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Approximately 60-70% of patients are chemosensitive, while the remaining majority does not
respond. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Recent findings about molecular
genetics and epigenetic basis of EOCRC gave rise to new alternative therapy prot. This review aims
to summarize existing as well as the feasible therapeutic courses of action for TNBC. Despite the
loss of muscle function after a pedicle TRAM. Another interesting aspect is the psychological mind
frame of the patients. For Later 0% 0% found this document useful, Mark this document as useful
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Download now Jump to Page You are on page 1 of 7 Search inside document. A detailed research on
immunotherapy utilization in TNBC has emphasized its part in constraining tumor cell activity.
Keywords: TNBC (Triple Negative Breast Cancer), Metastasis, tumor, ER-negative, PR-negative,
HER2-neu negative, BRCA1 mutations, Overall Survival, Lungs, Mathematical Models, Recurrence,
Chemokines, Chemotherapy. The shape was round and the margin is regular with “sloping edge”. To
find more possible treatments like chemotherapy, lumpectomy, radiation therapy and other gene
therapy we first need to understand the concept behind occurrence and reoccurrence of TNBC. The
discharge was yellowish in colour with streak of blood. Few studies look at the psychological and
social ad- justments to mastectomy in 160 women, who were fol- lowed at intervals of 3, 12, and 24
months after surgery. Majority of patients were locally advanced (82.3%) and 79% had positive
nodes at the time of presentation. See Full PDF Download PDF See Full PDF Download PDF
Related Papers Etiology and Treatment Options of Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC Kaiser
Jamil Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is defined by the absence of ER, PR and normal HER-2
expression. The basal-like molecular subtype exhibits a unique molecular profile and set of risk
factors, aggressive and early pattern of metastasis, limited treatment options, and poor prognosis.
Studies done by Kronovitz, S.J., et al. showed that there is two main problems exist for performing
immediate recon- struction on patients who will then undergo RT. Examination of other systems was
normal. 3. Investigations Several blood investigations were done for this patient including full blood
count, blood urea and serum elec- Figure 3. Based on histological classification, infiltrating ductal
carcinoma is the most common breast malignancy, ac- counting for 75% of cases. HER2-targeted
therapies have been developed and approved for use. Serous and bloody discharge was also seen
and the dis- charge was foul smelling. Download Free PDF View PDF CLINICAL BEHAVIOUR
OF METASTATIC TRIPLE NEGATIVE BREAST CARCINOMA: AN INSTITUTIONAL
REVIEW. As by definition, Metastatic breast cancer, also known as Advanced or Stage IV breast
cancer, is the stage in breast cancer progression in which malignant cells from the primary tumor
successfully create new tumors in distant organs. While the alternative pathway is more
heterogeneous and less characterized, the traditional and serrated pathways appear to be more
homogeneous and clearly distinct. Preoperative chemotherapy can offer women less morbid surgical
treatment by down-staging both the primary breast tumor and axillary metastases. In an event where
there are ad- verse prognostic factors such as lymph node involvement that increase the likelihood of
metastatic relapse, sys- temic therapy such as chemotherapy or hormone therapy is added. One
unsolved question in colon cancer biology concerns the cells of origin and from which crypt
compartment the different pathways originate. The abdominal examination was normal with no or-
ganomegaly detected. Upon discharge, she is given appointment dates for follow up at our general
surgery as well as the oncology clinic. 6. Discussion A study by A. Promising results of platinum-
based neoadjuvant chemotherapy have been reported to prevent recurrences, compared to the
standard scheduled therapy.
The modi- fied radical (Patey) mastect omy is more commonly per- formed. A week prior to
admission, bloody pus discharges started to ooze out from the skin overlying the lump. TNBC are
highly proliferative and have p53 mutations in 50% of cases and most BRCA1-mutated tumors fall
in this category. Patient was reviewed by the oncology team and neoad- juvant therapy was planned.
