Lekhdothraki

Lekh Dothraki
sunquan8094
May 21, 2013

Foreword
Firstly, I would like to say that this is a work in progress; lessons are still being created and added
to this text. This is a written compilation of my YouTube lessons, and as the YouTube tutorials
are ongoing at the time of writing, there will be many additions to this text.
Next, I have some people to thank. First and foremost, I would like to thank you, the reader,
for your continued interest in learning the Dothraki language. You, along with the many others
who have obtained this book in one way or another, have encouraged me to step in and help you
learn such an interesting language.
I wish that you enjoy learning this language. Dothras chek.
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Contents
I Preliminaries 4
1 Pronunciation 5
II Grammatical Lessons 7
1 Personal Pronouns and Affirmative Present Tense 8
2 Negative Present Tense 10
3 Accusative Case of Inanimate Nouns 12
4 Nominative Plural and Accusative of Animate Nouns 14
5 Accusative of Personal Pronouns and Future Tense of Verbs I 16
6 Future Tense of Verbs II 18
7 Adjectives I: “Being” an Adjective 20
8 Adjectives II: Adjectives That Modify Nouns 22
9 Genitive Case of Animate and Inanimate Nouns 24
10 Genitive Case of Personal Pronouns 26
11 Past Tense of Verbs 27
12 Allative Case of Animate and Inanimate Nouns 29
13 Allative Case of Personal Pronouns 31
14 Informal Imperative 33
15 Ablative Case of Nouns and Personal Pronouns 35
16 Expressing “Being” a Noun 37
17 Numbers 1-10 38
18 Negating Adjectives 40
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19 Comparing with Adjectives 41
20 Yes-and-No Questions 43
21 Relative Clauses with Inanimate Nouns 45
22 Prepositions I: Over and Under 47
23 Modal Auxiliary Verbs 49
24 Vocal Auxiliary Verbs 51
25 Creating New Adjectives 53
26 Numbers 11-19 55
27 Simple Nominalization and Manner Adverbs 57
28 Relative Clauses with Animate Nouns 59
29 Prepositions II: Front and Behind 61
III Conversational Lessons 62
1 M’athchomaroon 63
2 Hash Yer Dothrae Chek? 64
3 Aena Vezhvena 65
IV Appendix 66
1 Grammar Reference 67
1.1 Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
1.1.1 Declension Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
1.1.2 Personal Pronoun Declension Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
1.1.3 Demonstrative Pronoun Declension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
1.1.4 Relative Pronoun Declension Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
1.1.5 Interrogative Pronoun Declension Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
1.2 Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
1.2.1 Conjugation Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
1.3 Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
1.3.1 Degree of Comparison Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
1.4 Prepositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
2 Dictionary of Vocabulary 70
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Part I
Preliminaries
4
Chapter 1
Pronunciation
Every language has a unique pronunciation scheme, even though other languages may use some
of the same sounds but represent them entirely differently in writing. For this reason, I have put
sound approximations in languages other than English so that one will have a better idea of how
the language sounds. For the sake of completeness, I have also included the International Phonetic
Alphabet letter associated with the sound.
Vowels
• a: [a] (English father, Spanish casa)
• e: [e] (English set, Spanish beber )
• i: [i] (English bean, Japanese kirin)
• o: [o] (English cocoa)
Consonants
• ch: [tS] (English chafe)
• d: [d] (English dorm)
• f : [f] (English fief )
• g: [g] (English gig )
• h: [h] (English high)
• j: [dZ] (English jive)
• k: [k] (Japanese katakana)
• kh: [x] (Klingon Hol, Lojban xu do)
• l: [l] (English live)
• m: [m] (English moon)
• n: [n] (English null )
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• q: [q] (Klingon qaw )
• r: [r/R] (Spanish querer )
• s: [s] (English Seuss)
• sh: [S] (English shoe)
• t: [t] (English tat)
• th: [T] (English thug)
• v: [v] (English vest)
• w: [w] (English wow )
• y: [j] (English yay )
• z: [z] (English pizzazz )
• zh: [Z] (English measure, French bonjour )
Epenthesis
Epenthesis is the adding of vowels in order to aid pronunciation. You will need to do this often
because of the frequent “dropping” of endings you must do. Add the letter e to the end of a word
when a word ends with:
• the letters w, q, and g
• a double consonant (note that cch, kkh, and ssh are double consonants)
• consonant clusters ending in the letters w, r, l, y
Stress
If a word ends in a consonant, stress is applied on the final syllable. If a word ends in a vowel,
stress is applied on the first syllable.
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Part II
Grammatical Lessons
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Lesson 1
Personal Pronouns and Affirmative

Present Tense
Vocabulary
Nouns
• anha: I
• yer: you
• me: he, she, it
• kisha: we
• yeri: you (plural)
• mori: they
Verbs
• thirat: live
• nesolat: learn
Text
Anha thirak, yer thiri, me thira, kisha thiraki, yeri thiri, mori thiri.
Anha nesok, yer nesoe, me nesoe, kisha nesoki, yeri nesoe, mori nesoe.
Grammar
As with most languages, Dothraki has verbs that need to be conjugated. A conjugated verb often
looks differently from its dictionary form.
There are two conjugations in Dothraki, -at and -lat verbs. At first glance, a verb can be
categorized into either conjugation almost immediately. -at verbs are identified as verbs that end
in “-at” and not “-lat,” while -lat verbs end in “-lat.” There will be exceptions to the rule, but we
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will cover that in a later lesson. For every verb tense, Dothraki has conjugations for affirmative
and negative polarity, meaning that there are conjugations for verbs in sentences such as “I ate”
and “I did not eat.” In this lesson, we will cover only the affirmative present tense. It is worth
noting that the subject of the verb cannot be dropped, unlike in Romance languages, therefore the
pronouns will be kept in the following tables.
Verb Type -lat -at
Person Singular Plural Singular Plural
First Person anha -k kisha -ki anha -ak kisha -aki
Second Person yer -e yeri -e yer -i yeri -i
Third Person me -e mori -e me -a mori -i
Verb nesolat thirat
First Person anha nesok kisha nesoki anha thirak kisha thiraki
Second Person yer nesoe yeri nesoe yer thiri yeri thiri
Third Person me nesoe mori nesoe me thira mori thiri
Practice
1. Conjugate the following verbs in the affirmative present tense.
(a) dothralat
(b) ifat
2. Translate into English.
(a) Anha thirak. Yer nesoe.

(b) Kisha nesoki. Me thira.
3. Translate into Dothraki.
(a) We live. They learn.

