CAN HI nAN

KINH TE GIAo DUe

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CUON SACH fli\ VINH DlJ flLfQC NHAN GIAI HAl
TRONG CUQC THI VE THANH QuA LfU TO
KHOA HOC KI THUAT xA HOI TRIET HOC LAN THL! sAY
. CUA THANH PHO sAc KINH

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Nf-LJ..XU ..\T BAN GIAo DVC NHAN DAN
sAc KINH-200 I
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 .[ Chi u tnlch nhi~m bien tap: Ta'.ng H6ng Mai

Tham dinh biin'thao: Vuong Lqi, Lfr D'.lt

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Neu pkil hien ra \'i~c in 'In. lrinh b:lj' ,inh huang den "iee dge ella minh, xin delC giii lien
he \,('/1nh:1 xuil! bem de doi lai s:ich.
(Oi" chi lien hi:: lau so 13 khu 3 VL!OnPhuong Th:mh, ti~J khu Phuong Trang, thanh phD
sic Kinhl

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so lieu ICIP) mm: l~e l:ii ban saeh

Kinh Ii: hue gi,io duc/ l,ic gi,i em Hi Ban. 2 ban (b'ln chinh Ii) - Bae Kinh:
Nh:1 xU:lt h,;n gi:io duc nhiln dim. thang 5 nam 2001
ISBN 7.I07.1~530.~
1. Gi,lu .
11. Can .
III. Kinh k hoc gi,io due
1V. (}~U.05~
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3
 I

Thuyet minh bim chinh Ii

Cnon saeh giao kho,l "kil1h Ie' gioo dl.'c lUI'" nilY tll khi xuiit bim cia nh~n ,Itwe , I
hoan nghcnh clla don? dau ba'n dQc, da Un IUql tai ban miiy liin nhung do su ph;\t trien
manh me clIa thai dai, kinh te tri thuc rat nhanh chong tim ra diiu moi, ill1h hllang ella
-
vi~c xiiy dung co che kinh te :thi truang va xiiy dung ngimh khoa hQc ngay dmg thimh
thlic, khien cho nguai viet phal tien hanh sua chiia, bi) sung kha nhicu S0 vai b,in cu. Un
nay chu yeu tien hanh chinh Ira nhiing phuong dien sau
Tien hanh di~u chinh co e[iu he. than!'..~ Eim ~ !'.6c clUNCxil\'
. ~. dun!'.
~ dua
. tr0n hon bo.
phiin Ion la quan h~ giao dliC va kinh Ie, diiu tU gi;\o due. hi~u suiit kinh te gi,\o due. hieu
qua kinh te giao dlic, con trang ban chinh Ii tren phuang di~n he thong logic. kh(mg c6
thay d6i m9t cach can ban c9 cau he thong nay, chi tach rai tiIng phiin, moi ph[in tra
thanh m9t b9 ph~n d9C l~p, ttIC Iii t6 hO'p theo thu IU chuang. bili. han niia tren CO' sa he
thong von co, tien hanh b6 sung va di~u chinh doi voi moi chuang. bili, co chuong bi,i Ihi
ket hO'p,co chuang bai thlli~tke rieng, han niia con tang thcm mot chuang mai clua theo
yeu du ella nganh khoa hQc l~: loa d(!l1g Clla giao \'icl1 rci II/li lao Cli" 110.
B6 SlIng, tiep nh~n them nhiing quan diim Ii Imin moi. Cung vai Sl! phat \ri(:n ella
thai d<:ti,nganh khoa hQc nay xua't hien rat nhicu quan di~m Ii luim. ph<:tmtru va kh,i1
niem moi, nhu la kinh te tn t~uc va giao d~le. phat trien va qu,in I~' tai nguyen nhim luc.
kinh te thi truang va giao dliC',tiI do d[m dcn nhiing quan diem eo lien quan dcn tiii "'1'
giao dliC, thi truong ~iao dlic kinh phi gi,io duc. kinh doanh giao due. quy~n S(l hl'ru gi,,"
dlic. D~ ph an anh mi?l each kip thlli nhiing buocph,\ttrien mai ella noi dung ngil11hhoc.
lam phong phu Ii lu~n moi cl'a nganh hQe, dn phai b6 sung. tiep nh~n nhl'rng ni)i dung
dac s~c ella thai d<:ti\nham phi\. hO'phan vai yeu du clla ban d9c.
Su dling nhiing tu li~u s6 li~u moi. Nhieu tu lieu so li~u trong ban goc, hiiu hct deu
la cuoi nhiing nam 80 dau nhiing nam 90 eua the ki 20. da eu kl. lac hau. dn ph,ii diii
moi, nhiip vao cac s6li~u va tiI licu moi. Trong b'ln ehinh Ii nity nhl'rng tu lieu hch Slrv[m
chroc b,\o luu va phan anh ducjlccac so lieu va tU lieu hi~n thue. co gimg su dung nhiing
n
Ilr lieu s61ieu cuoi nhiing naJ1l90 cUa the ki 20, khien eho no co th~ phim anh duoe hie
trang. noi ro van de, cung eapeho b<:tndoc tham khao SUdung.
1\goai ra con tien dieu 110:\11 chinh, sua chl'la va ho sung doi \'('Ii chii viet. ml) hinh
V;l
, -
,J)ng lhue linh w'ln va. dc tili li~u tham khao trong b,\n goe.
Trang q\1,\ Irll1l\ chinh d,ban thao, chung t6i da tham kh'lo \'a sir ct.ng riit nhic\1 hai
viet va l;\c ph,'il11C':"Icac ban'cung nganh va cae hoc gia, tiep nh:m r:ll nhicli quan di~m
vel 1:li 1i(~\1.xin bay \0 long calr e1l1situ SiIC,c10ng thai cung mong M,c gi,i cllo nhCrng )'
kien c1il\h gia, d~ cho giao trhih nay ngiiy cang hoiln thien vii phil hop han

He gia
B~c Kinh, ngay & thang 2 nam 2001

4
 MI,lC luc

. /.1 Uri noi ddll ella MIl.mdi bdil ddll tien : ' , ll
I' CIIU()NG I Lf LU..\i'i CHUNG \IE MON HQC : : :c 13
llili 1: Tinh chit cu ban \"iI d6i tUCfng nghien cu-u cua mo~ hQc :.:::; .., 13
I. V:in ,k linh chat co b"n eu" me1l1hoc : : 13
II. Deii ILCOIH! n ~hic n c Crucua man hoc ' 15
Ill. Nhi~n; '~I ':I}'
nghia nghien cCru'cua man h9c : : 17
Bili 2: He thong man hoc \"iI phuong ph,ip nghien cu-u \ 20
I. Hc Ih'lng khai niem cua mon hoc : ;..............•....... 20
II. lie th6ng c(ili thimh man h9c j ..............• j ,., 21
Ill. Phuong ph,ip "i, nguyen tac nghien cCru man h9C ; , 24
Bili 3: Lj,'h Slr ph<it tricn man IHJC !.. : j......•..,..,: , 25
I. Su nl)i kn ":1
khai Ih,ie man h9 C : : 25
II. Lich 'lr ph,il tri2n clla mon h9C , ; 30
Ill. S,r hinh Ihill1h \"a phJt tri2n bQ man Kinh Ie h9C giao dl,lc,aTrung Quac 34
Bal" .•:
t 'l'h' an h qua . ng Ilien
.. cuu
. cua
. man
. h:Qc ......•.... , ; .'
;.•.•..•.•..•.• ,...•.....• ; .
37
l. Nh.'lI1 '.:11 dai dien tieu bieu cua phuang Yay va cac Ihanh qua .'
nghl.:n euu 'I uan lmng : 37

-
•
II. Thill1h lich nghicn clru mon hl,lc vii dc d'.li di~n lieu bi~u clla Lien Xii cu
Ill. Th:mh 'Iu,i nghicn cCru chu yc'u cua Trung Quoc :
.45
49

CHUdNG II: TlfTUO!\G KINH TE GIAo6vc eVA CHU NGHIAMAc: ..: 50

Bili 1: HI.JCthuyc'l lao d9ng gino dl!c , 50
I. Quan "il III dinh nghi" llle dau , ; 50
II. QU'I.I 1 ," ' . h h.".~ ":
. .11IU hm
.'
I .II .\.1 IH.lI.. .....................•.............•..•..••..........•....•..•...........•..........
.'
51
Ill. (juan "illlr kh,ii ni~m mo rQng ~ : : 5.1
B,ii 2: T,ii s,in xual X:I h(li vii giao due 55
1. elure 11~-i11g ella gi•.l.u dye {rong t •.ii s;.in xliat sue lao dQng 55
II. T~ic J~(f1g ell;! gi~iu dt,le trang tdi Still XUi.:1l sllc s,tn xufit
hi nh Ih,i i Iri th ire khoa hue 5-:'
Bili 3: Hoe thuyet gili ti'i lao d,:mg ,.,', gi:iu duc 6J
1. Chi phi clla gi~io duc lit bo phim e:lu Ihimh cua gia tr! su-c lao d9ng 61
[I. Lao dlmg plllIe lap c6 gi,i tr! kinh Ie wang doi cao 62
ill. Cii,i,) duc lao dr'Jn~ '0 ,inh hUl1n~ den vicc hinh thanh gia tri
kinh k ella", hoi ~.: ~ ~ : 64
,
ClllJON(j III I.i 1.[; ..\\ \'0:--: NHr\N LlfC 66
Bili I: Tr;ng fhuilt "c Ii Juan ,'on nh,\n Juc 66
;

5
I. Khai
II D' ni~m eo bim If luan
. \'on nhiln lue .
........................(,6
. ~e diem ehu yeu eua von nhiln lJ!e ..67
III. Nhiing p?uong di~n ehll yeu rna von nhan lue bao ham 67
IV. Quan diem co bim ella If Iuan von nhiln lue 68
Bili 2: Slt phiit tri~n ella Ii luan tu ban nhan lue
I. Li luan gia thiet sang 1ge..•....... ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::. . 74
II L' .. 74
. lluiln xii:hOi hoa : :. . 7~
III. Li luan phan ehta thi truang sue lao d9ng ................................::: 7~
Bili 3: Phan tieh vil danh gia If lu*n tu ban nhfm lue ~ .. 77
I. Gia tri va eong hien eua If lu~n tu ban nhiln IlIc. 77
II. Y nghta thue ti~n eua If IUan tu him nhan lue 79
III. Tfnh hqp Iy eua Ii luan tlt ban nhan lue > •••••••••••••••••••• 79
IV. Tfnh h~n ehe xii:hoi ella If IU:\l1tu him nhan 1\le 81~

CHUONG IV: QUAN HJ;, GIlJA GIAO DVC VA KINH TE 8J

Bili 1: Cung vil cau trong giao due hi
I. Nhu cilu giao d\le i 8I
II. Cung cA:pgiao d\le f ••••••••••••.•••..••.•.•••.•.••.. : •.•.......••.•••.•......•..••.•......•.•............... 85
III . D"leU ','
liet quan h'
~ eung '", glao d \Ie
eau 86
Bili 2: Tae dung ella kinh t€ doi vOi sl! phat tri~n ella giao due 90
I. Kinh te la dieu ki~n co sa
V~tchat d~ phat trien giao due 90
II. Kinh te quyet dinh quy~n ilIe, m\le tieu hoi duCing. n9i dung
va'hp uong ph'"'
ap glaO due . '.
' , . 90
III. Kinh te quyet dinh quy m6 toe d9 phat trien eua giao d\le 92
IV. Kinh te quyet dinh M thong, eau true ella giao due 93
Bili 3: Chue nang phlit tri~n kinh te ella giao.due 94
I. N9i ham phat trien kinh t~ ,...................... 94
II. Chue nang phat trien kinh te true tiep eua giao due 94
III. Chue nang phat trien kinh te gian tiep ella giao due 95
IV. Tae d\lng hoaeh dinh chien luqe eua giao due doi v6"ikinh te. xa hoi 96
V. Quan h~ tuong h6 giiIa pnat trien kinh te va giao d\le 98
Bili 4: Giao dlJe vil qua trltth san xllat ella rai v*t chat > ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 99
I. Moi lien he va SlIkhae bi~t giiIa qua trlnh san xuat vilt ehf!t
va qua trlnh giao due 99
II. Moi quan he giiIa giao d\)e va cae khau tFong sim xua!.... .. J 00
,
CHUONG V: QUAN Hf: GIOA GI,A,ODUC V,\ KHOA HOC KJ THU..\T 102
Bai 1: Quan he giua khoa hoc ki thllat va sim xual xa hili .................................1 02
[ Phat tritn san Xual '1\lyd clinh phat trien xii:h9i I02
11.Khoa hoc kj thu:ttla dong lue thue d~y llIe luqng sim xu:!!......................... .103
Bili 2: Vai tra ella gilio dlJ~ doi vOi tien b(l khoa h~ ki Ihuill.............. .. ;1)6
I, Giao due mang ehue nang tai san xu:ft khoa hge..................... . . 106
II. Giao d\le eo tac d\lng bien khoa hoc tra thanh nh,in t6 m6i gi,'1i
eua ki thu~t sao xuat....... . ('

6
 Ill. Gi,i" due la hlnh lhlie eo hi~u qua r,hal eua ,ai san xuallao dQrrg.._ 107
Bili 3: Kinh Ie' Ifi Ihue vil giao due 109
I. l-li,m y co ban eua kinh le tri thlie , 109
-I II. Nguon g6e eua m~nh de kinh Ie tri thlie nay 110
Ill. Due lwng CO ban eua nen kinh le lri thue 112
I IV.. ..\nh lwung cua n~n kinh t~'lri thlie doi vai cai eaeh giao dl,lc I13

CHUO",G \j: KINf-l TE THI TRLDNG VA C\l cAer-! C[\O Dve _ 118
Bili 1: llien doi quan niem giao due .. I 18
I. D,le trung vi, \ai lro co ban eua kinh lc lri there ...'........•................ 1l8
II. San nghi~p giao due, thi twang giao due 120
III. V~ veinde doanh nghi~p hoa twang hoe . 130
Bal. '?_: (\",uan h-e glUa
.- glao
.. duc \'a'1l1
. k' h Ie-' t h'!. t fl1ang
' ., 100
'.'
I. Giao due \,(1ithi twong hilllg hoa mang hinn thai v~t ChaL 133
II. Ci,;" due voi lhi lwong nhiln lai, lhi truang Il!c Ilfqng lao dQng 134
Ill. Giao ul,le \'6i thj twang khoa hQc kilhu~t : 137
IV. Gi,i" dtH':voithi trlflmg dieh vl,llao dQng (dich vl,I) 138
Bili 3: Kinh te' Ihi Imung \'il Sl1sap xep nguon von giao d~c 142
I. Str sip xe'p nguon I'on giao due , 142
II. Phlfong lhlie philn phoi nguon tai nguyen giao dl,lc d!!,avao .
eo cau ki nh teOkc' ho~eh ;.., 143
lIl. Phlfung lhlie philn phoi sap xep nguon tai nguyen giao dl,lc .
lrang Ih.! ehe kinh le thi twang : : 143

CHUONG VJl: KE-f cXu GIAO OVC VA KEr cAU KINH TE , 145
Bili I: 1'6 hqp ke't cau giiia he thong giaG d,!c vOi h~ thong kinh te 145
I. H.; th6ng va k~'t cau ,..'- L45
II. H~ lh6ng va kct du giau uue : 145
lIl. K~'l du kinh tc' ' :..: 148
, . .,
Bai 2: Moi quan he giiia ket eau giao dl,lCva ket cau kinh te.. :.: ~50
I. Gi deh k(t cfiu gi,io due va th.! che' kinh te , 150
II. Su thay d()i eLIake'l cfiu giao due viI kct cfiu san nghi~p , 153
Ill. Kc't efiu giao due 'ui k0't efiu ki thu('llao dQng 159
IV. Slr phal tri.:n eua ke't c:iu gi,io due I'oi kel efiu kinh te khu v!!,c 163
Uili 3: Ke't diu giao due \'Iii lice Iilln .lIang tinh ket CllUIlfc Itrqng laG dQng ' 165
I. Tinh hi"h ke't cfiu slie lao dong clla Trung Quae 165
II. i\kii quan he giiia kel cau gi,io dye viI ke"leau suc lao dQng 167

CHLJONG \'111
• "GUO", D.~U TVGI.A.O 01)C, PHAN PHOI VA QUAN LY 171
Bili I. Tinh ehat la due diem dau tl1 giao dl,lc 171
I. Kh,i, nicflllLlu llf gi,io duc 171
II. Tinh lkit d,iu llf gi<',udue 171
III. U~)L' dl~rn ula d."lu III gi,io d~IC . , .. J ~'.i
;

7
Rai 2: Nguon dau tITgiao dl,lCva can thilnh " 17 .•
I . K.Inh Ph'llal" Ch'Inh quoc.. gw ,'7'..•
II. Gop von xa hqi 175
Ill. Tu dilu IUcU?llha lruang l77
IV. Dau lU giao d~lc eua cac doanh nghiep c.c •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•..•••••• I77
V . D au
~ IU cua,. gla d'mh va' ea. n h'an h QCsin
. I1 I Sf)
,
VI . S UIlay
I d,'" .' '.' d"
01 cuanguon von au lU glao
., d uc............................................................. JS"~
B"3
al: S'ITd ung va'h'p an p h'".01 d" .. duc
au t ITgl<lO c' ,
lo.
1....
,'1 ' h'''d' b'
'1 '.unr va ph~n p 01 al:llU CCI an gwo"d uc J "03
11. l'k", ph6i va ,11 d~ng kinh phi giao duc 1 83
Hil;": CO'che qmin Ii dau tITgiao duc 1 87
I. CO'che quan If 187
II. So sanh CClche qulm If dau IUgiao duc cua cac mroc Ircl11hc gioi ....................•..... 18l';
III. N6i dung qulmli dau til giao d~lc 191

CHUdNG IX: Ti LE" DAU TUGIAo DUC . 195

.. H' h" h' to, t'
L'o"1 i: , c long c I leu I ~ au ITgli!!' d I,Ic............................................................
~. I' d" t . " . 19"
:1
1. Ti k d:iu III giao dl,lCtrong t6ng san ph
, I '..',. "d uc tron,!; tun
f" IUglao h h'':IPquoc
quoe dfm (GDP)
.' d'an
am 195
19~
' .) :::.(au "
Ill. Ti 1~daUlU giao d~c trong t6ng chi ngan saeh 196
IV. Ti I~ dau lITgiao dl,lc cq IOn va nh6 197
B"?
ar _: Nh-ung n h'an t 0,',an, h h'ITong d"en t'I ,.e d"au I ITgmo .. d I,Ic 1"9
--;
I. Nhim to kinh Ie 1•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 199
II. Nhan 10 dan so 199
III. Nhan to khoa hQc ki thll'!.l 201
IV. NMn to eh fnh tri ; 202
Bai 3: Nguyen t:'lc va phutmg phap xac djnh ti I~ dau tITgiao duc .
I . Nguyen
' tac
, xac
'd' !nh"tong d'" au tu glao ., duc , _'(..'
J'
II . Nguyen
. tac
, xac
, d'!nh II'I'd"
e au lU glao "d uc c ••••••••••••••..••••••• '0'
_ :1
III. Phuong phap xk dinh ti It: ,.1;'111 lor "i,io d'ic 207
,
CHUONG X: DAU TUCHO G1,r: OUC BAT BUOC........ .. 212
B"31 1: L'I I'u~nvc.' d"au tu C'j"10 ginu d I!c)aJ' t b uqc
. , ']2
_
I . Kh~'
al nt",m d~
au IU c h')
'A
0 gwo due b:' at Dunc~ 'I'
~ ~
II. poan tfch li !u'!.ndfiu tu cho giao d~c bi\! buqc Trung Quae 215
Bai 2: Phan tich lieh sir va hj~n tnmg dau tITghlo duc hat hulic..................... 211i
I. Phan Ifch Ijch sir diiu IU giao dl,le bal buoc 2 J (,
II. Phan lfeh bi~n tfling dau lU cho giao d~e b<itbur"e . 21 ~
B"~
aI.: S0 san'h quoe .' t"d" .. due b'L.'
e au t u g130 :It IJU9C .. ')'1
~_
I. Tieu ehufin dat ra ella cac quoc gia kh6ng eung ]oai hlnh . ~2 J
II. Phan lfeh dllu IUcho giao duc bat huqc eua nhung quoc gia
ho~c kh u vue khon:; eung !o;:ti.................................................................................. 22 J •
A

III ...Su g"l Y d 01 VOlT rung Q uoc

riO ~ " " .' . '_,_.'
•

8
 CHUONG XI: LjCH SU: HIJ;:N TRANG vA so SANH DAU nfGIAo D{JC 224
Bili I: Tinh hinh Ijch Slr vil phan tich dau til gilio d~e Trung Quae 224
,...
""'
.
I
[.'
I. Tmh hinh lieh sir ella dau tv giuo d~e Trung Quae
(Ill n am I 9:) 3 Mn nam 1977) ' ",., 224
I. I!. Ph{tn tfeh tinh hinh lieh Sl! d:lu tLrgiuo due Trung Quae ::: 239
••"' Bili 2: Hi~n trl)ng \'il phan tich dau til giao due Trung Quae
. ;.

:
.
242
I. Hien trang d{iu tLrgiad due (1978-1999) 242
II. Phan tieh hien tra71g da~ tLrgiao d~e Trung Quae ';' 249
Bili 3: Phan tieh vii so sanh quO<: le 251
I. Khai niem kinh ll:' \'il each thong ke tinh toan ...................•........................................ 251
II. Khai niem dau tLrgi:io d~e "a each th.ang ke tinh toan ..............................•... : 252
III. Nguon gae IU lieu ehu ye'u so sunh qilae te dau tu giao dl,le ; ; 252.
IV. Ph,in tfeh soli~u llllieu so "inh quae te dau tv giao duC' .!.. •••.•• : ••~.~.;: ••••••• 252
, '.:' ",
,~ • ,. , !:'.
CH UONG XI I: G IA THANH GlAO DVC.... : ,., ' 263
Bili I: (;hi thilnh ghio d~e vii de lo~i Cllll no .......•................................................ : 263
I. Kh:ii ni~m gia thanh giao d~e ; 263
II. Nghien CtIU 'Y' nghia gia thanh glao due .'.. : 263
III. Cac IU:.ligi,i thanh giao d~e : : ; 264
B"J'I"h ' "h' h" d . "',' . ." 271
al _: III toan gla t an glao ~C ......•.............................•....•........ :....................•..
I. Phuong ph:ip tfnh to,in gia thanh xa hqi giao dl,lC 271
II. Phuong phap tinh loan gia thanh ca nhan giao c1l,lc ; 273
III. Cie ",'in de nen ehu 'Y' khi tinh toan gi:i thilnh giao dl,lc : ' : : 275
. .~
Bili 3: Phan tieh gia thilnh giao dl,lc : , ;.:.: 278
I. Ph{tn tfeh gi:i thanh gi:io due eua hge sinh ti6u h9C Trung Qu6c !...............•....... 278
II. I'h{lIltich gia Ihilnh gi:io d~e trung Iwe Trullg Quac ; :.; 281
III. I'h{ln tieh gia thilllh giau due sinh "ien d':li h9C Trung Qu6c , : 282
,
CHUONG XIII: Hj~U SU..\T KINH TE GIAo DVC ; ' 286
. I'
Bili I: C'iu th,inh hi~u suat kinh te' glao d~c : 286
I. Khai n i~m thong th uimg ; ;.: 286
/I. Clu thill1h hieu su{,t kinh Il:'gi:io due :..........................•..... ; 287
Bili 2: He thong chi tieu hieu suat kinh te' giao d~c J 288
I. He thong chi tieu co (inh Ii luiln 288
II. H~ thong chi tieu co tfnh time te'.. 291
III. He th6ng chi tieu ell tinh eh{,t kha thi 298
Bili 3: Phvung phap tinh hieu suat kinh teOgillO dl!c 30 I
I. PhllOng phap cae hue gi:t tfOng IlLroecitra ra 30J
" II. Phlwng ph:ip cae hoc gi:i IlLrcicngoili elva ra 30.01
• Bili 4: Phuung phap danh gia ell~1Il lieu chu:ln dua "ilO tham klulo 306
1. CO SCI thie't k 3U6

9
TI C'k bV0C eu tht .. .............. •................... . 310
1II.Dk di~rn chi! \'L'u . ..................................................... . 312

CHuONG XIV: H$ THONG CHI TIEU HI$U SUAT GIAo DUC ... 314
Bai 1: He thong chi tieu clla Nha mroc ban bo 314
I. Chi tieu hilng rnuc ; :., ,.......................... . 314
II. Phan lfeh L.. 319
i
B'"2
al : H'~ th"ong c h't" l' h gla
I leu (;~n ., cua • 4t' IDh .. 321
I. Tinh S<:InDong i, •••.•.•.••.•••.•.•.•.•.••.••.••.•.••.••.•••.••.••..•.••.•.••.••.•.•....•..••.••........•. 321
II. Tinh An H uy ;......................................................... 323
liT. Ttnh Lieu Ninh :............................ . .. 325
IV. Tinh Phuc Kien :........................................................ ...........327
Bai 3: Cau tMnh h~ thong chi tieu giao duc b:'\t bul)<: . 'YJ
I . Ch' I tleu
" d'an h gla
" va, c h'I Heu
" h"It;U suat" :no
II. Tieu chuAn h!a chqn phvong phap danh gi,L licu chu[in dva \".0 Iharn kh,io '\ '\2

CHUONG XV: Kll'~H TE QUI MO GIAO DUC ............335

Bai 1: Khai quat trlnh bay qui mo dau tv giao dl,lc 335
I. Qui rna kinh te va khang kinh Ie ....................................................•.......................... ,.,5
II. Qui ina giao dl,lc: Kinh t€ va khang kinh tc 336
lIT. Sv hlnh thanh qui rna glao dl,lc kinh t<~ 337
IV. Quyet sach qui rna giad dl,lc thfeh hop. .....................................................341
Bai 2: Lo~i hlnh va doi sabh qui rna giao dl,lc 345
I . Loal. h'IDh twong
' t h'an h \'01
,. qUI. rna, qua. noh' ,H)
,'
II. Loal ...on d'IDh V01
,. qUI. 1D0'qua
, 'h'
no ...............................................................................•. 3' 5
•• I '
. h
III. Loal l uno h' ,., 'h'
V01 qUi rna qua no............................................................. . ,'46
IV. Lo~i ph at tri~n qui rna (hfeh hqp....................................... ... 346
V. Loai hlnh 6n dinh qui rn<">phu hqp 347
VI. Loai hlnh khang phat tri~n vai qui rna phu hqp 347
VIJ. Loai hlnh phat tri~n qui rna qua Ian 347
VIJI. Loai hlnh 6n dinh qui rna qua Ian 348
IX. Loai hlnh cham ph<\t trj~11 vai qui rna C\'''I "in................................ .... 348

Bai 3: Nghien ctiu chung \ilinh lhlie te kinh le qui rna giao duc . 349
I. Thanh qua nghil;11 elm nvae ngoai .. 349 .
II. Thanh qua 111"i,:n CUll ti'ong nU0C .. 350
III. Doi "Ich ..:, l"ILI1 11Clng quy IDOgiao duc cua nuac ta........... . 1.' J

CHlJONG XVI: CONG Tl:::lut TINH H1-eu fCH KINH TE GIAo Due 357
i
Bai 1: Dac c1i~rn hieu feh kinh te giao duc ... 357
I. Khai l1iem co ban . 357
II. Quan ."it hi~u fch kinh le giao dliC nhv thc n'IO................................... .. . 357
TIT. Dae di~rn hieu feh kinh te giao duc 359
Bai~ : ~e th?ng chi tieu rieu ich kinh te gino duc .. . :\(, 1
I. Hleu Ich glao duc , .

