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There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase,
a SQL command or malformed data. Literature review is laying foundation to compos background
of study, problem statement and purpose of the study. The study highlights the significance of
supports for self-regulated learning such as the use of prompts or feedback in promoting the
development and deployment of strategies for self-regulated learning, leading to better achievement
in online learning: In online learning environments where the instructor presence is low, learners have
to make the decisions regarding when to study or how to approach the study materials. This is
provided that both teacher and student are motivated by the goal of building autonomy.
Interestingly, the concept of all persons having to remain at home during the new COVID-19 online
education paradigm seemed to create a vague understanding of whether it was even possible for the
professional liability of care to take place. With respect to RQ1, we analyzed the papers from
different perspectives, such as research methodology, technology, industries, employees, and
intended outcomes in terms of organizational value, employees’ performance, usage, and behavioral
change. These steps are listed below: Identify the purpose: The researchers identified the purpose and
intended goals of the study to ensure the review is clear to readers. Taylor, Director of Learning,
Teaching and Innovation at Cranleigh School. In the image below, Garrison, Anderson, and Archer
(2000) depict the CoI framework that they argue is integral to the online learning experience in
higher education. (PDF) Comprehensively Summarizing What Distracts Students from Online
However, the consensus on the definition of distraction and what represents distraction during online
learning are still lacking. Research on TLE has highlighted its influence on student learning
approaches and outcomes, yet gaps remain, particularly in qualitative insights, especially in Saudi
Arabian contexts. In a course on Health Communication, for example, students work collaboratively
to develop and implement a social marketing campaign that addresses a health-related issue of their
choosing. Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway Michail N. Chang
and Hannafin (2015) add that it will be important to consider the unique traits of adult-learners and
the impact that online collaboration tools may have on learning for this group. The results of our
study highlight the diverse ways in which students engage in self-reflection. The discussion sessions
raised many issues about the learning environment in the local context of the college of medicine.
The total combined number of male and female students in the college at the time of the study was
324. We need to promote the culture of strong people help weak people. Other studies focused on
online learning environments (4), collaborative learning systems (3), social learning systems (3), smart
learning systems (2), podcasting (2), with the rest of the studies using a specific system (e.g., a wiki,
mobile learning, e-portfolios, Second Life, web application). 4.4 Research Objectives The research
objectives of the studies could be separated into six main categories. It is a standard procedure based
on performance score and how well your understanding of the topic is implied. Thus, keeping them
in the design and implementation cycle of eOL will increase eOL adoption and satisfaction as well
as reduce the risks and barriers. This gap can be filled up by focusing on higher-order thinking skills
cultivation by supporting these skills through personalized learning environments. This article
describes the process of how to design a coded data extraction form and codebook, Table 1 is an
example of a coded data extraction form that can then be used to program a fillable form in Adobe
Acrobat or Microsoft Access. Discussion of gaps and limitations in the research and suggestions for
further inquiry The attempt to study any observable intersection of VLE implementation and student
mental health presents unique logistical and philosophical queries that remain unquelled. Method and
parameters This scoping review works to capture the current “size and location of the literature”
(Anderson et al., 2008, p.7) to better define the state of understanding of our research questions.
Investigating the capabilities of different technologies in different organizations. The action you just
performed triggered the security solution. In conjunction with a well-designed curriculum,
instructional practice plays a crucial role in how children learn. Female students, in particular,
highlighted issues like insufficient lab facilities and a perception of unequal distribution of resources
during clinical postings at local hospitals. These are some of the examples to explaining what the
review process. The coding process was iterative with regular consensus meetings between the two
researchers involved.
In the context of education, the importance of relevance in teaching methods cannot be
overemphasized. Without such research, institutions which utilize VLEs can only continue on
sometimes arbitrary perceptions of how best to serve student wellness. This is done by making a case
for the method the researcher believes appropriate and by illustrating why other methods are not
appropriate, citing related work. The historical research method aims to provide the useful insights
about thebackground and growth of the chosen field of study. Individual learners reflect on the
problem independently before sharing their thoughts or ideas with a peer. Investigating the
capabilities of different technologies in different organizations. J Educ Psychol. 2011;103(3):733..
