PBL REPORT

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

KOLHAPUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(AUTONOMOUS), KOLHAPUR 2022-23

 KOLHAPUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS), KOLHAPUR
2023-24

DETAILED PROJECT REPORT

ON DESIGN AND ESTIMATION OF 1.8 MLD
SEWAGE TRATMENT PLANT FOR KANDALGAON

Submitted to
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
By
Name of candidates
Vedanjali bharmal (43)
Vaishnavi jadhav (49)
Rutuja redekar (51)
Sakshi kumbhar (55)

Under the guidance of:

Prof. Dr Sunil Shaha
 CONTENTS

1.) Introduction

- Introduction

- Need for sewerage scheme

- Scope of the work

- Population data and forecasting

- Flow calculation

- Laboratory analysis

- Selection of process

2.) Design of Treatment units

- Screen chamber

- Grit chamber

- Proportional flow weir

- Primary sedimentation tank

- Extended aeration treatment

 INTRODUCTION
1. Sewage treatment is a multi-stage process designed to treat sewage and protect

natural water bodies. Municipal sewage contains various wastes. If improperly

collected and improperly treated, this sewage and its related solids could hurt

human health and the environment.

2. Essentially, a sewage treatment plant operates by circulating air to encourage the

growth of bacteria to break down sewage. The goal is to deliver much cleaner,

more environmentally friendly effluent. It involves a similar process to a typical

septic tank but has some key differences.

3. The main goal of wastewater treatment facilities is to protect humans and the

ecosystem from harmful and toxic elements found in wastewater. Water

treatment facilities were designed to speed up the natural process of purifying

water because the natural process is overloaded.

4. Sewage Treatment: The process of removing impurities from waste water before

it can be reused or sent to the water bodies is called sewage treatment or

cleaning of water. Sewage: The liquid waste which has water as its largest

component (along with various types of impurities) is called sewage.

Need for sewerage scheme

The need for a sewerage system the sewerage project, which uses significant public and social
resources, constitutes the basic infrastructure of the country and an indisputable indicator of
civilization and development. The works cover several important social needs and aim to improve the
quality of life and protect public health and the environment. Some of the benefits and advantages
of a sewerage system include:

• Improve the quality of life

The operation of the sewers relieved these areas to a large extent of the earlier problems caused by
the constant emptying of garbage cans. A sewage system provides a healthier and more convenient
way to handle liquid waste.

• Conservation of the natural environment

With the operation of the sewage system, groundwater pollution no longer occurs and the entry of
sewage waste into surface water is significantly reduced. Clogging of drains and the risk of surface
water weeds are reduced, which leads to the renewal of canals and the return water system.
• Storage and treatment of water

Water is an important natural resource for our country and should be managed in the best possible
way. Tertiary treated wastewater from the sewage treatment plant is reused for agricultural and
other purposes, which helps save valuable water resources.

• Standard of living

Improving the quality of groundwater and surface water minimizes waterborne diseases. As a result
of the above, sanitation continues to contribute to the development and standard of living of the
inhabitants of the city of Limassol. Considering all the above advantages, there is no doubt that if we
do everything together, we and our children will enjoy a better quality of life in the years to come
and guarantee a better environment for future generations.
 SCOPE OF WORK
The scope of consultant under the proposed mission is the preparation of DPR for the proposed 1.8
MLD Sewage treatment plant. The scope covers preparation of Concept Plan, Designing, Estimation
and we will approach the project on the basis of service level framework, and carry out required
investigation. Accordingly the DPR is prepared in a phased manner based on the level of priority and
needs. The DPR for sewage treatment plant at kandalgoan is presented here.

The Letter of Acceptance specifies the following scope of the consultants:

1. Extension of the two numbers of 600mm pumping main up to the entry point of new STP

2. Design of individual components of the new STP with MBBR as the technology

3. Preparation of layout drawing

4. Structural, mechanical and electrical design and detailing

5. Sizing and listing of all units and equipments

6. General Arrangement Drawing

7. Wiring Diagram

8. Foundation Design with given parameters of safe loads by the client

9. All Drawings

10. Detailed costing as per DSR 2016

11. Submission of Draft DPR

12. Submission of final DPR after correction

The DPR shall be in two volumes

Volume I: Reports and Drawings

Volume II: Estimates Supported by PWD Observed Data/ Rate Analysis

2. APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY

2.1 Population Forecasting

2.1.1 Arithmetic Method

This method is generally applicable to large and old cities. In this method, the average increase of
population per decade is calculated from the past records and added to the present population to
estimate the population in the next decade. This method gives a low value and is suitable for well-
settled and established communities.

