is now Mexico's foremost criminal threat and
appears set to continue expanding.
Today, the Jalisco Cartel New Generation (Cartel Jalisco Nueva Generación –
CJNG), is the Sinaloa Cartel's primary enemy. The CJNG emerged out of the Sinaloa
Cartel in 2010 after the death of former Sinaloa Cartel capo Ignacio Coronel, alias
“Nacho.” Since, the CJNG has expanded rapidly across the country, involving itself in a
host of criminal activities, including international drug trafficking, most recently involving
synthetic drugs and powerful opioids like fentanyl, which the Sinaloa Cartel is also
involved in the trafficking of.
The CJNG has also been involved in high-profile attacks against public officials.
In May 2018, the group tried to assassinate Luis Carlos Nájera, former security secretary
of Jalisco and in June 2020, it made a bold attempt to kill Omar García Harfuch, Mexico
City's public security secretary. That same month, a judge in the western state of Colima,
who had tried various cases against members of the cartel, was killed along with his wife.
The CJNG has also been known to appeal to the Mexican citizenry with
idealistic propaganda, invoking solidarity and promising to rid its areas of operation of
other crime syndicates, such as the Zetas and the Knights Templar in the past.
 YAKUZA (JAPAN)

Yakuza, also called bōryokudan or gokudō, Japanese

gangsters, members of what are formally called bōryokudan
(“violence groups”), or Mafia-like criminal organizations. In
Japan and elsewhere, especially in the West, the term yakuza
can be used to refer to individual gangsters or criminals as well
as to their organized groups and to Japanese organized crime
in general. Yakuza adopt samurai-like rituals and often bear
elaborate body tattoos. They engage in extortion, blackmail,
smuggling, prostitution, drug trafficking, gambling, loan
sharking, day-labour contracting, and other rackets and control
many restaurants, bars, trucking companies, talent agencies,
taxi fleets, factories, and other businesses in major Japanese
cities. They are also involved in criminal activities worldwide.
 14K (CHINESE TRIAD)

The 14K is a triad group based in Hong Kong but active

internationally. It is the second largest triad group in the world
with around 20,000 members split into thirty subgroups. They are
the main rival of the Sun Yee On, which is the largest triad.
The 14K is responsible for large-scale drug trafficking
around the world, most of it are heroin and opium from China or
Southeast Asia. This is their primary business in terms of
generating income, but they are also involved in illegal gambling,
loan sharking, money laundering, contract murder, arms
trafficking, prostitution, human trafficking, extortion, counterfeiting
and, to a lesser extent, home invasion robberies.
 United Bamboo Gang

The United Bamboo Gang (Chu Lien Pang) is a triad society

based in Taiwan. It is sometimes referred to as the Bamboo Union
or the Bamboo Alliance. It is the largest of Taiwan's three main triads
(the others being the Four Seas and the Celestial Way).
The number of United Bamboo members is estimated to be
between 10,000 and 20,000. In Taiwan their criminal enterprises
include gambling, drug trafficking (they officially deny this),
prostitution, construction rackets, and extortion. The gang is also
active abroad, including North America, where they are involved in
heroin smuggling, among other activities. They are also active in
China, particularly Shanghai.
• A chemical substance that
affects the functions of living
cells and alters body or mind
processes when taken into
the body or applied through
the skin.
• Is a chemical substance that
brings about physical,
emotional or behavioral
change in a person taking it.
PRESCRIPTIVE DRUGS

These are the drugs requiring

written authorization from a
doctor to allow purchase
OVER-THE-COUNTER DRUGS (OTC)

Are non-prescription medicines,

which may be purchased from
any pharmacy or drugstore
without written authorization from
a doctor.
What is self-medication syndrome?