(b) He learns. You all live.
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Lesson 2
Negative Present Tense
Vocabulary
Nouns
• alegra: duck [i]
• eshina: fish [i]
• hrakkar: lion [a]
Verbs
• ovethat: fly
• zerqolat: swim
• vrelat: leap [-at]
Text
Alegra ovetha. Anha vos ovethok. Yeri vos ovethi. Me vos ovetho. Kisha vos ovethoki.
Eshina zerqoe. Anha vos zerqok. Yeri vos zerqoo. Me vos zerqoo. Kisha vos zerqoki.
Hrakkar vrela. Anha vos vrelok. Yeri vos vreli. Me vos vrelo. Kisha vos vreloki.
Grammar
The negative conjugations of all tenses contain the auxiliary verb “vos,” which literally means
“not.” It has been included in every conjugation in the following tables. The “+” sign before the
ending indicates that you must drop the letter before it.
Verb Type -lat -at
First Person anha vos +ok kisha vos +oki anha vos +ok kisha vos +oki
Second Person yer vos -o yeri vos -o yer vos -i yeri vos -i
Third Person me vos -o mori vos -o me vos -o mori vos -i
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Verb Type dothralat ifat
First Person anha vos dothrok kisha vos dothroki anha vos ifok kisha vos ifoki
Second Person yer vos dothrao yeri vos dothrao yer vos ifi yeri vos ifi
Third Person me vos dothrao mori vos dothrao me vos ifo mori vos ifi
Practice
(a) Hrakkar vos zerqoo. Me vrela.

(b) Eshina zerqoe. Me vos ovetho.
(a) He learns. The lion does not fly.

(b) We swim. The duck lives.
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Lesson 3
Accusative Case of Inanimate Nouns
Vocabulary
Nouns
• mai: mother [a]
• vado: turnip [i]
• yalli: child [i]
• dranekh: human milk [i]
• lamekh: mare’s milk [i]
• sewafikh: wine [i]
Verbs
• adakhat: eat
• indelat: drink
Text
Mai adakha eshin. Yalli adakha vad. Hrakkar adakha alegre.
Mai indee sewafikh. Yalli indee dranekh. Hrakkar indee lamekh.
Grammar
In Dothraki, there are two declensions of nouns, animate and inanimate nouns. There is no specific
way to figure out a noun’s declension at first glance. Therefore, the declension of a noun must be
memorized right away. Inanimate nouns do not have plural forms, while animate nouns do.
Each declension of nouns has five cases: the nominative, accusative, genitive, allative, and
ablative cases. The nominative case of a noun, which is also its dictionary form, is used when it is
the subject of a sentence. The accusative case of a noun is used when it is a direct object. In the
table below, an uppercase “C” indicates a consonant, “V” indicates a vowel, and “-” means “ends
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with.”
Ending Example Noun Declension Example Declension
-V jano -+ (epenthesis if necessary) jan
-C lamekh (same) lamekh
-CCV yalli -C yal
Practice
(a) Anha indek lamekh. Me vos adakho vad.
(a) The duck does not live. The dog eats the duck.
(b) Children do not drink wine. They drink human milk.
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Lesson 4
Nominative Plural and Accusative of

Animate Nouns
Vocabulary
Nouns
• lajak: warrior [a]
• khal: king [a]
• rizh: son [a]
• ko: bodyguard [a]
Verbs
• zhilat: love [-at]
• fejat: hate
Text
Mai zhila rizhis. Rizhi zhili mayes. Rizhi zhili lajakes. Lajak feja rizhis.
Lajaki feji khales. Khal feja lajakis. Kosi feji khales. Khal feja koes.
Khal zhila mayes. Khal zhila rizhis. Mai zhila khales. Rizhi zhili khales.
Grammar
As said in a previous lesson, all animate nouns have plural declensions. Below is the declen-
sion table for the nominative plural, accusative singular, and accusative plural of animate nouns.
-C -V khal ko
Nominative Plural -i -si khali kosi
Accusative Singular -es -es khales koes
Accusative Plural -is -es khalis koes
It is worth noting that the “i” in mai, when declined in the accusative singular case, changes to a
“y.” Thus, mai declines in the accusative as mayes.
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Practice
(a) Lajaki adakhi alegri. Rizhi indee dranekh.
(a) The guards love the king.
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Lesson 5
Accusative of Personal Pronouns and

Future Tense of Verbs I
Vocabulary
Adverbs
• silokh: tomorrow
Conjunctions
• vosma: but
• ma: and
Text
Anha zhilak yera, vosma yer vos zhili anna. Me zhila yera, vosma yer vos zhili mae.
Mori zhili yera, vosma yer vos zhili mora. Kisha zhilaki yera, vosma yer vos zhili kisha.
Yer azhili anna silokh ma anha vos ozhilok yera. Yer azhili mae silokh ma me vos ozhilo yera.
Yer azhili mora silokh ma mori vos ozhili yera. Yer azhili kisha silokh ma kisha vos ozhilok yera.
Grammar
Accusative of Personal Pronouns
Pronouns, like regular nouns, decline according to case as well. Below is the pronoun declension
table for the nominative and accusative cases.
Nominative Accusative
anha anna
yer yera
me mae
kisha kisha
yeri yeri
mori mora
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Future Tense of Verbs Beginning with a Consonant
We will only cover the future tense those verbs that begin with a consonant.
Verb Type -lat -at
P +/- S P S P
+ anha a- -k kisha a- -ki anha a- -ak kisha a- -aki
1st
- anha vos o-+ok kisha vos o-+oki anha vos o-+ok kisha vos o-+oki
+ yer a- -e yeri a- -e yer a- -i yer a- -i
2nd
- yer vos o- -o yeri vos o- -o yer vos o- -i yer vos o- -i
+ me a- -e mori a- -e me a- -a mori a- -i
3rd
- me vos o- -o mori vos o- -o me vos o- -o mori vos o- -i
E nesolat fejat
P +/- S P S P
+ anha anesok kisha anesoki anha afejak kisha afejaki
1st
- anha vos onesok kisha vos onesoki anha vos ofejok kisha vos ofejoki
+ yer anesoe yeri anesoe yer afeji yeri afeji
2nd
- yer vos onesoo yeri vos onesoo yer vos ofeji yer vos ofeji
+ me anesoe mori anesoe me afeja mori afeji
3rd
- me vos onesoo mori vos onesoo me vos ofejo mori vos ofeji
Practice
(a) I will learn tomorrow.