Nuzhat A, Salem RO, Quadri MS, Al-Hamdan N. For further inquiry, we would suggest research
that included groups of whole divisions across multiple school boards allowing for parallel
interpretation and consistency. This should not only benefit learning outcomes, but also provide the
networking opportunities for employees to broaden their personal networks, which are often lost
when companies move from face-to-face formal training to e-learning-enabled organizational
learning. 5.4 Limitations This review has some limitations. In some classes, I ask students to work in
groups on individual assignments, but for the purpose of giving and receiving feedback on their
respective projects. Tarun (2019) defines online collaboration tools as “web-based tools that allow
individuals to do things together online like messaging, file sharing, and assessment” (p. 276).
Integrating technology tools like these in the classroom fosters “authentic and meaningful learning
experiences” (Boundless, 2015, sec 2) and also supports differentiated learning efforts (Boundless,
2015). It is natural to make more use of asynchronous assignments and to expect students to take
more responsibility for their study, given that they are not subject to direct supervision in a classroom
setting and may be accessing course materials outside of a conventional timetable. 4. Can online
distance learning support the development of self-regulated learning. Plan Research. Refine Topic
Start broad then refine or focus ideas Determine a list of questions to be asked and answered Break
thesis into basic elements Become a Human thesaurus. That is all to say that the interventions
themselves were multifaceted, and one could surmise a possible inability to distinguish which key
facet or combination was pivotal in the intervention. To sum up, this study discusses the potential
obstacles to personalized learning and practical solutions for these issues. There are several reasons
for maintaining a good process of writing and guidelines that are required. An investigation of
motivation and experience in virtual learning environments: A self-determination theory. Publications
Account settings Advanced Search Journal List Springer Nature - PMC COVID-19 Collection
Effects of virtual learning environments: A scoping review of literature Laura caprara. Discussion
forums often serve as the backbone for learning in online environments. In the same vein, Zhang et
al. ( 2017 ) described how VR influences reflective thinking and considered its indirect value to
overall learning effectiveness. These targeted recommendations aim to improve various aspects of
medical education, ensuring a higher quality of learning and student satisfaction. Developing
learning approaches that build on students’ current ability and support efficacy beliefs by allowing
autonomy with a proper challenge to promote academic attainment (Foshee, Elliott and Atkinson,
2016; Xie et al., 2019 ). Future studies can focus on higher-order thinking skills cultivation by
supporting these skills through personalized learning environments. Databases in which to base this
literature review are listed in Table 1. This situation has been further complicated in developing
countries, such as South Africa, who lack the digital infrastructure for the majority of the population.
An easier way is just to drop us a message on our Live ChatBox on the bottom right of the page. The
researchers review the main databases for educational technology to ensure all related journals of the
field are included. Introduction Increasingly educators are turning to digital online tools and
resources to supplement and enhance their teaching in the classroom. What are the parts of a
literature review methodology. Each journal was searched for “personalized learning,” “adaptive
learning,” “individualized instruction,” “customized learning,” and each result gone through the
inclusion criteria and final phase; papers were saved in Mendeley under subfolders for each journal.
Next function is demonstrating how any study advances knowledge uses the works to present
prevailing knowledge construct a situation that clearly depicts the gap in what is known that a study
will address.