Found in users and would be

users of drugs whose sources of
information are people or literature
other than doctors, pharmacists and
health workers.
DOSE

A quantity of a medicine
or drug taken or
recommended to be taken
at a particular time.
1. MINIMAL DOSE- the amount needed to treat or heal,
that is, the smallest amount of a drug that will produce a
therapeutic effect.
2. MAXIMAL DOSE- largest amount of a drug, that will
produce a desired therapeutic effect, without any
accompanying symptoms of toxicity.
3. TOXIC DOSE- amount of drug that produces untoward
effects or symptoms of poisoning.
4. ABUSIVE DOSE- amount needed to produce the side
effects and action desired by an individual who
improperly uses it.
5. LETHAL DOSE- amount of drug that will cause death.
 Toxicology
• The scientific study of
adverse effects that occur in
living organisms due to
chemicals.
• The science of poisons,
their effects and antidotes.
Note/ Trivia:
The father of modern toxicology,
Paracelsus, historically stated "Only the
dose is the poison.' The dose of the
substance is an important factor in
toxicology, as it has a significant
relationship with the effects experienced by
the individual. As a result, the dose is the
primary means of classifying the toxicity of
the chemical, as it reflects the quantity of
the chemical that the affected person has
been exposed to. Taken together, any
substance has the potential to be toxic if
administered under certain conditions and
at a given dose.
Dangerous effects of toxic substances

OVERDOSE
when too much of a drug is taken into the
physiological system of the human body, there
may be an over extension of its effects.
Dangerous effects of toxic substances

ALLERGY
some drugs cause the release of histamine
giving rise to allergic symptoms such as
dermatitis, swelling, fall in blood pressure,
suffocation and death.
Dangerous effects of toxic substances

IDIOSYNCRASY
refers to individual reaction to a drug, food,
etc. for unexplained reasons.

Ex. Morphine which sedates men while sometimes

stimulates and renders some maniacal behavior to
women.
Dangerous effects of toxic substances

POISONOUS PROPERTY
drugs are chemicals and some of them
have the property of being general
protoplasmic poison.
Dangerous effects of toxic substances

SIDE EFFECTS
some drugs are not receptors for one
organ but receptors of other organs as well.
Methods of administration of drugs:

Oral
the safest most convenient and
economical route whenever possible.
Methods of administration of drugs:
Injection
offers a faster response that the oral method.
Types of Injection:
INTRAVENOUS INJECTION: an injection of a
medication or another substance into a vein and directly into the
bloodstream
INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION: is a technique used
to deliver a medication deep into the muscle.
INTRAMUSCULAR
INJECTION
SITES
Methods of administration of drugs:

Inhalation
this route makes use of gaseous and
volatile drugs, which are inhaled and
absorbed rapidly through the mucous of
the respiratory tract.
Methods of administration of drugs:

Topical
this refers to the application of drugs
directly to a body site such as the skin
and the mucous membrane.
Methods of administration of drugs:

Iontophoresis
introduction of drugs into the deeper
layers of the skin by using of special type of
electric current for local effect.
GENERAL DRUG CATEGORIES
• ANALGESICS- Drugs that relieve• ANTIPYRETICS- Drugs that
pain. reduce fever.
There are two main types: • ANTIHISTAMINES- Drugs used
Non-narcotic analgesics for mild primarily to counteract the effects
pain of histamine, one of the chemicals
involved in allergic reactions.
Narcotic analgesics for severe pain
• CONTRACEPTIVES- drugs that
• ANTIBIOTICS- Drugs made from prevent the meeting of the egg
naturally occurring and synthetic cell and sperm cell or prevent the
substances that combat bacterial ovary from releasing egg cells.
infection.
 GENERAL DRUG CATEGORIES
• DECONGESTANTS- Drugs that reduce•
swelling of the mucous membranes that
line the nose by constricting blood
vessels, thus relieving nasal stuffiness.
• EXPECTORANTS- A drug that stimulates
the flow of saliva and promotes coughing
to eliminate phlegm from the respiratory
tract.
• LAXATIVES- Drugs that increase the
frequency and ease of bowel movements,
either by stimulating the bowel wall
(stimulant laxative), by increasing the bulk•
of bowel contents (bulk laxative), or by
lubricating them (stool-softeners, or bowel
movement-softeners).
ANTIDIARRHEAS- Drugs used for the
relief of diarrhea. Two main types of
antidiarrheal preparations are simple
adsorbent substances and drugs that slow
down the contractions of the bowel
muscles so that the contents are propelled
more slowly.
• SEDATIVES AND TRANQUILIZERS-
those that can calm and quiet the nerves
and relieve anxiety without causing
depression and clouding of mind.
VITAMINS- substance necessary for
normal growth and development and
proper functioning of the body.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6425
Known as DANGEROUS DRUG ACT OF 1972 on March
30,1972 and was signed into law by the late president
FERDINAND MARCOS.
 Amended by PD no. 44 (Nov. 9, 1972), placed under
control not only narcotics by also psychotropic
substances.
Further, on November 14, 1972, DANGEROUS DRUG
BOARD was created to provide leadership, direction and
coordination in the effective implementation of RA no. 6425.
 REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9165
• Known as Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act of 2002 on June 7,2002.
• Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency(PDEA) was created under this law
having a distinct and separate function from DDB, geared towards the
realization of a drug-free Philippines.
• PDEA serves as its primary IMPLEMENTING ARM in realizing the vision
of a drug-free country.
• This is under the direction of the office of the president so as to avoid
any political influence from any of the local leaders of this country just as
it directly get its financial support from the national government so that
there will be no probability of influence from other sectors of society
avoiding any act of compromise from anyone most especially in the
arrest of drug lords and their cohorts.
THE INFLUENCES OF DRUG ABUSE
 The term Drug Abuse most
often refers to the use of a
drug with such frequency
that it causes physical or
Concept of mental harm to the user or
Drug Abuse impairs social functioning.
Although the term seems to
imply that users abuse the
drugs they take, in fact, it is
themselves or others they
abuse by using drugs.
 Defined by basic three
characteristics:
• The users continue to take a drug over
an extended period of time. Just the
long this period is dependent on the
drug and the user.
Concept of • The users find it difficult to stop using
the drug. They seem powerless to quit
Drug the drug use. Users take extraordinary
Dependence and often harmful measures to continue
using the drug.
• The users stop taking their drug – only
if their supply of the drug is cut off, or
if they are forced to quit for any reason
– they will undergo painful physical or
mental distress.
 Drug addiction is a state of mind in
which a person has lost the power of
self-control in respect of a drug. He
consumes the drug repeatedly
leaving aside all values of life. In
other words, a drug addict will resort
to crime even, to satisfy his repeated
craving for the drug. The effects of
Concept of addiction are mainly deteriorative
Drug Addiction personality Changes. They include
insomnia, instability, and lack of self-
confidence especially when not under
the influence of drug. The addict
cannot concentrate on any work. He
avoids social contacts. Slowly,
mentally, physically, and morally he
becomes from bad to worse and a
burden to the society.