(b) He loves us, but we hate him.
(c) The warriors drink wine, but the children drink mare’s milk.
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Lesson 6
Future Tense of Verbs II
Vocabulary
Verbs
• acchakat: be quiet
• astat: speak
• ammemat: play (musical instrument)
• ezhirat: dance
Conjunctions
• kash..., kash...: while..., ...
Text
Kash anha astak, kash anha vos vacchakok. Kash yeri vos vasti, kash yeri vacchaki.
Kash yer asti, kash yer vos vacchaki. Kash kisha vos vastoki, kash kisha vacchakoki.
Kash anha ammemak, kash yeri vezhiri. Kash yer ammemi, kash kisha vezhiraki.
Grammar
Future Tense of Verbs Beginning with a Vowel
Verb Type -lat -at
P +/- S P S P
+ anha v- -k kisha v- -ki anha v- -ak kisha v- -aki
1
- anha vos v- +ok kisha v- +oki anha vos v- -ok kisha vos v- -oki
+ yer v- -e yeri v- -e yer v- -i yeri v- -i
2
- yer vos v- -o yeri vos v- -o yer vos v- -i yeri vos v- -i
+ me v- -e mori v- -e me v- -a mori v- -i
3
- me vos v- -o mori vos v- -o me vos v- -o mori vos v- -i
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Verb Type astolat astat
P +/- S P S P
+ anha vastok kisha vastoki anha vastak kisha vastaki
1
- anha vos vastok kisha vastoki anha vos vastok kisha vos vastoki
+ yer vastoe yeri vastoe yer vasti yeri vasti
2
- yer vos vastoo yeri vos vastoo yer vos vasti yeri vos vasti
+ me vastoe mori vastoe me vasta mori vasti
3
- me vos vastoo mori vos vastoo me vos vasto mori vos vasti
Practice
(a) While the dog eats, you will not play a musical instrument.
(b) While you speak, we learn.
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Lesson 7
Adjectives I: “Being” an Adjective
Vocabulary
Nouns
• vorsa: fire [a]
• zhavvorsa: dragon [i]
Adjectives
• haj: strong
• virzeth: red
• zheana: beautiful
• zhokwa: big
Verbs
• sikhtelat: spit
• avvirsalat: burn something
• ostat: bite
Adverbs
• akka: also
Text
Zhavvorsa zhokwae ma haja. Me zheanae ma virzetha akka. Zhavvorsa sikhtee vorsaes. Vorsa
zhokwae ma virzetha ma zheanae.
Vorsa avvirsae alegre. Alegra zheanae, vosma me vos zhokwao. Alegra osta anna. Anha zhokwak
ma hajak, vosma anha vos zheanok. Anha zhilak yera. Yer zheanae, vosma yer vos haji.
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Grammar
One must sooner or later realize that there is no word for “to be” in Dothraki, and question how
this problem is bypassed. It is bypassed by turning the adjective into a verb and conjugating it
appropriately. If the adjective ends in a vowel, the “-lat” ending is attached. Otherwise, the “-at”
ending is attached.
Practice
(a) Alegra virzetha. Zhavvorsa virzetha akka.
(a) The dog is big and beautiful, and it bites the child.
(b) The fire is red. It is also beautiful.
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Lesson 8
Adjectives II: Adjectives That Modify

Nouns
Vocabulary
Nouns
• khaleesi: queen [a]
Adjectives
• erin: kind
• imesh: young
• vezhven: great
• vichomer: respectful
Text
Khal haj zhila khaleesies zheana. Khaleesi zheana zhila khales haja.
Mai erin zhila yal imeshi. Yalli imeshi zhili mayes erina.
Zhavvorsa ershe zhila zhavvors imesha. Zhavvorsa imesh zhila zhavvors ershe.
Lajak vezhven zhila rizhi vichomeri. Rizhi vichomeri zhili lajakes vezhvena.
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Grammar
Adjectives decline according to the case and number of the noun, regardless of its animacy. Follow
the instructions below to modify a noun with an adjective.
• If the noun ends in a consonant:
– If the noun is singular:

∗ If the noun is in the nominative, keep it as it is.
∗ Otherwise, add the suffix -a.
– If the noun is plural, add the suffix -i.
• If the noun ends in a vowel, keep it as it is.
Practice
(a) Lajak vezhven zhila rizhes mae.
(a) The kind queen loves the great king.
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Lesson 9
Genitive Case of Animate and

Inanimate Nouns
Vocabulary
Nouns
• tolorro: bone [i]
• jano: dog [i]
• lekhi: taste [i]
• arakh: curved sword [i]
Verbs
• lakkhat: chew
• chongat: be hard
• lajat: fight
Adjectives
• dis: simple, plain
Text
Khal haja. Rizhi khali vichomeri. Mai rizhi erina.
Jano lakkha tolor. Tolorro jani chonga. Lekhi tolorri disa.
Ko laja zhavvors. Arakh kosi haja. Vorsa zhavvorsi vos hajo.
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Grammar
The genitive case of a noun is used to indicate that something is “of the noun.” It is similar to
putting “’s” at the end of a noun. The genitive case of singular and plural animate nouns are the
same. Below is the declension table.
Type An -C An -V In -C In -V In -CCV
Genitive -i -si -i +i -CCi
Noun rizh ko lamekh alegra yalli
Genitive rizhi kosi lamekhi alegri yalli
Practice
(a) Rizhi khali zheanae.
(a) The warrior’s bones are hard.
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Lesson 10
Genitive Case of Personal Pronouns
Vocabulary
Verbs
• lanat: run
Text
Jano anni lana. Jano yeri vos lano.
Zhavvorsa kishi haja. Zhavvorsa mori vos hajo.
Rizh anni vichomera. Rizh mae vos vichomero.
Grammar
Below is the declension table.
Nominative Genitive
anha anni
yer yeri
me mae
kisha kishi
yeri yeri
mori mori
Practice
(a) Mai anni zhila anna, vosma mai yeri feja yera.
(a) My king’s warriors and guards are strong.
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Lesson 11
Past Tense of Verbs
Vocabulary
Nouns
• chiori: woman [a]
• virzetha: red wine [i]
Verbs
• kemat: marry
Adjectives
• esina: different
• davra: good, useful
Text
Anha kem chiories, vosma me vos davrao. Anha akemak chiories esina.
Yer adakh alegre mae, vosma lekhi mae disa. Yer vadakhi alegra esina.
Mori indesh sewafikh, vosma mori vos indosh virzetha. Anha vindek mae.
Yeri fejish anna, vosma anha zhil yeri. Anha afejak yeri.
Grammar
The past tense of a verb is used to indicate that the action was done in the past. Below is the
conjugation table.
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Verb Type -lat -at
P +/- S P S P
+ anha -+ kisha -sh anha -+ kisha -ish
1
- anha vos +o kisha vos +osh anha vos -o kisha vos -osh
+ yer -+ yeri -sh yer -+ yeri -ish
2
- yer vos +o yeri vos +osh yer vos -o yeri vos -osh
+ me -+ mori -sh me -+ mori -ish
3
- me vos +o mori vos +osh me vos -o mori vos -osh
Verb Type dothralat ifat
P +/- S P S P
+ anha dothra kisha dothrash anha if kisha ifish
1
- anha vos dothro kisha vos dothrosh anha vos ifo kisha vos ifosh
+ yer dothra yeri dothrash yer if yeri ifish
2
- yer vos dothro yeri vos dothrosh yer vos ifo yeri vos ifosh
+ me dothra mori dothrash me if mori ifish
3
- me vos dothro mori vos dothrosh me vos ifo mori vos ifosh
Practice
(a) Kash anha kem chiories, kash khal kem khaleesi.
(a) While you drank red wine, the children did not eat their turnips.
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Lesson 12
Allative Case of Animate and