The second and most important of the researcher is to determine the research gap, i. As a final article
addition, a second manual journal search was conducted where two studies were found to include
data that encompassed student perceptions of their experiences with VLEs, thus, resulting in a total
sum of 42 articles to be included in this scoping review. This gap can be filled up by focusing on
higher-order thinking skills cultivation by supporting these skills through personalized learning
environments. In the next section, we present the related background work. J Adv Med Educ
Professionalism. 2014;2(4):151. Haraldseid C, Friberg F, Aase K. In our reading and review of the
data therein, the themes of insufficient data surrounding VLEs, VLE benefits, the challenge of VLE
readiness, and that which constitutes the ideal VLE emerged as pivotal. Also, a focus on higher-
order thinking skills is not a common theme in the existing literature. The title, abstract, and when
necessary, the full paper was reviewed to decide if the paper met the inclusion criteria. At the end of
the day, it’s the students responsibility to do their own research and work. In particular, the
development of maturity models, such as the e-learning capability maturity model (eLCMM),
addresses technology-oriented concerns (Hammad et al. 2017 ) by overcoming the limitations of the
domain-specific models (e.g., game-based learning: Serrano et al. 2012 ) or more generic lenses such
as the e-learning maturity model (Marshall 2006 ). As the research objectives of the published work
shows, the research on eOL conducted during the last decade has particularly focused on the
following five directions. Part of this mixed response included the ministry directive that students’
marks and grades would be frozen to the date prior to the initial closure (Miller, 2020 ), though
opportunities for improvement would be provided. Future studies can focus on what components are
being used for each personalized learning approach and, at the same time, acknowledge it is a term
that will evolve by time as we learn more about human learning and as technology develop. Reprints
and permissions About this article Cite this article. From the selected studies, we can infer that eOL
research is either conducted in an industry-agnostic context (either generic or it was not properly
reported) or there is a focus on the IT industry (see Appendix ). For example, George and Lal ( 2019
) argued that personalized learning is meant to incorporate a learner’s varied attributes, including
learning style, knowledge level on a subject, preferences, and learner’s prior knowledge while they
discussed adaptive learning is adapting content according to learner’s choice and pace. Emmanuel
Levinas, a philosopher who wrote extensively on the innate ethical experience that is garnered
through face-to-face interaction, took a rare moment in his writing to offer insight on the dynamics
of education. Group members benefit when the task is complex, i.e. “high cognitive load”, and parts
can be distributed among the group. The path to inquiry In the summer of 2020, The Hospital for
Sick Children ( 2019 ) released a report that detailed how online learning and increased screen time
could result in an increase of negative mental health effects. Therefore, in this review we aim to
answer the following research questions (RQs): RQ1: What is the status of research at the
intersection of e-learning and organizational learning, seen through the lens of areas of
implementation (e.g., industries, public sector), technologies used, and methodologies (e.g., types of
data and data analysis techniques employed). Students are advised to sort out their ideas and prepare
them in paragraphs and lines for easy and efficient understanding. This stage of assessment resulted
in the inclusion of 38 articles. For one author who had been assigned to the new virtual school,
similar observations were made. Internet Reference Services Quarterly, 13(4), 363-380. Truong (
2016 ) stated that providing the same content to students with different qualifications and personal
traits and having different interests and needs is not considered adequate anymore when learning can
now be personalized. The primary factor that differentiates collaborative learning from cooperative
learning is the independent work that group members do in order to contribute to the task at hand.
This aid the author to construct the similarities, differences and further advancement in the relevant
field of study. Effects of virtual learning environments: A scoping review of literature The path to
inquiry. While the lack of data is often presented as a cautionary device for the demarcation of limits
to implementation outside the context of the studies and provide exhortation for further research to
be conducted, the admissions of insufficient data also point to the novel nature of the area of inquiry
in question. The group work also facilitates learning communities while improving student’s
understanding of diverse viewpoints and strengthening cooperation.
Download references Open Access funding provided by NTNU Norwegian University of Science
and Technology (incl St. Literature Review of Online Learning in Academic Libraries 2.1.
Introduction Online learning grows out of the literature on distributed and distance learning services,
which dates to 1963 when the Association of College and Research Libraries created a series of
guidelines for extended campus services ( Association of College and Research Libraries, 2015 ).