How is Addiction acquired?
1. Habituation – closely related to euphoric effect, and
the relief of pain or emotional discomfort.
2. Toleration – the necessity to increase the dose to
obtain an effect equivalent to the original dose.
3. Dependence – the altered physiological state brought
about by the repeated administration of the drug, which
necessitates the continued use of the drug to avoid
withdrawal syndrome.
What are the Group Classifications of Drug Abusers?
1. Situational Users – those who use drugs to keep them awake or for additional
energy to perform an important work. Such individual may or may not exhibit
psychological dependence.
2. Spree Users – school age users who take drugs for “kicks’, an adventurous
daring experience, or as a means of fun. There may be some degree of
psychological dependence but little physical dependence due to the mixed pattern
of use.
3. Hard Core Addicts – those, whose activities revolve almost entirely around the
drug experience and securing supplies. They show strong psychological
dependence on the drug.
4. Hippies – those who are addicted to drugs believing that drug is an integral part
of life.
DANGEROUS DRUGS
 SYNTHETIC DRUGS AND
NATURAL DRUGS
Natural drugs are made Synthetic drugs come
from compounds found in
nature. from starting materials
The most prevalent natural that are not found in
drug sources are plants. The nature. Instead, they
field of science that studies are produced by man
the relationship between
people and medicinal plants from smaller chemical
is known as medicinal building blocks.
ethnobotany.
 Controlled precursors and Essential chemicals
CONTROLLED PRECURSORS
KNOWN AS SCHEDULED
SUBSTANCES/DRUG PRECURSORS, ARE
CHEMICALS THAT ARE KNOWN TO BE
USED IN THE ILLEGAL MANUFACTURE OF
NARCOTIC DRUGS AND PSYCHOTROPIC
SUNSTANCES.
THESE PRECURSORS ALSO HAVE
LEGITIMATE COMMERCIAL USERS AND
ARE LEGALLY USED IN WIDE VARIETY OF
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES AND
CONSUMER PRODUCTS, SUCH AS
MEDICINE, FLAVORING AND FRAGRANCE.
EXAMPLE, EPHEDRINE IS USED
LEGALLY FOR MEDICINAL PURPOSE FOR
COUGH OR ANY OTHER DECONGESTANT
DRUGS.
ESSENTIAL CHEMICALS
IN COUNTERDRUG OPERATIONS,
COMPOUNDS THAT ARE REQUIRED IN
THE SYNTHETIC OR EXTRACTION
PROCESSES OF DRUG PRODUCTION,
BUT IN MOST CASES DO NOT BECOME
PART OF THE DRUG MOLECULE.
EXAMPLE, HYDROCHLORIC ACID,
ACETONE AND SALT, THESE ARE
CHEMICALS THAT ARE HIGHLY NEEDED
TO BE ADDED UPON PRODUCING A
METHAMPHETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE.
COMMON PLANTS THAT ARE
SOURCES OF SYNTHETIC
DANGEROUS DRUGS
(NATURAL DRUGS)
MARIJUANA PLANT
SCIENTIFIC NAME: CANNABIS SATIVA LIMA
ALKALOIDS: TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL (THC)
DRUG CLASSIFICATION BY EFFECTS:
HALLUCINOGENS
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS:
The 2 types of marijuana plant are the FEMALE
MARIJUANA PLANT (PISTILLATE) which is shorter in
length but longer to live and the MALE MARIJUANA
PLANT (STAMINATE) which is taller in height, but
shorter o lived.
The resin called hashish (pistils) can be found on the
most top portion of the female plant.
A plant that grows in tropical region and attains an
approximate height of 15 to 20 feet.
The output of female cannabis plants is far more
potent than male plants. While male plants can be used
occasionally to make concentrate products like hash,
female plants are widely preferred for this purpose.
The course, tough hemp material derived from female
cannabis plants is also useful for making rope and
other products that require a strong fiber.
OPIUM POPPY PLANT
SCIENTIFIC NAME: PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM
ALKALOID: MESONIC ACID
SYNTHESIZED DRUGS: MORPHINE, HEROINE, & CODEINE
DRUG CLASSIFICATION BY EFFECTS: DEPRESSANT
PHYSICAL CHARACTERESTICS:
 The opium poppy, Papaver Somniferum, is an annual plant. From
a small seed, it grows, flowers, and bears fruit (a "pod") only once.
The entire growth cycle for most varieties of this plant takes about
120 days. The tiny seeds, like the seeds on a poppy seed roll,
germinate quickly in warmth and sufficient moisture. In less than
six weeks, the young plant emerges from the soil, grows a set of
four leaves, and resembles a small cabbage in appearance. The
lobed, dentate leaves are glaucous green with a dull gray or blue
tint.
 After 90 days, the bud blossoms into a flower with
four petals in a variety of colors. The petals fall
Within six weeks a
away to reveal a green pod or ghozah that will
cabbage-like plant
continue to grow to the size of an egg. Inside the
emerges.
pod is the ovary that produces opium.
30 DAYS 90 DAYS

