শিক্ষা শিয়ে গড়য় ো দেি তথ্য-প্রযুশির োাংলোয়েি

Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Digital University, Bangladesh

LAB REPORT:04
COURSE NO - IRE 105

Electronics Devices and Applications

SUBMITTED BY
Name- Koushik Biswas, Kishor Kumar Bormon
ID:2101029,2101045
Department of IRE
Session :2021-2022
Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Digital
University, Bangladesh

SUBMITTED TO
Sadia Enam
Lecturer
Department of IRE, BDU
Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Digital
University, Bangladesh

Date of Submission: 20,February, 2024

LAB INTRODUCTION

Experiment 04:

Experiment Name: Study and Observation of Clamper Circuit.

Half-Wave Rectifier:
A clamper circuit is an electronic circuit designed to "clamp" or add a DC offset to an AC input signal.
It shifts the entire waveform up or down to a desired DC level. There are two types of clamper circuits:
positive clamper and negative clamper.
OBJECTIVE:

 To understand the fundamental principles of clamper circuits and their application in

electronics.
 To investigate the behavior of a positive clamper circuit in shifting the AC input signal to a
desired DC level.
 To explore the functionality of a negative clamper circuit in adjusting the DC offset of an AC
input waveform.
 To analyze the effects of varying capacitor and diode parameters on the performance of the
clamper circuit.
 To measure and compare the output characteristics of the clamper circuit with theoretical
predictions.
 To experimentally determine the time constants involved in the charging and discharging
processes of the capacitor within the clamper circuit.
 To evaluate the practical implications and limitations of clamper circuits in real-world
electronic applications.
 To enhance practical skills in circuit design, construction, and measurement techniques
through hands-on experimentation with clamper circuits.
 To develop proficiency in interpreting oscilloscope readings and understanding waveform
manipulation in electronic circuits.
 To draw conclusions regarding the effectiveness and efficiency of clamper circuits in achieving
DC level adjustment in AC waveforms.

Software Tool:

 Proteus 8
Theory:
Clamper Circuit Overview:

A clamper circuit, also known as a DC restorer or a voltage clamp, is an essential component in

electronics designed to add a DC offset to an alternating current (AC) signal. The primary purpose
of a clamper circuit is to shift the entire waveform vertically, either upwards or downwards, to achieve
a desired DC level. This process is crucial in various applications, including signal conditioning,
modulation, and biasing in electronic circuits.

Half-Wave Rectification:

The half-wave rectifier consists of a diode connected in series with a load resistor. During the positive half-
cycle of the AC input voltage, the diode conducts, allowing current to flow through the circuit. However,
during the negative half-cycle, the diode becomes reverse-biased, preventing current flow. As a result, only
the positive half of the AC waveform is transmitted to the load resistor, resulting in a pulsating DC output.

Types of Clamper Circuits: There are two main types of clamper circuits: positive clamper and negative
clamper.

1. Positive Clamper:
o In a positive clamper circuit, a diode, capacitor, and a resistor are usually employed.
o During the positive half-cycle of the input AC signal, the diode conducts, allowing the capacitor
to charge to the peak voltage of the input signal.
o During the negative half-cycle, the diode blocks the flow of current, and the capacitor
discharges through the resistor, resulting in a DC offset equal to the peak voltage of the input
signal.
o The output waveform is shifted upwards, adding a positive DC level to the input AC waveform.
2. Negative Clamper:
o Conversely, in a negative clamper circuit, the diode is oriented in the opposite direction.
o During the positive half-cycle of the input AC signal, the diode conducts, allowing the capacitor
to charge to the peak voltage of the input signal but with a reversed polarity.
o During the negative half-cycle, the diode blocks the flow of current, and the capacitor
discharges through the resistor, resulting in a DC offset equal to the negative peak voltage of
the input signal.
o The output waveform is shifted downwards, adding a negative DC level to the input AC
waveform.

Key Components:
3. Diode: The diode allows current to flow in one direction only, enabling the charging and discharging
of the capacitor based on the polarity of the input signal.
4. Capacitor: The capacitor stores electric charge and is responsible for storing the DC offset voltage
generated by the clamper circuit.
 5. Resistor: The resistor limits the rate of charging and discharging of the capacitor, controlling the time
constant and affecting the behavior of the clamper circuit.

Operation:
o During each half-cycle of the input AC signal, the capacitor either charges or discharges through the
resistor, depending on the polarity of the input signal and the type of clamper circuit.
o This charging and discharging process results in the shifting of the entire waveform up or down to
achieve the desired DC level.
o The choice of resistor and capacitor values influences the time constant of the circuit, affecting the
speed of charging and discharging and, consequently, the DC level adjustment.

Applications: Clamper circuits find applications in various electronic systems, including audio signal
processing, data transmission, and waveform shaping. They are particularly useful for biasing signals to ensure
proper operation of subsequent circuitry, as well as for generating DC reference levels in mixed-signal circuits.

Required apparatus:
 Diode
 Resistor
 Clock
 Voltage source
 Oscilloscope
Circuit Diagram:

Output:
Discussion:

Input:
Input peak_voltage =2.5 V.
Input lower_voltage = -2.5 V.
Time t= 1 ms.
t/2 = 500.00 micro second.

Output:
output peak_voltage =2.6 V.
output lower_voltage = -2.55 V.
Time t= 1.00 ms.
t/2 = 500.00 micro second.

Voltage drop:
(input-output)= 2.5-2.6=-0.1V