10
 II. Ti l~ hi~u feh giao duc : 361
III. Dong gop cua gi,io d\lc vai thu nh,:,p quoc .dan 362
rv.'Dong gop giao d\lc doi vai ti Ie san xuat lao dqng 362
V. Giao duc doi vai s,! gia tang thu n:,ap ca nhan 365
I .' Bai 3: Cang thuc tinh hieu feh kinh Ie ;;iao duc 368

CHUONG XVII: CACH TfNH HIEU fCH KINH TE GIAO Dl)C 377
Bai 1: Cach linh Ii Ie dem gian haa lap dang : 377
I. Buac tinh thong th uang ~ : 377
II. Cach dung kinh phi giao d\lc lam thuac do don gian ho" lao dqng ..................•....... 379
III. C:ich gian hOa lao dqng dung so nilIn giao d\lc lam thuac eto.....•~•......................... 381
IV. PhuClngphap gi,in hoa lao dqng bang cach lay ti l~ san xuilt
lao dqng lam tie u ehu.:in , 386
Bai 2: Phuemg phap phan lieh nhan 10 va phuemg phap phan tich thtra so 389
I. PhuClngphap phan tieh thua so 389
II. PhuClngphap philU tich nhan to tang twang kinh te : : : : 393
Bai 3: Phuemg pha p Iinh k.hac 396
I. PhuClngphap tinh hieu qua kinh Ie giao d\lc cua J.R.Walsh 396
II. PhuClngphap linh hi~u qua kinh teOgiao d\lc cua Khoma1ov : 397
III. Phuong phap do luang von nhan I,!c :.. 1. 398
IV. PhuClngphap phan tfeh do luang chi phi va hi~u qua giao dl,lc 399
V. Phuong phap tinh hi~u qua kinh Ie dau tu giao dl,lcdoanh nghiep .' .401
~ I. VI. So sanh quoe te hieu qua kinh Ie dau lU giao dl,lc , 403

CHUONG XVIII: LAO DONG CUA G1AO V1EN vA TIl~N THU LAO .408
Bai 1: Dac di~m va hi~u sual lao d(Jng clla giao vien : .40S
I. D~c die'm lao dqng eua giao vien , 40S
II. TeSehuc trang qua trlnh lao dqng ella nguai lhay giao : .413
III . H"I~Uqua. Iao d'gng ,ua. nguOl
.. t I"Jay glao
.• 4 I5
,
B"al:2 Th'u Iao Iao d'(,lIlgcua. ngum.. I h"ay gtao
"; 417
I. Ciin cu Ii IUan ve thu lao lao dqng cua nguai Ihay giao ' : .417
II. SI! phal trien vi, bic'n doi \'e mCrctien luong eho nguai
ha' . l' Q" .
t . Ygl,lO CI rung uoe 418
III. Nhfrng bClIlkhoan suy nghi ve viec gIaI quyel v,ln de .
lien luang d6i \'oi ng uai giao "ie n ..423
Bai 3: Nen kinh Ie' Ihi Inrimg vii s\f cIlU}'~n huang cua d(Ji ngii giao vien 424
I. Phan lkh ke'[ ccill lien luang doi voi nguai giao vien .424
II. S,! to hqp mang [inh ,hiit uu vi~[ ve d6i ngil giao. vien : 426
III. 5,! ehuy~n huang hop Ii eua d6i ngu gi,io vien 429

PHI) LUC: Cac Iili lieu tham khao \'e gi<io d\lc kinh te hoc 434

Jl
 Uri noi dau eua Ian xuat ban dau tien

Cu6n saeh "kinh Ie' glao dlJC hf?C" nay dIrac "iet dU3 Iren co sa kinh n~hiL'm nhicu
nam nguai viet day hQe va
nghien clru khoa hoc. lrang do c6 noi dung 'clla In(ll s,i
chuang, bai hoac mQt so' phan dii dang trCn b,\o Iruuc day. 0 day mong mu(in nghiCn
eUu, thao luan va phananhnhling v,in de mil kinh te hoc giao duc d,i de cilf) 11C"n.l10n nlw
co' gang lam cho no ngay eang d\IC sic han. Dong thai de de d,mg cho "iCc day hoc cling
ehu y den nhling dae diem h6i bat cila giao trlnh.
Cu6n sach kien trlla~ hQc thuyet kinh te ella Chll nghia \ r,k \'" Ji luill1 day hoc "Ul1 .
kim chi nam, kef hap chat che voi thue te cai dch kinh te' "'I
cai dch gi,\o due el"l
Trung Qu6e, tr<;)11gHim ia tdnh bay va phantfch dc van de kinh Ie' \'a dc hi('n tUlmg
kinh tetrong Ilnh vue giao dl,lc ella Trung Qlioe. \()ng kC'\ rh,in ,inh th"nh qu,i m<', Iiong
eong tae nghien eUu ngimh khoa hoc clla nuOe nh'l dling thai hoc hoi nhlfng Ih"nh LjU"
nghien eUu kinh te hoc gia<i due ella mll'le ngoai.
Co cau h~ th6ng clla cu6n sach nilY co g:\l\l~ dua ra nhlrng net d'~IC"k m6', Gil' h'-,
phan cau thanh ve co ban gam nhlmg phiin Ion sau d:l)': If Juan d'\l1 duang. co S0 Ii Juiln.
If lu,in co ban, dllu tu giao dl,lc, hicu suiit d:iu 1lr gi,io duc., hiCu qu,i kinh 10' dau tIr gi,i(\
due va phu Il,lc (t'li lieu tham kh,10, trfch d'Il1).
Cuon saeh co' gang trinh bay noi dung toan diCn. quan diem m(li me. Trang qua
!ri"h viet skh nguai viet luon ehu y tiep thu nhiing quan diem hoc Ihu:,t " IrinM c!(l l'ar>
ve phuong dien nghien euu khoa hQe kinh Ie hQe giao duc. co' g:mg thu th"p. chinh Ii. su
dung nhling mo hinh tfnh tban, cong thue tfnh tmin. s6 lieu IU liCu moi nhilt: ehtl \' ph"n
anh. mot each kip thai qua~ he giiia kinh Ie' lhi trtrt1l1g ehil nghi" x;; hi)i \" c;ii c;;eh gi,j"
duc. chu )' lam n6i bat nh~ng trQng di~m giao duc co h'ln. d6ng thtli xilY dung nhlrng
chlrnng. bili ehuycn man co licn quan den d:iu tu gi,io due hflt huoc. kC'\ hap gilla phan
tfch If luill1, nghien cUu chun ~ thuc va thu th:lP tu lieu. cli gAng kC'\ help giu" IUtlilg 1~1U:,1
vimo va phi\.n tfeh cherng [huc vi mo.
Ci.:) jlll)~ .,;6 chlfo.ng bai da tic'n hanh phflll ttch. nghien oft!. .~O s<-tnh qu6c tc'. 11m ril
con duong eho vice nghj(;n'euu cae v:in de ella Trung Qulic.
Cu6n s,kh nay ,6 I'll cit 18 chuang. Trang d6 noi dung clla mOl s6 ph:in Irong
chuang 14 va chuang 15 1(\ do dong chf Td Vi Quac viet, chuang 161a do d,ing chi Ti,
Nghia Tai viet. !
Cu6n sach nay phu Kap voi "icc day hQc trong chuong trlnh hoc kinh IC'hoc gi,jo
d\IC clla cac truong su phatn cao d~ng va d~i hQC va co tac dung tham kh,lo d(\i \'t'ri gi,io
duc hanh ehfnh quan ly nh1in "ien. Dong.thai vicc bien soan cu6n Sikh nilI' cung mong
cung cap cho nhling dong'chf theo du6i nghien eUu khoa hoc kinh [c' hoc gi,io due m,A
so' quan diem, thong tin va,tu lieu de tien cho viee clll1g nhau h,m J'I,m.Ir'to d(ii.
Do euon saeh mang lrnh :::i,\o lrlnh. ~'lnhu du day hoc. Irong qu,j Ir',nh ':i(1 nguoi
viet cHi lhanl kh<-lO V~ltrfch,dun nhic\l C]~:llndil.:l1i ''':1 t~li 11l.:U ella c;ic h..ln ctln~ nganh. ;\in
bay to long dm an chan thanh
, 1"1rat hi \ong nhan dlIae SITchi h,io phC hinh.

T,ic ~iil
fiae Kinh. n'lTn 1995

12
 CHUdNG I: PHAN lVI6 DAU

Bo phan mo dau chu yi'u nghicn cCru nhung van de 1i luan cua man h9C. Nghien
eUu bat cCrmal man hal: nao lhl dieu dau lien la can ph<ii hi€u ra nhilng v,ln de Ii lu;tn
chung co bim cua man hoc do (Crcla Ifnh Chal eua man h9c, doi tuqng nghien cCru, h~
thong cau lhilnh mon hoc, phuong phap nghien cCru man h9C va nhilng van de co bim
nhu nhicm HI \a )' nghla cua viec h9C l~p man h9(; nay.
Kinh ti' hoc giao due la mol man khoa h9C mai co tlnh lien nganh mai hlnh thanh
tit nhilng nam 60 cua lhe ky" 20. Trung Quoc mai bat dllif nghien cCru mon hqc nay tit
nhii'ng n'U1180 cua lhe ky" 20, nen IUU lrung h!i IUY man hqc nay van dang trang giai a
dOl).ncan lic'p IUC nghien cCru, Ih,IO luan, sang I~p va phat tri€n nhung truac mat thl he
thong khoa hoc co ban cua mon hge dii duqe hlnh thanh va duqc 51! cong nhi).n cua giai
hQe thui'l cung nhu cua toiln xa hoi.

Bai 1: Tinh chat co ban va d6i tuqng ngh~en cUu,cua mon h<.>c

1.Van de tinh chat co ban cua mon hQc .

Ve viin de phan loai vii lfnh Chal cua man hoc, Ang~en dii co nhii'ng trlnh bay vi,
phan lich kha sau sac. Ong cho [Llng: "M6i 111(11 117011 hgc illl IiI dlnghien cliu phein rieh
mor hinh lillie ",in dring d,ie hi,'r lido ,1<; ho(ie mur loar cac[hlnlz lillie v(m (lI?llg c6 SI/ liell
quail ",i 1'I/II.\'(;il hULl /,111nlwu. do d6, SI( pl/(ill loai CCle mon klzoa hgc ehinh la .I'll pln!n
logi \',i slip .n;j, Cl;" h,ill rl/(11111111(1115
hillh lillie \'(ill d(mg'lIay clrta Iren Irillil II( \'o/! e6
Irollg Iloi htl ",i" 116, II/(/ lillil ehui (/1/([11 IrIJlIg ",i" n6 cang d' chinil d(ic dilm lIay n. Xct
tren Icing the lhl Kinh [c' hoc giLIOd\IC Ii, mQt mon khoa hq,clhuQc ph<im tru khoa hoc xa
hoi, boi \1 no Iii mQI mon khoa h9C moi hlnh thimh tit nl1ii'ng di€m chung eua hai man
khoa hoc Ii, GiLIOdue hoc va Kinh Ie hge. Mon hge nay duqe phiin ra tit hai man lit Giao
d~e hoc \i, Kinh Ie hoc, nhung Iren n()i dung e~ th€ thl la do t6ng hqp tri thue eua hai
man hoc [[en lai vii lLIch ra vit t6ng hq-p lai theo ehu M, l1tm eho cae lri thue nay co su
xam nhi'p, trLlo d6i ILln nhau, hlnh lhanh ncn man khu" hoc xii hoi mai mJng tfnh lien
nganh nity. d diem nilY thl nhan Ihue eua cac nllan sllrong giai Kinh te hoc giao d~c ve
ca ban Ii, giong nhu nhau. Nhung khi di sau vao phan tfeh nghien cuu nhii'ng thuQe tfnh
e~ the cua man h<,lcIhi dii xuiil hi~n nhieu deh nhin va ly giai khong giong nhau, chi
tfnh rieng [rung nuac Trung Quae Ihl dai th€ co th€ quy nap Ihitnh bon l0<ii y kien khae
nhau vc mon hoe nay.
.i' ki';;1 Illli Ilh,ii eho ding Kinh te hoc giao due lit mQI Iinh vue moi trang h~
Loui
thong khoa hoc kinh Ie, Iii mol phan ngill1h cua Kinh te hge va duae goi ten lit Kinh te

13
 hoc ho man. Ly do ma nhung nguai co y kicn nay dua ra Ia Kinh k' hoc gi;\o due (htl
yeu la vim dung nhung If luan. guy luin, phlT(,ng ph;\p va dang thlTe tfnh toan ella kinh k
hoc, guan "It vi, nghicn elru nhm): I';i" de kmh Ii:. hien wang klnh te. <Juy lual klnh k
trang giao due hoc, lam eho nhung Ii Juan \Inh k. guy IU;ll kinh te co dIrac SU van dun,:
va hi~n thue eu th~ trang b9 man G;,]O due mil khang nhat thiet ph;ii'l'" nghi va V'IIl
g
d~ng ,qua nhi~~ nhun. If l~~n va quy iU;'lt ~i;lodue: Nh~n~ guy luat,g;;\o lIuekmh Ie' h?(
ho man hu khong glOng ~61 , klnh ",' ~,()C ho man eua cae hnh nrc san xnal "at eh:it kh"e
nhu Kinh te hQe eong ngh,lep, Kinh te hoc nang nghiep. Kinh k' hoc thuong nghi(.p .... nt'
ehinh Iii thuQe v~ bQ m6nlkinh te hoc duae xi,y clung nen tr('n ITnh we phi s;in xu;'it "',t
ehiit trong b6 m6n san xudt v~t eh;lt.

Loai .\' ki<"1 fln'f Iwi tho rfmg Kinh te' hoc gi;io clue Ii, m('1 linh nrc meli trong c;ie
mon khoa hoc giao due, iii mQt ho man khoa hoc gi;\o clue meli. L\' do T11;\ nhCrng ngtr<\1
,,6 y kien nilY citra ra IA m6n khon hoc nilv ehinh 1,1CJI" IU':11';1 I:ic clung quan S,\I nghl~n
elru giao dlle tlTgoc dQ kinh te hQe, tlT clo hi~n thi n~n nhCmg ";'in de eli tlnh guv 111'11.l'"
lien guan Ian nhau giua glao duc va kinh te', eung nlm de quv luin lien quan g"', ",co
thAn giao duc va kinh teo Do do. nghicn eUu ho m(ll1 khoa hoc nilv khiln~ nhLrn~ c. . ;,,1
clung -cac phlrang phap ti~h to~n ,;A If luan ella kinh te hoc. mil 'eim c:i~ ph;ii ~;',n dung
,';;!,: r~llrO'ng phap nghien cpu va If lu~n clla giao d~c h9C. Dietl n;ty cling &i{ing nhtr Ci;l(l

de: triet hQc IU goc dQ cu~ Triet hoc, Gi,io dlle Xii hoi hoc tlT goe do Xii h(,i hoc. Giao
duc Kinh te hQc tu goc OQikinhte hQe Ifnh loan th6ng kc d~ quan sat nghien elru va'n de;
glao duc. phai thuQc v~ ph~m vi nghien Clru ella Iinh vue giao due. Cong t;ic giao due ClLI
ITnh vlIc kinh te hQc cung Iv~y, thu9C vc "an de nghien elm trong pham "i gl<\o due. ehl'T
khang ncn thuoc vc van de nghicn etIu trang ITnh vUC kinh tc'.
Loai )' kill!, flllr na lai bitu thi su hoai nghi d6i "(1i hai Ioai \. kic'n da lltra ra lllren.
Y kien nay cho rilng dS x.ic dinh dtrqc de t[rih eh,it ella Kinh Ie hoc gi;,o due lhi kh6ng
ncn xuat phat lu cac d!nht nghla truu tuang rna ncn xu!it ph;it til toilll ha n()i d"ng cLla
man hQc, kh6ng nen cho iday la d\lng thtIC khep kin mil ncn eoi day lit dang thire mi,
rong, vua co tht nghien cUu lu goc dQ kinh Ie hoc. rut ra dtrae de thitnh qua nghi('n cI'rli
ella kinh te hQc, vua co th~ nghien CtIU tu goe do gi{1Oduc hQe. rut ra dU0e cae th;mh qUi;
nghien etIu giao dllc hQc, l\li vua co th~ Ihu nap them cac thanhgua nghicn elnl ell<' cit
m6n khoa hQc khac. Do dis, hQ cho ding Kinh te hQc giao dllc vua kh(1l1g ph,ii Ii, k inh Ic'
hQc hQ m6n, cung kh6ng phai Ja m6t phan nhllnh clLa khoa hoc giao due mil !Hi (Li Ini
thanh mQt m6n khoa hQc m6i va dQC lap. Bai VI trang Kinh te hoc giao clue. kh<lIlg chi er',
de guy luat clla kinh te noc va guy luat giao due hoc clang phat huy t;ic clun.~ mi, C<1ll
guy JU(tl dac tmng ella mol bQ phiin hap thimh ch',ng giua kinh te vi, giao duc CLIngIlllllg
phat huy tac dung. Kinh ," hr,: g;;jro '., ,.hl "'1 nghien eUu nhLrng guy IU'll d:le tnrng
chung nay giua bo rh,,;; f :'.' 'l'~"li'h Ie ":1 gl']O due.
I

LO(li j kii!, rlllr I/f ehci rdng Kll1h 1Choc gi,\o due lil mot mon khoa hoc clan ,en gilT"
nhi~u mon khoa hQc V'; l,b,1. do d6 n6 co tinh eh,it ella nhieu m(m khoil hoc I-:hJC
nhau. No Iii man khoa hoc. dan xcn giva kinh It' hoc .. glao due hoc. to;,n hnc \':, clu,in J,
h9C. Do do chu trtrang tntac mat Iii kh6ng nen "Qi Y;'mg XL'"p nV1n hoc n;IY \;1(1 h;"I'1 u'r !l:"',1
linh vt,rc khoa hQc nao rna co th6 tie'n hi\nh qllan I.;iit \';'t nghien CtfU n6 iir cole &(11, 11'"
 nhau va tll cae mon'khoa hoc khac nhau, tiep thu cac tharjh qua nghien CUucua cac man
khoa hoc va cac lln~ nrc co lien quan,
B6n loai
.' }',kien neu ra tren dav
• tuy ding van chua:hoan
I roan di den nhiing .nh~n
lhLie chung, nhung nhln tll tlnh hlnh th\lC Ie va xu hu6n~ phat trien eua man khoa hgc
nay, da s6 cae hgc gia deu eho rang no thu9c ve h~ lhOng!khoa hgc kinh te, la man khoa
hoc linh eh{it kinh te' bo man, Chung loi eho ding xep Kin~ te hgc giao duc thuoc ve kinh
12:hoc b6 man la kh::i phu hap va khoa hge, . . ,
': '

II. Dei tuang nghien CtIU cua man hl,lc

Nghien eUu eua mal ,man ,khoa hgc ehinh la s\l gi1i I.hieh, t~uyet ,minh mq~ eac~
khoa hoc ve mot ph'uang dlen eua hien lugng hay su v~t llliach quan, chI ra mqt each ra
rang c;i~ ljUYlu~: v~n~9ng ,mau thuan. d~c t:un~ eua ~hf~go Do mq,i n~ua! deu, co cae
each nhll1 nh{ln \'a Iy glal khae nhau dOl val eac hnh cha:t d,!c trung von co cua mon khoa
hoc nay nen khi xac d!nh d6i tugng nghien cLiucua no ciillg dli ton t,!i cac quan diem va
cae ddl lflnh bi,)' khae nhau. Hien nay d~i Ihe co bon lo~j y kien kbac nhau nhu sauo

1. Caeh nhin nhan elia cae hqc giii nuae ngoal

cae h9c gia Nh"t Rin eho ding, Kinh Ie hgc giao d\lc la mong muon nghien cuu
giao due III goe d9 dau tu, lit m9! man khoa hgc nhil'n m'.lnh den van de nghien CUum6i
ljuan he giCraphat Iden gilio dye va phallrien kinh teo !

Cae hge gia Au MS' eho rang Kinh te hgcgiao dye! la mqt man khoa hgc nghien
cUu ve Ii !u,m nhan Il!e tu ban,

• Cae hoc gia (; Lien xo eli va cac nuae Dong Au I,!i cho rang Kinh te hgc giao dile
la m91 mon khoa hoc nghien eUu nhG'ng d(ie diem bieu h\~n cua tac d\lng tuang h6 giG'a
ljuan he san xuat va l\le lugng san xuat, lain r6 nhiing q~y lu~t eua kinh te xa hqi ehu
ngh!a trang nen kinh Ie qu6e dan, con di),ediem tac dilng 'cua no tr~ng glao duc la thuoc
, .
ve kinh k' hoc b6 man, kinh Ie hoc bq man cua Hnh Y\lcp~i san xua!.

2. Caeh nhin nhan elia cae hoc gin trong nuac I!

Kinh [2' hoc giao dyc Ii\ mOl mon khoa hoc nghien ieuu quan h~ giG'a giao dilc va
kinh te' cling nhu cac ljuy lu(1tella no, ,

Kinh k' hge gilio dile la mOLman kiloa hgc nghien !cuu vc lj'Jan h~ luang h6 giCra
giao due vi, kinh te cling nhu de hi~n tuang kinh te trang linh vue giao dlle vi, cac ljU)'
lu,.l kinh k' trang giao duc,
,

Kinh te' hoc giao due la m9! mon khoa hge nghien cUu 5\l tai san xuatl\lc lugng lao
I ., ••
dong lrung linh vue giao due va lac dung coa no, Jam r6 c~c quy luijl vacac rnoi quan he
gil(a gi<lo dye va kinh te', '

Kinh Ie' hoc giao due la mOLmon khoa hoc nghien cUu coi giao duc Iii mot sl! dau
IUco tinh s,in .\u,it, tIm hieu sau su phan ph6i va hieu qua kinh te coa no,

15
 Kinh Ie hoc gi,;o due la mot khoa hge n'ghien eUu ve hicu qu,i kinh Ie I'a de chI
nang kinh Ie xii ',oi eua sir dau tlr tri thlre.