60 DAYS 120 DAYS

The plant is matured enough to harvest.

It takes eight weeks for the poppy plant to
grow about one to two feet. Each poppy
has one long primary stem with secondary
stems called tillers. As the plant continues
to grow, a bud develops at the tip
Opium, which contains over 50 types of
alkaloids including codeine and morphine, is
only produced during the 10-to-12-day
period when the pod is ripening. Once the
pod reaches maturity, the alkaloids in the
opium are no longer made.
Only the pod portion of the plant can produce
opium alkaloids. The skin of the poppy pod
encloses the wall of the pod ovary. The ovary wall
consists of three layers: the outer, middle and
inner layers. The plant's latex (opium) is produced
within the ovary wall and drains into the middle
layer through a system of vessels and tubes
within the pod. The cells of the middle layer
secrete more than 95 percent of the opium when
the pod is scored and harvested.
Cultivators tap the opium from each pod while it remains
on the plant. After the opium is scraped, the pods are cut
from the stem and allowed to dry. Once dry, the pods are
cut open and the seeds are removed and dried in the
sun before storing for the following year's planting. An
alternative method of collecting planting seeds is to
collect them from intentionally unscored pods, because
scoring may diminish the quality of the seeds. Aside
from being used as planting seed, the poppy seeds may
also be used in cooking and in the manufacture of paints
and perfumes. Poppy seed oil is straw-yellow in color,
odorless, and has a pleasant, almond-like taste.
 OPIUM (MESONIC ACID)