Year Population
1981 1770
1991 2564
2001 3182
2011 3864

Year Population Increase

1981 1770 -
1991 2564 794
2001 3182 618
2011 3864 682

For Population Forecasting,

𝑃𝑛 = 𝑃0 + 𝑛𝑥

Pn = forcasted population (pn) after n decades

X = average (arithmetic mean) of population increase
N = number of decades between last census and future
Therefore ,

𝑃𝑛 = 𝑃0 + 𝑛𝑥

P2.4 = 3864 + (2.4 × 698 )

P 2.4 = 5539.2 = 5540

Estimated population of year 2035 is 5540 by arithmetical increase method.

2.1.2 Incremental Increase

In this method, the increment in arithmetical increase is determined from the past decades and the
average of that increment is added to the average increase. This method gives increased values
compared to the figures obtained by the arithmetical increase method

Year Population
1981 1770
1991 2564
2001 3182
2011 3864

Year Population Increase Incremental increase

1981 1770 - -
1991 2564 794 -
2001 3182 618 -176
2011 3864 682 64

For year 2035 ,

n(n+1)
Pn= pn+nx + y
2

2.4 ( 2.4 +1 )
P 2.4=3864+ ( 2.4 ) × ( 698 ) + ×(−56)
2
= 5310.72 = 5311

Estimated population of year 2035 is 5311 by incremental increase method .

2.1.3 Geometrical Increase

In this method, the percentage increase is assumed to be the rate of growth and the average of the
percentage increase is used to determine the increment in future population. This method gives a
much higher value and is mostly applicable to growing towns and cities having vast scope of
expansion.

Year Population
1981 1770
1991 2564
2001 3182
2011 3864

Year Population Increase % increase in

population
1981 1770 - -
1991 2564 794 44.85%
2001 3182 618 24.10%
2011 3864 682 21.43%

𝐺𝑒𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑟 = 30.126 %

( )
n
r
Pn=P 0 1+
100

( )
2.4
30.126
P 2035=3864 1+
100

= 7269.6 = 7270

Estimated population of year 2035 is 7270 by geometrical increase method

2.1.4 Graphical Prediction

From the graphical analysis of the three population forecasting methods incremental method gives
the least expected increase whereas geometrical increase method gives highest expected increase

The arithmetical method gives the median increase in population , therefore it is safe to assume that
arithmetical method gives the optimum increase of population in this case .

Location specific details

ESTIMATION OF WATEWATER FLOW

 Total water supply = population of the area x average water supply

=5540 × 135

=747900 l/day

= 747.9 m3 / day

 Discharge of daily wastewater rate =

= 80% of the water supply rate

= 598 = 600m3/day

Therefore ,

Average flow = 600m3/d

= 0.00694 m3/sec

 Peak factor for population below 20000 = 3

Therefore ,

Peak flow = 1800 m3/d

= 0.02083m3/s
Sewage treatment technology

Primary treatment consists solely separating the floating materials and also the heavy settable
organic and inorganic solids. It also helps in removing the oils and grease from the sewage. This
treatment reduces the BOD of the wastewater by about 15 to 30%.The operation used are screening
for removing floating papers, rages , cloths , etc., grit chambers or detritus tanks for removing grit
and sand and , skimming tanks for removing oils and grease ; and primary settling tank is provided
for removal of residual suspended matter .

3.1.1 Screen chamber

The influent passes through a bar screen to remove all large objects like cans , rags , sticks , plastic
packets , etc. carried in the sewage stream. Bar screen is asset of inclined parallelbars,fixed at a
certain distance apart in a channel. These are used for removing larger particles of floating and
suspended matter. The wastewater entering the screening channel should have a minimum self-
clearing velocity. Also,the velocity should not rise to such extent as to dislodge the screening from
the bars. This is most commonly done with an automated mechanically raked bar screen in modern
plants serving large populations, whilein smaller or less modern plants, a manually cleaned screen
may be used. The slope of the hand cleaned screens should be between 30º and 45º with the
horizontal and that of mechanically cleaned screens may be between 45 and 80 . The raking action of
a mechanicalbar screen is typically paced according to the accumulation on the bar screens and/or
flow rate. The solids are collected and later disposed of in landfill , or incinerated.