Roi VI Kinh Ie hoel giiio due la mOl mon khoa hge rat mai me ncn xct IU rham
;I:;\n the giaL doi v6i \',i'n dl' xae dinh cloi tUC1nanahien
I - • e e
eUu eho mon hoc .
nil\'. van chi;
c,j :hroc mot Sif lrlnh hoy ehinh xk va thong nh'll. nhung rie'u xel tu cae dinh nghla el'
cue quoc gia khae nhau Uua eh9n thl ta co the' thay duae nhling su khae bict rtit re' ',n
a
C\c hoc gia cac nuae l.\u My va Nhat Bi\n eoi Kinh te hoc giao due la mot mon khr
hoe kinh !e doc l~p, Dinh nghia ma cae hge gia nilv dua ra cho mon khoa hoc nav khr\;o
eo su khac biet can ban Ivai mon Kinh tc ehinh tti hoc. vai )' do ngoai de' qual; h(- SII
XUa! xa hoi dang ton tai 'se true liep nghien erIU van de d'IU tu giao due va hil'U qu,i Ct'
no, nghien eUu van de tu,ban nhan lue (Human Capital), GlO cae hoc gia ella Lien Xi, (
va cae nuoe Dong Au kfui Irlnh bily vc \,"n dc cl6i wang nghicn erIu eua l11einkhoa h"
nay la.i qua ehtl y nhan nla.nh den de qu,", hc "m xuiil ma co phiin eoi nhe de m6i qu" '
he Wong h6 truc licp vallac dung ella cae m6i quan hc gilia giao clue vit Inc Ilremg s"
xu;ll eung nhu gilia giao ~I!e va kinh te, Su khae nhau ehu yEu trong cae trlnh bilY vc clr
a
tuqng nghien cUu mon h(;>ccua cac hoc gia trong nuae lai niirn eh6: eel ngtreii nhln I
g~e d(l.vi ~10, lam r~ caeJmoi ~uan _he tlran~ h6' vii ti\c clung giCr~ to~n bi, ncn gl';o due I,
loan b9 nen kmh Ie; nh ng co nhung nglrm lal nhim manh clen cae quan cll('J11I', m'
Ir~nhbay e~, Ih~: cae vanlde ~a hi~n tuqng kinh ttY~rong li'nh \'Ucgi~o due. Tc'lIn I~i. d,
xae dlnh dOITu<;Jng nght ,n cUD eua Krnh Ie hoc grao clue nhu the nao eli eh"ng mra 111
deu phai tien hanh khai qiual cae quan di~m eo b,\n. IrIC la doi tuqng nghiL'n ClIl! I'-;ng h"l
eua kinh Ie hge la cac qurn h~ san XUal, la quan he gilia nguoi I'ai nguoi trong '1u,i trinl
san xual; quan h~ gifra gillo due va lai san xual hre luqng lao dong: giao clue I'i\ ph,ll IriL:'
nguon nha~ llfc; qua~ h:1 gifra giao dl!C va p~a~ Iri~~ tri t.ue,..gifra gia~ due va phal Iri~,
khoa h<;>ekl Ihu~t, van de; v~n dl!ng phuong phap Ihong ke so luang hoa \'a phuong ph"l
linh toan. Cung co 1M nol rAng, xac dinh doi luqng nghien CrIUeua Kinh Ic hoc giao due
dong Ihai dUa ra va noi ri' cae phal bieu Irleu tuqng eua khoa hoc. eo Ihe li(:n hill1h kh,;
quat va truu tuong khoa hoc tu n(li dung eu:i dO',ll1van sau clay: Kinh te' hoc, giao tlu,
lrang nhling dieu kien qU!ll1 h~ san XlIilt nhiit dinh. Ihong qua nghicn Clnl t,ie dung lwmr
h6 gilia giao clue va kinh ,Ie, IU goe d(l quan he gilia gi,io clue cli,o lao I'a I,ii s,in xui,t sl'rr
120 elting, tu goe d(\ quan 'h~ gilia phal [rien nguon nhiln Inc. phat lrien tri IUC. ph,it Iricn
e
khoa hg kilhual va giao (JI!Ceung nhu quy IUillph,lt tri~n va hiCli qu,\ kinh tf !mng g"ir
due d~ lam r6 tae clung ella giao due trang SU' rha! trien \'il tang tmang kinh te', T,ic (ltll"-:
n3)' can sir rJ\lng plmong ;,I1,'p thong kc soltrang de' x,ic lap \'a tinh lo;;n (!troe de eh, I "
.16 ILrong va dang thCre :;6:l1oe eu the em elr 1heo nguvcn I,ic nill' thi clii, l,rOI1~ n~h'CI'
,ULI CII;I~h,nh ;e~hoe gi'lOidue ncn cluqe trinh bay nh~ ~atJ: Kinh ic: hoc gi,io clu~ Ji~tn,'>r
b(, llll)]'j :,hoa hoc lien nganh nghien eUu tae dung lUang h6 giCra giao clue \'i, klnh k,
CUII~ nhl( l::lt: quy l~j~)lva hiCIl nrr:fng kinh It,Y treng linh Vl!C gi,lO due. hem nua 6)[1 ctll) \[1
dL~n; cae hinh 1;1IJ-C soluC;iJ!g de bicu hl('n.
II
I
i
I
i

16
III. Nhi~m vl;I va fnghia nghien cuu cua mon nQc

1. Nhiern vu nghien clIu cua mon hoc

Nlti~J11 \'II [ill( Ilh,ii cua man h9C la nghien clIu cac gia tr! kinh te xa hQi cua giao
due, Jiun ~Cl}' ~ghiakinh t.: cua giao duc, trlnh bay va philn tich vi tri cua giao dJ,lc trang
,~ phat trit'n va tang tiLrong eua n~n kinh te quac dan ding nhu uk dJ,lng cua giao dJ,lc
trung '1u.i trinh xay' dung nen kinh 1': thi twang xa hQi chu n;;hia, Tu quan h~ gifra giao
due vi, "til ,\uat xii h9i, nghien eLIu thao lu~n cac tfnh chat san xuat san co cua giao due
v:, cae ehue n'tIlg xci h9i cua gi.io duc lrong qua trlnh xay d,!ng hi~nd~i hoa va ph at tri~n
n0n kinh 10'"lucie (L< 1

(,'h"'/II \'it [flit hili eua mi1l1 h9C 1,1nghien cuu dc d'ac di~m bi~u hi~n va tae dung
ella '1uy lU'lt kinh t.: co b:ln trdng linh vuc giao duc, Nhln tren di~n rQng thi giao dlle iiI
nHil bi) phJn du thanh eua n~n kinh te "lUOc dan nhung itO l~i khong tr,!c tiep tham gia
V:IO'1u.i 1rinh ':Ill xuit 1ulieu \'(1l ch.'lt, do do chue nang cua cac quy lu~t kinh te C<J ban
tlOng gial' due eh,k chan s~ e6 nhfrng hinh thue bic:u hi~p d~c bi~t, Vi dJ,l: d~c dic:m vii
'1uy IU':1l1,ie dung tLrong h6 cua eac nhan to kinh le va ca~ hi~n tuqng kinh te trang linh
vUe giao due; khai lhk nguon nh'lll I,!c va tri luc, b6i duong con nguoi tra lhanh nhfrng
nguoi bu dong lhanhlhue va dc ky su chuyen mon, tu dis rut ra duqc cac quy lu*t kinh
ttYva 1,ie dung cua no trang llnh vuc san xuat vat chat. [.

Nhi"J11 \'1,1 [flit h" ella mon h9C la nghien cuu quan h~ tuclIlg h6 gifra giao dJ,lc va ta,
'an XU,,! sue lao d9iJg, nghien Clru thao lu~n ve pMt tri~nngu6n nhan l,!c, gia tri kinh te
el,a vice btli dLl<Jng, huJn luy~n V" d,! lrfr ngu6n lao dQng, d,! doan truac nhfrng nhu cau
xa h<,i eua vi~e lai s,ln xuJl xa h9i dai vai cae lo~i nhlin tai va tai san xuat suc lao d9ng,
tfnh to,;n duac rhu nh'lp kinh te va mue cang hien cua cae 'chuyen gia va nhfrng nguoi lao
dong If de ldnh do kh,ic nhau doi vai s,! tang twang cua nen kinh Ie quac dan,
,
Njl/~'111 lit [fll( II( eua man hoe la nghien cuu cae ng~yen ly, nguyen tac, dang therc
linh to,in ":1
ehi li~u "i luong e,',a dau 1lI giao d~e, gia l~anh giao dJ,lc, quy rno kinh te'
giao due, hi0u sUal kinh te gil;O duc va hieu qU<Ikinh t~ giao duc cling nhu cac phuang
ph,ip "" dafl)! lhue tiflh to"fl eu Ih.:, thuyet minh day du noi dung cl' th~ vi, quy iu,il phat
tricn ella lung ytYu t6 Il~iy.

Nfl/"III II.' liu( 'I<JIII el,a mOfl hoc Ii, nghicn cuu eac quan he cua giao dJ,lc vai ea che
kinh l~ Ihi IrlC2fng xa hili ehu nghia, l'lln ro eac l,ic dung viI 'Iflh huang cua kiflh Ie' llii
tnro~lg dcii vai giao due cling nhu eac van de nhu san nghicp giao duc, thi twang giao
due, killh phi gili" due, kiflh doanh gi,io d~c, san quy6n giao duc, dich vu giao duc, ..,;
flghi0n deu th,io lU'lfl L'im th.: n"o M dlra dugc ca che v~n panh cua kinh t.: thi two-ng v"o
lraflg linh vue giao due mot eaeh chinh xlic, van de quan he gifra giao duc vai lhi twang
thuong phclln ",It
eh,ll. lh, IWang nh'lIl lue, Ihi twang khoa h9C ki thuat, lhi twang lao
dOflg dieh \u, DCIYchinh Ii, nhi~m vJ,lquan tr9ng truac mat rna b9 mon Kinh Ie hoc giao
due dfl ph'li flghi0fl cuu, cUflg L'i flhiem I'U Ii luan d~ phuc vu cho thuc lien clla viee hien
lhuc mi'" hoc.

17
 2. Y ngh'ia eua vice nghicn eUu mon hoc .

. griC- ", Thong qua viee nghien

''Ke'l~oach ClI,acd m6: !rIj~l nam 10. /cfy giao due him
euu Kmh Ie hoc glao due co the nang eao nhan thlre eua moi nguoi d6i vai dia vi sf!n e0
eu_a cac, chien luac giao due, thuc day e,en ngIroi nh,in thue dun; d~n han nlla'"c quan he'
gllfa glao duc va kinh te, cling nhu m(>t 56 guy luill kinh tc' trong pham vi gi,\o due. nhan
thuc d~()'c y ~gh'i~ e~ien.l~?c,va trQn~ di~m. ehi~n hr?e ella gi~o due trong,"iC'C Ihue hien,
m~c tleu phat tnen kmh t va muc tleu phat tncn xa hOI, phal huy din' ou tac dung eita
glao duc trong...x~d\lng h ~n d1!-ihoa, n,ing cao hieu qua kinh Ie \';1 chue n'ing kinh Ie xii
hoi eua giao duc, "

Thong qua vi~c hQc It~P va nghien CUu Kinh Ie hoc gi,\o duc co tht lilln thay d,"
quan niem giao ,d\ic truye~ thong cua con nguoi, thay d6i nhii'ng quan niem hil 1:1ll, ,1,,,
giao duc la "Slf nghiifp lief dung ", "SIf nghiifp pluic l{)i ", "sif nghiep iI,;nil ,ilinil . ", \
dlrng nhii'ng quah ni~m m1i nhu quan niem phat tri~n giao d,le, quan niem e,ii cieh gi<io
duc, quan ni~m ve san nghi~p giao d\ie, quan niem thi truong giao duc eung nlllI nhung
quan niem v~ y thuc canh !ranh va nguyen uk hicu 'lu,i; nhan thlTe day dil \'a r6 rang :e .-
ngh'ia d~c biet cua giao duc d6i vai viec khai thac nguon nhan luc, su phal tritn Ir: lIfe,
sy da:1 tlf t~~lu~: Giao d\i9 ~o moi ~uan ~e tr\le tiep ~'ai I~e luang san xu;)!. gi,\'o dueel',
tmh s,~n xuat, dau tu eho g)ao d\ic la S\l dau tlf mang tmh san xua!.

TIl0ng qua viec hQc It~p va nghien CUu Kinh te hoc gi,io due co tht clua ra nhii'ng
can cu
If luan va tu Ii~u th\lc ti~n chung minh eho C<iic<ich gi,\o due, Dt thieh Ifng Vln
nhii'ng yeu cau cua tlnh hlnh cai each ma
elta va ncn kinh te thi trlfimg xii hoi chil ngh'ia,
CO' che giao duc va cac ca.i c;~eh giao duc dang du()'c tien hlmh sil\l rong a Trung Qu6e. SH

phallri~n cua Kinh Ie hQcgiao due co Ih6 la nghicn elm lam thc' nao M su ph'lt tritn ell"
n€n giao d\ic Ihfch ung val S\l phal tri~n cua n6n kinh te quae dim, lam the n;1O M eh" e",
cach giao duc Ihich lIng dtr()'c
,J
vai CO' che kinh te thi lruang xii hoi chu ngh'ia: 111mthc n'l"
,
de cho CO' cau giao d\ie t?fch ung vai CO' cau kinh tc'; lam the nao de de h6 phim c:ill
IMnh nen giao d\ic co duqc ti l~ thfch h<J'Pnhiit, Jam the nao de \'ice gi,io due. hUI d\flJn~
ky su chuyen nganh va cbng nhan lanh nghc dam bao can btmg \'ai nhu du phat tricn
,

kinh Ie xa h(\i, lam cho su:dau tu eho giao duc dat du()'e hieu qu,i kinh Ie eao nh"t, oua ,.<1
du()'c cac can cu If lu~n v~ tu li~u thue ticn eho viec xay dung mot he thring. co can gia"
duc ciing nhu ti Ie diiu tu 7<J'Ply, , ,

Thong qua vi~c hQc1t~p va nghien cUu Kinh Ie hoc gi~o d\ic sc Ihuc dilY sr, luon~
hoa khoa hQe giao d\ic, Iranh du()'c 5\1 mu quang hoac IUy tien trong giao clue, giam b61
su lang phi nhim hrc, vat luc, tai Juc tHing giao duc. nfmg cao hieu slI:it gi,io due "a hiCI'
qua kinh te, :

TIl0ng qua vice hoc ;tap nghicn elm Kinh te" hoc gi,io due sc dua ra dc can elr chI
vi~c xac dinh quy ho~ch Jil chicn luae giao olle mOt deh khoa hoc, Cflll V;IOde err", cu
If Juan nghien clm eua mon hoc ket hap vai linh hinh thue ticn ella Trung Quae d, ,
hoach 1110teach ,6 khoa hQc de phuong :in ph:it tri~n su nghiep gi,io due phil h"i' ,,'
nhu criu ph at tri~n kinh te va nhu cau eua nen kinh tc thi twimg xa h,)i ehu ngh'i,,, ctln,c'
nhu tien hlmh du doan rn9t cach khoa hoc doi \'ai kho~ hoc gi,io duc \"1 ph,;t trien '"

18
 nghi.:p giao d~c, xli I)' m91 each hqp 19 nhling yeu cau truae mat va lau dili eua 51!phat
lrien n~n kinh le' 'lUGe'dan va nen kinh Ie thi Iruang xa hgi ehu nghia d6i vai giao dl,le.
Dietl nilY khong chi co )' nghia lh!!,eIe d6i vai nen kinh Ie qu6e dan rna eOl1lam eho vi~e
~ . !I "", phat trien su nghi~p giao d~e eimg Ira nen phu hqp hon voi 51!phat trien eua nenkinh te
'lUGedilll, phu hqp voi \'i~e xay dl!ng nen kinh te thi truang xa h9i ehu nghia, phu hqp va
COy nghia quan Ir~lI1glrong ycu cau eua b9 mon kinh te d6i voi nhling nguai lam eong
lac chuy.:n m(lI1,

,
I

",

19
 Bi,i 2: He thong mon hQCva phuang phip nghien cuu
J
I
1. He thong khai niem cta mon hoc

Mot man hoc muod xac hlp dU0e. day dll va hoim ehinh. ngoili vice dn eo nhtin,'
deSltlw~,g,ngh!cn e~ kh9a hge va n~ung tf~h e~"lt l:h'lt ~inh thl.elm ~,\n ph"i eo mC,t h,
thong khal m~m nhi\t dl,h, ph~m trll nghlcn elm va nhung thuat ngll ehllyen man, H,
thong kh:ii niem eao Ulng ma b'l m(m Kinh tc' hoc gi,lo due sll dung gam Ilhullg kh;',
niem co ban sau day.

1. Kinh Ie ,
I
Kh:ii niem "kinh It+ mil bo man Kinh Ie' hoc gi,l" due nghien u'nl ,IC c;"p ,!C-nh,
deh giai thich nhu sau: 6~1I1ggidi lhirh IllIr III"i[ lit su v,m dong ella e<le'phuong thlie s," '
xuat xii h(>i. Vi~c Iy giai ~inh tc' thitnh su v,m ,Ic'ng ella de phlwng Ihlre s"nxu,it xii hI!
khong chi baa gam cae quan h~ slln XlI,il xii hoi mil eon baa gcim lue luong "in XlI,,'t x
hoi. Cac nhan to trang Iud luqng Slln xu,it xii h6i hao gam nh,ln t61ue luang Ian cI(mg. m
nhan to sue lao d(>ng !ai :thuoe ve pham trll eila kinh te. Dong g/,ii rh/,h rlllr hoi Ii"",
xuat tu li~u vilt chat va de su trao d6i. ph'lll phili cling nhu.licu dimg tUI1ng ling. ViC'e I
giai "kinh 1/" thilnh qua (rlnh ,~n xuii! ttl lieu <11 chill. ehfnh iii noi 'C; de quan he tunn,
h6 va tac dung tuong h61~n nhall CLI<'h,lli L,kl'l lrong qua 1r1nh san xliat IiI: ",n xlI,i!. Ira'
d6i, phan phoi va lieu du~g, cling chinh Iii chi llmc lue kinh Ie "i, nhting eua c;,i "',11 chi!
xii hoi ma lue luang lao d(>ng [;10 ra duoc trang qUII trlnh 'I,n xu,il. Dang gi,ii rhich rill
ba lit If giai "kinh 1/" thanh tiel ki~m. ehinh Iii dC noi rllng su tiel kiem IhiJi glan I",
dong eo th~ lam phat tri~n luc luang san x'u:it. boi VI nang cao n;"mg Juc s;,n xll,it h
d(>ng, suy Mn elmg ehfnh la tiet kiem thai gian lao clang.

2, Gino duc

Xc! tren y nghl" co. bim thi "gicio due" I:, e;ln clf ViiI) nhu du eLla xa ht,i V:I llir"
nhting di~u kien xii hoi hh,it clinh cl~ dilo tao vii huiin luyen mt,l c{lch e6 he Ih";ng. l'
mue dich, co ke hoach ella nhfrng nguoi cllfl1ctie'p nhtm 'll gill" due. ph;11lritn the: Ille ,:
de hoat d(>ng I 'f !tre t:lla!nhting doi ttrr1Jl1'nil)'.' Xct tren \' nghla hien ,!Ill thl'?',i" rill(

Ja l'li,:'l n,~n Q:i,l~)d~lC dao t(~o hit;n l1r.li Ithl'ng d6i so \'(rj gi,lo ch,le ell d•.11. .]a m{.>l nt'!1 gi;tl
d:lc (' . .-" \ i;y JU"l1g trcn ,,a so nen "in xutit hien clai hoa. Iii mllt nl'n gili" due Cl) quan h,
mtll thle! va-i kinh Ie va *hoa hoc kilhu'l! hien clai. Iii mC,t nen gillo due Cl' t;\c dung'
,lnh hucmg quan tr9ng cteh, nen s:m xu,it h'ien dai ..

3, Dan tlr gino dl!C!

Dau tu giaD dl!e e0'il g9i la dau nhllp di \"ilo gi;lo due. von gillo due. dieu kic-n kin:
Ie dimh cho giao due, tai:nguyen giao due. Hi,m nghia eila cum til ni,,' lit chi !tfr'l1g llel
Ie bi~u hi~n hoae t6ng lugng tai lue, nhtm lue. vitt lue mil ml,t 'luCie gl'l. khu 'If.c !la,' dn!
I

20
 vi Jii dau tu vao linh vue giao due can clr theo nhu du phat tri€n su nghiep giao d\lc cila
quae glCI.khu we hay dan vi J6,

-I. (;ia thilnh ghio duc

">-' , (ji" lh'l11h giao due lai c6 ~. nghia hoim lOan nguqc I~i voi s\I dau tu giao due. Gia
lh'lnh ~ia() duc 1,1 ehl loim bi) nhfrng chi lihf pilt!i ira d€ ct'i1O t~o, boi duang nen mi)t hQe
-' '

sinh. tlrc iiI chi tong hUp cae hoat di)ng \'~l hoa, cae hO\lt di)ng tr\le tiep va giun tie'p mil
cae lrlrimg hoc da giiinh cho hoc sinh lrong qua trlnh dao t~o t~i truang,

5. Hieu suiit kinh te' ella ghio dl,lc

Hie'll su"t kin'll Ie' ci,a gicio du~ eon gQi la hi~u qua kinh te eila giao dl,le; hieu qu"
nClng suSt trung nOi bo co c,iu eua giao dlfe; hi~u suat sir dl,lng duqe eila nguon von gi,io
Juc: hieu "",I J"U Ilr giao dl,lc", voi h,un nghia la chi s\l so sanh giua li~n v6n d,iu ttr eho
gi,io due va nhlrng "in pham gi"o Jue lanl ra, tue laa lrong nhung di~u kien ;\Ci hOi nhfit
Jinh J~ dat duqc cac lhimh qu,i giao dlfc giong nhu nhau thl mue dO tieu hao va sir dlfllg
gi~tUJ~l( l~lbao nhi~u.
ngU\)ll t~ti I1gu~<~n

6. Hieu qua kinh te ella giao dt,Jc

Hi,'ll qU:I kinh l~ eua giao due hay con gQi la hi~u quakiuh te xii hi)ieila giao due;
gi,i II'! kiuh k' xii hc)i clla giao dlfe; Igi nhu*n kinh te eua giao d\le; ket qua kinh te thu
dWjL' l'ua giao dtlC", Hilm nghia cua ct,Jm tll nay la stf so sanh v6m~1 so' luqng Iqi feh
kinh Ie' m:1 Sir lieu hao lao di)ng trang qua trlnh giao dlfe di).l duge; hay noi mi)t caeh
Ihl)llg I!llrilng hl/n. I,iy Iring \'()n dau tU cho gi,io due eila xu hi)i, can eu van nhung thu
nhap ql1l)C d'in m:1 lUling von d,iu ttr n:,y dat duqe de lien hanh so sanh, mue thu nh~p
qu6e (lim ual dlr,1e s~ boi thlrO'ng cho so du d'lu tu giao dt,Jc.

Ng,,:,i nhung kh,ii niem kho" hoc chil v(u v" CC1b,\n dii trlnh bilY tren, bi) mOn a
khoa hoc n'IY eung thUlJng sir dung nhlrng kh,i, niem co tfnh ehut cioi xung nhu "ddll II(
gi£ifJ dl,tC-s,iJl pit din gido dlJC ": "ri/n 1'1/11 gi(lo dlJC-/(fi nhu(in giao (!l,lC"; Udall tr( giao
"1.,,'-iJi~'lI ,/",i killiJ [/".,. .•

\'e kh,ii nicm "(it'll \,,,il gi,io dvc ", bi) mOn Kinh te hqe giao due a cae nucre
p!llrllug T'IY t!wlmg xuyi:n sir dung, Nl; iii mOl b(l ph(ln ella "ric'II,\'rjil II/I(ill /1.((''' a de
mr6e phlhJng T"y. III goe do ti~n von co Ih~ lao ra Iqi nhu~n, dua giao dl,le tra thilllh mot
khcii niem ti~n von sir dtlllg M mang I',Ii gi" tri thllllg duo Cung voi stf ph,it lri~n eila giao
due kinh te' hoc. he thong kh,ii ni~m cila mOn hQc nay se eang hoan ehinh, hiun nghia
eila nl') l"lIlg kh"a h,IC \'" ehinh xac hon.

II. He thong diu thanh man hqc

" Cae hue gici lrang V'I ngoili mral' d~u co nhung 19 giai va nhfll1 thue khae nhau doi
\'('ri tinh ehc'il. ,I'li tLtl1llg \"1 co sa Ii IU':1llcila bi) mon Kinh te hqe giao due, do do khi x"c
dinh he thling d'cl Ih'lnh mOn hoc eung co rlil nhieu su khae biel.

21
 He thong Ii lwin m~n hge eua Nhat B,ln, Au My va cae nuCie phuang Tal' dU<lCx;',.
dl!ng tren CO so Ii Juan gia Iri va Ii Juan von nhan lue vai xuilt phat diem la d~a giao du,
tra thanh mot eong eu e~ the mang lai gin tri kinh te'. Do d6. loim 00 he thong ke't C;II
khoa hoe eua man hoe d~u lay qua tdnh "dall Ilr-sall xllar-h;ri nhWill .. la he thong kct Cill
chinh, dlra qua tdnh giao due danh dong hoon toan vai qua trlnh san xuat vat ehal, xen
chung nhlr mot thi' thong nMt, m(:>tqua tdnh ehung, VI vay. he thong cau true khoa ho,
ella mon hoc ma h9 da: xae dinh thuang duqe eau thanh tiI bon bo phan ehu veu la:
- PhuO'ngphlip vad~i tuqng eua Kinh te hge giao due. .

- Dau tu giao dlle e~a Kinh te hge giao due

- Hi~u lue kin,h te :Ia~ dll~ euaXinh te: hge gi,\o due.
- Lql nhuan kmh terua Kmh te hoe glao ~ue. .

Kinh te hge giao d~e a cae nuae Dong Au va Lien Xo eu lai Ihuang x,\c dinh h
thong eau thanh man h9~ xuat phat tiI quan h~ gifra kinh Ie va giao dlle, tiI quan he giG
giao due va sui: lao dQng, giao qlle va S\ThOi dUOng can bo, ehuyen gia, .. He th6ng ci,'
thanh man hge eua h9 e6 ph,!m vi de cap wang doi rQng, cacbo phan hqp thanh eun
kha nhieu. Xit ve dai ther e6 thi' ki' den m<)t so'bQ ph~n C,IUthanh nhu sau:
I
I. D6i tuqng va ph~O'ng phap eua Kinh te' hge giao due,
!
2. Giao dll" trang h~ thong tai san xuat xii hQi.
i
3. Che dinh
" va du. doan
I ke hoaeh
. giao due. quae dim.
r
4, Van de boi dUOn va sir dung ehuyen gia.