Although metastatic breast cancer is not curable, meaningful improvements in survival have been
seen, coincident with the introduction of newer systemic therapies. Intravenous antibiotic was also
pre- scribed to cover infection in view of the raised white cell count. Both (a) and (b) showed
features consistent with infiltrating ductal carcinoma. her. She wa s given the option of sur gery how
ever she did not come for the follow up. Dis- ease-free survival and overall survival are equivalent
between patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and patients treated with th e same
regimen postopera- tively. Minor risk fac- tors increase a woman’s lifetime risk from 12% to ap-
proximately 15%. The triple assessment consists of clinical as- sessment (history taking and physical
examination), im- aging studies as well as histopathology studies. Initial metastasis in the cohort was
around 24.2% despite most tumours being locally advanced. Upon discharge, she is given
appointment dates for follow up at our general surgery as well as the oncology clinic. 6. Discussion
A study by A. Patients and oncologists always have a dilemma on how to cope with this aggressive
disease. Breast cancer is one of the most concerning diseases in the world. This is a case of a 39-
years-old Malay woman presen ted to HUSM w ith a history of ulcerating breast lump with bloody
pus discharge on the right breast. After 6 cycles of che- motherapy was completed, she underwent
right modified radical mastectomy with axillary clearance and immedi- ate chest wall reconstruction
with unilateral pedicled transverse rectus abdominis muscle (TRAM) ( Figure 5 ). 5. Progress After
the operation, her condition is stable and she is healing well. Jemal et al. (2008) revealed that breast
cancer is the most common site-specific cancer in wo- men and is the leading cause of death from
cancer for women aged 20 - 59 years. Istanbul 2015. Oksijen Bas?m ve Matbaac?l?k, 189 sayfa (170
resim ile birlikte). The risk factors for breast cancer may be divided into several categories such as
demographic, estrogen expo- sure, lifestyle, personal breast characteristics, familial and inherited
genetic mutations, and radiation exposure. For A Literature Review on Breast Cancer Some Ideas
for Topics. The final diagnosis of breast cancer was revealed to (a) (b) Figure 1. The X-ray was
normal w ith no evidence of metas- tasis to the lungs. For Later 0 ratings 0% found this document
useful (0 votes) 28 views 7 pages Literature Review - TheraSim Virtual Patient Simulator Uploaded
by Emmanuel Bucio AI-enhanced description Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in
women. Several investiga- tions were done for her, including mammogram study ( Figure 1 ). At a
median follow up of 23 monthslocal recurrence was seen in 9.7% and distant metastasis in 40.32%
of cases.Most common site of distant metastasis was Brain (14.52%) followed by Liver (11.29%)
and Lung (11. 29%).The median disease free survival (DFS) and time to local failure in the study was
11 and 12.5 months respectively. The poor prognosis and an aggressive clinical course of TNBC
warrants further research for therapeutic options. ABSTRACT The diagnosis of breast cancer can
cause a significant anxiety in someone’s life. The breast mass can be clearly demonstrated in both
images. Therapeutic benefits of AMPK modulation, androgen receptor (AR) antagonists, epi-drugs,
immunotherapy, mTOR inhibition, PARP inhibition, platinum-based chemotherapy and various such
modalities have been discussed. Detailed discussion on the diagnosis, treatment, surgical intervention
and progress of the p atient with ref- erence to available literatu re reviews are presented.
TNBC patients have a unique pattern of relapse, which occurs mostly in the first 3 years following
diagnosis. Methods:- Patients diagnosed with breast carcinoma (tissue diagnosis) presenting to our
institution were evaluated for their ER, PR and HER2Neu status. Download Free PDF View PDF
CLINICAL BEHAVIOUR OF METASTATIC TRIPLE NEGATIVE BREAST CARCINOMA: AN
INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW. Breast cancer starts as a local disease, but it could metastasize to the
lymph nodes and distant organs. Secondly, it can create problem especially when planning and
designing the ir- radiation field. For patients, the diagnosis of breast cancer is fearsome; so when they
know additionally that they suffer from TNBC—a subtype with poor outcomes—this situation is
often more stressful. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. This article discusses
the molecular and pathological basis for classifying colorectal neoplasia into suppressor, mutator and
methylator pathways. The 5-year relative survival rate for invasive breast cancer is 90%. Both (a) and
(b) showed features consistent with infiltrating ductal carcinoma. her. She wa s given the option of
sur gery how ever she did not come for the follow up. A detailed research on immunotherapy
utilization in TNBC has emphasized its part in constraining tumor cell activity. For A Literature
Review on Breast Cancer Some Ideas for Topics. Since many TNBC tumors express androgen
receptors (AR), many agents which antagonize AR have been implicated in the treatment of TNBC.