For example, George and Lal ( 2019 ) argued that personalized learning is meant to incorporate a
learner’s varied attributes, including learning style, knowledge level on a subject, preferences, and
learner’s prior knowledge while they discussed adaptive learning is adapting content according to
learner’s choice and pace. In the current study, gender difficulties, coupled with cultural barriers,
further complicated this scenario. There is a set strategy for teaching as the method has to be fine
tuned according to the requirement of the students. Reimagining the role of technology in education:
2017 national education technology plan update. The first smartphone was released in June 2007,
which might be an element of the increase due to flexibility and access it provides. Meantime,
review means the comparative study or analysing the past available information. If material is not
included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by
statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from
the copyright holder. The adaptability to technological advancements is evident, with a shift toward
digital resources like software and iPads, which seem to partly mitigate the limitations of physical
resources. These personal observations were similarly attested by several colleagues. Investigating the
capabilities of different technologies in different organizations. Without such research, institutions
which utilize VLEs can only continue on sometimes arbitrary perceptions of how best to serve
student wellness. In the case of the COVID-19 context, it must be understood that the changes to
educational architectures were motivated by the physical requirement of stopping the spread of
disease rather than what research has shown to be the best mode of education for the learner and
their mental health needs. That is, the specialized nature of these studies involved students who had
the responsibility of dealing with patient care, using VLEs to interact with their patients. Rights and
permissions Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any
medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source,
provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. Guidance from
Ontario teacher unions was to avoid videoconferencing and webcasting (OECTA, 2020 ) to maintain
the privacy of both teacher and student. A controlled study in 2018 by Ruchan Uz and Adem Uzun
of 167 undergraduate students on a programming language course compared blended learning with
a traditional learning environment. On Thursday, March 12, 2020 at 4:00p.m. we tuned into the local
news channel to hear that the Ontario Provincial Government was putting the province into
lockdown to avert the upcoming threat of the novel Coronavirus, SARS-COVID-19. Asking the
right questions: Scoping studies in the commissioning of research on the organisation and delivery of
health services. This should not only benefit learning outcomes, but also provide the networking
opportunities for employees to broaden their personal networks, which are often lost when
companies move from face-to-face formal training to e-learning-enabled organizational learning. 5.4
Limitations This review has some limitations. A fresh contribution stands that the study is not
replication or reinventing the wheel rather it seeks new facts, a new explanation or new theory
building. In order to justify the research gap and stressing knowledge gap, possible only through
review of existing body of knowledge. Fellowships to apply for now National Science Foundation
Graduate Research Fellowship Program Department of Defense Science and Engineering Program.
As it stands, there lies the strong possibility that K-12 students are experiencing VLE
implementations that do not actively partake in the qualities of a VLE that soundly offer best
practices, working to support the mental health needs of students. Role of self-reflection Reflections
on learning were expressed by some students. A third example includes “social loafing” which
describes the phenomenon where one group member may not contribute at the same level because
they believe other group members may help “pick up the slack”. Today’s personalized learning
theories are inspired by educational philosophy from the progressive era in the previous century,
especially John Dewey’s ( 1915, 1998 ) emphasis on experiential, learner-centered learning, social
learning, extension of the curriculum, and fitting for a changing world. Different areas of your study
may be divided into subsections that focus on specific aspects of your topic. Learners perceiving a
separation between learning and practical work tend to engage selectively with tasks, influenced by
their perceived educational value.
Book Google Scholar Spector, J. M. (2018). The potential of smart technologies for learning and
instruction. This is also identified in our literature review since we found only limited specialized e-
learning systems in domain areas that have traditionally benefited from such technology. Data
availability The qualitative data used in the current study are not publicly available as the related
quotes are shared in the results section, however they can be available from the corresponding author
on reasonable request. Inclusion criteria In initially assessing and screening the results of the database
searches, we ventured to remove sources that did not pertain to the contexts of VLEs and the
student’s experience of those VLEs. Another finding is that adaptive learning is the most used term
follows personalized learning. This enabled us to summarize the contemporary research on eOL
according to five major categories, each of which is describes further below. Also, some research
issues and potential future development directions are discussed. Please include what you were
doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page. In the
next several sections, each term will be defined, and their relationship with personalized learning will
be discussed. Introduction Personalized learning has been a topic of research for a long time.