5. Van de giao due can bQ, giao due nguCrilao dQng, nhan vi en va thu lao.

6. Van de kinh phI giao due va eO' so v~t ehat kt thuat ella giao duc.
7. Van de hi~u sua< eua kinh te giao dlle.

8. Nhiing binh lu,lnidanh gia doi vai If luim Giao due kinhtc phuO'ng TilY.

Trang qua tdnh xa~ dl!ng h~ thong ket cau eua bo mori' Kinh te hoc giao duc '
Trung Quae, nit nhieu h~e gia dii e6 rat nhieu eo gang. nb lITe; Nhln tiI nhiing lU lieu,
trinh dQ dat dITqe hi~n nay, khai quat l,!i rna noi thi van con e6: m0! so dieu dn xcm Xl
nhu sau: Tlu'r Ilhar, khi x~m xct den he thong ket eiiu Kinh te hoe g"io due ella ChI] nghi
x~ hoi, nhat thiet can phai lii'y kinh te hoe va Ii Juan giao'due cua Chu nghi'a Mac 1:'01 c,
sa Ii Juan khoa hge, tiei> thu cae y nghi'a hqp ly trang Ii Juan licn von nh;'lIl luc Cli
phuO'ng Tay. Tlu:t hai, khi xem xct h~ thong ke't cau Kinh teOhoe giao duc eua Chu nght
xii hoi. can phai xem qua trinh giao due va qua tdnh san xuiit val chal lit hai qu,; ";n'
khac nhau Vlw.cO SITnoiket viIa c6 SITkh,\c biet. Iii)' d6 lam diem xlliit phat. Iiiy "dilu I,
gi,i" due-'ll dung ti\i nguVen giao dllc-nangcao to ch,lt nguCri lao dong va phal tritn kho
hge ki' thuat-tao nen tai San V~l ehal, lhue day kinh te' phat trien, t,ing truang" Iii toan h,
h~ thong khoa hge hoan 'ehinh. Tilt; bo, khi xem .,ct he lhong ke't ciiu Kinh te hoc gj~i
due eua Chu nghta xii hQi, eon rat dn phai co su kel hqp rn;il thie'! gilra kinh Ie Trun

22
 QUlic "" IhLle ti~n clI" eai e,ieh giao due, nghien CUll nhling van de thy:c te, v~n dt,lng
nhung cun so Itt lieu ,i,
cic d du co thLie cua Trung QuocM co gilng xay dgng h~ thong
khlJ" hqe cua mon hqe phil hqp 'ui nhung nhu cau xay dgng hi~n d~i hoa eua Chu nghia
i- xii hui a Trung Quoe. lam eho bo mon Kinh te h9C giao duc mang nhfrng net d~c sac cua
Trung Quoe,

V(fi nhung w wang vii nguyen tile chi d,!o nhu tren, vi~c xac I~p h~ Ihong va ket
c:iu hI) I11lln Kinh k' hoc giao 'due cua Chu nghia xii hl?i co Ihe duge bilt tay vao nghien
etru vi, xcm x0l tic ml?l so bo phan nhu sau:

- nr; pl"ill
,hJ'r Illl<ii let doi tU'lng, nyi dung vii phuong phap nghien euu eua Kinh Ie
hqc gi,ili due ding nhu qua trjnh lieh >lr. sg ra dOi, hjnh Ihanh va pMt Irien cua mon h9C.
86 ph,:m nilY chu yeu Iii tit hai phuong dien ngang, doc M trinh bay r6 rang, cl! Ihe ve nl?i
uung. linh chiil. uoi w\JOg 'a
phLrung ph:ip nghien euu mon h9c.

- lJo plz\ill ,llIr lwi ehinh Ii, "hitng can cu Ii IUan d6 xac lap nen bl? mon Kinh Ie h9C
gi,io uue. tnlO gum Ii luilll gi,io uue va Ii IUan kinh ic cua Chu nghia Mdc-Lenin, eung
hao g"111c:'1i luiul von nhanlge eua de nl!oc phuongTay:

- nr; ph\ill ,lilt hll. tic 'Iuan di~m vi mo Irlnh bay qm;n,h~
gilia kinh Ie va giao dl!c,
I,ie uung tUling ho va quan h~ gilia chung de Irlnh bay va phan tichve tinh chal dga vao
nh"u rna Ion t,!i cua giao dl!c d6i voi kinh Ie va nhii:ng hi~u qua kinh Ie vi mo cUa giao
uue uoi \',ii kinh le\.

, - B,j plz\ill rlllr 1/1. ehinh la nhung khai niem, ph?m trl!, dinh l\1iU, nguyen lac, quy
luill eu Ihe cung nl11l phuong thue linh tmin vii c'hi lieu so 1i~\1 cua bo mon Kinh Ie ho('
gi,ill uuc. 86 philll nil)' ehu y.:u dUl1e e[iu thUnh nen tic 5g dfiu w giao due, gia Ihanh gi,io
uue, nhu cau \a >g cung cap giao dl!e, hi~u suai sir dl!ng tai nguyen giao duc va nhfrng
hi~u qu,i kinh Ie xii,h(>i eua giao dl!e. Day ehrnh la nhling bl? ph*n trung tam tron~ r,c
thling k0't du eua mon hqc, Chll yeu la til phuong di~n vi 010 M Irlnh bay va ph,tn tidl
m()l deh e\1 Ih~ nhlfllg noi dung co b,in cua mon h9C.

: Hi! pll<ill rillt IlLiIll chinh la van de 16 hgp, b6 Iri lai nguyen nhan Inc va tien thil lao
lao dilllg. Viin de nil)' tIC c;!P Mn hoc sinh va I'll ciI nhling nguoi lam cong t,ie giao d\IC,

- Dri (Jluill rillt ";,, iii ,iin de ch0' dinh ve quy ho~ch, IOC dQ, qu)' m('
nghi0p gi,i<l due vi, chien juge phat tri~n giao dlle lrong wang lai .

• f\:hung diem ehll y0'u vica trjnh hil)' 6 tren dii blnh IU(1I1kh;ii quat ve nhling di,c diem
kh,)ng giong nh"u trang h0 th6ng ke't du khoa hge eua bl? mon Kinh Ie h9C giao dl!c a
[rung vii nguili !IlraC, \j,:,c dil dc h~ Ih611g v:\ kct e[iu nay lrang h~ thong logic, quan he
nlii [ai. ke'[ c,iu v"
cie b9 philn hgp thanh con co nhieu diem kMc bi~t, nhu'ng diem
gieJng nhau clla de hl: th6ng kCl cau nay I,!i nam a ch6 den lay dllu tu giao dl!c, san
"
philm gi,i<l uuc. nhu du vii eung ciip giiio dl!c, hi~u suat Slr dl!ng tai nguyen giao dl)c va
hicu qua kinh k' xii hCli eua gi,io due liun n~)i dung Ir9ng tam va kel can chu yeu.

23
 III. Phuong phap va ryguyen tae nghicn euu mon hoc
,
1. Phuong phap nghien cuu

Phuong phap nghienl cUu cu th6 cil<1b() man Kinh te' hac giaa due vc clai the iii
a
th6ng nhat vai nhau lrang va ngaai OllaC. thong thuCmg Mu ~lr dllng pllllang phap philll
Ifch dinh tfnh va phuong phap philn tfeh dinh lugng, Phuong philp philn lfeh dinh !fnh lit
mQt phLrong phap khoa h9~ Irlru tL1(mgmit hiiu hct tiil Cii dc bo man khaa hac :\a hoi cJeu
can Slr dung, Kinh Ie h9C giaa dyc cling khong ph,ii lit mQI ngaailc Phit.n lfeh clinh Itrgng
lit mQI phuong ph?p philn lfeh so' h9e. Phuong phap nity eiin \i1n dung de clang tht're sf;
hge. cae eong Ihue Ifnh laan va cae ehi lieu so' lugng de ehi ra, va. ne\1 r6 \'C de quan he'
so luong Irang llnh vile gi~a due, Trang qua tdnh nghicn CtIu Gi,io dyc kinh tC hoe. hal
phuong phap nay Ihuang d'ugc Slr d\lng kel hop voi nhau, "Igaiti ra, ,Kinh te hoc gi,ia due
con sir d\lng cac phuong p~ap nghien CUu 2\1 thi' ~au d,iy: " ,

I) Phuong phap phln lfeh kinh te, tuc lit tic'n hilllh sa s<inh philn tfeh. ph,in tfeh
can biing va phan Ifch 16n~hqp cac hi~n luqng kinh Ie xa hoi,
2) Phuong phap nghien cUu giaa duc, chu ye'u la thong gua can duang dicu Ira
giaa dllc va thuc nghi~m giaa dllc di' mieu I,i, du daan cac bicn luang gi,ia duc \'il ""l
he giUa chUng voi cae bien,luong khac.

3) Phuong phap tfn~ laan kinh Ie va phuong phap Ih6ngke giaa due. gai t,it lit
phUong phap so' lugng, Hfti phuong phap nay dugc Slr dung r[il nhicu lrang qu,i trjnh
nghien cuu man hac, no I~ phuong ph,ip chil yc'u cJ0 dinh luong h6a rn(m hoe. trong ,I,',
baa gamral nhi~u phucmgiphap Ifnh laan cu the' nhu Ifnh laan Wong quan. tfnh I<"in tfeh
luy, Ifnh laan hoi guy .. , i
4) Phuong phap nghien cUu So' sanh, baa gam sa sanh Irlnh do, So' s,inh nhilll t(i,'
So' sanh lieu chu~'l, So' san~ , gia Iri lrung blnh".

5) Phuong phap dl! loan,

, hay con g9i la phUong ph,lp . utrc luang. Phuong ph,ip nity
thuang sir dung hlnh thucsa sanh don gian. dado cling co ,Iuc no chroc gai Iii phuclllg
phap gian hoa. Nhln Iren dlen rang Ihl phuong phap nay co gian hoa Ii Ie kinh Ie vii gi,in
hoa Ii l~ laadQng, C\l Ihe Iii
gam co gian hoa ti Ie laO' dQng san xual. gi,in hoa kinh phi
giaa d\lc, gian hoa lien C0t;tg va gian hoa Ihai gian giaa due Ok phuong phap gl<in hc'>a
nay deu Ii! lay tac dung ItlOng h6 va quan he giua kinh Ie vii giao d\lc trong dc hrc'n d(mg
de' cju toan va uOc luong, s61ugng
, hoa chung len.
,
2. Nguyen uie ngllietl cuu
, .
De co Ihe van dung \6t cac phlfong phap nghien cUu dii neu a Iren. con ({in rhai
kien trl thea mQI so' nguyeh 1,1cngIJrcn cuu nha't dinh. Man Kinh IC' hae gi,io due ngo;u
tiep thu dc phuong pluip hghicn cuu cu Ihe a
nuOc ngaili Ihl xct lren phtrong dien he
thong phuong ph"p nghien: cuu man h9c, ~'an riit dn thit't phai liiy nhilll Iht'IC iu:u) kho<l
h9C va phuong phap bi~n chung lam co
'
sa.
kien tri thea dubi mol. so quv- I,k nhu '<ill

24
 2.1. Nguyen tae kef hap giiia tinh tlf tuifng viztinh elutt khoa hqe e!loman hqe
Tinh lU lUang ehinh lalrang qua Irinh nghien eUll, phai kien td theo sl,!chi d~o IU
lUang ella ehu nghia ~lJe-LCnin, v~n dl,llIgcac nguyen ly co ban cua khoa h9C de lam f6
I. cae khai nj~m, nguyeli I)' \'a quy IUal elIa man hge; tinb khoa h9C la trang qua tdnh
i nghien elcu. cae lap lu~n phai ehlnh xac, cac lu*n chung :phai khoa hge, cae cong thuc
I t!nh lo.,n vi, 1116hinh sO hge ph<iir6 rang, cac lU li~u s6 h9~ phai dang tin c*y.
I 2.2. Nguyell lac Ii IUalllien h~ tlwe Ie' I
X.:I tfr 11191)' nghia nao d6 thi Giao dl!c kinh te h94 ~a:tc6 tlnh ung dl!ng, la m9t
mon khoa hoc e6 Ilnl1 ung d\llIg cao, VI v*y trang qua Irinh nghien CUlldn chll y xuat
ph,il tiI thue 10'cua Trung Quae, nb h,re giai quyet cac va:1 de duqc ph an anh trong hi~n
thue. eln chLi y dieu tra. nghicn cuu ti mi, ky cang, bilt da~ tu nhfrng tu li~u c61ien quan
thu lh,:,p duuc tu thue 10',lr~n Cll SO n[IlTIduqc nhieu III Ii~u th,!c te, cung cap ngu6n w
lieu c;ln thi.:l eho nhung quy~'l saeh ella B9 giao dl!c va da6 t~o nhil nuac.
2.3, NguJell ((Ie kei hap giila phe p/uin l'a liep tim
fl,) nHln nay duqc xay dung nen klui s6m vi\ phat trien vai t6c,d9 kha nhanh a cae
Illr(fc Au 1\ly vii Nhill Ban, D6i v(fi ehllllg ta ma n6i thi diku nay m~t m*t can tim ra eac
quy lu~t chung d~ nghien cuu, m9t m*t can ph/Ill d6i sl,!su dl!ng khuon sao, kh6ng ph an
llch va s.ing t',IO.Khong chi tren cae phuong di~n n9i dung va co so Ii lu*n khoa hge can
a
phili lam nhlf v.~yrna cUe phuong phap nghien cUll Cl!the, phuong phap tlnh toan, cong
lhuc, s6 Ii~u. cling khong duqe hoan toan wong d6ng voi SI,!th6ng ke rna cac nuac d6 dii
dua ra, do d,) kh6ng th~ \'~n dung m91 deh may m6c. s6
sanh va can chll y phan tfeh,
I,!a chun ap dung nhfrng dieu phu hqp \'oi llnh hlnh th,!c l~.
. .' .' i I
Ngoili nhung vande neu ra a tn::n, mon li9c nay con; c6 hai van de quan lr9ng nfra,
Viln de thu nhal IiI n(>idung va ph•.lm vi nghien cuu cila rrlon h9C, van de thu hai 111quan
hl: so IWlng c6lfnh quy luat rna bl? mon nay phan anh, d~di sauxein ?let va nghien cuu.

-,

25
 Bai 3: qch slr phat tril~n man hoc

Kinh Ie hQe giao dl,le la mi)t bi) mon khaa hoc moi me \'a doc lap. e6 mot he thong
kel du khaa hoc nhat dinh, ban dau dllqe hlnh thanh a
de nllllc phllcmg nv. ,au IruY'2n
ha dan sang cae nllae khac tren the' giai.
1
I
1. Su nbi len va khai tllac mon h\?c
K;~' \~ h<:Jegiao dl,lc b~t ngu6n va hlnh thanh a xii hoi phuong Tin: ell \, Ir; '(1
mot trang cae nganh h<:Je'thual lrcn thc' giai. co b6i c;inh lich ,ir \"1 ,!Jeu kicn tl1<
1
N6 la s,ln pha:m eua kinh Ie hi0n dai V'I giao due hicn dai. Bo mlHl nav clime manh IIi);'
a phuong Tay vao khaang nh[rng nam 20 ei,a the k~' 20. sinh ra vao nh[rng ni"111'i(1
hinh thilnh vilo nhii:ng nam 60. co IW(le phat trien mlli v"o nh[rng n;lm 70 \." cUl;; nhlrn)!
nam 80.

1. Ngu6n ~6e Ii luan hlnh thanh mon hn('

Kinh te h<:Jegiao due hoc ph'Jclng Tiiy!' 'n ph;im iinh hlrang Ii lu:in kinh iC ei",
nen kinh te phM tritn va,u 'e,'g tnrans h,,:, :
C :.,,' hoi. Sau dai chic'n the giCli liin tln'[
hai, a phuong n.y ela xufit hien ::1<1ng Ii lu:\n I;mg twang kinh Ie va ph,it trien kinh Ii
maio Kinh Ie trmg tnrbng II;:;:~.. - -'.~~lnf(\ng C\"ll tC1ng gi~'\ tr! s;tn xu;tt xfi lH)i. 1(~il!2 \":111
ph<1m c~nh tranh ho~c ~hlJ P}'(lj) qUt'';c dtln l~lnl ticu chI, b~l(") g()fll If lu(m \'t~:.'V g::l l;-\:l~~
va ph,ln phoi hop 1i vc tu liell vat eh:\1. von nhfm lue. ticn \0: Ii ill,in phat Irien klnh to.
khong chi bao gam noi dung t;mg tntong kinh tc' xii hoi. m" elHl hao gam noi dl:ig k(.\
e;Iu kinh te xii hoi va su thay d6i ehe di?, tue Iii cae If luan. mue licu phal trien klnh k
xii hoi cling nher dieu kien kinh te xa hoi M thue hien cae mue lieu d6. Tai SilO lai n,"
rang If luan mai nay ehinh Iii nguan goe If lu(m hlnh thanh mon hoe~ Chi, yell E, hiii \,
xa hoi hien dai thue dflY kinh Ie ph,it Irifn. dicu tiet kinh te \~ ph,;t trie'n xii h(li clin,'
nhu thue hien cae noi dung mue lieu phat Irien xii hoi va phi;t trien kinh te' clCu rill l,n
de cap den van de giao due xii hoi. Nguycn nhan noi dung eu the uerae the hi('n tren h;1I
phuong dien saUl
. ThJ'r n/u'it, sl! tang tmung va pMt trifn kinh Ie eila de 'luC;e gi,; ph:il trien tren th,
gi6; L'lco dau? Cae nuae dang phat trien tren the gi6i lilln Ihe n"o ,1e
ilu(ii kip ncn kinh I
eua de l1lrae phat tric'n? Rfll nhicu cae nh" Ii lu;m kinh ti" <Iiider,mg d,iu ,(,i <,n ,k n;,\
lie'n h1mh If luan, phan tfeh va kiem Ira. ho dii dua ra "/i II«in ,.,i
nill nli,jn 11t( .. Li I"illl
n'lv eho r!mg. so dT cae nllae ph'l! trifn co slllimg tnr0ng V" ph,it Illen kinh Ie nhanh nhl'
vliy E, do e6 su eoi tr<:Jng'dau tll vaa von nh,ln Iue. ehu trong khai thac ngu(in nh,m I'll
. :,,", ,;eng diiu ttl eha gia6 dl,le, eoi trong vice nang eao chilt lerong clim ,6 vi, u.: .,.;;,
'-"c hoat dong lri Iue. Cat nuae dang phat trien can Elm eho nen kinh te eUi! mlii. Ii

nhanh han nii:a, du6i kip trlnh di) kinh tc' eua cae l1lrae ph,i! tr;';n. can tiep thu \''1 hne 1,'1
. ;r,11 n:;hi~m eua cae nuoc ph at tric'n: cOl trQng d.-itl Itr \'~to \'(\" nhan Il!C. c()i lrnn~ ~h;11
"~ll6n nhGn Itrc, coi Irang dfill ttr eho gi,io due. co; Iwng chfit luong d,'n ,(i. khi"
- • '<..- '-, '- '-

26
 thae dLioe trf tue ella ean ngLiai. Nhat Ban ehinh Ia m91 vi du song d9ng. Nh~t Ban la
nLl<.Jcbai lran trang dai ehien the giai hin thu hai, nllll'ng chi m9t thai gian ngan sau chien
lranh, Nhin ban d~ lani eho nen kinh te quoc dan nhanh ~h6ng phl,lc hoi va phut trien. de
lU d6 tien V~IO hang ngii eua de quae gia phat trien tren:the giai. Tuy nhien, m;i.c du da
nhim dLlqc nhung "\"i~/l 11"(/ki/lh Ie"" eua cac quoc gia phat trien, nhung cac nLiac thu9c
dia doc lilp saU chi2'n tranh van khong the d'!-tdLlqcmuc tang truang va ph4t trien kinh te
nllLlmung d(ji. p,hilOtich nguyen nhan cua van d€ nay ehu yeu la do Nh~t Ban da chu
trqng vao dau tLItho. \'on nhim ILlC,eoi trqog vi~c khai thac tai nguyen nhan h,tc, coi
trqng phat tri~n giao duc. e6 nguon dl! tru nguon nhtm ILicva giao dl,lc phong phu. Vi dl,l,
cuoi nhung nam 40 cua the' k~' 20, Nhat Ban thong qua giao dl,lc dii. lam cho nguon lao
dong c6 trinh d9 lao. d<)ng limh nghe va nang h!c kinh doanh. tot d'!-tduqc muc tang dang
k~. do do rat de dang d<itiep nhim va ph,it minh ra nhung khoa hqc ki thu<i-ttien tien, tien
himh c.li tao viI thlk diiy e6 hieu qua san xuat cong nghi~p, kich thich sl! phl,lc hoi va
lang lrLlang cua nen kiilh te quoc dim. Dieu nay chung niilih rang, ti€n von V\ll chat phili
kc't hop va dicu hbj \,6i sl! khai thac nguon nhan h!e maic6 the lam eho n€n kinh te phat
(rien nhanh eh6ng va m~nh m2. Do d6, tu y nghia (ren, :'!i II/gil lie'n vOll nhdn I(rc" cua
phuong TilY chfnh IiIca S(11ilu(m lrl!c tiep hinh thanh nel'! bq mOn I}inh te hqc giao dl,le.
- TM( Jwi. chfnh la "IIII' cling ki/lll irang qua tdnh tinh toan tang truang kinh te.
Ie'''
Tu nhung niun dau d,Ynkhoang giua the ky 20 (khoang nam 1929-1957), nuoc My dii.
\'~n dung phuong phap tinh wan tang truang kinh te truy€n thong de tinh toan ra nguon
tang truang kinh te quae dan va xuat hi~n nMn to th~ng du, tue la "me ClIllg killil Ie"'.
, Trang giai doan lich Slr nay, kinh te quoc dan c~a My tang truang m,!-nh,khi d6, cac nha
If luim kinh te van Slr dl,lng phuong phap tfnh toan kinh ie truy€n thong, tue la "pllj((fIlg
"luI" "Juin licil luilll ~(j'~(j/l m<ii 1(1" IWp" de phiin tich' nguyen nhiln xuat hi~n yeu to
thilllg du trang nen kinh te M5', tim cach thao go me cimg kinh teo Phuang phap philn
ttc~ nay Iii xem 51!tang tlUang san xuat duqe quyet dinh,bai ba nMn to, Ia bieu hi~n t~p
h,IP clla dat dai. con ngLiai va sl! tang, v6 ti6n von. Cong thuc cu the nhu sau (trang
tnlong hap dfit dai khong thay d6i):

N~'u1\= I-a lhi

y= ._\KuL1\

Trang eong thife. Y 1,1"In xuiit, 'i-\ iiI khoa hqc ki tl~Utlt.quan. \)1, KIa ltlgng dilU \If
von. L 1,1ltrang dau tu lao dc)ng (ehfnh la soluqng lao d9ng), ala cinhdanhoi eua ILfong
dau tll san :wiil, ~ 1,1tfnh d'lI1 hoi cila luang lao d9ng san ~uat, di€u naye6 nghia la:
Su till1gtWang scin ,\ufit = (Sli tang lruang nhtlllll!c)'x (ti trgng ti€n cong) + (sl! tang
-,
IrLl(lJ1gli~n von) X (ti In;lIlgdau tu v(1tchat).
Trang lI1<)tso truang hgp nhiit dinh thi vi~e Slr dl,lng cOng thue nay e6 the giup tfnh
w,in ra II1UClang truang ella nen kinh te quae dan. Nhung khi phan tfeh SLftang truang

27
 kinh te':~ella My trong nam 1929-1957 chi en: Ie lhay duc)'C Sl! gia';-llI1g d:iullr v<\t Ch:lt viI
su gia tang so IU0ng nh,ii1 iuc, oat OUl'C' ,'~ tnrang 67%, con th:mg du ia ~3'i, mtrc
Iii;';,' :"1;'\kl1nng th~ tim duoc nguyen nh:lIl lai sao I?i co luang th<\ng du nillf \':11', Do
ii, 1:11nlle'i! ':;,,11 Ie hoe dang naive tim kiem nha,n to chua bier nilI', lrang do cn
"hlrl1~ ngu, " ,!" ;',,,hl ra chroc, khi phan tich sv lang truang kinh ti~',gi,l lhie'l r,'mg dc y(u
16 kinh te dUele lien banh lr9ng cae dieu kien giong nhu nhau. coi nhe dc nban 16 quan
llong clla qua lrlnh san XUa:I, d!ie bi~l Iii da coi nhe nha,n to ehal luang clla ngu6n lal'
dong, de ra rimg trang lang truang kinh te dn thiet phai co nhan to Chal luong ]ao dong,
do do eung can eo nhAn t6 giao d\le, phat hi~n ra ding giao dl,le la mot bo ph:ln c:iu Ih;'inh
quan trang ella nhAn to thang du, va eung lren co So' do de ra "I'll/fOlIC philr rh,in lieh
'/I,i" 16' Ihong dun ella nen kinh te quoe dan, "pll/fcfI1g ph6p phei/) lieh nhlin II;' "in~
::',»),g kinh Ie'manh ", Do (1(\, e6 lh~ noi sIr tien bo phat tri~n Clla lfnh toan kinh IC'hoc dC!
Inrc tiep dan den su ra dbi eua Kinh Ie hoe giao due a cae nuoe plllfl1ng Tity,