MORPHINE

HEROIN CODEINE
OPIUM DERIVATIVES
MORPHINE
 a strong opiate analgesic drug and is the principal active agent in
opium it acts directly in the CNS relieving pain.
 6 times more potent than opium.
 Highly addictive when compared to other substances, and tolerance
and physical, and psychological dependences develop very rapidly.
 It is administered to the body by means of injection.
 1st isolated in 1804 by the German pharmacist FRIEDRICH WILHELM
ADAM SERTURNER which was name after the Greek God of dreams
“MORPHEUS”, the son of Hypnos, the God of sleep.
MEDICALLY USE
 This used legally as an analgesic in hospital settings for
pain after surgery and pain associated with trauma. It is
known to be good for the relief of severe chronic pain,
e.g., cancer pain from kidney stones or back pain.
 For palliative treatment it alleviates pain without curing
the underlying reason for it.
 The used of this is known to be associated with
analgesia, sedation, euphoria, physical dependence and
respiratory depression.
 The effects of morphine can be countered with opioid
antagonists such as naloxone, naltrexone and ketamine.
HEROIN (DIACETYLMORPHINE)
Heroin is an opioid drug made from morphine, a natural
substance taken from the seed pod of the various opium
poppy plants grown in Southeast and Southwest Asia, Mexico,
and Colombia. Heroin can be a white or brown powder, or a
black sticky substance known as black tar heroin.
It mimics endorphins a creates a sense of well-being upon
entering the bloodstreams usually thru intravenous injection.
It is thus used both pain-killer and a recreational drug.
This is 5 times stronger than morphine and known as the most
potent opium derivatives.
Heroin enters the brain rapidly and binds to opioid receptors
on cells located in many areas, especially those involved in
feelings of pain and pleasure and in controlling heart rate,
sleeping, and breathing (a surge of pleasure, or euphoria).
Heroin was first synthesized in 1874 by C.R. Alder Wright, an
English chemist working at St. Mary’s Hospital Medical School in
London, England. However, it did not lead to any further
discovery.
It was independently re-synthesized 23 years later by another
chemist, FELIX HOFFMANN and he was working at the Bayer
pharmaceutical company in ELBERFELD, GERMANY, where the
head of the laboratory was HEINRICH DRESER. The latter
instructed Hoffmann to acetylate morphine to produce codeine,
but the result was a substance that was instead called heroin.
Eventually, heroin was widely sold by Bayer and other companies
to control certain mental disorders, prepare patients for
anesthesia, suppress coughs, and relieve the pain of childbirth
and serious war injuries. The addictiveness of heroin was
eventually recognized, and it has been banned in most countries
since the 1930s.
CODEINE
An opiate and prodrug of morphine mainly used to treat
pain, coughing, and diarrhea. It is also commonly used
as a recreational drug. It is found naturally in the sap of
the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum. It is typically
used to treat mild to moderate degrees of pain. Greater
benefit may occur when combined with paracetamol
(acetaminophen) or a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drug (NSAID) such as aspirin or ibuprofen.
A derivative of morphine and a component of opium, and
is 10 times less effective as morphine. However, codeine
is an ideal antitussive.
COCA BUSH PLANT
SCIENTIFIC NAME: ERYTHROXYLON COCA
ALKALOID: COCAINE
SYNTHESIZED DRUGS: COCAINE
DRUG CLASSIFICATION BY EFFECTS: STIMULANT
PHYSICAL CHARACTERESTICS:
 The plant grows to about 2.4 meters tall (8 feet) and possesses small
flowers, with yellowish-white petals, that grow in little clusters on short
stalks.
 The branches are straight, and the lively green leaves are thin, opaque,
oval, and more or less tapering at the extremities.
 The flowers are small and disposed in little clusters on short stalks; the
corolla is composed of five yellowish white petals, the anthers are heart-
shaped, and the pistil consists of three carpels united to form a three-
chambered ovary. The flowers are succeeded by red berries.
 The white, crystalline alkaloid cocaine is a potent, dangerous and
a habit-forming drug that can be extracted from the leaves of E.
coca. Also known as snow, coke, or crack, cocaine is a nerve
stimulant which increases the level of dopamine, a
neurotransmitter associated with the reward circuit in the brain,
thus creating a euphoric and energetic feeling in the user.
 While the use of cocaine can cause adverse effect on the body,
the use of the leaves of coca plants have been known to be very
beneficial to daily life. The Indians of the Andes have been using