Michalski, M. P. (2014). Symbolic meanings and e-learning in the workplace: The case of an intranet-
based training tool. This is done by making a case for the method the researcher believes appropriate
and by illustrating why other methods are not appropriate, citing related work. Katie Wilkes
Research Funding and Development Services. Collection methods could also be categorized as
digital or manual. These results align with existing literature, emphasizing the integration of theory
and practice and the significant impact of faculty roles in academic experiences. The potential for
quasi-experimental methods in information systems, especially as a foundation of a mixed method
approach is great. Figure 1 shows the results of the initial google scholar search on “personalized
learning” published papers (Fig. 1 ). Nine journals were determined as the source of papers to be
reviewed for this study. Our personal experience of in-person learning after the initial lockdown was
atypical: though there was slight excitement the first day, this waned quickly and by the end of the
week students were behaving very differently than they had been in March. Students also employ
oral sources as a source of data collection. Personal well-being among medical students: findings
from an AAMC pilot survey. Many e-learning systems use a hybrid version of ILE and PLE that
allows organizations to have either instructor-led or self-paced courses. It is important to highlight
that the articles were coded based on the reported information, that different authors reported
information at different levels of granularity (e.g., an online system vs. The images or other third
party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated
otherwise in a credit line to the material. Affectively, collaborative learning efforts may lead to more
“positive attitudes towards teachers”. Female students, in particular, highlighted issues like
insufficient lab facilities and a perception of unequal distribution of resources during clinical
postings at local hospitals. The methodology is also used for beautifying essays. You should chase
down and use the reference if the reference author links to another source whose thoughts are
relevant or fascinating. A suggestion for further inquiry may entail the implementation of
standardized data sources such as the PSS-10, the CES-D, and the MBI-SS utilized by Lee and Oh (
2017 ). There is cooperation from the administration generally. According to the United States
National Education Technology Plan 2017, personalized learning is defined as “instruction in which
the pace of learning and the instructional approach are optimized for each learner’s needs.
This indicates the very limited focus of the eOL research on the various capabilities of e-learning
systems. In other words, the literature has been very detailed on the organizational value and
employees’ acceptance of the technology, but less detailed on the capabilities of this technology that
needs to be put into place to achieve the intended goals and strategic agenda. Also, some research
issues and potential future development directions are discussed. Many people would prefer to sit
down and read an article than sit down and craft what they have already read. At an institutional
level it can be said that most schools are not equipped to create VLEs where students can thrive,
even those schools that are virtual by design. Caution must be employed when developing
questionnaires, interview questions, and surveys that provide opportunities to participants for open-
ended self-reporting. K-12 students often spend more than half their waking hours in school
environments and VLEs; it is notably unclear why most of the studies observed in this scoping
review are unilaterally disinterested in exploring an identified area of need for mental health support.
The purpose of our scoping review is to isolate and investigate the existing data and research that
identifies if the real-time visual presence of a teacher in a VLE is a significant factor in a student’s
ability to maintain good mental health. Here is Outline of lecture: - Types of literature review. -
Planning the literature search. - Conducting the literature search. - Evaluating and reading literature.
- Writing your literature review. - Referencing your literature review. Almansour, M., Almoayad, F.
Exploring challenges and perceptions in the learning environment: an online qualitative study of
medical students. This is not to be mistaken as a review but the stages of procedures resulting in the
finished work and the patterns employed. Screen capture recordings enhance connectedness among
students, course content, and faculty. Many students shared that they had taken on full-time hours at
their part-time jobs. RQ2: How can e-learning be leveraged to enhance the process of improving
actions through better knowledge and understanding in an organization. In that report, the literature
review is used to establish several conclusions about the implementation of online learning
programmes. Coda: review and revise It is fair to say that the move to an entirely distance learning
programme is the single biggest and most rapid change that many educators will ever have had to
make. The atmosphere was actually encouraging you to study during your free time. Benefits
Specific to Online Collaborative Learning Roberts (2004) describes additional benefits specific to
collaborative learning in the online environment. We didn’t get the full advantage of them, and the
lack of labs, especially for female students, and we were unsettled in one place. This example can
lead to “missed retrieval opportunities”. The range of conceptions suggests that the supervisors of
postgraduates and other teachers interested in the literature review process need to accept literature
reviews as a problem area for students and develop strategies to help them. This aid the author to
construct the similarities, differences and further advancement in the relevant field of study. That is,
the specialized nature of these studies involved students who had the responsibility of dealing with
patient care, using VLEs to interact with their patients. Asking the right questions: Scoping studies in
the commissioning of research on the organisation and delivery of health services. In general,
personalized-learning models seek to adapt to the pace of learning and the instructional strategies,
content and activities being used to fit best each learner’s strengths, weaknesses, and interests.