2. Anh huang clla phM tri~n san xual va tie'n b6 khoa hoc ki tbu,il rkn sIr ph,it
Irj~n clla m6n h<;lc

Su ra dbi ella b(> mon Kinh te hlle giao due eila cae nuac phuong Tay. ngoili nhlrng
]i luan ean ban ella no eon can eo nhling dicu kicn xa hoi. N6 chlu anh hucll1!, IWC lil'r
ella sV p,Mt tri~n sim xuilt xii h(>i va cae tien bo khoa hllC ki thu:lt. N~n s,in xu:it hien dai
do eo 5U ket hqp mat thiet voi khoa hoe ki thu,it nen da d'in de'n su hifn dbi s,iu sfte trang
ket eau san xuat va ket cau lao d(>ng, doi hoi to eh[it ella ean nguili va t6 chal elia ngulin
lao d(>ng. nang nhu cau tuyi!n dung lao dang lcn mot trim eaa maio vi du nlm e'le hicn
nrqng thay dbi trang ket cau san nghiep va thrit nghi~p mang tinh kc't e:iu cua lue I,',:"~
lao d(>ng. Trang san xuat eang nghiep hicn dai. de b(> man c'(mg nghicp ml1i rh'lt 111'.1'
rat manh. nhu eang nghiep di~n tfr, eang nghicp hoa ehat. eon nhfrng nganh e(mg nghicp
khang eo buoc d(>t pha nao ve ki thuat nhu eong nghi~p d~t may. e(ing nghicp khai
khoang thllai cllnh tre va khang phat trii!n. Iham chi eon eo buoe tut h:lU so voi truclc. Vi
val' tren thi trubng lao dangeiing xu:it hicn nhling nhu c:iulao dang chu\'cn m(m m(li, en
hi~u biet vc ki' thual va eang ngh~; mat khae. cae ng;'mh eong nghicp tut hill1 lai cLIng sa
thai, citl giam m9t so luqng Ion eong nh'lI1 til)' nghc kcm. xu:it hicn "',h,j'r /)<~hiir I>lIJ"X
Ifll/1kef CUll"' trang xa h(>i, Chinh trang eung mal ngill1h "in xu:i!. uo ,ip dung de lic'n h(,
khoa hoe ki thU*I, eang ngh~ moi vao 5"n Xll:it iJ~thay the' ebo de thic't h, cO \i, de
xlr0n~~'",n xuat lac
'. hAu nen can •...
gi,im b61mot sOllfOng cong nh:ln, lim1 eho m(lt s(i 11Iun~. '

Ion cong nMn rui \'i\o linh trang Ih:il nghicp.lrong klll nhu du d6i \,(1i s(i Ilrong e(lng
nh,in lanh nghe
•.... va eo trlnh io..."...
ki' tlluill cal) !ai l'-ll1g len nhieu ]:in, Dieu ni". nll"1 II1ie'l SC
' ,

d'in den SIf luu dang trang ngulin ]ao d(ll1g \'il Slf lhay dbi ti lrang 1:lo dlll1g, b,'tl hUlll
Ilgu'i'j '"v-", "Hi nang eao trinh d" hiC:u bic't \';'1 lay nghc, c;li ti(n k(l ciiu ki Ihu,,1. lier
"1. iht'rc. ti,~"p l11CntlJlg C:l'~ lhl1i gian gi;!0 ell,le \':1 hoc I<)p. n;'tIl~ c\() tllnh (I()
.~!;l l'~ I~':'n l,'.' :JJ'.:2Its,in \u[lt lao dQng. SO luang c()ng llh[m Elm \'icc lrnng elc
nganh ecm; nong nghi~p giam manh, lrong khi so luang nhlrng ngucri lam \icc lcong de
nganh cong nghiep dieh vI!, khoa hlle kithu:Il. cling ngh.: thlmg lin \,., qu,ln 1\ lai L"ng
len f6 rei", SIr thay d6i nay trang ke't e"u s,in xu:it viI kCl c:iu ngu()n lao dong, dirt)', "'ul

28
dieu kien khach tjuan nao do dii dua ra m~lt van de cho t:1t ca m<:Jinguai, do 11\:mau chot
cua phat trien san xuat hi~n dai h6a va toc di) phat trien kinh te nhanh Ia gi? La nguon
lao d(lI1g U,nh nghc \'a' nhling nguai c6 trinh di) khoa h<:Jcki thu~t, Ia 51! phat trien nguon
nh':m lue, lit giao duc,li, SUdau IU cho tri thuc cua con nguai, D~c bi~t Ia sau khi Lien Xo
cu plh'mg thanh cong \'~ linh \u tm dau tien, dieu nay dii gay ra mi?t su kich thich rat Ian
doi vc)i ,\15' va cac nuac phuong Tily kh:ic. ho cho rang Lien Xo cu di nam bat dIrac'sa
khoa.hoc ki thu':lt mai thimh C(lI1gdo Ii, do e,ii elch vii coi trang ph,it tri6!l ,m nghiep giao
duc, 1\15' vii dc nuac phuong T.:lYkhac khong mucin bi tut Iltlu, phai lien kip va \'liN Icn
tren Lien Xo, nen cung nh.:it thiet ph,;i di each va phut trien mallh me nen giuo dtlc, gLa
t':mg nguC)n d':w tlI cho giao due. Do d6 c6 the n6i rang sl! ra dOLella bo man Kinh k' hue
giao due co dicu kien .xii hoi chinh la su phat trien san xuat hi?n dai vii cac tien bi? khoa
hoc ki [hu':tt mai,

J. Hui dnh chinh tri "i. nguon goc giai cap

5u ra dili eLla mCln Kinh k' hoc gj;io dtlc 0 cac nuac phuong Tay con c6 nguyen
nh':111ve chinhtri \'a giai c':ip. TLr dau den gilia the' ky 20 Iii. giai do:~n phut trien kinh k'
'1uan Lrung cLla chu nghia IU han 0 phuong Tay, ciing Iii. giai dOiln c..lnb tranh kh6c li.;t
eita cae !lucic theo chu nghia tlI bim. 51! tranh gianh quyen Il!c gilia cae Lip dOllll eac a
nu6e d'l dal rntrc khac lid nhat. Dong Ihai hai cui)c d",i chien the giai ciing dien ra trang
Ihoi gian ni,y. Cac tjuac gia theo chit nghia tu ban vi chien tranhnen dii khong tiec ti~n
dau llr trang bi vu khi toi tan, dac bi?t Iii cui)c chien tral~h I",nh gilia My va Lien Xo vao
thai diem dL1dJ. tao nl d9ng luc c~nh tranh kinh te va san xuat tn~n lOan the giai. Vi v~y,
lren the' gi6i c6 luu tm yen m9t dch noi la: "51/ 'C(wh (ranh kinh (If (red (he' gi6i chfnh /6
(,~lIIh {l'<lIIh ",' kllOli hoc ki Ihll~i(, lII,i .1'1/ c(lnh (ranh "e' khoa hf?c kr fhlll;U 1(lf chfnh Iii S((
c~lIIh frlll/h \'J gi,io dlli'''. Do d6. phat lrie'n giao dtlc, tang cuang dau tlI cho giao dtlc,
nghl0n Ctfll gia lri kinh te' clla gi,io duc, khong chi Iii nhu cau phar trj(~n kinh te mii con Iii
nhu du d.:iu tranh chinh tri, Di,y chinh la boi canh cua nen chinh Iri, eli cung vai no lit
CaL' nguy~.n flh;:m \'0 giai c~"tp.

Chung la hiclrtlng eic l1lrt'fc cong nghi~p phat trien a

phuong Tay, sa di coi Ir<:Jng
chtrc n,ing kinh ti' trung l~ghien ctru gi,io dl.le, khong ngirng t[lllg cuang dau lU cho giao
uuc. lmg hn lich elIc sIr .x':IYdung vi, nghien clru b9 man Kinh te hQc gi,io duc Iii do cac
t':,p d"i,n llr b,in dii nh':ln th.:iy r,mg, su t'lng elIong kinh phi cho giao dtlc, coi tr<:Jngnguon
\'on nh':ln ILtc. khai thac ngu6n nh':lll luc, nghien cuu hi~u suat kinh te cua giao dtlc ... deu
eL1the mang lai 19'i nhuilll kinh te', thilln chi Iii. Iqi nhu(ll1 kinh te nilieu nhat, gia tang ck
gi,i tri th':ll1g du, Cic I':lp doiln w b'ln hieu ro ve quan h~ giua vi~c nang cao chiit luqng
ngu,'lll lall d,'lng vii sIr lhay doi ket cau nguon lao di)ng vai ph at tri6n giao dtlc, ding nhu
quan h0 lein tai gilia gi,i tri coa ngu6n lao dClllg va kinh phi cho gi,io dtlc. Giai quyet tot
cac mCli quan he nl'y lit mot dieu r::it co loi. Boi vi Kinh te hQc giao d\Jc can nghien cuu
gia tri cLla nguon lall dong, nghi0n cuu moi quan he giua phat trie'n kinh te vii kinh phi
giall due, 1)0 trung kinh phi gi,io duc c6 bao gom gia tn cua nguon lao di)ng va t6ng thu
nh':lp mil nhling nglrol ehLt SO huu xi nghiep eL1the thu lai du9'c III viec c1iiu IU' d,~ !J',i
chran~•....ta\'_ n"he
u cho can"b nh'ln cLla 1111nhla cao hon riit nhieu so vai kinh IJill d,lu [U cho

29
 giao d\le. Dieu nay da n6i r6 len mai quaQ tilm eil" de ehll XI ng1\i~p. tleh cue xay dung
va nghien eUu bQ man Kinh te hoc giCl" due hoa~ loim khong phai la de' nang eao gi,\ tri
ella nguon lao dQng rna lajd~ nang eanti 1.0quan he gifra gia trj clla nguon lao clang va
gia tri thang du. coi phat tli~n giao duc \<1 nang cao dau lU eho giao d\lc la mQt yeu t6
ql13n trong M phat tri~n kinh teo VI d\1 nhu a Nhill B,ln trong khoang thai gian tir nhfrng
nam SO clen nhfrng nam 70 ella the ky 20 sau chien tranh, kinh phf dau tu eho giao due
da tang len 10 lan, nw 1960 kinh phf dau IU eho giao d\le chiem 21.4Q t6ng ngan sach
nM nuoe. Cong ty Siemens (Duc) m6i nam sir d\lng 1'70 Iqi nhwin kinh doanh clla minh
danh eho vi~e nang eao tay nghe eua eong nhan. M6t sa cae e6ng ty Ian khk ella 1\1~'
hang nam ciing deu danh mQt khoan tai ehfnh Ian dci dau tu eho nghicn eiru If luan vc
\ , , !

nguon nhan l\I'e. Dieu nay cang eho thay r6 rang vice xay'dung va nghicn eiru bo m(ll1
Kinh te hQe giao due acae :nuoe phuong Tily da phan anh duqc nhl. ciiu vit loi fch kinh 10'
ella cae t~p doan lU ban.

II. Ljeh sir phlit trilfn eua mon h\?e

S\I' hinh thiinh va pMt tri~n eua bo man Kinh te hoc gi<io~ue da trai qua ba giai
do':\n Ijeh sir la giai do':\n manh nha, giai do':\n hin~ Thanh so bQ va giai doan phal tricin.
I,
1. Giai do~nmanh n~a
: i ;

Klnh te hQe giao d\le biit nguon lir dau nhfrng Mm 20 den cuoi nhfrng nam SO cua
the ky 20. Tti tuang giao d\Je 'co y ngh'ia kinh te, ph at tricin lau dili. xct tir g6c di) kinh te
chfnh tri da co str Trinh bilyjva phan tich lir nit sam, nhung dilY chi la nhfrng tu ttrang dOn
gian ehu chua th~ xae I~p duae Thanh mQt bQ mon khoa hQc. Danh diiu cho su nghi0n .
cUll nhfrng buoe khoi dau eua mon Kinh te hoc giao due la mQt hoc gi,i Licn X() 10;'-')
Nam 1924, ong.CJii eho ra dai euon "1' nghfo 'kin!l Ie' Clio gi60 due quoe dan". Day Iii
euon sach sir dung phuong phap thong ke dinh luqng sam nhilt tren the giai. dung de
lhu~t ngfr ehuyen man ve soluqng h6a va dinh luqng hoa M trinhbay day du vc y nghla
kinh te quae dan eua giao d\le. Ia euon saeh dau tien l[l~n the gioi viet ve bo mon Kinh 10'
hQe giao dl,le. Cuan saeh ehu yeu gam 2 phan ehfnh: Plu/n r!l,f n!ldi n6i vc quan h0 giiia
lao d(ing chan lay va eong tae dao t':\o trong nhit truang. P!I,in Ifuf !lai n6i vc quan he
gifra lao d(>ng tff 6e va Trinh dQ giao dl,le. N6i mQt each khai qual. thong qua ph",; tich do
tUcli va thai gian .eong tae Gua nguai lao dong cling nhu Irinh clQ giao due ella ho. curin
saeh nay ehu yeu Trinh bay've anh huang va tae dung ella giao due dai \'oi pMt Iri011san
xuat'va tang truang kinh te: Cae phuO'ng ph:ip dual' chon dci sir d\Ing lit so s,lnh I~u nh,.,p
clh nguai lao d(>ng voi kinh phi giao dye cl~ Ifnh tmin ra hieu quakinh to' mi, viee cliiu 111
eho giao cll,le mang lai. Phuong phap tinn 10'ln (qu,i lrinh tlnh to,{n eu Ihe sc dirac gi(n
thieu () mol ehmmg khde) tllY r~ng rat clan gian nhung phuong phap tlnh lo,in sir dung sri
luang h6a rhi van chua Iit'ng co tir tnroe den nay. Cuon s,ich cilahoc gi,i ngllai Nga nil)'
a
r,'it c6 gi6 II; hoc thurn nhtrng vao thai gian clo Li0n Xo cu no van chua gay dlfO'e nhfrng
phan ung manh va rQng khilp. va eung khong dIrac tiep llIe ph,it trien. ]v!iii dt'n 42 n,im
sau n6 mai duac nhfrng nguai phuong T<iy phat hien ra. Nam J 963. hoi nghi th,io luan \'c
. kinh te the gioi duqe t6 ehue, khi de
cap d0'n ehuycn de )' nghia kinh. 10' eua gi,\o due.

30
 nhae Mn euon sach dau lien lfen [he giai bim ve y nghia kinh te eita giao dl!e, ehinh la
euon saeh eua hge gia nglloi Nga nily, xac nh~n dng phll<J'ngphap tinh toan rna bng su
dung han -10 narn lfU6c nil gan vai phuong phap linh tOllnl1i~nnay va con e6 gia tfi tharn
khao fil q uan lf9ng, la nJ<?1 eong hien vo eung 10 Ian.
Cuon saeh daUlien rna cae nuae ray Au va Bk My thao lu~n ve y nghla kinh te
[f()ng giao due ehinh la euon "Quail die/II vI' 1'611IIlliin "/c" rna giao su l.R.Walsh thuoe
<.Iaihoc Oxford (tv!)') bien soan vao narn 1935. Cuon sach eita ong dlloe eac nllae phllong
Tay eha Iii cuon saeh dau tien c6 lien quan den Kinh te hge giao dl!e. Phuong phap rna
l.R.Walsh Slr dung la phllang phap linh loan va phlin lfeh tnIe tiep, ehu yeu la so sanh
thu nhap va chi phigiao duc eua tling ca nhan chti khonggiong each phan tfeh toan b6
nhiing cong hien eua giao d~c doi vai xa hoi nhu hge gia nguoi Nga dii thl,le hi~n, nhllng
ne'u tinh lo,in eu thera thi Ii mi han l.R. Walsh chit yeu tiqh toan tll dQ tu6i rna hoc sinh
co Ihe vao dai hoc, ong eho ring chi e6 giao d~c trang tr\Ibng di;li hge va cae giAo due
chuyen Ilghiep khac thi mai mang linh ehal va dae trung tu ban. Giao dl!e dai hge va
gi,io due chuy"n nganh khae eo [h~ nang cao ning Il,lenhung li;lipilai bo ra tien hge phi,
sall khi Ita Ira lien hc;>ephi lh~ mang l',li loi nhuan hoae hi~u qua kinh te,
ve sau dii e6 lhem nhieu tili lieu lien quan den Kinh te hge giao dl!e va so luqng
van kh6ng ngirng gia tang. Theo con so thong ke trang "Danh rnlfc tiii li'!u lien quail
dell Kill" te'lwe gicio due" eua M. Blaug thl den nam 1960dii e6 53 t~p saeh viet ve M
[ai nilY.

I Su ra diJi hay con g9i la giai doan khai da\l ciia bQ rnon Kinh te hge giao dl!e, e6
hai d(le diem 1'6 rang vii noi bat nhit. D'.icdie/IJ rM( IIhar la!dii co cae. saeh ehuyen nganh
vai so luong kh6ng ngung [ang Jen. Trang cUe saeh bao ehuyen ngimh nay tuy co cae
I phuong phap linh loan so 11Iqngh6a nhllng deu van chua su dl!ng den danh tll Kinh te
h,?c giaa due. Dtic diJ;1I rilif h'.li la [rang giai.doiln hlnh th~nh, Kinh 1e hge giao dl!cehu
yc'u nghien eUu v~ gia tri va )' nghia kinh [e eua cae thao lu(ln ve giao dl!e thong qua
phan tich va trlnh bay bing quan sat ban than nguoi lao d/:)fIgrna chua e6 sl,l de e~p sllu
rQng de'll quy hO',lehgiao due, co cau giao d~c, ke hOileh giao dl!e va van de tai ehinh.

2. Ciui dOiln hlnh thilnh

Kinh Ie' hoe giao due duoe hlnh Ihanh bllae duu vilOnhiing narn 60 eita the ky 20.
Duai su thue day eua Ii lu~n pha[ trien kinh te va lang truang kinh te, cae tac pham
nghien clru \'~ Kinh Ie h,?e giao d~e xuat hi~n rat nhieu vao thai gian nay. Ban dau la
hlnh Ihimh ncn eao trilO 0 M)', sau phat lrien thcm ra cae nuae khae tfen toan the giai,
tren pham \'I lOiln Ih'e'giai dii xuat hien mQt soluqng 16'ncae
, hge gia nghien eUu ve Kinh
Ie hoe gi,il) due, lam eha doi lUang nghien euu, philm vi, nQi dung v,a h~ thong eua mon
h,?e dim dllae xac lilp \'~ can b'ln. Cho den nay van ehuJ ~6 rnQt each n6i thong nhat ve
ctau hieu eua su hlnh Ihanh mon hge. Co nhiing hge gia n6i rang nam 1963, hQi Kinh te
hoc qucic tc. <.Iii[0 ehlcc mot hoi nghi ehuyen de ve Kinh Ie hoc giao due, t6 chue Van
h6a, gi,io due viI khoa hoc Lien hap quoe va Ngan himg lhe' giai deu e6 eu dai tieu [harn
dll hoi nghi nay Tai h,il nghi e6 rit nhieu y kien phat bieu, tharn chi fa quyet dinh Xu[il

3j
 h,'n "TII'/n !rip KInh 1/ hl}c giao due" co he thong k{t eau nh,'1 dinh. Do d6. n'lm 1966,
nam xuit ban euon sach dllO': liiy lam nam c1<\nhdau sir hinh thimh eila ba mon Kinh Ii'
.;,,, 0ue. Dieu nay ehu yeu la do \';10 thai gian d6. man hoc n'lv cia co dLloe ,If cimg
C
".'1 c . ,;,/" hoc thuM tren t03n the. giai, Cling e6 nglfoi eho rang, n;lm 1°(,2. khi
r \",:-"~v <C";:',; Anh viet:euon "Kinh 1/ hoc giao d,te" mai Iii n'lm d;\nh c1iiu SLlra dili
,',:,1 mon hoc nil). L~i e6 hge gia eho rang ehfnh su xuiit hien eua nhicll nglrrri \';1 de t:k

ph'11\1mai la su danh dau su ra dai eua man hge. Nhlfng du n6i nhu the' nJo eli eh,'mg nua
thi tom lai la man hge nay duge hinh thanh tir nhii'ng nam 60 eua the k~' 20,
Cok hge gia dUO'Jlgd';li da e6 nhfrng eong hien J6"nlao eho su ra doi eua Kinh It' hoc
giao due phai ke den hai hge gianguai My la T. \V.Schultz va E,F,Denison,
T.W.Sehulzt la giao su ella tnrang Dai hoc Chicago (l1'ly). nglfai sang 1,'1' nen "[J
vOl' nhdn h(e ", nguoi dat gi'li Ilnr<'YngNobel \'C kinh te' hoc. Cae I;le rh'I1\1 ehl" Vc:U
IlI(ill

Clla ong gom e6 "Hinh rh{illh 1'011 gilio dlle" nilm 1960; "D(;',/ 1/( \'01' IIh,ill lilt" ";,m
1961; "Giao dlle l'a Sl/ IcJng Irt({ing killh 1("" nam 1961; "Gi,i Iri klnh /,,' oi" gill" dllr "
nam 1961...

Li luan C(j sa va quandiem ella T. W.Schuzt.la eoi trang c!;iu tlf \'()n nh<in Ilfe. (Ull ttr
giao due Iii khai nguon qu'\n tr9ng ella d'lu tlr von nh,m Ilfe. ()ng eho rang '"n ctCco h;in
trang nghien eUu Kinh te h,qe giao due Iii keo dili tubi tho eila con nguiri. nilng eao nitng
lue eua' con nguai de tit d6;nangcao hi~u qU<Ilao dong s'ln xuii!. D<ie diem !C1nnh;'1 ,.,',;,
dau tu giao due Iii khang phai phan doan tit mat luang lao elong ei,a con ng'flJi ill" ",;,,'
rhan doan tir mat chat, tue Iii xem lao di)ng eila can nglfai nhtr Ii, ke't qu,i trang hi Cl"",
giao due. Hieu qua trang bi giao due ella lao di)ng eao thl hicu qu,; ,,;n xuiit lao el(1I1g
ciing eao, tit d6 nang e10 nang life sang tao va thu nhap eua nglfai lao elong, Dling lh,Ji
ong ciing eho rang dau tu giao d~e la mi)t nhiln to silI1 xu,n kh,ic ngoi,i dilt elai. nhan lue
va tien von dau tu. Trang mi)t s6 dieu ki~n nhilt dinh, dau Ilf giao due e6 tht ehll\'tn hc\"
thanh thu nhap kinh te, d6ng thai dua ra vii thiet ke mot each eu the eong thue tfnh hieu
suat giao due va "Phl(O'ng philp rillh roan phcin lieh SO'dlf rrang rring Irtf(!)'g kinh re''',
E.F.Denison la mi)t giao su kinh Ie hQe eua truang elai hoc' Chicago (1-1,'). N"m
1962 ong da eho xuat bani euon 'Ta lic'l, /(illg II'l(rillg kinh /,; ,I,n "Ii Sit lit" (.h"l1 I'l;a
cluing /a", Cha khac nhau eua ong va T.W.Schul~t lit (1I1g,lira nh'lI1 111gi,io due "'In 11nh
loan trang nhan to von nhan life, kh6ng eoi nh;m'lue nhu mot nh'lI1 to d()( 1,,1'. tim nh'ln
to giao due trong nhan t6 nh,in lue, dua ra nhllI1g khac blc! gilra gian due huu hinh ",.
~j;lo' d!~c\'0 hlnh. Tren U1 sn d6 dua fa "1)/11(0.11.: ,'.Jilt;/-' phi)!: rich Jl!l(lll (6' !(ln~ lurr;'/},'.! hnh
r,"", 'fnh toan ell the c;ie gia tri kinh I::': ,'i., ;;i,;,; ,:lIe. (Jng da rhiln tfeh ,il I~' gi,ii het Ii"t
d c.~c nhan to e6 the philn tfeh duoe clia sIr tilllg lrLlc1ng klnh 10, C6ng hien ehll vl'll eua
:')1) su hinh lhanh b6 man Kiuh IC !we giao due a
cae mr6e phtrang T'I\' Iii dii gi,ij
Ih, ;eli cae ph,rol1g phap lfnh lOan CI,Ithe. d6ng gop kll,in!! nh" \';10 vieT lit'n thi'lll
mc' !,L,,'''C!r':1I1gSLldinh luang h6a va soluong h6a man Kinh It' hoc g"\o due

Dong thai, cae Chfnh phu, cae t6 ehue quae te V3 nhicu hoc gi,ilrong Ihai gian nil:'
da dua ra nhieu tili li~u e6 Ji~n quan den Kinh te hoc gi,io due. HCli kinh ii' hoc qll(C k

32
 trang th'li gian nay,cGng trieu tap h(Ji ngh, khoa hqc, h(Ji nghj dii trinh bay nhi€u tai li~u
v0 Kinh k' hoc oiao -due.
. e .,.... ,.c.

