Digital System Design

Chapter 1
Introductory Concepts
Thái Truyển Đại Chấn
 Outline
• Numerical Representations
• Digital and Analog Systems
• Digital Number Systems
• Representing Binary Quantities
• Digital Circuits/Logic Circuits
• Parallel and Serial Transmission
• Memory
• Digital Computers
 Numerical Representations
In analog representation a quantity is represented by a
continuously variable, proportional indicator.

magnitude
 Numerical Representations
In digital representation the quantities are represented not by
continuously variable indicators but by symbols called digits

t = the height of mercury column  analog

x = temperature measured by a ruler and

rounded to an integer  digital
E.g., x = -20, 10, 37 degrees
 Numerical Representations
In electrical analog representation,
The physical quantity  a proportional voltage or current (electrical signal).

This voltage or current is then used by the system for display, processing, or
control purposes
Speaker

Tape recorder
Microphone
 Numerical Representations

Analog ≡ Continuous

Digital ≡ Discrete (step by step)

 Digital and Analog Systems
• Advantages of digital techniques
• Digital systems are generally easier to design
• Information storage is easy
• Accuracy and precision are easier to maintain throughput
the system
• Operation can be programmed
• Digital circuit are less affected by noise
• More digital circuitry can be fabricated on IC chips
 Digital and Analog Systems
• Limitations of digital techniques
• The real world is analog
• Processing digitized signals takes time
• Analog-Digital-Analog systems
• Convert the physical variable to an electrical signal
(analog)
• Convert the electrical (analog) signal into digital form
• Process (operate on) the digital information.
• Convert the digital outputs back to real-world analog
form.
 Digital and Analog Systems
• Precision digital temperature control system
Digital and Analog Systems
 Digital and Analog Systems
• A magnetic levitation system suspending
 Digital Number Systems
• Decimal system

positional-value system
 Digital Number Systems
• Binary system

Binary digit ≡ bit

 Representing Binary Quantities
• History of binary number system
• The modern binary number system was
devised by Gottfried Leibniz (a German
polymath and philosopher) in 1679

Appeared earlier in multiple cultures including ancient Egypt,

China, and India
Eight trigrams (Bagua, Bát quái) in I Ching (易經, Kinh Dịch),
 Representing Binary Quantities
• Represented by any device with only two
states
• A switch: closed or open
• Compact disc (CD)
• Digital lock
• Light bulb (bright or dark)
• Diode (conducting or non-conducting)
• Electromagnet (energized or de-energized)
• Transistor (cut off or saturated)
• Photocell (illuminated or dark)
• Thermostat (open or closed)
• Spot on a magnetic disk (magnetized or
demagnetized).
 Representing Binary Quantities
• In electronic digital systems
• Voltage
• Current
timing diagram
 Digital Circuits/Logic Circuits
• Logic Circuits
 Digital Circuits/Logic Circuits
• Digital Integrated Circuits
• An integrated circuit ≡ monolithic integrated circuit ≡ IC ≡
chip ≡ microchip
• A set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece (or
"chip") of semiconductor material
• Types: CMOS, TTL, NMOS, and ECL
 Parallel and Serial Transmission
• Parallel transmission
 Parallel and Serial Transmission
• Serial transmission
Memory
 Digital Computers
• Definition
• A system of hardware that performs arithmetic
operations, manipulates data (usually in binary form), and
makes decisions
• Computer vs. Human
• Much greater speed and accuracy
• Calculations and operations one step at a time
• A complete set of instructions that tell it exactly what to
do at each step  program
 Digital Computers
• Major Parts of a Computer
 Digital Computers
• Type of computers by size and mobility
• Microcomputer, personal computer
• Stationary: workstation, desktop, smart TV, smart speaker, …
• Mobile: laptop, tablet, information appliance (PDA, ..), mobile phone
(smartphone, …), …
• Midrange: server, minicomputer, …
• Large: supercomputer, mainframe computer, …

• Types of computer by purpose

• General-purpose microcomputer
• Dedicated computer
• Microprocessor, microcomputer
 Summary
Representing the numerical value of physical quantities
Analog, digital
Most quantities in the real world are
Analog
Digital techniques are generally superior

A basic number system used in digital tech is

Binary number system
Digital/logic circuit: voltages in prescribed ranges represent
Binary 0 or 1
 Summary
Two basic ways to transfer digital information are
Parallel, serial

The main parts of all computers

Input, control, memory, arithmetic/logic, output units

The combination of arithmetic/logic and control units makes up

The CPU (central processing unit)
 Summary

A microcomputer with CPU on a single chip is called

A microprocessor

A microcomputer designed for dedicated applications is called

A microcontroller