Inanimate Nouns
Vocabulary
Nouns
• rhaesh: land, country
• kimikh: date (fruit)
Verbs
• chomat: respect
• jolinat: cook
• azhat: give
Text
Alegra zerqo rhaeshaan. Khal rhaeshi jolin alegre.
Mai azh kimikh yallaan. Yalli adakh kimikh.
Khal choma lajakaan. Lajak choma khalaan.
Khaleesi choma kosea. Kosi chomi khaleesisaan.
Grammar
The allative case of a noun is used when an action is being directed toward the noun. Below is the
declension table.
An -C An -V
Type In -C In -V In -CCV
S P S P
Allative -aan -ea -saan -sea -aan +aan +aan
Type khal khali mai maisi lekh alegra tolorro
Allative khalaan khalea maisaan maisea lekhaan alegraan tolorraan
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Practice
(a) Anha azh alegre yerea.
(a) You will respect the king.
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Lesson 13
Allative Case of Personal Pronouns
Vocabulary
Nouns
• azho: gift [i]
Verbs
• emat: smile
• davralat: be useful
Text
Anha azhak azh yeraan. Yer emi anhaan.
Kisha davraki maan. Me vos davrao kishaan.
Mori chomi yerea. Yeri vos chomi morea.
Grammar
Nominative Allative
anha anhaan
yer yeraan
me maan
kisha kishaan
yeri yerea
mori morea
Practice
(a) I respected you all.
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(a) He will give to me the curved sword.
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Lesson 14
Informal Imperative
Vocabulary
Nouns
• hadaen: food [i]
Verbs
• laqat: to cry
Particles
• zhey: (vocative particle)
Text
Zhey mai, zhilas yal yeri. Vo fejos mori.
Zhey yalli, adakhas hadaen yeri. Vo indos sewafikh.
Zhey rizh, zheanas. Vo laqos.
Zhey zhavvorsa, sikhtes vorsaes. Vo ovethos.
Grammar
The informal imperative is used to command others of an equal or lower status. Below is the
conjugation table. There is no person column because commanding is done in second person.
+/- -lat -at dothralat adakhat
+ -s +as dothras adakhas
- vo +os vo +os vo dothros vo adakhos
Practice
(a) Zhilas anna, ma anha azhilak yera.
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(a) O children, respect your king.

(b) Do not cry. Smile.
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Lesson 15
Ablative Case of Nouns and Personal

Pronouns
Vocabulary
Verbs
• vigererat: miss (long for)
• yanqolat: gather
• garvolat: hunger
Conjuctions
• hajinaan me: because
Text
Anha yanqo kimikhoon hajiinaan me yer garvoe kimikhoon.
Anha yanqo alegroon hajinaan me yer garvoe alegroon.
Alegra lan yeroon ma zerqo rhaeshoon.
Yeri vigereri kishoon hajinaan me kisha vigereraki yeroa.
Khal vigerera kosoon hajinaan me ko vigerera khaloon.
Jano vigerera anhoon hajinaan me anha vigererak moon.
Chiorisi rhaeshi vos vigereri moroa.
Grammar
The Ablative Case
The ablative case of a noun is used when an action is being directed away from it.
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Ablative of Nouns
An -C An -V
Type In -C In -V In -CCV
S P S P
Ablative -oon -oa -soon -soa -oon +oon +oon
Noun rizh rizhi ko kosi lekh jano tolorro
Ablative rizhoon rizhoa kosoon kosoa lekhoon janoon tolorroon
Ablative of Personal Pronouns

Nominative Ablative
anha anhoon
yer yeroon
me moon
kisha kishoon
yeri yeroa
mori moroa
Practice
(a) I hunger for duck and dates.
(a) I miss you because I love you.

(b) The king’s warriors gathered dates and gave them to the king because the king hungered
for dates.
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Lesson 16
Expressing “Being” a Noun
Vocabulary
Nouns
• ave: father [a]
• zafra: slave [i]
• simonof: grandfather [a]
Text
Anha khal. Anha lajakoon. Anha vos khaloon. Anha avesaan. Anha vos lajakaan.
Yer khaleesi. Yer zafroon. Yer vos khaleesisoon. Yer maisaan. Yer vos zafraan.
Me ave anni. Me khaloon. Me vos lajakoon. Me simonofaan. Me vos khalaan.
Rizhi kishi lajakea haji. Rizhi kishi vos zafroon.
Grammar
As said before, Dothraki does not have a word for “to be.” Below is how one expresses “being” a
noun.
Tense Case of Noun Example
Present Nominative Yer lajak. (You are a warrior.)
Past Ablative Mori kosoa. (They are guards.)
Future Allative Anha khal. (I am a king.)
Practice
(a) The warrior’s grandfather was king, but his father was a slave.
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Lesson 17
Numbers 1-10
Vocabulary
There is no vocabulary for this chapter because the text is a literal translation of “The Twelve
Days of Christmas,” though some words may look unfamiliar.
Text
She asshekh ataki Christmas, mai anni azh anhaan at zir she feshith sovi.
She asshekh akataki Christmas, mai anni azh anhaan akat zir adrasi.
She asshekh senaki Christmas, mai anni azh anhaan sen jizis frenchi.
She asshekh toraki Christmas, mai anni azh anhaan tor zir kazga.
She asshekh mekaki Christmas, mai anni azh anhaan mek fire hoshora.
She asshekh zhindaki Christmas, mai anni azh anhaan zhinda jizis fin azh gal.
She asshekh fekhaki Christmas, mai anni azh anhaan fekh zir fin zerqo.
She asshekh oriki Christmas, mai anni azh anhaan ori zafre fin nirri lamekhoon.
She asshekh qazataki Christmas, mai anni azh anhaan qazat chiories fin ezhiri.
She asshekh thiki Christmas, mai anni azh anhaan thi khalis fin vreli.
Grammar
Ordinal Numbers
Like every language, Dothraki has a counting system. Below is a table of Arabic numerals and the
English and Dothraki words associated with them.
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Numeral English Dothraki
1 one at
2 two akat
3 three sen
4 four tor
5 five mek
6 six zhinda
7 seven fekh
8 eight ori
9 nine qazat
10 ten thi
Cardinal Numbers
To construct cardinal numbers, attach the suffix -ak if the number ends in a vowel; otherwise, use
the suffix -k. The newly formed word is treated like a regular animate noun.
Practice
(a) Zhinda yalli adakh ori alegre.
(a) My grandfather was the first king of this land.
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Lesson 18
Negating Adjectives
Vocabulary
Adjectives
• dik: fast
• toki: dumb
Text
Khaleesi zheanae, vosma me vos hajo. Khaleesi ohaja, vosma me vos ozheanao.
Khal dika, vosma me vos imesho. Khal osimesha, vosma me vos odiko.
Rizhi vichomeri, vosma mori vos zhokwao. Rizhi ozhokwae, vosma mori vos ovichomeri.
Anha tokik, vosma anha vos vezhvenok. Anha ovezhvena, vosma anha vos otokok.
Grammar
If an adjective is negated, it means that the noun it modifies is not what the adjective describes.
To negate an adjective, follow the instructions below.
• If the adjective begins with a vowel, add the prefix os-. Thus, esina would become osesina.
• Otherwise, if the adjective begins with a consonant, add the prefix o-. Therefore, haj would
become ohaj.
• The negated adjective is treated like any other adjective.
Practice
(a) Rizh lajaki ohaja.
(a) The queen is not beautiful.
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Lesson 19
Comparing with Adjectives
Vocabulary
All words in the text should look familiar to you.
Text
Chiori azheanana. Mai ozheanana. Chiori azheanana maisoon. Mai ozheanana chiorisoon.
Khal avezhvenana. Lajak ovezhvenana. Khal avezhvenana lajakoon. Lajak ovezhvenana khaloon.
Rizh asimeshana. Yalli osimeshana. Rizh asimeshana yalloon. Yalli osimeshana rizhoon.
Lekhi lamekhi adisana. Lekhi sewafikhi odisana. Lekhi lamekhi adisana lekhoon sewafikhi. Lekhi
sewafikhi odisana lekhoon lamekhi.
Grammar
There is no word that corresponds to the English word “than” in Dothraki. The adjective inflects
in order to express its degree.
Adjective Degree Inflection