Giai doan hinh.tryanh bo man Kinh te hqc giao dlle dii xu<1t hien nhi€u d*c di~m,
nhu dii dat t0n ChOlaC,;pham chuyen man la Kinh te hqc giao dllc, c6 cae tai li~u danh
gi,i thanh 'lua nghien 4.!ru
Kinh te hqc gi,io dllc, c6 cae tai lieu chuyen man v€ co soli
IU'ln khoa hqc clla InoHh,?c, c6 phuong phap linh 10{Lncllth~ va tili lieu danh gia, c6 tu
li0u vi, cac tuy~n tapchuy0n man ve mon hoc. Noi dung va ph am vi nghien eUu cua mon
hoc cling duoc rna ning fa rCll nhlell, de Ci,p nhieu den guan h~ gifra giao duc va guy
hoach, giao duc vit t"i chinh; dong thai cling hlnh tMnh nen m(Jt d(Ji ngil chuyen gin va
hoc gia chuy0n nghienctIu ve Kinh Ie hqc giao dllC' ti!-o co so M phat tri~n vfrng chilc
them bo man Kinh ten9C giao dllc,

.1 Giai dU<jnphallrien

Sau nhfrng IHlm 70 cua the k)' 20, cao trao nghien cUu Kin:1 te hqe giao dlle tren the
gi6i (!:in chuyen sang giai doan phat trien on dinh, cae tai li~u chuyen man ve Kmh te
hoc gi'lO dllc cling nhieu Jen ro r~t, IU khoang han 800 lo~i a
gifra nhfrng nam 60 phat
Irien Jen thanh 'han 1300 loai v"o nhfrng nam 70, nay dii dua tong s6 len qua 2000 loai,
Dil xuiil hi0n them nhieu h,?c gia chuyen nghien cuu ve Kirlh te hqe giao dlle cua Anh va
My, nhu J,Shechan, Bushlar",

C0ng I,ie nghi€n ,cUu Kinh te h,?c giao dlle trang thm ky phat tri~n e6 nhfrng d*e
trun,!....
chu ve'u nhu sau : ' ".

- O~i, rnrllg rh(fllhdi, noi dung va ph<lm vi nghien euu eua man h,?e dii e6 buae
phat trien lan, nhu nghien CtIU tinh san xuat eua giao dlle, nghien eUu dl! doan nhu cau
xii h(Ji doi vai giao dllc, nghien cuu du doan chi phi giao dlle, nghien euu quan h~ gifra
nhu du cila xii h(Ji voi che' dinh c<ii each gi,io dlle,,,, T6m Illi, tren phuong di~n pham vi
v" noi dung nghien CClUdii c6 su phal trie'n phong phu va sau siie hon, Tu y nghia kinh te
'!iao duc cua cac buac nghien CUu dau lien ph at trien thanh nghien CUu lam the nao de'
•.... - - I' :.

Villl dung ,tly du nhiit dc dieu kien kinh te, nang eao ke h0i!-eh giao dlle va co eau giao
duc, tu d6 nill1g cao hi~'llilua, nang suiit cua nqi bq ea cau giao d\le,

- Od, rnrllg rill; !/ai, xuiil hien nhieu cong trinh nghien cuu mai, coi tr,?ng nghien
eCru v;in de nhu cau cu~ giao duc doi vai nhu cau xa hoi va nhu cau viee lam, vi du nhu
viin de tilllg dilll so v'a flh6 "!p giao duc bat bu(Jc, van dis phat trie'n kinh te va nhu c~u v€
nhilll t'li, phim lfeh lighien cuu nguyen nhan thilt nghi~p eua sinh vien sau khi ra truang,
viin tI~ !juan he gifra kC' !lOach gi,io d\lc V" ke' hOi.,ch kinh le, nghien euu phan tich su luan
ChUYCll nh~tIl tIli giu<.l etc quae gia lr~n the' gi6i..
- D,". Inrllg rill; I"" v'e phuong dien 10 chlre cong lac nghien cuu, cae to ehtIe va cO'
quan nghien cuu c6 tinh quoc te' kh6ng ngung tang I2n, rat nhi~u nuae con thanhlilp cae
10 chlle, hiep hoi vii co !juan nghien eCru chuyen d~ cae truang dai h,?e, cao d~ng, nhu a
To ChCfC V'-lf] h6a, khoa hoc va gi,io due clla Lien hqp quoe dii thanh !<1p"Vi~1I IIghiell cln,
k(;- 110\[("// gi(l() dl.'C (fuJc t!!''', ChUYl'l1 nghi0n clru ve quan h~giiia cO' c,lu ngh6 nghi~p va

33
C(jeau giao due; m9t so tWOng dai hge a Phap dil thanh lap nen '''Vi(;n nghi(;n Clru kinh I,;.
w; giao due ".

- D(ic Ir/fng lhi( Il(, tren phuong dien nghien eUu phuang phap tlnh toan cu the. cac
phuong phap tfnh toan solu<;ng h6a, dinh luang h6a va cae mq hlnh. dang thlre s6 hoc
khong.ngirng duqc eoi tr9ng, thflm ehf con e6 cit cae tai lieu ehu)'en \'c phuong ph~ip tfnh
toan, nhu "M6 hillh link 10<111 kinh Ie' Clio picin due ". "So sOllh.phan /ieh sli //(Img '<Ill?
Inrong killh Ie'va glaD d,!C Clio eac 'IurJ{' pia ".

- Deic Imngl/ll? Ilam, rat nhicu tnrang dai hoc ella de qu6e gia lrcn Ihe gieri Ihi(\
ke chuang trlnh hge kinh te' hoc giao d~le. nhu Iwang dai hoc Lucin Don u ,\nh thicl /{If'
chuang trlnh hge kinh te hge giao due. twang dai hoc Colombia ella l\fi IJli,;! kc' clnlUng
trlnh hge giao due va kinhte v.v ...
,
T6m !ai, den gifranhfrng niim 70 clla the k)~ 20. Kinh te' h<'Jegiao due clii ell nhCrng
buae ph at tritn dai, duqe giai hqe thuat tn~n toan the giai eong:nhfrn. de quae gia ,ku
rat eoi tr9ng vi~e xay dl!ng va phat tri6n b9 man nay, lam eho Kinh te hoc gi~\o due Cll
m9t dia vi nhat dfnh tren phi\m vi toan the giai.

III. St! hlnh thanh va p~at trien b(J mon Ki~h te hQc giao dt,lc iJ Trung ()
Su.'hlnh thanh va buae;dau nghien euu bo mon Kinh te hoc gicio due a Trung Qu6e
kha muon, mai den nhfrng nam 80 ella the ky 20 mai bat dClUdC cap clen "iI tric'n kbai.
a
Qua trlnh hlnh thanh, phat tritn man hoc nay Trung Qu6e e6 mt)! so dae ditm nhlr sau:

1. Diin nhar, ,
tiep thu'va hoc tap tir nlIac ngoai

Xet tren phaln vi toan the giai thl ht) 1ll(1nKinh te hoc gicio'due bilt ngu6n "Till nh.-it .
Iii a cae
nu6e phuang Tay. Cung vai 51! tlure hic~ ehe' do di eaeh mil elra ('1 Tlung Qu6c.
S\l giao lUll hqe th~al trh lhe' giai ngay cang nhicu va phcH tri6n. Dicu nay lilm cho Kinh
te hqe giao due Sal;) phat llitn eung tbeo do "clm nh(lp vao Trung Qu6c. Trung QU(;C
ding bat drill co !i~u0i ngh!C';1 ~LiU bl) 1l1 "P nilY. B~h dfiu tu ntra cuoi nam 1979. tren hill)
1

ehf va cae tap ehf khoa h, ,.; d;; C(, I1hicl: 'ci .,.;.:;\ lien quan Mn 11nh we nct!'. gi(ri Ihicu y~
tlnh hinh phal tritn b6 mon Kil1l1 1/; h,!c gi,io due tren the' gi6i. j\lgoili la cim ell nhi~u
hQc gia co nhu'ng :biii vie't ~i6i thi~u 1l1Ql each c6. ~~ thong nguon gae ttt ttrbng. Ci.IC glai
do~n phat lri~n. qllan di~m If luim Chl~1yeu. phuaflg ph,ip Ifnh lo,\n eung I1hu thilnh 'Iu,i
nghien eUu khoa hQe ella Kinh te hge giao due: trinb bilY ra rang. S:Ill ,ae m6i quan he.
luang h6 giCra phat trie:n kinh te va giao due, nfmg eao nh(m lhue ella moi nglriri yC Ifnh
can thiet phili x<1yd\ll1g bl? man Kinh te hoc gi~io due a Trung Qu6e "ct cling Iii su ehurin
bi vc IU luang, du lu~n eho vi~e sam xay dung he thong khoa hoc ella Kinh Ic. hoc gi,\o
a
due Trung Quae.

Th,ing II nam 1980, T.W.Sehultz. nhil kinh Ie boe In'r c1anh ella \1, sang Ih'-1I11
Tru,.ng Quae Ian dilu lien va. liii 16 ehCre h,IO ('e, khoa hoc. giqi thicu vc "Li /11';17 n;i,
nluin /~(C "ella cae nuae phuong Tay. Sau li6 nhieu hoc gi~ nCra (Ei ph~it bi6u )' ki(:'n. li(11
hanh giai thi~u Sri luqe, pha! tri6n, danh gi,i vii binh luilI1 \'C "fJ III,il7 \.6" 1711,;17 1,((" clla
cae nuoe phuong Tay, thUe dily manh me eong t<ic nghien elfU mtm hoc.

34
 2. Cae giai do~nxu6ng dao xa)' dung bq mon Kinh te hoc giaodue 0-Trung QuOc
Tr~n ca so tiep, thu. h9C tap eae thimh qua nghien efru man hQe eila nu6e ngoih, lam
the n:1Od~ ",ay dung nen bo mon Kinh te hQe giao due eila Chu nghia xa hqi mang day du
'" nhling nct Jae lrung cua Trung Quac, ket hqp ch~t ehe voi tlnh hlnh thlfc tien cua Trung
Quae" Rat nhi~u hoc gia noi tie'ng. chuyen gia va nhfrng nguai lam cong tac trang Chinh
phu dc, dLIa ra nhi~u'j' kie'n [feh cuc, no luc de xu6ng xay dlfng n~n b9 mon Kinh te hQc
giao due clla Trung QuOc, nghien CJ!u quan he giua phat (ri6n kinh te va giao dl!c eua
Trung QuOc. nghiencfru hieu sU[lt bnh te va dau ttr giao dl!c eua TI llng Quac, nghien cJ!u
,II" \1 v:, lcic dung eua gicio duc Tfung Quac trang 4ua trlnh xay dung hi~n dai h6a Chu
ngh;" xii hili; khcio sal thLICr.:; cae v[in de kinh te lrong giao d\lC cua Trung Quac.
Nh:, kinh le hoc noi tie'ng Vu Quang Vien oil phat bi~u tren t~p chf O<Nglziellelil/
kiu!l r/", lieh wc oe nghi x[IY dung bQ man Kinh t€ hQc giao d\lC cua Trung Quac. Chu
de h:lI phcit bi~lI cua ong la "Mril sri' \'(iil de' ve' Xdy d(rng va phal Iriell Killh Ie'lwe gilia
,Iue ", v6i qucm diem ehu yell Ii, "Cilin dl.'c chi"'I1I1/{)1 vi Iri quan Ir('lIg Irollg lIe;1 killh Ie'
'IUr!(" ,"ill ", "C6I1X curie x,iy '''(lIg hi~1I d(1i hoa khong Ihe' bdl ddu lit IIhifllg COil IIglf()'i
c!m" II(UX 'Iu" ",;" I,J(J", "f)/ xdy ,"(ug In; SI/ IIghi?p giao dye Clla m(oe la, edll co cae
c!lu.",'u xi" I'~" Killh [~. !I()(' gi,i" duc, cdu co eac eClquan ehuyen mOil IIghien C/(u vail de'
IIdy, ,i,'i r" ",ie clillg Irlll!l IIghi';1I CI(U, Itf C/II(' cu(' hr)i nghi khoa /z('(', dua ra cae ki",z
IIx"i ('(; "ill CI(k/z,,11/zoc clw NI"i I/I(uc ".

Dong chf L)'Hclj thuQC sa nghien cfru khoa hQc cua B9 tai chfnh da phat bieu tren
lap ('hf "Ng/II~II ('/(11 kill/z I/O< doi voi viec xaydlfng bp man Kil1h te hQc giao d\lc, dua ra
,
mot so van de dn lluye'l dinh ngay luc do, ciing nhucac y kien C\l the ve xay dung man
i" hoc. Ong de nghi rang Kinh le hQc giao duc lru& het can chu trQng nghien cfru hai van
I de: I'dii ",' '111"11/z~ gi(((/ /I' Ireng dri'll fU xay dl/llg kill/z le'Va vail de' da'ulil giao d(iC. Van
cle lLiu lU cho giao duc nhat thiel can chu y den hi~u qua kinh te, Hal y kien cu th~ ia de
nghi Vlcn khoa hoc xii hoi, Uy ban giao d\lC va cac Vi~n khac co dieu kien cltng thiet
LIp nen nHit ell Ljuan nghien cfru chuyen man de nghien cfru Kinh te hQc giao duc, con
dn -,c",)dung nen he thong khoa hoc, x[,y dung cac truang Dai hoc str [1h:un co eli011kicrl
lhilllh LIp khoa Kinh k" hqc gicio dllc ho[,c chuyen ngitnh Kinh Ie hue gilio tiue, lEi" Lu
ncn nhung nguoi co dlll)en mon v~ Kinh le hQc giao tIue, thuc cI,ly SU X[ty tiling vii phat
lricn bl.>m(')Jl Kinh tlY hqc giao dt,le ellil Trung Quoe.

J. Thilllh lap to tru bi hoi nghicn cliu Kinh Ie hoc gi:1O cI\lC 10ill1 quac
Tren cO sill:, e(Jng tcie ehuc"in bi qua hai giai oO',ln tren, th,ing 'J n[n11 19S0, tai Ric
Kinh,Trung Quoc cia to ehuc buoi loa dam thaD luan ve Kinh te hoc giao d\lc lren pham
\i loilll '1uLie I[;n thfr nhlYl.Tham gia buoi toa dam nay c6 13 nguai, dtia ra 15 ban bao cao
kho" ho(', O['Y Ii, mOl hoi nghi co lfnh ch[lt khai sang elfiu lien, Hoi nghi da thao Juan
"
nghiem ttil' v[tn o~ clai tuong \'il nhiem I'll nghien cfru cua Kinh Ie hQC giao duc, van de
linh S;"lIl .\u;.-itella gi,lo tll.le. van de uk dt.lllg va V! trl ella gi{io dye trang xa h9i.
Dong thoi, h,)i nghi eung chon Cli I" cae thilIlh vien trang t6 lru bi cua HQi nghien
('efUKrnll te' hoc gi:io due 10:111 4u6c, cllinh thue tuycn balhanh l~p HQi nghien cJ!u Kinh te

35
 h9c giao dt,lc toan quac. Day Ia to chuc dau tien cua d mfcrc T~uffg(~u6c nghi!':n cUu ve
Kinh te h9c giao dt,lc, nhi~~ Yt,lchu yeu cua to chuc nay la d,lm nhlcm to chuc. ticn lac
gifra cae thanh vien nghien cw khoa h9C. day m~nh trien khai nghien CUukhon h9C. !:'1l1
tat cong tac tru bi cho vi~c xiiy dl!ng H(Ji nghien cUu Kinh te l)9c giao duc loan guac. '
• ,". I '.... •• _'j •••",."," ,_" •

Sau khi 10 chUc nay dU<;1c thanh I~p. dii pit lfeh cuc tn~n khai cong lac. to chuc nhieu
buoi giao Iuu. trao doi khoa h9C, ho~t d~mg giang d~y". Trang giai (loan nay. ngoai viec to
chuc cac h9i nght .lrao doi va bao cao khoa h9c nhu tren. to ChUCCOllbien lap. phien djch.
xuat ban rat nhi6t! saeh baoj tu Ii~u va van ban.d6ng thai ma; rirl hhie,u h9c gia den bao
cao ch~~en ,d6 klifh.9C. :?\n
l~~,sl!,n6 Il!c :~ng laC~Ua 161m. bj dii .t~o dicu kicn lot cha
S\l'ra dOl chmh th~c cua h91 'ighten cuu Kmhte h9C glao dt,lc toan qu,oc.
; j .•
4. SI! thanh:I~p hc)i n~hien cuu Kinh leh<,JC giao dt,lc Trling Quac
Thang IO naim 1984, t6 tru bi h~i nghien'cUu Kinh Ie' h9~ giao dt,lc Trung Quac 16
chuc d~i h9i thanh l~p vahQi nght nghien cw khoa h9C lai th~nh pha Hoang S<J~.tinh
An Huy, Trung Q6ac. Qic d~i bieu tham gia h9i nght den tfl kh~R noi lren loan quac vii
dii dua ra 59 ban t~am Iu~n. :H9i nght dii chu tr9ng lhaolu(lrl nghieJ;1cuu v,ln dc giao duc
& nong th6n va pMt trien kinh te & nong thon, cling nhu van de vc xu ,huang ph41 lrien
Kinh te h9C giao dt,lc tren t~e giai. Sau h9i nghj dii bien l~p va XIi;!1b,ln Tuy~n t~p hao
cao. D6ng thai h9i nghj ciing dii ch9n Clfra H9i nghicn cYu Kinh Ie h9C giao dt.lc Trung
Quac, cli.9n Clfra fI9i dong quan tfj va Ban thuang vu H9i d6ngquan In cua hoi.
Ke tlr khi h9i nghien cuu dugc thanh lJp, cong tac nghien cuu Kinh Ie hi,lc giao duc
tfen ph~m vi ca nuac Trung Quac dii bU0C sang m9t gini do~n J1)ai.Sau, nay. m6i nam •
hQi deu to chuc h9i nghj kh6a h9c chuyen de m91 !,In. hai nam l~i 16 chuc hoi nght loan
the, Cac phiin h9i:& dia phuong khong guy djnh thai gian 16 diue' H(J( nghi nghien cuu
khoa h9C, khong khf cua cac ky h9i ngh! dan dan soi dQng hon len, Tren cr;rS(T nilY hiep
h9i dii xuat ban c1!an "Giao, eff,le va killh lit", gop phan 10 I&n lhuc diiy cling tac nghien
cw mon hoc. i
. I
I

I
)
I

36
 ':

Bai 4: Thanh qua nghien ctru clui mon h<;lc

I

I,' Tlf khi bo man Kinh Ie h9C giao duc duqc hlnh .thanh cho den nay, tnli qua qua
trlnh rna rang V'I phat tii~n nhanh chong, Iren phuonfdi~n' h~' thong ket cau man h9C,
•• ph<,lfl1vi, m'li dung I1ghi~n cuu cung nhuphuang Ihuc'lfnh loan d~u dii dat c1uqc nhling
lhimh tlILir6 rd, xuat hien m(ll d9i ngu h9C gia, chuyen gia,'bien tap, xuat ban rat nhiell
con"e Irinh n"hi2n
e cuu .kh'Oahoc,
.

, I
I. Nhan vl)t d~i di~n tieu bieu cua phuong Tay
, "
va.r' cae thanh qua nghien
cuu quan trqng
1. \V .E.Sher
Ong Iii lllO; nha 'kinh Ie h9C noi lieng nuac My, dii lUng giang d~y I(li TruOng D(li h9C
Oxford, N,nll 19.35, IrCnl,!p chf Kinh Ie My ong dii phal bieu bai "Quail dii!m ve'von Il/ltill
luc", Oil)' <:hinh la M lili ,Ihao lu~n d,iu lien vc gia Ir! kinh te giao d~c cua cac nuac ray
Au va B'ICMy, day cung la de tai rna cac nuac phuong Tily cho Hico anh hmmg den Kinh
1<: h<.Jcgiao d~c, Trang de lai a)' ong dii su d~ng cac tu li~u tit chi phf dilO t(lo va muc tang
Ihu nh"lp cua sinh Viefisau khi fa Irtrang M phan lfeh, nghieq CUuva tnllai vlfn de ve hi~n
Ih\fCkinh 1<: cua nhling nam Ihang ng6i tren giang dUOngd~i'h9C cua sinh vien la co xiIng
dang hay khong, Trong bai xellit goc d9 dau IUca nMn va muc thu nh~p ca nhan, dl,mg su
phuong phap phan Ifch "chi phi - hifll qlla" va phl,l'ongphap tfnh toan phan tfch hi~n th,!c
dC nghicn cuu va Ifnh'!o,in c~ Ih~ hi~u qu,l kinh te cua giao d1,lcnhu san:
Cong Ihuc tinh gia Iri Ihu nh~p (lhu:nh~p) :

, ,
\,"[
-------------- , quan n;jm jd6
X"Ii I~ c6 \'i~c lam x luang ~lnh , x (1 +6 'j
-

Cong IhlfC Ifnh gia Iri lieu phi (chi phI) :

I[ ----~----- ''', l~ I~ co vi~c lam x luang binh qu.ln n~llnd6 x (1 +r)'m]

"
Trang clo, n IiI so Mlm sau khi lot nghi~p, m Iii so nam truac khi tot nghi~p, ria liii
suiit ngitn hill1g, I IiI k~' hieu tong gia Iri (co lh~ Ifnh toan duqc theo so nam cong tac),
Khi Ifnh loan lien cong blnh quan himg na.m sau khi sinh vien tot nghi~p, kh6ng tfnh
theo cong IhCfCtfnh thll nhap blnh [huong,
•

37
. ',ilL
 - Tlll( nllli'r, ong tfnh toan tu do tu6i ma hoc sinh c6 the vaa dai hoc. cho rilng nhu
vay la c6 the tfrih den muc thu nh~p cua sinh vicn va gia tri clla no trcn thl tnrimg. Nhu
vay mai tfnh loan day du Ii I~ luang d6i lhu nhap lmac va. thu nhap sau.

-™ Iwi, hi~n nay chi c6 giao d\tcd(li h9C va giao d\tc chuycn nghicp kh,le m(,i e(,
nhfrng dac lrUng lU ban chung, luc la khi d(ll dugc dicu kicn [hu nhiip eao (sir nang cao
nang luc), ciln phai bo ra, m91 khoan gia lri, chi phf nhfll dinh va khi hoi ho:m ! I.ic
khoiln chi phf nay, n6 c6 the mang l(li 19i nhuan binh qu<in khong thap han lai suAl dUlIn!,
thili cua ngan hang. i
,

- Thu ba, doi vai nglJan lhu nh~p trang tuang Jai el,a nhfrng nguili throe lic'p nhilll
giao d\tc, ngoai :vi~c lfnh den khau lru Ii I~ llr vong, Ii Ic tim duac vicc I:,m. eim dn khill!
tru di mOl Ii l~ rihal djnh l~ 4%, sau d6 !(li mang khoan thu nMp sau khi nghi huu (tlf 65
den 70 lu6i) c9rig l(li thil~h "gia lrj hiljn rl1(fc" de lfnh loan ra muc thu nhi,p hicn thUt
sau khi liep nh~ri, giao d1,lc'cUa nguai lao d(>ng.

W.E.Sher 4a:
sir d1,lng cong lhuc lfnh loan nay de lic'n hilnh lfnh loan t6ng mue thu
nMp lrang luang Iai clla cac h9c sinh lir lrung hoc den dai h9C bao gam Clr nhan. thae 1'5.
lien sy (; cae nganh nghekhae nhau nhu phap lufn. kic'n truc. y hoc ... dong thi'i ,ic'n
' .
hanh so sanh vai mue phf p\tng bang phuong phap tuang tLl' Kc't qUii tinh loan dUCieeho
lhay rang: bat c~ hge vj hi,y ngilnh nghc n:,o thi t6ng muc thu nhap la khimg deu nhau.
song dieu nay cung phan a,nh nen m9t dicu la t6ng muc thu nhap bao git1 cling 1"lf01 qu,i
t6ng kinh phi dao tao. Dicu nay eho lMy rang diiu tu giao d\tc cling phil hap vt'li nguycn
I~e 101 lell dau tl! chung. Phlfong phap tfnh toan gia tri hicn thue ella 6ng iuon clime eoi i,',
phuong phap tfnh loan hieu qua kinh te cua giao due. tliroe b,io ton mai 1':1 eho dc'n nav
van con eo nhleu nguai sir dung phuang phap nay. Phuang phJp Ifnn 10,in "a h:,i vi{t ella
ong c6 gia tri nghien cUu !hang tfnh khai sang. Ii! mot th:mh qua trang su hlnh th:mh v'i, .
phat trifn clla Kinh [e h9c giao d\tc phuong Tay.

Den nhfrngTIam 70 cila the ky 20, llnh V\JC nghien eUu clla 6ng di! c6 StI ml' r(lllg vi,
phat trifn hon. Cuon "Gici,', dl/e rlDng sdn .>:lI'i'," m:1 ong ,'ic'[ 1,1ticu bic"u eho tll:lnh qu,i
nghien ctru maio ;Trong cu6n sach nily, ang di! ph,ln tfeh tiic clung cu'a gi,io due trong ';,n
xual kinh te thanh hai lhahh phan Ia "hi('1/ ql/d Cling r'le ,. ":1 "/ri"1/ 'I/(,i Ilh,ill plirii .
"HiCI/ qua e6ng rae" Iii chI giao duc co the" nang eao nimg !Lrc 130 dong clla e(lng nhill1.
tu do nang cao hieu qua san xuat lao dong; "Hicu qUii rh[m ph6i" lil chi gi,in due e6 [hi:
nang cao lhanh pham rna eang nh[m dat duac va phim tleh gi,i thimh eo lic'n quan. 6'n2
nill1.C<lClhong tin nang luc dfiu tu siln xu[it dac tfnh khac. Dieu nily chi ra ,,'tng trong )
kinh te co nhfrng bien d9ng ve ki thual. hao giil nhfrng ngu()i duoe tic"p nkll) nh(cu gi,i"
d\IC han thl khi danh gia va phan doan CO'hoi cling co hi9U qu,i han. b'li vi ho e6 Ihc'
nhan biet nhanh ch6ng cae; nhan t6 kinhl~ va he thong kinh te". elieu nilY ,,-) r:lng I:, e<',
hieu qua han so vai nhfrng nguai khong duac tic'p nhan su giiio due.

