BSR 552- CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY I

FRAMED BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

DATE: 1/12/2021
 DEFINITIONS
• Frame in the building can be defined as a rigid structure that serves as
fixed support to the building.
• It is used to resist vertical forces (for example gravity loading) and
lateral forces (for example wind, and earthquakes) in the building.
• Apart from that it used to prevent rotations in the structures.
EXAMPLE OF FRAME STRUCTURE
 TYPES OF FRAMES
• Types of Frames

a) Rigid Frames
b) Braced Frames
c) Pin Ended Frames
d) Fix Ended Frames
e) Gabbled Frames
f) Portal Frames
 RIGID FRAMED STRUCTURE
• Rigid frame structures are built at the
site which may or may not be poured
at the same time
• Rigid frame structure provide more
stability and resist rotations (torsional
effects) more effectively
• Basically it made up with linear
elements such as column and beams

ADVANTAGES
• Rigid frame structures feature
including positive and negative
bending moments throughout the
structure due to interaction of walls
beams and slab
 Beam / Slab

Column
Hogging

Point of Contraflexure

Beam / Slab

Sagging
Column
 BRACED FRAMED STRUCTURE
• Braced frame structure consists diagonal
members that helps to resist lateral and
sideway forces
• Buildings are braced by inserting diagonal
structural members into the rectangular
areas of a structural frame.

ADVANTAGES
• Stabilize the frame against earthquakes
and strong winds.
• Lateral forces are resisted by axial actions
of bracing and columns.
• More efficient than a rigid frame (resist
force more than none braced buildings)
• In terms of loads, the beam and column
will carry the vertical load and the bracing
system will carry the lateral loads (wind
and seismic)
• Sometimes the bracing system will cause a
problem for a façade and opening
 PIN ENDED STRUCTURAL FRAMES
• A pinned frame has members connected by
pins.
• It can be rotated or flexed.
• A pinned frame can be considered as rigid but
the structure tend to be non rigid when the
supports are removed.
 FIX ENDED STRUCTURAL FRAMES

• The structure in which one or more than

one members are fully constrained.
 GABLED STRUCTURAL FRAMES
• Gabled frames show a peak
• These frames systems are used
in the places with chances of
heavy rainfall or snowfall
• Gable frame is very suitable for
industrial and storage due to
simple structure
• Gable frame offers sloping roof
and potential of quick drainage
• It has more headroom for the
interior that needed vehicle or
machine movement
 PORTAL STRUCTURAL FRAMES
• It resembles like a door. Multi-
story, multi-bay portal frames are
commonly used for commercial
and industrial construction.
• The members are usually made
up of curved laminates and the
members are thickened in the
region of the knee or eaves joint
to allow for the large moment.
• The advantages of portal frame
structure including there is no
columns in the middle, allow to
have bigger space to
accommodate
 LOAD PATH IN FRAMES
• It is a path through which the load
of a frame structure is transmitted
to the foundations.
BEHAVIOUR OF FRAME STRUCTURE UNDER LOAD
 ADVANTAGES OF FRAMES

• Optimum use of floor space

-(safety consideration, frame requirement)
• Easy & Rapid Construction
• Economical for high rise buildings
• Erected by steel and or reinforced concrete
 DISADVANTAGES OF FRAMES
• Generally, frames are flexible structures, and lateral
deflections control the design process for buildings with
greater than about 4 stories.

• The concrete frames are 8 times stiffer than steel frames

of the same strength.

• Span lengths are limited when using normal reinforced

concrete (generally less than about 13 m, but up to about
15 m). Otherwise spans greater than that, can cause
lateral deflection
GLOBAL MODELING OF STRUCTURAL GEOMETRY
 TIMBER FRAME
•Timber framed structures differ from those
constructed of traditional brick and block
work because the structural frame
members are fabricated from wood. They
transmit their loads onto the foundation
through a common sole or base plate.

• Timber frame structures must comply

with the building regulations in every
aspect including resistance to fire.

• In the UK housing in timber framed

structures is permitted up to three storey
including flats and Maisonettes.
 ADVANTAGES OF TIMBER FRAME
• Timber framed construction allows for the use
of semi skilled labour for the manufacturing in
factory controlled conditions.
• Rapid completion on site is easily achieved
with less wet trades involved.
• The occupier of a timber framed dwelling
benefits from the higher insulation which can
easily be achieved
• The use of low thermal capacity material
absorbs less heat than masonry walls making
it is easier to reach the required comfort
temperature more quickly.
 MANUFACTURING PROCESS

• Timber framed houses are

usually made in factories into
large wall sized units which
make economic use of
materials.
• The manufacturing process is
not effected by inclement
weather.

Timber framed panels in the

workshop ready for erection.
 PLATFORM FRAMED STRUCTURE
• The most common method of
constructing a timber framed
structure is a platform frame.
With this method each storey is
framed up as a separate
operation making use of each
floor as an erection platform.

• Another method of construction

is balloon frame. In this method
of construction the building is
fabricated from wall sections
two storeys high. It is not used
for three storey structures.
 EXTERNAL WALLS
• The structural framed members of the external walls are
constructed with light softwood timbers which are
designed using stress graded timber to BS4978.

• The studs are usually processed from basic sawn sizes of

either 100 x 50mm or 75 x 50mm. These studs are usually
spaced at 400mm centres. The studs are nailed with
simple butt joints to top and bottom plates of the same
size.

• Panel sizes is dictated by an early decision on whether

they are to be craned or manually lifted into position. The
external walls are braced with sheet materials, usually
water boil proof (WBP) plywood, nailed or stapled to the
external face of the frame.
DRAWING OF AN EXTERNAL WALLS
TIMBER STUD WALLS
 TRUSSED RAFTER

Trussed Rafters are used on most timber framed houses.

 TRUSSED RAFTER

Trussed Rafters are used on most timber framed houses.

TIMBER FRAMED STRUCTURES UNDER ERECTION
 BREATHER MEMBRANE

To prevent moisture entering into

the plywood sheathing during
construction a breathable
membrane is stapled onto the
plywood on the external face. This
membrane also provides a second
line of defence should moisture
penetrate the exterior cladding.
 EXTERNAL CLADDING
A Inner Lining of Plasterboard

B Vapour Check

C Structural Timber Frame

D Thick Insulation Quilt-CFC free

E Sheathing Board

F Waterproof Breather Membrane

G Stainless Steel Wall Tie

H Clear 50mm Wall Cavity

I Brick Outer Cladding

 EXTERNAL CLADDING
Roofing tiles may also be used as a
cladding material. These tiles are
hung on timber battens which have
been secured to the plywood.
These battens must be treated
with a timber preservative prior to
being secured to the plywood.
 PRESERVATION TREATMENT
The Building Regulations require that timber cladding
should be made from durable species or treated with
suitable preservatives. They also require that all
timber which occurs below damp proof course (DPC)
level must be treated against insect and fungal
attack. Other timbers do not require to be treated with
preservatives but most manufacturers do treat all
their timbers.

Approval for fire and the structural stability of timber

framed houses require a certificate of approval by a
structural engineer or another equally approved
organisation before erection.