• To express a higher degree of an adjective:
– If the verb begins with a vowel, attach the prefix as-. Otherwise, attach the prefix a-. If
it ends in a vowel, attach the suffix -n. Otherwise, attach the suffix -an Thus, zheana
and imesh would become azheanan and asimeshan, respectively.
• To express a lesser degree of an adjective:
– Negate the adjective. Then place the suffixes -an and -n appropriately. Therefore,
zheana and imesh would become ozheanan and osimeshan, respectively.
Practice
(a) Lekhi sewafikh ahajana virzethoon.
41
(a) The slave is more beautiful than the queen.
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Lesson 20
Yes-and-No Questions
Vocabulary
Particles
• hash: (yes-and-no question word)
Interjections
• sek: yes
• vos: no
Text
Hash yalli imesha? Sek, yalli imesha. Hash mai mae imesha? Vos, mai mae vos imesho.
Hash lajak haja? Sek, lajak haja. Hash rizhi mae haji? Vos, rizhi mae vos haji.
Hash chiori maisaan? Sek, chiori maisaan. Hash chiori khaleesisaan? Vos, chiori vos khaleesisaan.
Hash zafra garvo hadaenoon? Sek, zafra garvo hadaenoon. Hash khal vazha hadaen zafraan? Vos,
khal vos vazho hadaen zafraan.
Hash anha zhilak yera? Sek, anha zhilak yera. Hash anha fej yera? Vos, anha vos fej yera.
Grammar
As in other languages, there are two types of questions in Dothraki: yes-or-no questions and open-
ended questions. To ask a yes-or-question, follow the process below:
1. Make your question in English a statement. For instance, if you want to ask “are you okay,”
turn it into “you are okay.”
2. Translate your statement into Dothraki. For example, if your statement is “Yer cooked the
duck,” translate it to “yer jolin alegre.”
3. Add “hash” to the beginning of the statement and change the punctuation mark at the end
appropriately. Therefore, the above statement would become “Hash yer jolin alegre?”
One must answer such a question with either “sek,” meaning “yes,” or “vos,” meaning “no.”
43
Practice
(a) Hash mori yanqo kimikhoon ma azh mora khalaan?
(a) Did you cook and eat the duck?
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Lesson 21
Relative Clauses with Inanimate

Nouns
Vocabulary
Nouns
• hake: name [a]
• krazaaj: mountain [i]
Pronouns
• fin: (begins a relative clause)
Verbs
• tihat: see
• shilolat: meet
• verat: travel
Text
Anha zhilak yal fini zhili zhavvors.
Anha jolin hadaen fini davra.
Khal tih arakh fini azh anha yallaan.
Anha tih zafra fin zhil anha.
Anha shilo yal fini neso anha hake.
Anha zhilak krazaaj finaan averaki kisha.
Mai anni jolin hadaen finoon garvok anha.
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Grammar
Relative Clauses
A relative clause modifies a noun similarly to how an adjective modifies a noun and how an adverb
modifies a verb. In Dothraki, all relative clauses begin with the relative pronoun fin. This pronoun
declines according to the subject’s animacy and its role in the clause. The order of the relative
clause, regardless of the noun, is Verb-Subject-Object.
Inanimate Relative Pronoun Declension Table

Case Declension Example
Anha zhilak alegre fini zerqoe.
Nominative fini
I love ducks that swim.
Khal feja koes fin kem zafra.
Accusative fin
The king hates the guard whom the slave married.
Zhey yalli, chomas maisaan fini indee yeri dranekh.
Genitive fini
O children, respect the mother whose milk you drink.
Mai zhila rizh finaan chomas me.
Allative finaan
A mother loves a child whom she respects.
Krazaaj finoon if anha zheanae.
Ablative finoon
The mountains I came from are beautiful.
Practice
(a) Zafra finoon azheanana krazaaj zhila anna.
(a) The duck which I ate was red.

(b) The warrior whose name I did not learn was not dumb.
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Lesson 22
Prepositions I: Over and Under
Vocabulary
Nouns
• osoleth: bridge [i]
• rhoa: beast, animal [u]
• feso: carrot [i]
• feshith: tree [u]
• asavva: sky [a]
• sorfo: dirt [i]
Prepositions
• oleth: over, above
• torga: under
Text
Anha oleth osolethi. Rhoa torga osolethi.
Feshith thira oleth rhaeshi. Feso thira torga rhaeshi.
Asavva oleth kishi. Sorfo torga kishi.
Grammar
Prepositions in Dothraki
Dothraki prepositions are classified based on the specified case of the noun that follows it. The
prepositions oleth and torga would be classified as genitive prepositions, meaning that the noun
that follows these prepositions is always in the genitive case.
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Practice
(a) Rhoa thira torga kishi.
(a) The sky over the land is beautiful.
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Lesson 23
Modal Auxiliary Verbs
Vocabulary
Nouns
• vosi: nothing
Auxiliary Verbs
• laz: can, could
• vil: manage to
• eth: must
• ish: might
• jif: should
Verbs
• thirolat: survive
• lostat: disappoint, to miss (fail to see)
Text
Alegra laz ovetha. Kisha laz vos ovethoki.
Zhavvorsa vil thiroe. Lajak vil vos thiroo.
Rizhi khali eth chomi avesaan mori. Rizhi khali eth vos losti avees mori.
Anha ish zhilak mae. Me ish vos zhilo anna.
Yer jif azhi hadaen maan. Me jif vos azho vos yeraan.
Grammar
Auxiliary Verbs
Auxiliary verbs, also known in English as “helping verbs,” aid in the clarity of the meaning of the
sentence.
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Modality
The modality of a sentence indicates if the subject may, might, must or can do the action.
Examples of Modal Auxiliary Verbs

In English, modal auxiliary verbs include “can,” “could,” “must,” “should,” “shall,” “may,” and
“might.”
In Dothraki
In Dothraki, all auxiliary verbs are placed before the verb, which is conjugated as if the auxiliary
verb were omitted.
Practice
(a) Anha eth thirak hajinaan me anha khal.
(a) He cannot survive because he cannot swim.