DESIGN OF SCREEN CGAMBER

Flow conditions in upcoming trunk sewer

 Diameter in incoming sewer at peak flow = 1m

 Depth of flow in sewer at peak flow = 0.125m
 Velocity in sewer at peak flow = 0.7 m/s
 Assume width of rectangular bar =10 mm = 0.01m
 Clear spacing between 2 bars = 25mm =0.025m
 Depth of flow in screen chamber = 0.3m
 Assume velocity of flow through rack opening = 0.6m/s
 Drop of screen chamber to floor invert = 0.08m

 Clear area of opening through rack

Q
V
0.02083
=
0.7
¿ 0.02976 m2
  Clear width of opening through the rack

area
Width =
depth
0.02976
¿
0.125
¿ 0.238 m

clear widthof opening through racks

 Number of bars =
clear spacing between bars
0.238
=
0.025
= 9.5 = 9

 No of openings = 9+1 = 10

 Total width of screen chamber = (10 × 0.025 ) + ( 9 × 0.01)

= 0.34 m

 Velocity through clear opening of bar rack

flow
V=
net area of opening through rack
0.02083
=
10× 0.025 ×0.125
= 0.666m/s

 Headloss through bar rack using kilschmer’s formulae ,

w
h= B ( )4/3 × hv × sinθ
b
2
v Q 0.02083 m
hv= v= = =0.49
2g A 0.34 × 0.125 s

θ=45 °−60 ° for manually cleaned

B = bar shape factor

= 2.42 ( for rectangular sharp edge bar )

 10 4/3 0.492
h= 2.42( ) × × sin(60)
25 2 ×9.81
h= 0.00756 m

 Headloss through bar rack at 50% clogging

10 4/3 0.492
h = 2.42( ) × × sin(60)
25/2 2 ×9.81
= 0.019 m

GRIT REMOVAL :

Grit chambers are designed for the removal of grit consists of sand, gravel, cinders or other inert
solid material having specific gravity about 2.65 which is much greater than those of the organic
solids present in sewage.

Grit Removal is necessary to :

 Reduce formation of heavy deposits in aeration tanks, aerobic digesters, pipelines, channels,
and conduits

 Reduces the frequency of digester cleaning caused by excessive accumulation of grit and

 Protect moving mechanical equipment from abrasion and accompanying abnormal wear.

In this chamber particles settle as individual entities and there is no significant interaction with the
neighboring particles. This type of settling is refferd as free settling or zone-I settling. For proper
functioning of the grit chamber, the velocity through the grit chamber should not be allowed to
change in spite of the change in flow. One of the most satisfactory types of automatic velocity control
is achieved by providing a proportional weir at the outlet. Grit chambers come in 3 types: horizontal
grit chambers, aerated grit chambers, and vortex grit chambers. The horizontal flow grit chambers
should be designed in such a way that under the most adverse conditions, all the grit particles of size
0.20mm or more in diameter should reach the bed of the channel prior to reaching which again
depends on the settling velocity. A minimum allowance of approximately twice the maximum depth
should be given for inlet and outlet zones.

The wastewater after grit removal in grit chamber mainly contains light weight organic matter is
settled in the primary sedimentation tanks. The primary sedimentation tanks generally removes 30
to 40% of the total BOD and 50 to 70% of suspended solids from the raw sewage. The flow through
velocity of 1 cm/sec at average flow is used for design with detention period in the range of 90 to
150 minutes. The horizontal velocity will be generally effective for removal of organics suspended
solids of size above 0.1mm. Effluent weirs are provided at the effluent end of the rectangular tanks,
and aroud the periphery in the circular tanks. The sludge collection hopper is provided near the
centre in circular tank and near the influent weir for removal of floating matter. This scum formed on
the surface is periodically removed from the tank mechanically or manually.

Particales in relatively dilute concentration with smaller size sometimes will not act as discrete
particles but these particles will coalesce during sedimentation. As flocculation occurs, the size of the
particle increase and it settles faster. The magnitude of flocculation will depend upon the
opportunity for contact between the particles, which depends upon overflow rate, temporal mean
velocity gradient in the system and concentration and size of the particles. Although, settling rate of
particles is independent of depth of basin, the basin depth will decide liquid detention time in the
tank and sufficient depth should be provided for settling to separate it from sludge settled zone. The
effect of these variables on settling can only be determined by sedimentation tests, and classical laws
of sedimentation are not applicable, due to change in characteristics of the particle during settling.