the leaves of Erythroxylon for centuries in order to withstand
strenuous work, walking, hunger, thirst and for its euphoric effects
as well.
 Its first official scientific use for the purpose of anesthesia was in
1884, by an ophthalmology intern Carl Koller.
EPHEDRA PLANT
SCIENTIFIC NAME: EPHEDRA SINICA
ALKALOID: EPHEDRINE
SYNTHESIZED DRUGS: METHAMPHETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE
DRUG CLASSIFICATION BY EFFECTS: STIMULANT
PHYSICAL CHARACTERESTICS:
 An erect shrub, growing anywhere from 8 inches to 5 feet tall. It reproduces
by seed and by sprouting from the roots and woody crown.
 Green ephedra has numerous parallel stems that point upward resembling
a broom, with branchlets clustered around nodes. Stems are generally less
than 0.12 inch in diameter and are bright green, with thicker growth
developing gray, shreddy bark. The jointed branches have small, scale-like,
inconspicuous leaves growing opposite on the stem joints.
 Ephedra is a xerophyte. Its leaves are highly reduced and scaly. The whole
plant is used for extraction of ephedrine alkaloid. It is a stimulant that used
to prevent the low blood pressure during spinal anesthesia, but it has some
side effects and hence now it is not preferable.
PEYOTE CACTUS PLANT
(NARCOTIC CACTUS)
SCIENTIFIC NAME: LOPHOPHORA WILLIAMSII
ALKALOID: MESCALINE
DRUG CLASSIFICATION BY EFFECTS: HALLUCINOGENS
PHYSICAL CHARACTERESTICS:
 Peyote is found only on limestone soils of the Chihuahuan
desert of southern Texas and northern Mexico.
 Averaging about eight centimeters (three inches) wide and
five centimeters (two inches) tall, the body of the peyote
cactus is spineless, soft, and, in most cases, blue green to
gray green in color. Extremely slow growing, it can take 10–
30 years for the plant to mature before flowering. It has pink
to white flowers in summer, and the fruit ripens the following
year.
 CLASSIFICATION OF DANGEROUS DRUGS
A. ACCORDING TO EFFECTS B. ACCORDING TO D. COMMONLY ABUSED
1. Depressants – those 2. Stimulants – those that MEDICAL DRUGS:
that depress the CNS stimulate the CNS PHARMACOLOGY 1. Sedatives
a)Narcotics a)Amphetamines 1. Depressants 2. Stimulants
b)Opium b)Cocaine 2. Narcotics 3. Hallucinogens
c)Morphine c)Caffeine 3. Tranquilizers 4. Narcotics
d)Heroin d)Methamphetamine 4. Stimulants 5. Solvents
e)Codeine hydrochloride 5. Hallucinogens
f) Paregoric e)Nicotine 6. Solvent/ inhalants
g)Demerol and 3. Hallucinogens – those C. ACCORDING TO LEGAL
methadone that distort perception, CATEGORIES BY
mind; alter moods REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9165:
h)Barbiturates
a)Marijuana 1. Prohibited Drugs
i) Seconal
b)LSD 2. Regulated Drugs
j) Tranquilizers
c)Mescaline 3. Volatile Substances
k)Volatile solvents
d)STP
l) Alcohol
e)Psilocybin
f)Morning glory seeds
 THE DEPRESSANTS (DOWNERS)
These are group of drugs, which suppress vital body functions
especially those of the brain or central nervous system with the
resulting impairment of judgment, hearing, speech and muscular
coordination. They dull the minds, slow down body reactions to
such an extent that accidental deaths and/or suicides usually
happen. They include the narcotics, barbiturates, tranquilizers,
alcohol and other volatile solvents. These drugs, when taken in,
generally decrease both the mental and the physical activities of
the body. They cause depression, relieve pain and induce
sedation or sleep and suppress cough.
THE DEPRESSANTS (DOWNERS)
1. Narcotics- relieve pain and produce profound sleep or stupor.
2. Opium
3. Morphine- 6 times potent than the opium.
4. Heroin- 3 to 5 times more powerful than morphine from which it is derived and the most addicting opium
derivative.
5. Codeine- – a derivative of morphine, commonly available in cough preparations. These cough medicines
have been widely abused by the young whenever hard narcotics are difficult to obtain. Withdrawal
symptoms are less severe than other drugs.
6. Paregoric- used to relieve diarrhea. It decreases stomach and intestinal movement in the digestive
system.
7. Demerol and methadone- common synthetic drugs with morphine – like effects. Demerol is widely used
as a painkiller in childbirth while methadone is the drug of choice in the withdrawal treatment of heroin
dependents since it relieves the physical craving for heroin.
8. Barbiturates- are drugs used for inducing sleep in persons plagued with anxiety, mental stress, and
insomnia
9. Seconal- sleep medication used to treat insomnia in people who have trouble falling or staying asleep.
10.Tranquilizers- are drugs that calm and relax and diminish anxiety. They are used in the treatment of
nervous states and some mental disorders without producing sleep.