Treatment of early stage of breast cancer will usually involve surgery with or without radiotherapy.
Mammogram in (a) medio-lateral oblique (MLO) and (b) cranio-caudal (CC) view showing lesions
suspicious of malignancy located at the upper outer quadrant of the right breast. To identify the
clinical behaviour of TNBC, we evaluated the 62 patients of metastatic TNBC presenting in our
department in last 3 years. Conclusion:- TNBCs present in younger women show variable response to
chemotherapy and carry the worse prognosis, having high recurrence rate. According to the Research
studies, women who have BRCA1 mutations are at higher risk for triple negative breast cancer.
Intravenous antibiotic was also pre- scribed to cover infection in view of the raised white cell count.
The care of brea st cancer patient is undertaken as a joint venture between the surgeon, medical
oncologist, radiotherapist, pathologist and allied health professionals such as the clinical nurse
specialist as well as counsellors. Blood and swab culture was also performed and there was no grow
th so far. You can also conduct your study on the many problems that the patients have to go through
like strained family relations, social acceptance, and economic problems. The fungating, ulcerous
lesion is seen occupying parts of the upper quadrant of the right breast. Imaging studies such as X-
ray and CT scan were also done. The abdominal examination was normal with no or- ganomegaly
detected. Serous and bloody discharge was also seen and the dis- charge was foul smelling. The third
is that loss of genomic stability is a key molecular step in cancer formation. DURUGONUL (Ed.),
Manisa Muzesi Heykelt?rasl?k Eserleri. The risk factors for breast cancer may be divided into several
categories such as demographic, estrogen expo- sure, lifestyle, personal breast characteristics, familial
and inherited genetic mutations, and radiation exposure. Results:- Median age of patients was 45
years (range 28-81).
Based on histological classification, infiltrating ductal carcinoma is the most common breast
malignancy, ac- counting for 75% of cases. HER2-targeted therapies have been developed and
approved for use. Absence of these enzymes is result into the less option availability in cancer
treatment. You can cover the disease from the doctor’s point of view or students’. Initially
considered as a disease due to genetic mutations, it is now viewed as a complex malignancy because
of the involvement of epigenetic abnormalities. Th e characteristic of the lymph node is single, round
in shape, mobile, smooth surface, regular margin with firm consistency. The ? ap is then rotated,
shaped into a breast mound, and sutured; the umbilicus and the abdominal skin are sutured into its
new position and the abdomen skin is sutured as in an abdominoplasty. DURUGONUL (Ed.),
Manisa Muzesi Heykelt?rasl?k Eserleri. At a median follow up of 23 monthslocal recurrence was
seen in 9.7% and distant metastasis in 40.32% of cases.Most common site of distant metastasis was
Brain (14.52%) followed by Liver (11.29%) and Lung (11. 29%).The median disease free survival
(DFS) and time to local failure in the study was 11 and 12.5 months respectively. Upon discharge,
she is given appointment dates for follow up at our general surgery as well as the oncology clinic. 6.
Discussion A study by A. They are generally aggressive nature, present with different metastatic
patterns and there are no targeted therapies till date. This is the first review in a series of five topics
outlining important and developing aspects of colorectal cancer. Studies done by Kronovitz, S.J., et
al. showed that there is two main problems exist for performing immediate recon- struction on
patients who will then undergo RT. Promising results of platinum-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy
have been reported to prevent recurrences, compared to the standard scheduled therapy. While the
alternative pathway is more heterogeneous and less characterized, the traditional and serrated
pathways appear to be more homogeneous and clearly distinct. IV Unasyn (Ampicillin and
Sulbactam) 1.2 mg was given three times Fentanyl patch 12.5 mg was also given every 72 hours to
reduce the pain. Mastectomy is indicated in for large tumors, multifo- cal disease, central tumors
beneath or involving the nip- ple, local recurrence or patie nt’s reference. Breast cancer starts as a
local disease, but it could metastasize to the lymph nodes and distant organs. TNBC patients have a
unique pattern of relapse, which occurs mostly in the first 3 years following diagnosis. Jemal et al.