(b) I might eat nothing tomorrow, but I will not be hungry.
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Lesson 24
Vocal Auxiliary Verbs
Vocabulary
Nouns
• gezri: snake [a]
Verbs
• fonat: hunt
Auxiliary Verbs
• nem: (passive voice)
• nemo: (reflexive)
Prepositions
• ki: by
Text
Kimikh nem adakh ki anni. Dranekh nem inde ki yalli.
Alegra nem fona ki lajaki khali, vosma alegra nem vos ajolina.
Anha nem ostak ki gezrisi. Gezri nem vos tiha ki anni.
Jano nemo osta.
Grammar
Voice is the relationship between the subject and the verb. There are two known voices in Dothraki:
active and passive. Vocal auxiliary verbs indicate voice. The omission of a vocal auxiliary verb in
Dothraki indicates that the sentence is in the active voice, while adding nem indicates that the
sentence is in the passive voice, and the optional agentive noun is indicated by the preposition ki
in front of its genitive declension.
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Examples
• Anha adakhak alegre. (I eat the duck.)
• Alegra nem adakha ki anni. (The duck is eaten by me.)
The addition of “nemo” to a sentence indicates the reflexive. It is placed before the verb, and the
sentence that it is in does not need an object.
• Anha nemo fejak. (I hate myself.)
Practice
(a) Gezrisi osta.
(a) The snake that was hunted by the warrior was cooked by me.
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Lesson 25
Creating New Adjectives
Vocabulary
Nouns
• ver: wolf [i]
• lekh: languge [i]
Verbs
• zorat: roar
• astolat: speak
Adjectives
• sandi: safe
Text
Khal lajakmen vos sandio. Me eth laja zhavvors. Zhavvorsa verven zora. Me laz vos astoo Lekh
Dothraki.
Grammar
The suffixes -ven and -men are used to create new adjectives out of nouns. They correspond to
the English suffixes “-like” and “-less,” respectively.
Practice
(a) Khal eth sandie.
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(a) Wolves are doglike, but they are not safe.
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Lesson 26
Numbers 11-19
Vocabulary
Nouns
• kolver: eagle [a]
Verbs
• vekhat: be present, exist
• yolat: be born
• qoralat: seize
Adverbs
• ajjin: now
Prepositions
• ma: with
• oma: without
Text
Mek kolveri vekhi she feshith. Zhinda kolveri ovethi feshithaan. Mek ma zhinda atthi. Atthi kolveri
she feshith ajjin.
Fekhthi yalli yol she rhaesh kishi. Akat yalli nem qora ki kosi. Fekhthi oma akat mekthi. Mekthi
yalli she rhaesh kishi ajjin.
Grammar
The numbers 11 to 19 in English are commonly known as the “teens,” hence the alternate name
for adolencent ages. Adding a “thi” at the end of a number from 1 to 9 is similar to adding 10 to
55
the number or a “-teen” suffix at the end. Below are the numbers and their readings in Dothraki.
Numeral English Dothraki
11 eleven atthi
12 twelve akatthi
13 thirteen senthi
14 fourteen torthi
15 fifteen mekthi
16 sixteen zhindathi
17 seventeen fekhthi
18 eighteen orithi
19 nineteen qazatthi
Practice
(a) Me khal qazatthiki.
(a) The warrior saw the fifteenth eagle under the tree.
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Lesson 27
Simple Nominalization and Manner

Adverbs
Vocabulary
Adjectives
• manimven: anxious
• nithmen: painless
Verbs
• essalat: return
• layafat: be happy
Text
Anha azhak azh yallaan ki athzhilari. Yalli ficha azh anni ki athchomari.
Yer ayoli ki athmanimvenari. Me essae ki athnithmenari. Yer lani maan ki athlayafari, majin yeri
thiri ki athlayafari.
Mai anni asta anhaan ki athyofizari. Me yofie hajinaan me anha jolin hadaen ki athesinazari.
Grammar
Definition of Nominalization
Nominalization is the process of turning a word that is not a noun into a noun. In Dothraki,
either adjectives or verbs can be turned into nouns. The newly turned nouns are then declined like
inanimate nouns.
How to Spot a Nominalized Word

All nominalized words begin with ath- and end with -ar. The letter z is added before the -ar only
when the root word ends with a vowel.
57
Nominalizing Adjectives
In nominalized adjectives, the root word is the adjective.
Ending -C -V imesh zheana
Nominalized ath–ar ath–zar athimeshar athzheanazar
Nominalizing Verbs
To nominalize verbs, first take the verb’s ending off to get the verb stem (do not apply epenthesis
rules), and then nominalize the verb stem appropriately.
Ending -lat -at garvolat zhilat
Nominalized ath–zar ath–ar athgarvozar athzhilar
Practice
(a) Athostar jani onithmena.
(a) My fourth child survived with love.

