MANUEL S.

ENVERGA UNIVERSITY FOUNDATION

COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE & FINE ARTS

SP1A1
SPECIALIZATION 1

AR MARIA VILLA A SARMIENTO

CONSTRUCTION
MANAGEMENT
o The precedence diagram method (PDM) is a tool
for scheduling activities in a project plan.
o A method of constructing a project schedule
diagram that uses boxes, referred to as a nodes,
to represent activities and connects them with
arrows that show the dependencies.

Other methods to draw network diagram

▪ Arrow Diagramming Method (ADM)
▪ GERT: allows loops between activities
or activity-on-node (AON) method
• Method used in Critical Path Methodology
• No dummy activities
• Logical relationship
Finish-to-Start (FS)
Finish-to-Finish (FF)
Start-to-Start (SS)
Start-to-Finish (SF)
1. Available on almost all commercial microcomputer-base on
PMS.
2. Around 30% of contracting organization in Europe are using
PDM
3. This technique is more versatile as compared to other
network planning
4. Availability of lag has made this technique more adaptable
to the planner’s needs.
5. This tool can guide managers in making critical decisions
such as to deploy resources based on priority.
6. Can assist the client in determining the duration for
extension of time.
FINISH TO START
START TO START
FINISH TO FINISH
START TO FINISH
Total Float (TF) is the amount
of time an activity can be
delayed without delaying
project end date.
How to calculate Float?

Float = LS – ES or LF - EF
▪ Critical Path (CF) is the longest
duration path in a network
diagram
▪ And is the shortest time to
complete project
▪ It helps to determine the focus for
project management efforts
▪ CF activities have zero float
▪ Graphical Evaluation and Review
Technique, commonly known as GERT, is a
network analysis technique used in project
management that allows probabilistic
treatment both network logic and
estimation of activity duration. The
technique was first described in 1966 by Dr.
Alan B. Pritsker of Purdue University and
WW Happ.
▪ Compared to other techniques, GERT is only
rarely used in complex systems. Nevertheless,
the GERT approach addresses the majority of the
limitations associated with PERT/CPM
technique. GERT allows loops between tasks.
The fundamental drawback associated with the
GERT technique is the complex programme
(Monte Carlo simulation) required to model the
GERT system. Development in GERT includes Q-
GERTS - allowing the user to consider queuing
within the system.
▪ Application of network analysis to project
planning and control has been extensive since
the late 1950’s, PERT and CPM, the best-known
network modeling techniques, have been
applied to a diverse number of projects for
planning and control purposes. However, PERT
and CPM do have limited capabilities which
prohibit modeling of many complex project
network forms.
▪ A more flexible generalized network tool which
has received increased attention recently is
GERT (Graphical Evaluation and Review
Technique), GERT includes features such as
probabilistic branching (stochastic models),
network looping (feedback loops), multiple sink
nodes (multiple outcomes), and multiple node
realization (repeat events) which are unavailable
in PERT/CPM.
▪ These GERT features provide the user with
the capability to model and analyze projects
and systems of a very general form. Since
many real-world system problems do involve
probabilistic occurences, false-starts, activity
repetition, and multiple outcomes, GERT is
an ideal tool for the modeling and analysis.
▪ The purpose of this paper is to describe the
GERT network modeling technique and
simulation package and demonstrate its
capabilities via an example of R&D project
planning. Included in this overview of GERT
will be a discussion of the use of GERT output
for management planning and control
including sensitivity analysis and
implementation.
▪ GERT Modeling
▪ The conceptual framework for construction
of PERT/CPM networks is straight forward
and generally well-known. However, since
GERT networks are similar in construction to
PERT/CPM networks it will be useful to briefly
review the PERT/CPM components.
▪ PERT/CPM networks consist of two major
components, activities and events. Network
activities represent actual operations of the
real-world project, while events represent
milestones in the project that occur at a point
in time. Events can represent the beginning
or end of an activity or both; and the
beginning or end of both of more than one
activity.
▪ Activities generally consume time and
resources. In network configuration, events
are represented by arrows. PERT and CPM
differ in that in CPM activities are assumed to
have only a single time for duration while in
PERT the activity times are probabilistic, and
typically described by a three-estimate beta
distribution.
The GERT Characteristics
 THANK YOU!

Ar Maria Villa Amparo Sarmiento