11.Volatile solvents- gaseous substances popularly known to abusers as “gas”, “teardrops”.
12.Alcohol- is a drug. It is classified as a CNS depressant, which means that drinking alcohol slows down
brain functioning, neural activity, and further reduces the functioning of various vital functions in the body.
THE STIMULANTS (UPPERS)- They produce effects opposite to that of depressants.
Instead of bringing about relaxation and sleep, they produce increased mental alertness,
wakefulness, reduce hunger, and provide a feeling of well-being. Their medical users
include narcolepsy – a condition characterized by an overwhelming desire to sleep. Abrupt
withdrawal of the drug from the heavy abuser can result in a deep and suicidal depression.
1. Amphetamines – used medically for weight reducing in obesity, relief of mild depression and
treatment
2. Cocaine – taken orally, injected or sniffed as to achieve euphoria or an intense feeling of
“highness”.
3. Caffeine – it is present in coffee, tea, chocolate, cola drinks, and some wake-up pills.
4. Shabu/ “poor man’s cocaine” – chemically known as methamphetamine. It is a central
nervous system stimulant and sometimes called “upper” or “speed”. It is white, colorless
crystal or crystalline powder with a bitter numbing taste. It can be taken orally, inhaled
(snorted), sniffed (chasing the dragon) or injected
5. Nicotine – an active component in tobacco, which acts as a powerful stimulant of the central
nervous system. A drop of pure nicotine can easily kill a person.
THE HALLUCINOGENS (PSYCHEDELIC)
Consists of a variety of mind-altering drugs,
which distort reality, thinking and perceptions of
time, sound, space and sensation. The user
experiences hallucination (false perception),
which at times can be strange. His “trips” may be
exhilarating or terrifying good or bad. They may
dislocate his consciousness and change his
mood, thinking and concept of self.
 Marijuana – Many users choose to smoke marijuana for relaxation in the same way people
drink beer or cocktail at the end of the day. The effects of marijuana include a feeling of
grandeur. It can also produce the opposite effect, a dreamy sensation of time seeming to
stretch out.
 Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) – This drug is the most powerful of the psychedelics
obtained from ergot, a fungus that attacks rye kernels. LSD causes perceptual changes so
that the user sees colors, shapes, or objects more intensely than normal and may
hallucinate of things that are not real. To him real objects seem to change, buildings seem
to be crackling open, and walls pulsating. He experiences frequent bizarre hallucinations,
loss spatial perceptions, personality diffusion and changes in values. Usually, users
perceive distortion of time, colors, sounds and depth. They experience “scent” music and
sounds in “colors”.
 Mescaline – It is the alkaloid hallucinogen extracted from the peyote cactus and can also
be synthesized in the laboratory. It produces less nausea than peyote and shows effects
resembling those of LSD although milder in nature. One to two hours after the drug is
taken in a liquid or powder form, delusions begin to occur. Optical hallucinations follow one
upon another in rapid succession. These are accompanied by imperfect coordination and
perception with a sensation of impeded motion, and a marked sense that time is still
standing. Mescaline does not cause physical dependence.
STP- DOM (2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine) is a hallucinogen and substituted
amphetamine of the phenethylamine class which appeared in the mid 1967s with the
street name STP. STP stands for Serenity, Tranquility and Peace. Like more well
known hallucinogens, such as LSD and Magic Mushrooms, STP induces an altered
state of mind in users known as a ‘trip’. It can result in trips of over 24 hours.
Psilocybin – This hallucinogenic alkaloid from small Mexican mushrooms are used by
Mexican Indians today. These mushrooms induced nausea, muscular relaxation,
mood changes with visions of bright colors and shapes, and other hallucinations.
These effects may last for four to five hours and later may be followed by
depressions, laziness, and complete loss of time and space perceptions.
Morning Glory Seeds – The black and brown seeds of the wild tropical morning glory
that are used to produce hallucinations. The seeds are ground into flour, soaked in
cold water, then strained though a cloth and drunk. They are sold under the names of
“heavenly blues”, “flying dancers’, and “pearly gates”. The active ingredient in the
seed is similar to LSD although less potent. The reactions are likened to those
resulting from LSD. Prolonged psychosis is also one of its effects.