Settling column studies are used to determined the settling characteristics of the suspension of
flocculent particles.

Primary sedimentation tanks can be circular or rectangular tanks designed using average dry weather
flow and checked for peak flow conditions. Inlets for both rectangular and circular tanks are to be
designed to distribute the flow equally across the cross section . Scum removal arrangement is
provided ahead of the effluent weir in all the PST. The detention time usually provided is between 1.5
and 2.5 h at average flow. To avoid resuspension of settled particles, horizontal velocities through the
PST should be kept sufficiently low.

DESIGN OF GRIT CHAMBER :

The surface overflow rate for 100% removal efficiency in an ideal grit chamber = settlling velocity of
the maximum size of particlesto be removed. = 0.018m/s or 1555 m/d

Peak flow = 0.02083 m3/s.

 Actual overflow rate consider

Vs
×
ⴄ= 1-[ 1 + n Q ]1/n
A

Assuming ,

1
ⴄ = 0.75 n=
8

Vs = 1555 mld = 0.018 m/s .

Q n ×vs
=
A ¿¿
 Q 118 ×0.018
=
A ¿¿

Q
= 0.0119 m/s. = 1027.31 mld .
A

 Determinations of dimensions :

Plan area of grit chamber (A)

Q
A= Q
A

1800
=
1027.313

= 1.75m2

 Assume width of channel = 0.8 m

1.75
Length of grit chamber =
0.8

=2.18 m

Add 25% for inlet and outlet turbulence

=2.18 + ( 0.25 ×2.18 )

= 2.725 m = 3m

 The critical displacement velocity to initiate re -suspension of 0.15 mm grit is 0.16 m/s

Assume depth = 0.3 m

Q
V=
A

0.02083
=
0.8 ×0.3

= 0.08679 m/s
  Hydraulic retention time at peak flow

volume
=
Q

3× 0.8 ×0.3
=
0.02083

=34.56 =35 sec

 Total depth of grit chamber

Water depth + free depth + grit storage space = 0.3 + 0.25 +0.2

= 0.8m

Provide grit chamber of 0.8×0.8×3m3

 Proportional flow weir ( velocity flow controller)

Flow through proportional flow weir is given by

a
Q = c×b √ 2× a × g [ H – ]
3
For symmetrical sharp edged weir

c = 0.61

Assuming ,

a = 0.04m = 40mm

n = 0.3 m at peak flow

0.04
0.02083 = 0.61 × b × √ 2× 0.04 × 9.81 [ 0.3 – ]
3
b = 0.13 m

X=
b
2
2
( 1 - tan−1
π
y
a √
−1 )

X=
0.13
2
2
( 1- tan−1
π
y )
a
−1
√
y = 10 to 25 mm

a = 0.035
 b y (m) a x
0.13 0.1 0.035 0.0432
0.13 0.2 0.035 0.0281
0.13 0.3 0.035 0.0216

DESIGN OF V NOTCH WEIR :

A plate across a channel that is thin , in relation to the channel width , and into which a V – shaped
notch has been cut .

Flow goes over the notch .

The notched plate is set perpendicular to the direct of the flow of water and results in a pool of
water upstream .

This pool of water helps to dissipate turbulence and normalize the approaching velocity .

Q = 0.02083 m3/s

8 5/2 θ
a = cd× H × √ 2 g × tan
15 2

Assume θ = 60 °

cd = coefficient of discharge =0.77

g = 9.81 m/s2

8 60
0.02083 = 0.77×
15
× H5/2× √ 2× 9.81 × tan ( 2 )
H = 0.2084m = 0.21 m.

ASP EXTENDED AERATION

Extended aeration does not require primary trearment . It utilizes a large aeration basin where a
high population of microorganisms is maintained . It is used for small flows from subdivisions ,
schools , etc .

It has a channel in the shape of a race track , with rotors being used to supply oxygen and maintain
circulation .

The excess sludge does not reqire separate digestion and can be directly dried on sand beds . Also
the excess sludge production is minimum .
The flow scheme of the extended aeration are similar to that of the completely mixed processes
except that primary settling is ommited .

The process employes low organic loading , long aeration time , high MLSS concentration and low
F/M .

The BOD removal efficiency is high . Because of long detention in the aeration tank , the mixed liquor
solids undergo considerable endogeneous respiration and get well stabilized .

The excess sludge does not require separate digestion and can be directly dried on sand beds .

The oxygen required for the process is higher and the running costs are also therefore high .