2. T.W.Schultz

Dng sinh nam 1902 lai 11(>1gia dlnh ehu nang truang nha 01'v15'. N,lm 19'0. 6ng 161
nghicp dai h9C va d?l duac h9c vi Tic'n Sl. Dng da lung giiing cia\" Kinh IC. hoc 6 de

38
IrtIc'1ng Oai hoc Aixokn I'a Dai hoc Chicago, dat dU9c hoc vi Giao su Kinh te hoc Ii,
dune hilU lilln Chu nhicin khoa, Nam 1960, ong duoc bau lam HQi twang HQi kinh te
hoe M5' Nam 1972. bng nghi huu vii tra thanh Giao sU danh du eua twang Dai h<;>e.
l'hm 197'1. ong dUDC nhan gi.li thuang Nobel 1'6 klnh te'. Ong dil c6 nhling d6ng g6p
l1lang tinh khai sang, kiet xuiit eho Kinh Iii hoc glao duc phuong Tay, dat duoe nit nhi€u
thimh qu,', nghien cuu khoa hoc quan trang.
C)ng Ii, nguc'1i ma dau cho Ii luan von nhim ll,Ie va If lu~n CO so eua Kinh te I](,)eglao
due phul1ng Ti,)'. Nhlingli Iuim nghien euu eua ong d€ e~p ehu yeu den ba van d€ lil kinh
Ii' nong nghi2p, I'on nh,Ul lue va Ii luilll phal tri~n kinh'te, b~ phuong di';;n nay l;,li e6 sl,I
Ii0n k01 tuong hl' v(li nhau. Yiin de nghicn eliu ehu yeueua ong vlin luon la kinh te nang
nghi2p, con sU xae lilp Ii luan von nhan ll,Ie l;,li lam eho vi';;e nghien eliu van d€ nang
nghi0p eua ong eo nhling sang lao mo'i. Su phat tri~n giao d\ie, sl,I nang caD nang ll,Ie va
Iri thue' cua can nguai eU;lg nhu nhling hanh vi kinh te hqp ly eua con nguai d€u la eQi
nguon ei"l sU ph,il trieri va lang tWang kinh Ie.
Cic Ihimh qua nghi0n euu eua ong riit phong phu, ong dii viet han 20 saeh ehuyen
d2, h'1I1 100 hai Iham luan, trang d6 de lac phftm ehu yeu cua ong la' "Dci'u lit cha can
IIglfiri - 'IIIUII ,Ii~ill ,.,i"
'Wil IIlui I:inll le'lu!c" (1959), "/',gllon von hinh Ihanh lit giaa
dill" (1<)00 l. "{dllg IrUlillg I:inh Ie' wi giaa d(lc" (1961), "Quan ditm dci'u lit cha can
ngu(fi" ( l'l62). "Gi<i Irj I:inll Ie' Clia giaa dl,lC" (1963), "Cdi cach n6ng nghi~p IruyeiJ
Ilwilg" ( 196 .• ). ''VtllI IIf1'Dn nlnin lifC" (1971), "N guoll nh{l/l lifc" (1972), "Dci'u Itt CI10
gi,io dllc "oi hoc: cDllg b'lng ",i hi~1I qlld" (1972), "Xli" Iy ca, gia Irj willg I,(c klz6ng call
h'llIg" (1975) .
•
Ong kh6ng nhling d,ii e6 nhling eong hien 10 16'n eho ;quan di~m If lu*n, phuong
phap nghi~n cuu vi, co sa
If lu(\II cua Kinh te hoc giao due eta cae nucre phuong Tay rna
ellll c(l nhling d6ng g6p to Ian doi voi phuong phap lfnh toan Kinh te hge giao d\ie.
Thitp ky 60 eua thE k)' 20, ong sang lao ra phuong phap ph an tfeh so u trang tang
, 'd
[mung kinh IE, Khi ph,in tfeh Ihu nhap kinh le
quae dan eua My trang nhiing nam 1929-
11)57, ong nhilli thiiy rilllg lhu nhf,p kinh ie ql!oe dan eua My dil ulng tu 50 Ii dol a trang
n:tm 1<)20 kn Mn 302 ti dol a lrang nam 1957, t6ng IUQ'ngtiing len lal52 ti dola my.
Trong l!l',. cll 71 Ii dola kh6ng the gi,ii lhi.ch duoe lu su dilu tU vat ehiit hay su tang len
cua Sl) lUIJt1g lao dong. D~ di tim lUQ'ng du thua 71 ti dola ni'Y, on'; dii s,ing tao nen
I'lnrl1ng pl"il' ph:m tleh ,6 dLl trang tang lnlang kinh te. Thong qua vice vitn dlH1g phuong
ph:,p ml)t «ich eu lhe. ta tim ra duoe nhling eang hien eua d:iu ttl giao due eho su ph at
I..,~n kinh 12'. eha n0n d:,)' eon dIrac goi la "PII1f())Jg pluip (inh hieu snet! "0'11 fI( gi,io
diU' ", e,c blll1c eua phuong ph,ip ni,y nhu sau:

Buoe I: Tinh long luang dau ttl giao dlle ma xii hoi tfeh Iuy duoe,

Bu6e 2: Tinh hi2u sual dau ll! eho gi:,o due.

Buue 3: Tinh .,cm Ii k mil gi,io due tao ra trang n€n kinh te quae dim chiem baa nhicu
trung tuong t~tIlg len ella kinh l~' LlUOC Jan.

39
 3. E.F.Denison

Nha kinh Ie hoc nguoi My Denison mot tien sy ve kinh tc' hoc. da lirng Jilm c01lg
tac nghien eUu phal lrien va giang day kinh te tai nhieu truong dai hoc n(;i tieng tai 1-1\'.
nay la thanh vien Vi~n nghien cUu kinh Ie My. Gng cia e6 rat nhieu cong hi,Yn eho vice
nghien cUu Kinh te h9C giao cluc a
cae mroe phuClng ray. clae biet la nghicn euu \'6
phuong phap lfnh loan. Ole tac ph~m ehll yc'tl ella ong gam e6 "/I'I/(in I(''-'(ing.lnr(ing
kinh re'M)' wi 51! lua chr;m rnrae mdr clio rilling ra " (1960). 'Ta; sao. Ii Ie lang Inrring 10;
khong dong de;/: kinh nghiel11 Clia 9 II/rrfr 1'11I(IJl1g
Teiy SlJ11 ,hi,;;, [ranh " (1967). "I loch
Io.on rang rnrong kinh re'My nhfing [/(1111 1'J29-IWi7" (1974). 'T(i; sao hnh [I;' Nh,i[ Brin
lai rang rnrong nhanh dei1nlm wi)'?" (1976)

Trang nhling tac phiim nay, ngoai vice trinh bil)' r6 rimg quan cliem Ii 111imella
mlnh. Denison elm clk biet eho y c1Cnvice tic'n himh t[nh 10,In ell the ,.', ti mi nhLrng hieu
ql1~ kinh te ella gi,io due. Gng cia c6 nhling e!ing hien to lun (J phlrong c1icn tinh lo,in IGi
fch kinh Ie ella giao dlJc, cluae g9i lil nguiJ'i lfnh 10,In 'a eung ti mi. r6 rilng. Denison (16
xuong ra "phuang pluip ph an rich nluin II;' r<ing rnrrrng kinh [(". cluae 'gio-i Kinh 1thoe
giao dlJc phllO'ng Tay coi lit phuong phap l[nh loan lai feh kinh Ie' eua gi,io clue d"v (It",
nhal, sau sAc nhal va cling 'co anh huang kh<i Ian trcn pham "i toim the gici'i. Dm", ,1:1,.
neu ra mot s6 buOc trang qu'a trlnh ay:
,: ! -' i. !

- Buife 11191,tinh t6ng muc luang blnh qu,in eua nhling nguoi co tr1nh do gi,io clue
khac nhall cung lam vi~c, tien hanh so sanh vai muc luang blnh quim Cl'la nhling nglriri
cia tung lam vi~c t~ong 8 nam, tim ra nhling di0m kh,ic bic!.

- Baae hai, phan tich cac tac clung gian t.ic'peila nhan to gi,io clue '.a de nhilll t6 kh,le.
Phuong phap tfnh toannay co bon clac di0m nhu sau:

- Dcie die'm rilt'r nh6i, ong liiy tilt d cac kh,i nang lam nh,in t6 t,ing tnrr'lllg kinh tc.
ban d~u phan hoa' tren cli~n f9ng, co ba clang Ian la nh,in lue. tien von. clan "i cliiu Iu "~I
cae bien d9ng trong ti tn)ng san xua!. Nh,1n to gi,lo due ngu6n lao dong dune qU\ "
nMn t6 nh,in lue.
;

- DcJe diein rilt'r !tai, khi ong tinh toan li~n !lrong blnh quilll clla nhling nguiri lao d(,ng
a cac trlnh do giao dlJc khac nhau vai lien luang hlnh quill1 eua nhling nguiri dil lirng liml
viec 8 nam tra len, phat hi~n ra rang chi co 3/5 giao dlJe ehfnh quy lil co ,inh hlflJng true
tiep, tuc la khi pM!,! bi~t giao dlJe hihJ hlnh va gi,io due vo hlnh nhu ong n6i thi chi e6 gi,i()
duc hihJ hlnh lit C6:lac du"ganh huang tnre tie'p den su khac nhau
, ,
,.c
tien 11Inng.
- DcJe diein rilt'r ba, clo phuong phap tfnh to'ln ei,a (mg xuiit ph,it lir ngl1l:in lao clang e6
Irlnh dO giao cluc khac nhau chu khong XU;;l phat tir kinh phf dao tao. thit111chi I" th(1I1g
qua slJ' luang cloi v~ ti Ie tang truang blnh quiln hang nilm cit philll tfeh viin (k. ehl'r ~h{1I1g
ph,ii thong qua '''[uyet cl6i loan ky de philn lieh viin cle. [inh to,ln dune 3/<, gi,l til ella I""
dong. eho nen 1I {lOng tang \ru?:Jng kinh ttY'lu6e dilJ1 ella giao due mil {mg tfnh to,in ra I,i
kha ell lh6, chi eh,c'm n%, lhap han 10% so vci'i 3Yi mit Schulzt tinh locin r<Jdlroe.

40
 - D,ic "i~ill
Ih(, Ill, "phuong phap linh toan nMn to tang tnrang kinh te" eua eng
dang ngay citng sausAe, Ong dii lhl! phan lfeh toim b9 cae nban to anh huang den tang
lmung kinh Ie' va ph,il lri~n san xuat. Sau khi phan tfeh xong nhlin 'to giao d\le va cae
nk'n lel kh,ic. 6ng phat hi~n lhay co m9t so du kha nh6 van chua duge giai thfeh r6 rang.
Ong tie'p l\le nghien<:uu' ,au lhem, kct qua la phan tieh duge ra m9t nMn to giao due eo
:tnh huang gian lic'p de'nkinh te', do Iii lae d\lng eua vi~e tang lugng tri thue eua nguoi lao
d<:lllgv" vie<: ung duilg cae Iii Ihl1e lieh lUy duge doi vai taflg tnrang kinh le, vai ti lrang
Ii, 0.5':!', . T6m lai. phuong phap phan tieh lOan di~n va ti mi eua eng dii eo anh huang rat
IcJn d6i \('li \ie<: nghien <:l1Uso luong hoa' mon Kinh te hae ~iao d\le.

-to W clerc . I'

Ong I" mal nhii (;lao due kinh Ie hac nguoi Anh, tung lam Vi,;n sl Vi~n khoa hoc
xii hoi uai ho<: Luan Don va la lhanh vien eua Vi~n nghienel1u ke hOl!eh giao due ella 16
<:hlk \'"n h,)" gicio due khoa hq<: Lien hap 'IUOC Nam 1962, eng Iii nguoi eho xu,n ban
sam nh,il <:uon,saeh gaiien man hac la Kinh Ie hae giao dve, do do co nhi~u nguoi eho
rCtng <:lIon s.i<:h ni,y ella ong chinh la moe danh dau s\lra doi eua' Kinh te haegiao d\le.
Ong C<lIl<:0 mot so la<: ph'lrn kh,i<: nfra nhu "Chi phi giao «!IC" (1958), "NJJ(jll 16'lIz9ng
<ill l,i Icillg Ir/{(illg killh I~'" (1964), "y IIghTa kinh Itt ctia ph6.r triln gi6.o dlfC" (1960 viet
chung). (Tlr rnuc Ciao dye kinh le hac) (1977).

Sau d"y t~,p lrung gi6'i lhieu phan "tz~mz.'c gi6.o dlfC kinh re' hf?c" trong "D(1i Anh
b,ich kho<l /()(ill I~ip Killh Ie' hl}c gi6.o d(IC". Trong euon saeh nay, eng trlnh bay v~ Kinh
te ho<: giao duc llr goe d9 giao d\le. Trong phan tu ml,le eng viet: "Kinh re' hqc gi6.o dlfC
lei nghien urI{ \'e'dcill III wi Ihll IIh~ip Irollg gi6.o d(IC chinh quy cria xa h(Ji, cua c6. nhan;
116ng!ti,;n C/rll "lic Inlng c/illng clia ,MlI Ilf kill!t It va san xlIa! rrong gi6.o dllc; nhll cdll
clla cling [tic phllc \'1.' gi,io dllC, c(lcpllt{(fng p!t6.p cling cdp ciing nlltl riell hanh c6.c ke'
IIO~lI./tkin!t Ie;'Irong gi,io dl./c ".

5.Bushlar

Ong lit giao stC Kinh k' hac giao due eua Vi~n nghien d'u giao dl,lc thu(>c tmang
Dai h,!c LU'1Il ,Um \.:, <:ling Ii, m(ll chuycn gia n6i lieng v~ Kinh te hqc giao dl,le. Ong eo
rat nhiell lhanh qua nghien cuu, co nhieu dong gop trong vi~c h~ thong Il!i eae thanh qua
Kinh Ie hoc giao due [[cn loim the giai. Cae tac phiim ehU yeu cua eng Iii "Tim m(IC
ruyeil cllti Ieic pl/liin Kiil/t 1,;'/t(!Cgi<io d(IC"( 1966), "Chf?n d(Jc Kinlz rt !tqc gi6.o dz.'c" I va
2 (1968), (1970). "U IlIiin I'M d(1OKinh 1e'llOcgiao (!I.'c" (1970).

. . ClI~n 'Li Ilt~in. c!tidao ~~n/t le.'!tljC :~icio.dl.~~'"c,ua ~nF d~qc ~a~ nuae phuong Tay
cOlla glao lnnh <:0'tlnh l,eu b,cu nhat. Toan ba eau true eU1 cuon saeh nhu sau:
Lai nguiJi bicn ['Ip.
Lbi (aC gi~l.
Ph,in mu d'lll,
Chuong I: SlChlnh lh'lllh von nhan luc.
Chuong II: De,u lU giao due.

41
 ",~,-
Chlr ring III: Cong hien eua giao due doi voi tang [rUang kinh tf.
CI1lrrJng IV:' Muc cl1eh thiet ke gi,\o due.
Chuang v: ' Ph~lang:phap thift~kc'nht;du nh,in lue.
C!wcJng VI: Phim tiah gia thanh-lii~usU"I: phuang pMI' tinh to,\n IU nhim
Chuang VII: Phlln tith gia thanh-hicu suiit: phuang phap tinh to,\n xa heli.
Chuang VIIl: Dng d~~g phan tieh gi,\ th,mh-hicu suiit.
Chuang IX: i Phan tfeh ca the gj,\o due.
Chuang X: ,
Van de !kinh te Ir~ng gi:\o d\le.
. I •

Ph~ i~e: Kihh Ie hge v~: sinh

Cae y kien d~ nghi khi 'dge saeh.
C<\c saeh baa Iham khuo ..
Cac Ihu\it ngb- thuang dung trang gi,\o dqe ei'a nUcle i\nh.

Tit euon saeh nay la e~ Ihe nlH~n thiiy 'Inh huang eila gi'l~ due d6i """i kinh'li;. Ii,)'
ehu diem phan lieh la Gia Ir.! - Hi~u suift. Trang khi phi\l1 tfeh quan hc n,,)'. (ll1g Sif dung
khai ni~m von nhj'fi h!,e, d6hg Ihai can ell vao quan hc eung du liUll xuiit ph,\t diem V"
diem dUng de qu~n sal van lte, phun doi 51!'ea'n Ihi~p eua Nha mfae. ehil trtr<lng de eho
cae ea nhlin II!' ll!'a eh9n, Ih'ong qua Ihi truang de ph,ln anh nhu du nhi\n Ilre. PhlH'tlg
phap rna, ong su d~ng e6 i'm~ huang rifl Ian Iren'loan the giai.

6. Buser, 'I II
~ ! : ~
Ong 1,\ m(lt giao su d~l\ hge, m0t ehuycn gia kinh tf eila ,\nh. ()ng \'" \Vetere cilllg
theo du6i nghien fUu Ii lu\in va Ihl!'e tien ella Kinh tc' hoc giao due. "" cil11g vifl eu(in •
"Teli I1guyel1 Sir dlJ/1g Il'Ol1g gido d!lc" (1968). Ni,m 1972 ong vic't eu6n "Kil1h /,,' 1/11"
gido d!IC", xuat b~n a My. Quan diem Ii luim ehu yeu eila eu6n s,ich n,,)' nhu sau:'

- Tlllr I1hal, righien elfU,lac d~ng. ti I~ cling nhu xu htr<lng kh6ng ngitng ti\l1g kn ei",
chi phi giao d~e liong thu nh\ip quoe dan hay trang tling s'ln phiim qu(ie n(,i (GNP). ()ng
eho riing tae dung: ella giao i:l~e doi vai tang truang kinh te, chi Iii m6t h6 I'hi\l1 tr(lng de
lac dung eua giao:d~e, trang d6 ph,\n ,\nh r6 r,mg nhi,1 Iii ttong gi,\6 due (I hilC caD c!<'1I1)!
va dai hge. '
i ...•...
- Tlllr I/{/i, bo man giao d~e la bQ mon kinh,tc'. giao due iii m6t dang diiu ttl. d IJ'g
dau tu nay bll.o g61n hai phuong di~n lit ca nhil11 V'I xa h9i. .
I '
; - Tlllr ba, giao due Iii mot d,!ng diiu ll! nhung khong lc1n lai doc ]i\p lll'l n,\ dtlO'e the
hi~n a \),In than e'on nglTiJi, ,cl(le bi~t la a nhiing nguiJi lao c19Ilg. do de) c!:ill tll gi;io duc
kh6ng giong nhu dau ttl vlit: chat. Hi~u suSt gi,;o due g,ln litn veli thil lao eho nguiri Ian
dong, ti~n eong eao th:lp kh,ic nh'1[l c:la ngl1l\i lao dong kh6ng hn'lI1 tn'lI1 c1t10e qu)'c'\
clil1h hCii gi,\o due.: . .

- Tlui'lir. hicu suifl kinh 16 ella cliiu ttl giao due ee) tinh I:ll! d"i. n6 e6 the: kco dill (I0'n
"I ~ •

ba bon llluG'i nam va chi xu<\t hien hi~u qu,1 r6 r:l11gtrong nhung thiii k\' I1hi,t dinh.
•
- Tlllr nc/1I1. lac dung eua gi,\o duc va di tao ki Ihuill "~in xu:,t d:'i, \.,i'i I,ing trlIC1r1g
kinh tf. cling khong th6 de dill1g giili thfch rii rill1g dlwe. h,'li "j crii li.:'n p Ihu;',t lic'n h'l
•

42
 ",;i nghicll etIu kilhu,lt. eu6i cung lai lien ket vCli.gi:'o Jue. Do du, khi ph an tfeh hit;u
su,it J"L' tLCgiao Jue can phi,i co mQ! cai nhln sau rQng va phuc tap.
T6m !ai. trung cuon sach Kinh te hoc giao d\Jc cLIa ong cloi vai su thanh I~,pbQ mon
~: -i. Killh k Ihle giao due doc bp "'lO nhlillg nam 60 eua the" k)' 20, nhung thanh qua nghien
cuu tren If IU'll1v" van dc lhuc l(;"dii I:, nhling trlnh bay, clanh gia nit c\Jth~ nhu: nhu cau
eLIa gi,io due. ti I~ licn thu lao eua dau tUlrong giao dl!c, qlan h~ gilta giao d\Jc va I.ing
trtr,lIlg killh k. clIng IlhUlllQt s6 \',in cle i,i! chinh saeh quoe gia co licn quan cJC"nkinh Ie",
hau gam ke' hll<!ch gi,io due. lraeh Ilhicm chi phi giao d\Jc, quan h~ clng cau gilta thay vi,
Iho .... ()ng eh,) r:,ng Kinh Ie hoc giao d\Je phat lri~n eho oen ngay hom nay, cong t,ic
Ilghicll elm ChLIYC.L;da lap lrung ""0
cac van de C\J th~ va ti mt nhu gia th,mh giao d\Jc,
lhit lao. ILceILcnng"ill xuat cung nhu ngu6n nhan l,!c .
.•• ! ;

7. (;. Pracharupuulus
()Ilg ",ill f:t ngulii II) Lap. N:lI11 1968, ong gi,mh dugc h9C vi Ticn si ".Ii Dai hQc
Chicago (i\t5'). itii tiCllg ti':l1 h,mh e6ng tac nghicn cuu Ci m9t so nuac phat tri~n, sau ni,y
,.mg C(mg l,ie I;,i Vicll kinh k' Lu"n cion eLIa nuac Anh. Ongnghien cuu chu yeu la van de
kinh t.: lao itlHlg. ()ng lit hoc gi,i co anh huang ral manh lrang giai Kinh te hQc giao d\Jc
(] phuong T'lY lrang nhtCllg nClm gan d'lY, ong du.t6ng ket m9t cach co h~ thong va kha Ii
Ill; dc Ih,mh 'lu,i nghicn eLru eLIa Kinh Ie
hQC giao d\Jc phuong Tay. Trang sl! so sanh
'1u6e IC llti eng I" nguoi co th,mh tfeh kha n6i b*t, ve quan diem Ii lu~n va phuong ph,ip
t[nh to,ill Jcu co nhling ph,il hi~n mai. C,ic tae ph~m chu yeu cua ong Ia "Hilfll slIo'r I;inh
• I,;'gi<io dlle c,[(J d.ing Cli" 25 lflli/c gia" (1972), ''Hilfll SlIt!t killh re'vi giao d(IC-mcit SI( so
s,ill!l '/Iui,. 1/"' (1973), "'Pheill pluj"i t/lll Il!llip I'a gicio dl,lC [rong nIJa In(o-ng" (1976). "Fi,ii
ClilllJ. giti" dl.le I',i Ih,illh U(u gi" Jillh" (1977), "Tillh nhi ngllyen Clia thi tnrirng lao d(ing
I.,i ph,in "h,." I/llI nh\ip.. "i ,Ill I',;"nlli'.c M.,"' (1978), "Ki.Jlh 1e'I{(IC girio dl,lC."Phuung phcip
Iwill III,ii ll/llii l',i dti,;h gi,; Ihtin!l fl.Ill I/lJ/e nghi~;IIl" (1978), "QllO I;/llf, hi4n t(li I'd rUl1ng
I"i ni" 1;,;.!l"\ICh gi,i" dl,lc" (1978). "\16il n/llin Ilfc I'd rhll lih(ip: u( 1i4l1 Clla IlI(I)"("Anh ni
nil" ,I,ill!l gi,;" ( 1979) .. "86, c,inh I;inh Ie' .Hi h(ii Clio llI(O'C Anh, gicio dl,lc [l"Ong llhd
In((illg ,.,i lic;1l !J((fllg I,(() dring" (J 979), ''Klil/i ni411! I'd nlll'r,lg I;hili Jli411l sai 16"111
,,!,'-,",iil
ll!J,in Inc"' (1'-)80).

Trllng nhi"rng t,ic ph'lm do. llng kh"i qu,it mang linh't6ng ket tlnh hlnh phat trien
ella Kinh k' hoc gi"o d\Jc tll nhling n;,m 60 V'I 70 eua the ky 20, Ilk Ii, khai thac, phal
[rien noi dnng nghicn ctm klloa hoc. plurong ph{'jl ngiJi<2neliu khoa hQC va su thay deli
pillcllng ph,ip tinh to,in "'1 th"nh '1U,' ehl' yc'u co dU(lC trang nghicn cuu.
Trllng dicm lrong n(li dung nghicn Ct1~cua mon hQc lhay d6i nhu sau:
I) Tll nhling nghien ctlLl \C hi~u su,il kinh Ie trang glao duc dau tien chuyen sang
chti trong nghicn cuu nhtrng ,inh hUllllg eLIa giao d\Jc cloi voi sv phan phoi thu nh~lp.
2) Tic nghicn CllLlhach to{tn xii hoi, tilc 1" tinh loan hi~u suat xa h9i cua giao duc
chuycn sang nghicn CtIU Iua c1H.lnclla c;, nh'\I1 doi vai giao d\Jc, tuc Ii! III nhling y nghia
kinh k m:t c;i nh'\I1 Itta chun [ic'p nh'\I1 ha)' khang liep nh~n giao d\Jc, hoac Ii! se tiep
• nh'lIl ,tt gi,io due nhu the nolO.

