PLANT GENETIC

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1. Explain briefly the meaning of GENETIC
2. Explain the following terms:
a) Gene and Allele
b) Dominant and Recessive genes
c) Homozymous & heterozygous genes
d) Genotype and phenotype
3. Explain monohybrid inheritance and dihybrid
inheritance
4. Explain Mendel’s 1ST Law (Principles of
Dominance); Mendel’s 2nd Law (Law of
Independent Assortment)
5. Describe Mendel’s experiments on monohybrid
cross and dihybrid cross
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 Thestudy on the inheritance of characters in
which characteristics of parents are passed
on to the progeny from generation to
generation.

 The hereditary traits of an organism are

determined by units of information called
genes and are encoded in the base sequence
of the organism’s DNA.

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A mutation in DNA produce allele of gene, which
sometime, can be identified by a detectable change
in a trait.

 Thestudy was first done by an Augustine Monk in

Austria, Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) in experiment
with garden peas (Pisum sativum).

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 Phenotype: the physical characteristics that
is visible or can be detected in an organism.

 Genotype:the sequences or combination

genes that determines the phenotype.

 Allele:the alternate forms of gene e.g. one

allele of a gene for stem, length makes a pea
plant tall; another makes it short.

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Gene A basic unit of inheritance
Locus A specific place along the length of a chromosome
where a given gene is located.

Alleles The alternate forms of gene

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Dominant allele An allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype of a
heterozygote
Recessive allele An allele who phenotypic effect is not observed in a
heterozygote
Character A hereditary feature, such as the shape of a seed.
Trait A variant to each character, such as round or wrinkled.

Cross-pollination Process where one plant fertilizes other plant.

Self-pollination A plant fertilizes itself without the involvement of other
plant.
P generation The parental generation involved in a cross pollination
between two pure-breeding plants that differ in a
particular character.
F1 generation (first The offspring produced in the first generation through
filial generation) pollination the cross-pollination of the P generation
plants.
F2 generation The offspring produced from the self-pollination of F1
(second filial generation plants.
generation)
Pure-breeding plant A plant that produces offspring with the same traits
when self-fertilised. These types of plants are
homozygous in their alleles.
Genotype The sequences or combination genes that determine the
phenotype.
Phenotype The physical characteristics that is visible or can be
detected in an organism.
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INHERITANCE

•Means genetic instructions that are passed down from the parents to
the next generation.

•Genetic instructions refer to the characters that are passed down

from parents to their offspring through a set of instructions.

•Each new organism may inherit characteristics that are similar to or

different from their parents because of various genetic variations.

•Genetic is the scientific study of inheritance on how variation arises

and how the characters of individuals are passed on from one
generation to the next.

•A character is a hereditary feature, such as the colours of flowers that

varies among the organisms.

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 Single genes

 The study of a pair of contrasting characters.

 Forexample; length of stem (tall;dwarf) or

colour of cotyledon (yellow;green).

 Consists
of Mendel’s First Law (Law of
Segretation) and The Principle of Dominance

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 Mendel’s First Law stated that:

― For a pair of contrasting character

determined by a pair of contrasting factors
(alleles), only one of the factors can be
carried in each gamete‖.

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 Parental generation (P):
pure-breeding tall plant with a pure-breeding dwarf plant
F1 generation: hybrids progeny show all tall
F2 generation: result of 2 phenotype which are tall and
dwarf plants with 3:1 ratio

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 Only strong (dominant) character appears in
F1 generation
 Weak (recessive) character hidden in F1
generation
 The characters are controlled by hereditary
factors
 Each character is controlled by a pair of
factors

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 Duringmeiosis, these factors become
separated and each enters in different
gamete. Each gamete has only factor for
each character

 Thehereditary factors (genes) remain as

separate particles during their transmission
from parents to offspring

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 Homozygous; the two alleles are the same. They are
pure-breeding for dominant ( homozygous dominant –
TT) or pure-breeding for recessive (homozygous – tt)

 Heterozygous: the two alleles are different - Tt

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 A method to identify the genotypes of an
individual whether it is homozygous or
heterozygous for a dominant character.

 This is done by crossing it with another

individual which exhibits the homozygous
recessive genotype.

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 A cross between an individual from the progeny of the F1
generation with any of its parents
 Backcross breeding is an effective method to transfer one
or a few genes controlling a specific trait from one line
into a second—usually elite—breeding line.
 The parent with the desired trait, called the donor
parent, provides the desired trait and may not perform as
well as an elite variety in other areas. The elite line,
called the recurrent parent, usually performs well in all
other areas.

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 The study of two pairs of contrasting
characters.
 Obeys The Principle of dominance, Mendel’s
First Law and Mendel’s Second Law

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 (Law of Independent Assortment) stated that:

―Two pairs of contrasting characters are determined by

two different pairs of alleles. Each gamete can only
receive any one member from a pair of alleles and any
one member from the other pair of alleles. The
combination of alleles found in any gamete occurs
randomly.”

-> pairs of heritable factors assort independently in

gamete formation <-

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 A dihybrid cross of tall pea plants and round
seed (pure-breeding) with dwarf and
wrinkled seeds plants (pure breeding).

 F1generation: hybrid progeny show all plant

are tall and have round seed.

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 Tall plants with round seed
 Tall plants with wrinkled seed
 Dwarf plants with round seed and
 Dwarf plants with wrinkled seed
In the ratio 9:3:3:1

* The 9:3:3:1 ratio is typical for all crosses in which

both parents are dihybrid.

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