Educational factors Decisions about the importance and relevance of their learning. More than ever,
teachers need to work at providing positive encouragement to their students, praising and rewarding
success and acknowledging challenges when they exist. A systematic review of the literature
describing the outcomes of near-peer mentoring programs for first year medical students. We believe
that the near exclusivity of undergraduate students in the research limited our ability to present a
complete picture of the current state of VLEs for all students. As Blayone et al. ( 2018 ) points out,
vital to the VLE experience is “high quality activity design, strong environmental and motivational
supports, and competent online facilitators” (p.15). Teacher readiness for both the technological
scope of VLEs and for the new expectations that they are the sole social-emotional support for
students and families (at the very least a proxy to such supports) is generally low. However,
employees were seen as static entities within the organization, with limited work investigating how
eOL-based training exposes employees to new knowledge, broadens their skills repertoire, and has
tremendous potential for fostering innovation (Lin and Sanders 2017 ).
It is important to highlight that the articles were coded based on the reported information, that
different authors reported information at different levels of granularity (e.g., an online system vs.
The fourth step was to download all those papers to Mendeley (indexing database) and index them
under sub-folders for each journal database. The themes could also be a way of evaluation; for
example, the dark ages are associated with wars, death, witchcraft, and gothic features. The
adaptability to technological advancements is evident, with a shift toward digital resources like
software and iPads, which seem to partly mitigate the limitations of physical resources. Learning has
been defined as a stable and persistent change in what a person knows and can do. Appavoo et al.
(2019) add that collaborative learning efforts in online courses can be difficult to coordinate for
learners, as some are also balancing professional and family-related commitments. The group work
also facilitates learning communities while improving student’s understanding of diverse viewpoints
and strengthening cooperation. Promoting collaboration over competition among students will foster
a supportive educational atmosphere. Finally, we acknowledge that the selected methodology
(Kitchenham and Charters 2007 ) includes potential biases (e.g., false negatives and false positives),
and that different, equally valid methods (e.g., Okoli and Schabram 2010 ) might have been used
and have resulted in slightly different outcomes. Personal well-being among medical students:
findings from an AAMC pilot survey. Contemporary e-learning systems provide the medium to
substantiate the necessary knowledge flow within organizations and to support employees’ overall
learning. Sources not directly cited in the Lit Review should not be listed in the Works Cited list. In
some classes, I ask students to work in groups on individual assignments, but for the purpose of
giving and receiving feedback on their respective projects. It helps teachers provide immediate
feedback to students and enables students to interact with one another” (Ontario Ministry of
Education, 2020, PPM 164). Enriching the learning flow and learning potential in different levels
within an organization. Researchers need to keep up with the demand of personalized learning. I
could be used to outline ideas, analyze issues and examine theories. Miliband, D. (2006). Choice and
voice in personalised learning. As shown in Table 4, we have found 56 papers met the minimum
quality criteria and were examined in detail; 33 of them use personalized learning, 17 adaptive
learning, three individualized instruction, and three customized learning. Given that, more or less by
definition, students participating in an online distance learning programme will be operating with a
greater degree of autonomy, it may be expected that those who will be best suited to online learning
will be those with the greatest propensity for self-regulated learning. Furthermore, enhancing
supportive infrastructures, such as mental health and financial services, and promoting extracurricular
activities are crucial for fostering a more effective and nurturing learning environment. Transforming
American education: Learning powered by technology. The first year (phase 1) in medical school is
preparatory, during which the students study chemistry, physics, and the English language. This
enabled us to summarize the contemporary research on eOL according to five major categories, each
of which is describes further below. At the same time, educators were told to create virtual learning
environments (VLEs) to deliver this emergency instruction. In Finding out Fast: Investigative Skills
for Policy andDevelopment. A recent article on LinkedIn Learning (Pace, 2020) outlines the “soft”
skills that companies are seeking in prospective employees in 2020. Nevertheless, despite the
limitations of the selected methodology, it is a well-accepted and widely used literature review
method in both software engineering and information systems (Boell and Cecez-Kecmanovic 2014 ),
providing certain assurance of the results. 6 Conclusions and Future Work We have presented an
SLR of 47 contributions in the field of eOL over the last decade. Other studies focused on online
learning environments (4), collaborative learning systems (3), social learning systems (3), smart
learning systems (2), podcasting (2), with the rest of the studies using a specific system (e.g., a wiki,
mobile learning, e-portfolios, Second Life, web application). 4.4 Research Objectives The research
objectives of the studies could be separated into six main categories. The approach the groups used in
handling the discussions was generally analytical problem-solving, and in some situations, it was
more oriented toward generating recommendations, such as practical steps, to improve the learning
environment.