(b) And they lived happily ever after.
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Lesson 28
Relative Clauses with Animate Nouns
Vocabulary
Nouns
• ifak: foreigner [a]
• chiorikem: wife [i]
Verbs
• vijazerat: protect
• kadat: capture
• donat: to shout
Text
Lajak fin laj zhavvors vezhvena. Kosi fini chomi khalaan vijazeri rizhis mae.
Chiori fines zhil anha khaleesisaan. Kosi finis fejak anha kad mae.
Rizh fini don anha hakees lan. Ifaki fini astak anha lekhes laz vos lajo.
Khal finnaan azh ifak hadaen inde sewafikh. Rizhi finea chomak kosi eth chomi anhaan.
Chiori finnoon vigererak anha chiorikem anni. Lajaki finoa yanqoe khal laj ifakis.
Grammar
Relative clauses with animate nouns are constructed the same way as those with inanimate nouns,
except that fin is declined like a regular animate noun. However, its allative and ablative forms
use a geminate n, thus making them finnaan and finnoon. Below is the declension table.
Nominative fin fini
Accusative fines finis
Genitive fini fini
Allative finnaan finea
Ablative finnoon finoa
59
Practice
(a) Khal finnaan chomak anha thirak.
(a) The son whose name I know is famous.
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Lesson 29
Prepositions II: Front and Behind
Vocabulary
Verbs
• elat: go
• ildat: strike
Prepositions
• hatif: (w/ gen.) before, opposite, facing; (w/ all.) to front of; (w/ abl.) from front of
• irge: (w/ gen.) after, behind; (w/ all.) to behind; (w/ abl.) from behind
Text
Khaleesi ma jano hatif khali. Rizhi khali vee hatif khalaan, ma jano alana hatif khaloon.
Lajaki irge zhavvorsi. Lajaki vilda irge zhavvorsaan ma alana irge zhavvorsoon.
Grammar
As stated in a previous lesson, prepositions convey different meanings depending on the cases of
the nouns that follow them. In the case of hatif and irge, their meanings are very obvious once
their primary meanings are grasped.
For instance, if a noun in the allative case were to follow the preposition irge, the preposition
itself would mean “to front of.” (Remember that the allative case of a noun conveys that an action
is coming toward a noun.)
Practice
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Part III
Conversational Lessons
62
Lesson 1
M’athchomaroon
Conversation
A: M’athchomaroon.
B: M’athchomaroon.
A: Fin hake yeri?
B: Hake anni (name). Ma yer?
A: Anha (name). Anha layafak shilolat yera.
B: Anha layafak akka. Dothras chek.
A: Dothras chek.
Breakdown
• The greeting phrase m’athchomaroon, or just m’ath for short, literally means “with re-
spect.” Ma, meaning “with,” is contracted to a single letter, “m,” and is connected to the
following word.
• Like in other languages, there are multiple ways to state your name, either by saying who
you are or what your name is.
63
Lesson 2
Hash Yer Dothrae Chek?
Conversation
A: M’ath, zhey (name).
B: M’ath, zhey (name). Hash yer dothrae chek asshekh?
A: Sek, anha dothrak chek asshekh. Ma yer?
B: Sek, anha dothrak chek akka.
Breakdown
• The phrase dothralat chek, literally meaning “to ride well,” is the Dothraki equivalent to
the English phrase “to do well.” Asking if someone “rides well” and answering the question
is similar to the Chinese ni hao ma? and wo hen hao, except that, unlike in Chinese, there
are words for “yes” (sek) and “no” (vos).
• No words of thanks are exchanged as there is no word for “thank you” in Dothraki. However,
the phrase kirimvose, derived from the Valyrian word, can be used instead.
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Lesson 3
Aena Vezhvena
Conversation
Rhaego: Aena vezhvena, zhey Drogo.
Drogo: Aena vezhvena, zhey Rhaego.
Rhaego: Hash yer remek chek?
Drogo: Sek, anha remek chek. Ma yer?
Rhaego: Sek, vosma anha zin haqak.
Drogo: Hash yer zali indelat koffi?
Rhaego: Sek, indelates koffi.
Breakdown
• To wish someone a happy or good occassion, the Dothraki use the adjective vezhven after
the word for the occassion. In this instance, aena vezhvena would be “good morning.”
• In the morning, it is better to ask if someone has slept well, hence the phrase remekat chek.
• In modern western-influenced times, coffee has become an orthodox alternative to traditional

Dothraki morning cuisine. There is no native Dothraki word for “coffee,” thus koffi is used
instead.
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Part IV
Appendix
66
Appendix 1
Grammar Reference
1.1 Nouns
1.1.1 Declension Table
Type An -C An -V
In -C In -V In -CCV
Case S P S P
Nominative – -i – -si – – –
Accusative -es -is -es -es – + -CC
Genitive -i -i -si -si -i +i -CCi
Allative -aan -ea -saan -sea -aan +aan -CCaan
Ablative -oon -oa -soon -soa -oon +oon -CCoon
Noun rizh ko
dranekh jano yalli
Case S P S P
Nominative rizh rizhi ko kosi dranekh jano yalli
Accusative rizhes rizhis koes koes dranekh jan yal
Genitive rizhi rizhi kosi kosi dranekhi jani yalli
Allative rizhaan rizhea kosaan kosea dranekhaan janaan yallaan
Ablative rizhoon rizhoa kosoon kosoa dranekhoon janoon yalloon
1.1.2 Personal Pronoun Declension Table

Case 1S 1P 2S 2P 3S 3P
Nominative anha kisha yer yeri me mori
Accusative anna kisha yera yeri mae mora
Genitive anni kishi yeri yeri mae mori
Allative anhaan kishaan yeraan yerea maan morea
Ablative anhoon kishoon yeroon yeroa moon moroa
1.1.3 Demonstrative Pronoun Declension

Demonstrative pronouns (jin, haz, rek) decline like regular nouns when they are used to refer to
an object. When used to refer to an animate object or objects, they decline like animate nouns.
When used to refer to an inanimate object, they decline like inanimate nouns. I have thus not
included a table.
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1.1.4 Relative Pronoun Declension Table
Animate Singular Animate Plural Inanimate
Nominative fin fini fini
Accusative fines finis fin
Genitive fini fini fini
Allative finnaan finea finaan
Ablative finnoon finoa finoon
1.1.5 Interrogative Pronoun Declension Table

Animate Singular Animate Plural Inanimate
Nominative fin fini fini
Accusative fines finis fin
Genitive fini fini fini
Allative finaan finea finaan
Ablative finoon finoa finoon
1.2 Verbs
1.2.1 Conjugation Table
davralat astat
Form P +/-
S P S P
+ anha davrak kisha davraki anha astak kisha astaki
1
- anha vos davrok kisha vos davroki anha vos astok kisha vos astoki
+ yer davrae yeri davrae yer asti yeri asti
Present 2
- yer vos davrao yeri vos davrao yer vos asti yeri vos asti
+ me davrae mori davrae me asta mori asti
3
- me vos davrao mori vos davrao me vos asto mori vos asti
+ anha davra kisha davrash anha ast kisha astish
1
- anha vos davro kisha vos davrosh anha vos asto kisha vos astosh
+ yer davra yeri davrash yer ast yeri astish
Past 2
- yer vos davro yeri vos davrosh yer vos asto yeri vos astosh
+ me davra mori davrash me ast mori astish
3
- me vos davro mori vos davrosh me vos asto mori vos astosh
+ anha adavrak kisha adavraki anha vastak kisha vastaki
1
- anha vos odavrok kisha vos odavroki anha vos vastok kisha vos vastoki
+ yer adavrae yeri adavrae yer vasti yeri vasti
Future 2
- yer vos odavrao yeri vos odavrao yer vos vasti yeri vos vasti
+ me adavrae mori adavrae me vasta mori vasti
3
- me vos odavrao mori vos odavrao me vos vasto mori vos vasti
+ davras astas
Imperative
- vo davros vo astos
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1.3 Adjectives
1.3.1 Degree of Comparison Table
imesh zheana
Degree + - + -
Basic imesh osimesh zheana ozheana
More/Less asimeshan osimeshan azheanan ozheanan
Most/Least asimeshanaz osimeshanoz azheananaz ozheananoz
1.4 Prepositions
Nominative Accusative Genitive Allative Ablative
ha for from
haji because of
facing to front of from front of
hatif
opposite to, before to before from before
irge after to behind from behind
ki by, because of
ma with
mra within into out of
oleth over, above
qisi about, concerning
she on, upon, in onto off of
torga under
vi through, along
yomme across in spite of
69
Appendix 2
Dictionary of Vocabulary
Dothraki-English
A
acchakat: be quiet alegra: duck arakh: curved sword ave: father