(2008) revealed that breast cancer is the most common site-specific cancer in wo- men and is the
leading cause of death from cancer for women aged 20 - 59 years. She only went to a tertiary centre
as she felt that the breast lump is getting slightly bigger around 4 months after the initial
presentation. A reduction in cancer growth through AMPK activation by some drugs has directed
research towards developing AMPK agonists and antagonists. Detailed discussion on the diagnosis,
treatment, surgical intervention and progress of the p atient with ref- erence to available literatu re
reviews are presented. One unsolved question in colon cancer biology concerns the cells of origin
and from which crypt compartment the different pathways originate. Secondly, it can create problem
especially when planning and designing the ir- radiation field. She received neoadjuvant chemo-
therapy before proceeding to right modified radical mastectomy with axillary clearance and
immediate chest wall re- construction. The breast mass can be clearly demonstrated in both images.
Methods:- Patients diagnosed with breast carcinoma (tissue diagnosis) presenting to our institution
were evaluated for their ER, PR and HER2Neu status. According to the Research studies, women
who have BRCA1 mutations are at higher risk for triple negative breast cancer. The modi- fied
radical (Patey) mastect omy is more commonly per- formed.
A hallmark of CRC is its pathogenetic heterogeneity attained through at least three distinct
pathways: a traditional (adenoma-carcinoma sequence), an alternative, and more recently the so-
called serrated pathway. A detailed research on immunotherapy utilization in TNBC has emphasized
its part in constraining tumor cell activity. The second tenet is that cancer emerges via a multi-step
progression at both the molecular and the morphologic level. Methods:- Patients diagnosed with
breast carcinoma (tissue diagnosis) presenting to our institution were evaluated for their ER, PR and
HER2Neu status. Although metastatic breast cancer is not curable, meaningful improvements in
survival have been seen, coincident with the introduction of newer systemic therapies. As by
definition, Metastatic breast cancer, also known as Advanced or Stage IV breast cancer, is the stage
in breast cancer progression in which malignant cells from the primary tumor successfully create new
tumors in distant organs. Although EOCRC cases have some distinguishing clinical and pathological
features than elder age CRC, the molecular mechanism underlying the EOCRC is poorly clarified.
The X-ray was normal w ith no evidence of metas- tasis to the lungs. Secondly, it can create problem
especially when planning and designing the ir- radiation field. Human epidermal growth factor
receptor 2 (HER-2), Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). Several investiga- tions were done for
her, including mammogram study ( Figure 1 ). Th e characteristic of the lymph node is single, round
in shape, mobile, smooth surface, regular margin with firm consistency. Conclusion:- TNBCs present
in younger women show variable response to chemotherapy and carry the worse prognosis, having
high recurrence rate. Results:- Median age of patients was 45 years (range 28-81). TNBC relapses
more frequently than hormone receptor-positive subtypes and is often associated with poor
outcomes. The care of the breast cancer patient requires in many centres. Triple Negative (ER
Negative, PR Negative, HER2Neu Negative) breast cancer subtype patients were given treatment
according to the stage and patient preferences. The discharge was yellowish in colour with streak of
blood. She only went to a tertiary centre as she felt that the breast lump is getting slightly bigger
around 4 months after the initial presentation. The breast mass can be clearly demonstrated in both
images. The 5-year relative survival rate for invasive breast cancer is 90%. Keywords: TNBC (Triple
Negative Breast Cancer), Metastasis, tumor, ER-negative, PR-negative, HER2-neu negative, BRCA1
mutations, Overall Survival, Lungs, Mathematical Models, Recurrence, Chemokines, Chemotherapy.