In small plants intermmitent operation of extended aeration systems may be adopted , intermittent
aeration cycles are : ( i ) closing of inlet and aerating the sewage , (ii) stoping aeration and letting the
contents settle and (iii) letting in fresh sewage which displaces an equal quantity of clarrified effluent

Sludge is wasted from the mixed liquor . To handle continuous flows a number of units may be
operated in parallel .

The oxidation ditch is one of form of an extended aeration system having certain special features like
an endless ditch for the aeration tank and rotor for the aeration mechanism . The ditch consist of a
long continuous channel usually oval in plan .

 Design considerations

Average flow = 600 m3/d

Influent BOD 5 = 110 mg/lit

Influent TSS = 408 mg/lit

Effluent BOD5 = 30 mg/lit

Effluent TSS = 30 mg/lit

Assume MLSS = 4000 mg/lit

MLVSS
= = 0.8
MLSS
MLVSS = 3200 mg/lit

Assume F/M = 0.1 per day

 Design

Volume of aeration

F Q. S 0
=
M V .X
 Q.S0
600 ×110
V= F =
.X 0.1× 3200
M
=206.25 m3
Assuming depth 4m

V = area×depth

Therefore ,

206.25
Area =
4
= 51.56 = 52 m2

Assuming,

L:B = 1.5 :1

52= 1.5 B2

B = 5.88 m

Length = 1.5 × 5.88

= 8.82 m

Total depth = water depth + free board + sludge storage

= 4 + 0.3 + 0.3

= 4.6m

2) assuming,

Y= 0.5

Kd= 0.06

θc=20 days
Therefore ,

Quantity of sludge to be wasted

y
Yob =
1+ kd .θc
0.5
=
1+ kd .θc
0.5
=
1+(0.06 × 20)
= 0.23
 Px (VSS) = yobs ×Q × 9 SO−S ¿

= O .23× 600 ×(100−30)

= 11040 gm/d

= 11.04 kg/d

11.04
Px (SS) =
0.8
= 13.8 kg/d

 Determination of sludge wasting rate

v. x
θc=
Qwr × Xr

v. x
Qwr =
θc × Xr

206.25× 3200
=
20× 8000

= 4.125 m3/d

 Determination of sludge recirculation ratio

Aeration tank VSS conc. = 3200 mg/l

Return sludge VSS conc. = 8000 mg/l

3200 ( Q+Qr ) = 8000 Qr

Qr 2
=
Q 3

V
 HRT =
Q

206.25
=
600

= 0.34 d = 8.5 hrs

 Qxygen requirement
 −3
Q ( So−S ) × 10
Mass of BODultimate utilized =
f

For converting 5 days BOD to ultimate BOD

F = 0.68

−3
600 ×(110−30) ×10
=
0.68

= 70.58 kg/d

Kg of oxygen = mass of BOD utilized – 1.42 Px(VSS)

= 70.58 – 1.42 (11.04)
= 50.90 kg/d

Q. So
 BOD loading =
V

600 ×100
= 3
206 ×10

= 0.32

 SECONDARY SEDIMENTATION TANK

Assuming SOR = 10m3/m2/day
Solid loading rate = SLR = 50 kg/day/m2

600
Surface area required =
10

= 60 m2
 −3
600 ×4000 × 10
Solid area required =
50

 Check for the peak flow

Peak flow
SOR =
surface area

1800
¿
60
= 30 m3/m2/d …………. It is ok.

−3
1800× 4000 ×10
=
170

= 42.35 m3

Highest area 60m2 to be adopted .

Therefore ,

Diameter D = 8.74 m

Assuming ,

Detention time = 2 hrs .

600 ×2
Volume = = 50 m3
24
V = area × depth

V
Depth =
A
50
=
60
= 0.83 = 1m

Total depth = free board + water depth + sludge + remove depth

= 0.275 + 1 + 0.3 + 0.5

 = 2.075 m

600
 Weir loading rate =
π × 8.74

= 21.85

 SLUDGE DRYING BED

Assumptions

Volume of digested sludge = 4.125 m3/ d

Dewatering , drying and sludge removal cycle = 10 d

Depth of application of sludge = 0.3m

Therefore ,
4.12 ×10
Total plan area of sludge drying =
0.3

= 137.33 = 138 m2

Providing 3 no.s of beds ( including 1 stand by )

 Size of bed

Area of 1 bed = 46m2

Assuming ,

Width =4m

Length = 11.5 m

Size of bed = 4m×11.5m