adakhat: eat ammemat: play (mu- asavva: sky avvirsalat: burn
ajjin: now sical instrument) astat: speak azhat: give
akka: also anha: I astolat: speak azho: gift
Ch
chiori: woman chiorikem: wife chomat: respect chongat: be hard
daeni: leaf davralat: be useful donat: shout

dahaan: green dik: fast dothralat: ride
davra: good, useful dis: simple, plain dranekh: human milk
emat: smile esina: different eshina: duck ezhirat: dance

erin: kind essalat: return eth: must
fejat: hate feso: carrot feshith: tree fonat: hunt
garvolat: hunger gezri: snake
70
hadaen: food hajinaan me: be- hake: name
haj: strong cause hrakkar: lion
ifat: walk imesh: young indelat: drink ish: might
jano: dog jif : should jolinat: cook
kadat: capture kimikh: date (fruit) kolver: eagle

kash: while kisha: we krazaaj: mountain
kemat: marry ko: guard
Kh
khal: king khaleesi: queen
lajak: warrior lamekh: mare’s milk layafat: be happy lekhi: taste

lajat: fight lanat: run laz: can, could lostat: disappoint,
lakkhat: chew laqat: cry lekh: language miss (fail to see)
ma: and manimven: anxious mori: they

mai: mother me: he, she, it
nakhok: last navakh: urine nesolat: learn nithmen: painless
oleth: over, above osoleth: bridge ovethat: fly

oma: without ostat: bite
qoralat: seize qoy: blood
71
rea: organ rhaesh: land, country rhoa: beast, animal
reaven: purple rhaesheser: world rizh: son
sandi: safe sathomakhven: or- sewafikh: wine simonof : grandfather

sathomakh: orange ange (color) sikhtelat: spit sorfo: dirt
(fruit) sek: yes silokh: tomorrow
Sh
shilolat: meet
tih: eye toki: dumb torga: under

tihat: see tolorro: bone
Th
thelis: blue thirat: live
vado: turnip verat: travel virzeth: red vosi: nothing

vekhat: be present, vezhven: great virzetha: red wine vosma: but
exist vichomer: respectful vishiya: color
veltor: yellow vigererat: to miss vorsa: fire
ver: wolf vil: manage to vos: no, not
yalli: child yer: you yolat: be born

yanqolat: gather yeri: you (plural)
zafra: slave zorat: to roar
Zh
zhavvorsa: dragon zhey: (vocative parti- zhilat: love

zheana: beautiful cle) zhokwa: big
English-Dothraki
A
72
able to: laz also: akka and: ma animal: rhoa
be happy: layafat beast: rhoa bone: tolorro but: vosma

be hard: chongat beautiful: zheanae bridge: osoleth by: ki
be quiet: acchakat big: zhokwa burn: avvirsalat
can: laz chew: lakkhat cook: jolinat curved sword: arakh

capture: kadat child: yalli could: laz
carrot: feso color: vishiya country: rhaesh
dance: ezhirat dirt: sorfo dragon: zhavvorsa dumb: toki

date (fruit): kimikh disappoint: lostat drink: indelat
different: esina dog: jano duck: alegra
eagle: kolver eat: adakhat
famous: hakeso fight: lajat fish: eshina food: hadaen

father: ave fire: vorsa fly: ovethat
gather: yanqolat give: azhat grandfather: simonof green: dahaan

gift: azho good: davra great: vezhven guard: ko
hate: fejat human milk: hunt: fonat

he: me dranekh
I: anha it: me
J
K
73
kind: erin king: khal
land: rhaesh leaf : daeni lion: hrakkar

language: lekh leap: vrelat live: thirat
last: nakhok learn: nesolat love: zhilat
manage to: vil meet: shilolat see), vigererat (long mountain: krazaaj
mare’s milk: lamekh might: ish for ) must: eth
marry: kemat miss: lostat (fail to mother: mai
never: vossechi not: vos now: ajjin

no: vos nothing: vosi
organ: rea over: oleth
painless: nithmen play: ammemat (mu- purple: reaven

plain: dis sical instrument)
queen: khaleesi
red: virzeth return: essalat

respectful: vichomer run: lanat
safe: sandi simple: dis speak: astat, astolat

seize: qoralat slave: zafra spit: sikhtelat
shout: donat son: rizh survive: thirolat
74
taste: lekhi tomorrow: silokh turnip: vado
they: mori travel: verat
urine: navakh
V
W
warrior: lajak while: kash wine: sewafikh woman: chiori

we: kisha wife: chiorikem wolf : ver
X
Y
yellow: veltor you: yer (singular ), young: imesh

yes: sek yeri (plural )
75

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Lekh Dothraki

May 21, 2013

1 Personal Pronouns and Affirmative Present Tense 8

2 Negative Present Tense 10

3 Accusative Case of Inanimate Nouns 12

4 Nominative Plural and Accusative of Animate Nouns 14

5 Accusative of Personal Pronouns and Future Tense of Verbs I 16

6 Future Tense of Verbs II 18

7 Adjectives I: “Being” an Adjective 20

8 Adjectives II: Adjectives That Modify Nouns 22

9 Genitive Case of Animate and Inanimate Nouns 24

10 Genitive Case of Personal Pronouns 26

11 Past Tense of Verbs 27

12 Allative Case of Animate and Inanimate Nouns 29

13 Allative Case of Personal Pronouns 31

15 Ablative Case of Nouns and Personal Pronouns 35

16 Expressing “Being” a Noun 37

21 Relative Clauses with Inanimate Nouns 45

22 Prepositions I: Over and Under 47

23 Modal Auxiliary Verbs 49

24 Vocal Auxiliary Verbs 51

25 Creating New Adjectives 53

27 Simple Nominalization and Manner Adverbs 57

28 Relative Clauses with Animate Nouns 59

29 Prepositions II: Front and Behind 61

III Conversational Lessons 62

2 Hash Yer Dothrae Chek? 64

• e: [e] (English set, Spanish beber )

• i: [i] (English bean, Japanese kirin)

• o: [o] (English cocoa)

• d: [d] (English dorm)

• f : [f] (English fief )

• g: [g] (English gig )

• h: [h] (English high)

• j: [dZ] (English jive)

• k: [k] (Japanese katakana)

• kh: [x] (Klingon Hol, Lojban xu do)

• l: [l] (English live)

• m: [m] (English moon)

• n: [n] (English null )

• r: [r/R] (Spanish querer )

• s: [s] (English Seuss)

• sh: [S] (English shoe)

• t: [t] (English tat)

• th: [T] (English thug)

• v: [v] (English vest)

• w: [w] (English wow )

• y: [j] (English yay )

• z: [z] (English pizzazz )

• zh: [Z] (English measure, French bonjour )

• the letters w, q, and g

• consonant clusters ending in the letters w, r, l, y

Personal Pronouns and Affirmative

• me: he, she, it

• yeri: you (plural)

2. Translate into English.

(a) Anha thirak. Yer nesoe.

3. Translate into Dothraki.

(a) We live. They learn.

Negative Present Tense

• eshina: fish [i]

• hrakkar: lion [a]