The triple assessment consists of clinical as- sessment (history taking and physical examination), im-
aging studies as well as histopathology studies. Dis- ease-free survival and overall survival are
equivalent between patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and patients treated with th e
same regimen postopera- tively. The basal-like molecular subtype exhibits a unique molecular profile
and set of risk factors, aggressive and early pattern of metastasis, limited treatment options, and
poor prognosis. After 6 cycles of che- motherapy was completed, she underwent right modified
radical mastectomy with axillary clearance and immedi- ate chest wall reconstruction with unilateral
pedicled transverse rectus abdominis muscle (TRAM) ( Figure 5 ). 5. Progress After the operation,
her condition is stable and she is healing well. ABSTRACT The diagnosis of breast cancer can cause
a significant anxiety in someone’s life. Large population-based studies have identified a higher
proportion of triple-negative breast tumors among premenopausal African American women, and a
suggestion that increased parity, younger age at first-term pregnancy, shorter duration of breast
feeding, and elevated hip-to-waist ratio might be particular risk factors. Most, though not all, triple-
negative breast cancers will be basal-like on gene expression micorarrays.
She received neoadjuvant chemo- therapy before proceeding to right modified radical mastectomy
with axillary clearance and immediate chest wall re- construction. This article discusses the
molecular and pathological basis for classifying colorectal neoplasia into suppressor, mutator and
methylator pathways. Bone and Liver was the most common site of metastasis at diagnosis. You can
download the paper by clicking the button above. IJAR Indexing Introduction - Triple Negative
Breast Cancer (TNBC) is a type of breast cancer which is characterised by its unique molecular
profile of ER,PR and HER2Neu Negativity. An initial mammogram study showed lesion suspicious
of malignancy, and histopathological examination was consistent with in vasive ductal carcinoma.
Regulation of epigenetic proteins by epi-drugs has shown to activate the apoptosis pathway, suppress
the survival pathway and has been investigated. Pedicle TRAM flap uses abdominal muscle, fat and
skin tissue vascularized by the rectus muscle pedicle to reconstruct the breast mound. Keywords:
Breast Cancer; Multidisciplinary Approach; Reconstructive Surgery 1. Both (a) and (b) showed
features consistent with infiltrating ductal carcinoma. her. She wa s given the option of sur gery how
ever she did not come for the follow up. Approximately 60-70% of patients are chemosensitive,
while the remaining majority does not respond. In an event where there are ad- verse prognostic
factors such as lymph node involvement that increase the likelihood of metastatic relapse, sys- temic
therapy such as chemotherapy or hormone therapy is added. The 5-year relative survival rate for
invasive breast cancer is 90%. Another interesting aspect is the psychological mind frame of the
patients. Patient was reviewed by the oncology team and neoad- juvant therapy was planned. The
flaps are healing wel l wi th no complications observed. 20% of breast cancers are associated with a
familial or inherited risk. (Thus, 80% to 85% of women have no significant familial risk factors.) By
far the most common is the mutations in the BRCA 1 and 2 genes. Results:- Median age of patients
was 45 years (range 28-81). Examination of other systems was normal. 3. Investigations Several
blood investigations were done for this patient including full blood count, blood urea and serum
elec- Figure 3. You can cover the disease from the doctor’s point of view or students’. A reduction in
cancer growth through AMPK activation by some drugs has directed research towards developing
AMPK agonists and antagonists. The first is that the genetic and epigenetic alterations that underlie
colon cancer formation promote the cancer formation process because they provide a clonal growth
advantage to the cells that acquire them. The triple assessment consists of clinical as- sessment
(history taking and physical examination), im- aging studies as well as histopathology studies.
Secondly, it can create problem especially when planning and designing the ir- radiation field.
Upfront surgery was done in 35.48% patients while 64.52% patients were started on chemotherapy
out of which 62.5% patients were amenable tosurgery. Mammogram in (a) medio-lateral oblique
(MLO) and (b) cranio-caudal (CC) view showing lesions suspicious of malignancy located at the
upper outer quadrant of the right breast. However, extra care must be taken in-patient who needs
post-operative radiotherapy. From the analysis of the molecular genesis of colon cancer, four central
tenets concerning the pathogenesis of cancer have been established. These differing mechanisms of
genomic instability are associated with specific cancer characteristics, and may provide the
opportunity for more effective prevention and surveillance strategies in the future. See Full PDF
Download PDF See Full PDF Download PDF Related Papers Etiology and Treatment Options of
Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC Kaiser Jamil Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is defined
by the absence of ER, PR and normal HER-2 expression. A hallmark of CRC is its pathogenetic
heterogeneity attained through at least three distinct pathways: a traditional (adenoma-carcinoma
sequence), an alternative, and more recently the so-called serrated pathway.