43
 ..: -.::

e'
3) Tit el'\'::0n nghicn CUll anh huc'mg ella gi,i" cI\le d6i \'oi sue san xu,;t ehuyi:n sang
nghien elru ,.:' t:'c clung ella giao due trang eong tae t1m viee lam eua m()i nguo"i.
4) Tir viee eoi 1rqng dau tl! eho giao dl!e lrang IrlIOng hoc !lle d,;u da chuy0n thanh
co; lrqng nghien cUu hi~u suat kinh te boi du6'ng lao di?ng. :..
5) Tir vi~e coi trqng nghien eliu nguon eung cap giao due hie dau da ehuytn sang
eoi tr<;mg nghien eliu nhu du doi voi giao due. .
! , •
6) Tit vi~e ti~n hanh phan 1feh kinh te giao clue ban d'lll da ehuycn thanh tiC-n himh
phflll tieh g6e di?l\a hi?i hqe,j

7) Ket hqp li;hien CtIU'vf;n dC de ph,ip l<'1'h. chfnh 55Gh ella Chinh phll mC)t mlo-e
va man khoa hoc. ;
. I

Nhfrng Ihay f16i ehll yeu trang phuO"ng ph,ip tfnh to,in \'il phlfO"ng ph'lp nghiC'fl elm
I');" hoc: :

!) Til" phuang phap phfm Ifeh cat ngang ehuy6n th'\I1h phuang phlip ph'\I1 tieh h,i
doc. til' do pha1 1ri<':nphltang'phap v~n dl!ng phfm lieh <1anguyen h6i qui.
;~.
".

2) Tit phan Ifeh cae c9n so tuyel doi 0 lran'g Ih,ii Ilnh ehuy6n th'\I1h [1h'\I1 tic.
sanh de con so tl\ang doi tr<;mg tr~ng thai di?ng,

3) 'Tit quan sat di? tucii' sinh 19 eila nguoi lao dong. ehuy6n th'lI1h quan s,il dCl lurii
kinh ::ghiem
.... eila,"'~lI'ai
,'"
La donf':,
.....
" ,
4) Tir nlHi'ngi phan tfel' hoi lJuy qua loa. dai klnii ehuyen th'lI1h ph'lll tieh hili quy
tren ph am vi nh,;1 t1jnh,
i

5) Tit eong thue tinh toan hoi quy dan nh,;t ehuyc'n thanh clang Ifnh lolin nhieu «'ll1g
thli'c h(m thanh,

6) Tit phan tfeh hoi quy ehuyen thanh ph<in tieh ph'\J1 hU(1ng ho,ie ph'\I1 tfeh Ilnl d,\
M CIlu thanh phlwng trlnh pl!an Sfeh hlnh ll!qng h6a,
7) Tir phan tfeh, doi ehieu giiia dfiu ltr va san xuf;t ehu\'tn \hanh Su\' nghllha\ the'
mang tfnh dim hoi, ',- , .

8) Tit nghien eliu ham so san xuat kinh Ie tren pham vi loan gu,;e ehu\'cn th'lJ1h
nghien eUu moi qtlan h~ vai cae bi? man e6 lien q u~n,
.Nhu'ng thim" lIn! nghien eliu ehii yeu eua man hoc (nhiing J;c't Juan va lJulln diem Ii
Ju,)n e6 tfnh chat tcing ket):

1) Cae quoe'gia e6 mu-e thu nh,ip blnh quan dau ngui1i eilllg thap Ih'l hicu SUi,1 x,;
hi?i ella giao dl!e cang eao,

2) Ilicu suilt gilio due ca nhfm Ii, l<'tnhon hicu suiit x~ ,,,',i, '\hi, ntre'le tl,; ph,;; h,-, 1':1
r,il nhieu de bft J6 Fho giao dl!e,

3) Ve van d& liep nh~n giao dl!e. mqi nguoi thuong cllra n ph,;n ,'rng Ilt g6c dr) leli •
feh kinh Ie, e6 th~'sir d,mg cae ehfnh saeh
, kinh te'de <lieu tic't su ph,;r rricn eil" gi,;" due.
•

44
 .j) Giao due khong phai chi la each lhtIC M lUyen ch9n nhan tai, giao dllc c6 the
n'lI1g eao nang luc cua con nguoi. rna nang llfc lai c6 vai lra rat quan tr9ng doi vai nguoi

I. lao tI(ing khi di lim \'ice I:lm.

:;) Tac dung cua giao duc doi vai muc lhu nhap bnh quan la rat it, han nua dieu
nilY bi co sIr khac bid adc quoc gia khac nhau.

0) Dia \'i xa hili cua gia dinh e6 ,inh huang den slf 11m vi~c Elm va lhu nh'lp cua
sinh yi~n sau khi ra lruong.

7) Nang lue du doan khong c6 ,inh huang nhieu Ijmden su khac nhall yeOmere Lhu
nh':lp, '

1;) [{'II nhi~u lab tl6ng lrang eac ngilIlh nghc khac nhau c6 'the h6an tlOi eho nlmu.

l) S\I dlI doan con so ell lh~ lrong nhu cau lao dl)ng Cll the cua tung nganh nghe
duilllg nhu la kh(ing co Iqi.

I OJ Trong lhilIlh lieh h9C t'IP cua hoc sinh, nhan to gia dlnh can c6 tac dl)ng m\lnh
hun So vlii nh'lIl 10 nha lruong.

II) Nha nl!l1c n~1l ehLi tr,!ng den viec Slr dllng kinh phi giao dllc.rn(>l cach hqp 19 va
cae ehinh sach h6 Irq, bu 16 eho giao dlle:

II. Thanh tich nghien cUu man hQc va cac d~i di~n tieu bi~u cua Lien Xa cli
I. Silelumilin

()n~~ lit \'icn

. Sl Hoc
'. vicn n~hicn
~ CtIU khoa hoc
.' eua Lien
. .-. CU, la mot
Xo .
nha
.
kinh te ','

• hoc. t,rug d,im nhicm ehtIc \'U Pho ehu lich Uy

ban ke hO\lch nha nlIac cua Lien Xa cu,
Pho euc lnr<'Jng Cuc thong kc kinh teOquilc dan trung lIang. Narn 1924 lren kl chin l\lp chi
Kc' hoach kinh tc' Licn Xo, ong cia e6 bai phat bieu ve "Y I1ghia killh Ie' elta giao dl,lc
(/IIti,. ddn". N;tnl 19~:; bili phat bicu nay dlIqC dlIa vao. lrang t~p sach "Killh le'lao
d(ing", sau nilY no con dU\1CcilIa vao trang loan t,ip sach c~a ang. Day la cuon sach dtlu
lien tr~n Ih~' gi6i sir dllng phuong phap tinh toan sollIqng, sir dllng cac lhu~t ngii chuyen
l11(in\~ s" tuong hoa M trlnh bay va gi,ii thich ve 9 nghTa kinh te cua giao dllc.
K~'l c."lu trong h~li \'ic'( ella ang, ngoai hai b<)ph(m chfnli ra con co phan Lbi n6i dau V~l
ph,in l.iri k~'t khong <.laiI,un. Li IU'lI1ph'lIl tich hiy dieu ki~n va boi ciinh Iii nguai lao dong
h'll ,.bu Uh'IP h()c lLie8 tuai, 16 luai b'lt d;iu tim viec lam de' phan tfeh anh hucmg va lac dung
cua d,i Luoi nguai lao dong, do llIbi lao dong va trlnh dl) giao due doi vai su phat trien kinh
Ie. Plnrung ph,ip tinh w,in dU\ie sir dung la so s,inh chi phi gi'IO duc v6i thu nl1<ipella nguoi
lao <.lilJlg.tinh loan ra nhung hieu qu,i kinh Ie duqc nang len do trlnh d(> giao ducmang tai.
Sau d;l\ s~ gicii lhieu k~'l c,iu bili viet va nhfrng quan diem Ii lu.in ,~hu yeu.

"
K~'t e;iu bili viC'l nlnr sau:

- l'htill mvl. qU'lll he giCra gi,io duc lrang nha lrUang va lao dQng ch;\l1 lay. Trong
ph"lll nilY. ,ing cia chon ra ~602 hang I11l1ch6 sa tai li~u kha hoan ehinh lrang so han
:;O.IJOO h" "I d~ l:un doi lU(ing <juan sal, phan (ich anh huang doi vai qua trlnh s'tn xu,it

45
 vat ch,it clia d(> tu6i nguai lao d(>ng, do tU6i lao dOng va tdnh ulY'gicio due cling nhlf Slf
cong hien clia cac yeu to nay trong viec ming cao nang suat lao d(lng, Ke't qu,i f1h,lOtich
"ll: ,,,it cho th,iy:

: / .';'17 ,fur nllcit, ~\nhIlLf(J'ng ella 0(> ll](~i ngu()'j lao dQng d6i \'6i \'i~c n:lIlg cao nang su;'l'
;.-
!;l" d6no-
. '=' duoc
... bi~u hien hang (ltfang cong I'clng'- Jen, Ilrc la d6.....!U6i nguiri lao d(m~
..•........•... . •.• c6 t,ic
dung nang cao nang SWlt lao d(>ng, nhung 6 d" lu6i Iren 3-+Ihi b'll (liiu c6 xu Illfri'ng gi,im,
*
L"II {fur fnli, d(> tU6i Ilao d(>ng cling cho Ihfiy ,inh hlfang rat 16nd(ii ,,\i ,'icc n'lllg
cao nang suat lao 'd(>ng, nhung Mn sau 20 n'"llll thi nhling ,inh huang n;IY 1,,1gi;illl xu<';ng
r6 re;l.

*
Ldll ,fur lXI, tdnh d(, giao d\IC nhin cllli'ng I;, c,', t;k dung thlic ,by nh',,"1qu,in dl,i
v6i viec nang cao, n'ing su,H lao dl)ng, nhlTng cling c6 xu hlf'lng true\'c Illanh, "Ill pi:;'"
d'ln ' nhung.•.. nhfrn~''- bie'u hien
. di xuong•... fiv
.. Clla l;\c dung
. gi,io,duc. kh('ng Ih,"'\' r(, r:1Il~
.•.. I,'m
va c6 chicu Im6ng ch'lm, ()ng cho r,"ngvi~c t'ing len m(,t cfip !Joc sc nflng cao n,ing su,,'1
lao d(>ng Icn 2.6 i<in so vai vi~c thcm m(>t n"m u(> !U(ii lao u(lng,

" Phd" hai Ia quan h~ gilia trinhd(> gi,io duc 1';1 lao dong tii 6c, Tnmg phfin n;,,'
"'..
ong cling sir d\lOg; phuong phap tlfong nf. Ifiy ra 2.:'\07 h6 so trong t6ng s•.i h6 so cua dc
nhiin vien van phdng, Chfnh phil vii h,ru <licn M tic'n hilOh phflO tfch, quan "it. ~(;I qu,i
nhu sau:: ;

* Tlll( 111I6i.:\nh hu(Yng clla (1<;'tU6i nguiri lao d(111gd6i "(ri hi~u qu,i c('ng "icc ",'Ill 1;1
lrtf,\'c tang. sau gi,i\",
, nhlfng mlfc <1(>gi:im il han so ",\'i lao ,I(mg chfll", tay,
* Tlll( lilli, anh hlfang clia d(> tU6i lao d(lng uoi 1'(li hicu qu,i Ian dong cling n\ \u
huang••.. '-giam dfin. l;hung
:.... mlrc do. •...gi:llll cling.....
chilm hO'n so I'Csflao don!!
. •... chfln ta,',
.

*
Tfllr ba, trinh do .~;k, dne eDnf C') ,lnh Iwong d,Yn hicu qua c(mg "icc I<'rnhun
nhi6u so vai lao d{Jng CI,'!1 la\ ()ng eh" r,'tng I'icc tflng len mot c:i'p hoc s0 nilllg ""
n:lng smlt lao et,~ng len 2,8 If\n so I'oi vj~c them m(>t n,im d(> tll;;i lao dong,

CJe blroc ' '-,,< "ht!'I'"g ph"p t!nh tn'ln so ,\,inh lao (hing gi,in h6a clla <"ng nlm "1(1:
" B,r,;-r '",'it: dinh h~ Ihong ,\0 s,inh 1;,0 dong gi:ln h6a, Sir dung licn IlInng l'llll
ticu chu,in glan hoa, khi dO' nhi\ nuoc Licn Xo cli quy djnh mlrc IlIung C;1llnf Iheo Irinh
d(> gi:in dl.'" '-"I nglri>'i lao d,)ng ehia thill1h 17 bflC,,;llfCiii tlmc hi~n 17 che' ,k, itr,rng ~h,ie
nhall. lai cflll elf "';") mere luong Illil nguai lao ,1cing c!lr\1Chuang, Sif dung "1'1"r"'tIg I'II,il'
din!lngliY(;11 (Ml1g ("r". ttr Illlrc luong dim dc'n "lao dnng dan ngnl'(;n" hay "''(,ng {,i" tin",
IIgliy(;n" M tien h'lnh tfnhloJn gi:ln hO'a lao elt;lIlg, Uil' mlfc Ilrong II1If nkil linll Ill<',t ,,'i
IU9'ng lao dt)ng don nguyen, 'leW ellS m,',iml((: /t.:"n ~ 1i,;p theo sc tflllg len 0,2 Ian c!(lIlg dnn
nguycn nhlf sau:

MCrc IlfOng
••.. I lit I lao don!!
. .•.. don nglll'Cn,
....
Mllc luang•.... 2 la 1,2 lao dong
. . •... dan ngUl'en,
••.. .

............. •
Mllc luang 171;'18 lao dong dOn nguyen,
•

46
 " !J1(1;'e IJ,,!, tim ra rnvc thu nh~p blnh qu,in loim bQ cua nhiing nguoi lao dQng co
!
- I Irinh do gi,;" duc 6 dp tilli nh:,!. . .

-
I .,
i CliJlg thvc:

I i S<i dIm nguy"n Cling t,;e binh quem cua nguoi lao dQng tflnh dQ giao d\lc cap mQt x s6
l JI:,m cimg I,ie binh qu,in ell Ih~ " ti~n IUCingcap n,6t. .
I S,i ng"ch c,', n:'rll = thu Jlh''ll hinh quilll ella nglllli lao d6ng lfinh dQ giao d\lC e:,p mQ!.
-I
r • lil(,fe 1,,1, li0n k0't thu nh:lp binh qll:ll1lOilll bQ va gia tfi con du, th6ng'qua cap b~e
ILru'llg linh ra lien luung Ung them. 14.1il~lY tien lU'ong tang Eml trung gian ph~1.n i.inh nlLre
1:'Jlg cl,a gi,i Iri clm dLt. Gi,i Iri con du (L.likhai wong (!LrCingvai hai l:iil ngach ILfCin~.'i11Li
":'Y Ihi Ct', Ih':: linh fa gi,; tr! ellll dll ella xa hoi ~a giao d\lc 1<,0 fa.

(Jllan di~m Ii lu:,n chi, y,,'u eli bo" di~m:

a. (ji,;" dlle CIl Ifnh eh:it "in xu:,!. d:iu ILteho giao duc IiI (Hiu lU Illang tinh si'm XlI:'t.
. ~ . I ~

ImJlg UI"U ki0n "in Xll:,t II)n hi"n dai h6a Ihi cilllg thc hi,;;n r6 dieu nilY.
h. S<l "iJlh SLtC<lng hi,,'n eua ngulci lao diH1g ncn dung gia If! rna nguoi lao dQng lam
ra. dilllg gia Iri con dlC lilln ti"u chuiin, Cling ehinh Iii n6i tat ca nhfrng gia tfi rna nguoi
lao d(lng Iilln ra khiH1g chi la bieu hien a
phuang di~n tien luong, chu yeu bii!u hi~n a
m:'1 Ikh Il'Y xii hrii, bi~l' hi"n 6 gia trj san luqng, Vi the 6~g ta cho ding thu nh~p chinh,
gi,i Iri mil ngLllli lao clQng limi ra e6 Ihi! duqe phan anh qua tien luang cua nguoi lao
Jling, gi,i Iri L'lH1dLl wong cluong va; hai liln tien I,uang,
•
c. L,'y ,f dll Ihue 10'eLla llLcae chi! ngh'ia xa hQi tien Milh chung minh,
• d. V,in dllng phUllllg phap dan gi,in h6a lao clQng dua vao tinh lOan, han niia eho
r:lIlg gi,i In kinh k' mil gi,io d\lc tao ra el1 m(il ph:inlii. c6 lh~ tfnh lOan duqc.

("jng hi"n ehu Y"'ll !lieu hi"n 6 ba ~hlrong cli<;n:

". Phan lieh ,(i ILtl.lngh,;a ell Ihe moi qllan h0 giiia gi,io d~lc v6: vi~c nang cao Ii I';;
lao dllng "lIl xu:il. c111ing minh Irinh dt? giao duc cilllg cao thi ti I~ lao dQng s'ln xuat
eilllg L'"" ChlCllg minh qu,i lrinh hoc lap cu" nglr(li lao dQng vai vi,;;c n,lng eao ti Ie lao
(itHlg "in ."",t '" (iuan h" Ii Ii: chfnh x<ic.
b. Loi iL'h kinh 10' mi, J:iu w giao d\lc d~111h,i dn nhanh han 19i feh lhu duqe tlf
\'i0c dau 1LI .\'IY dung en h,in mol ,6 cong Ifinh (vi r1u nhu sLra duong, xay dt!ng tr\lm phal
Jicn. lLip eh,'lIll\lrae .... ), mvc t:lI1g trurmg nhicll. N6i r6 tac d\lng cua yi~c dau IU eho giao
dL.IC la r~'llIl'IJl. h.ij ieh till! dtrl,rc cung !"i'tt I1hi~'l1. ()llg cfm elf V~lO dieu tra hit?lI quii kinh le
ci", k0 h""dl IU n:\lll eLla l~'ban k,,' ho"ch quc;e gla Licn X6 cli vaonam 1924, dt! dinh
[lOng \llllg nllClli n:lrll chi phi gi,io dl!e eh" so hqe sinh licll h9C tang Ill' 4.000.000 den
X,()UU()U(J iii hlln 1.6 ti flip. :--ltrlli n:,m ,au, '0 eong nh:lI1 clii tung hoc lieu hqc chi lam
"
\'i"e trung n:nn n:\ln Ih', el' the liUll eho 1l1ve 1:lng thll nhap quac dan VUOlqua 2 ti nJp, IrtC
• r1i Lhi phi gi'l\) due Inc6c ki" ph,ii bo ra ",\n ellnll1i,t kho'in du,
 c. SU d,mg SlJrn nhat pl-JuO'ngphap gian hoa lao dong dua va('; tinh lo;in lam cho I'd
ich kinh te cila giao dl,lc s6 IUQllgh6a. PhuO'ng phap tinh toan ella ong den nay van con
gia trj su dl,lng.

2. Khosta ;.-

Khosta Ia nl)a kinh te igiao d,!c h<;>cnguai Licn Xo. Vao nam 1970. ()ng vie't eu60
a
sach Kinh te giao' d,!c h9c 4u6c dan, c6 ;Inh hllCing nhfit dinh Licn Xo. He ph'\m noi
tieng nay chil yeJ la cung dap cho truang sU pham va hicu truang cae tnrimg tn;,ng hoc
hoc t~p b6i duani cua Lien ixo, n6 mang tinh giao an. Ket e<lUehinh eila ellon s,ich n'l\'
chi a lam: (tham khao Kinh Ie hoc giao duc qu6c dan do Khosta ehil bien. nha xuiil b;in
Cit Lam, nam 19131 , - ghi ch~ cila nguai ehil bicn).
,

ChuO'ng thu ~hat: Doi tuqng va phuO'ng phap ella kinh te gi,io clue hQe qu6c d,in.
Chuong thli hai: Moi tuO'ng quan giiia giao cll,lcva kinh te nha nu6e.
• . I

ChuO'ng thu ba:

.
CO'cauI t6 chuc va th~ ehe qu,ln I)' eila giao due
~,
qu6e (Wn.
ChuO'ng thu lu: Quy hdZlch pMt tri~n eila giao clue qlllle clfm.'
Ii.
ChuO'ng thu ham: Tai san xuiit ngu6n giao "ien.
Chuang thu sau: T6 ch~c lao d(mg eila nguai I'lm e(mg 1,1egiao clue 'lucie clim.
\. "I
Clwong thit b<ly:Tien luong eua nguai lam cong tac giao cl,!e quoe dfm.
i, . I •

CI11Iongthu tam: Nen t;'ll1gki thuilt v~t ehiit eila gi,io duc quae dan.
~ i"
Chuong thu chin: Cap kinh phi cho tnrang h9C•
Chuong thu muai: Hi~u qua kinh te ella gi~o due.
Chuong thu muai m(>t::Phephan'clla If'Iufm kinh te giao due eila giai eiip III s,in.
Quan di~m If lu~n chil jyeu:.
a. Cho r~ng! giao duciquoc dan El m(>t nganh san xu,it phi vtlt ehfit (juan Irollt'.
nhung giao dl,lcthp(>e ve ng~nh kinh te, g<;>iIii kinh te h<;>cb(>m6n.
b. Cho r~ng 'kinh te hJc giao d,!c xii h(>ichil nghia ncn ifiy hoc thuye't gi,i tri viI Ii
sa
lu~n tai san xuat xii h(>icila Mac lam cO' If Iu~n.,
c. Liiy b6i dUong chuy~n gia va thu lao lao d(>ng la noi dung quan trong
d. Tien hlml1phan tfeh danh gia Ii IU~lnKinh te hoc giao due eila phll<lt1gny.
; ; .
Tren day dii. gi6i t'li~~ m(>t so nhfll1 vat dZlidi~n 'luan Ir<;>ngcila gi6i Kinh Ie' hQc
giao d,!c cila nu6f 'Igoai v1l thanh qUiI thu duqc eila h<;>.Tu tlnh hinh chung nil)' e6 \h0
Ihay duqc nen kilih te giao d,!c h9C tren the gi6i phat tri<in rfilI'1 nhanh. dat c!Lroenh"fI'\g
ket qU;1dang mung, dieu nay thl!c su c6 gia tr! lay I'lln guO'ng quan trong doi ,,{ri VICC
a
xay dl!ng va phat Iri~n giao /I,!c kinh te h<;>e Trung Quae.

48
 III .Thanh qua nghicn CI1U chu yeu cua Trung Quoc
Tu nhvng ni"n kO eua Ihc k! XX, nghicn ClIUkinh te h9C giao d\!c cua Trung Quoc
dil dat Ull',re nhCrng Ihimh Ilru 10 lc'tn, Lien lic'p xuiit biin nhieu lac phUm chuycn ngilllh viI
li,i lic'u gi,ing ua!, Vi uu: Kh,ii iU':Lngi,io duc kinh Ie hoc, giao d\!c kinh te, Nghicn cuu
gi,io UUc'kinh k h,,'l'. Dan lU,:lllgi,io uue kinh tc hoc, Kicn thCrc ca bi\n cua kinh te giao
,duc hoc, S,ieh hoc ph() Ih('ng kinh Ie; gi,ill duc hoc, BUl'c uiiu ella klnh te giao due hl)c,
Vi,i n,im g'lIIlby d'l xuiil b,in nhieu lac ph,im chuycn nganh ve hoc thuilt, baa cao nghien
eCru duing rninh IhLIe IC', iu,:m "im khoa hoc, Dong thai c'1ng xuiit hi~n m9t so m6n h9C
il,:, philn c'lla kinh k' gi,io duc hoc, ,'j uu: "/':illit (,;'gi'lo <lI,ICit(JC cao <fdllg", "/':illit ''''gill''
dill' ki /1/1/'.'1 IIgit,; IIgiti,'jJ .\16n hQc clla kinh Ie giao d\!c h9c dang lung buac x,iy
dung I'i, hinh thiuth,

Oi,i Loan el"l Trung Ql1(;e cung eo nhicu h9C gi,1 viti nam tra l':li day theo du6i
c\'m~ I'icl' n~hl0n cCru kinh 1<' ~i,io due hoc,va (ta lao ra anh hlrang rfit Ian vai giai hoc
Ihu':1 the gi:"i, Ij UU cUtln "ci,io dllc'/.:illl; InIOC" ~lla Urn' Van D:lt, Cai Chiet Sinh v6i
cUc1n "( ;i,i" .IIII' kill it I,;' itoc", cuon "(Ji'lo <I(/c /':illit le'it{)c" cua Cao Hi QUill1 va cuon
"\ tlJI h.ifJ Kilill 1t;'It~Jc gi,j(l dl.'C "....

IXmg Ihili didt I'i, \uiil il,in riil nhicu tac phiim n6i tieng vii lu~n van hl)c thu~t, vi
du: "(;/,i Iri killit Ii CI;'.' gili" <I(/{''' (Shultz nguoi MI), "S((irltang Ihimh Ciia Nh(iI Ball
I',;j ,~"i" ,llIl " (C\le ,licu Ira 1',ln h9C Nh~1 Biin), "TIt ban nluin I(tc" (G,S, Becker nguoi
~IlL cUt)n "f),;11 If( fI( !l,ill IIIt,ill Ille" (Shuhz nguoi MI), cuon 'Tlllt ni(lc flly,;il choll clui
liti,it Killit 1/ Ito, gi'/II .11.11'''I'il clIon "qllll III (iiI /.:illh fe' glaD dl,lC hi;Jc" (Brouge nguoi
,\nil), "f)"i fI(~illg ",i 1,11I(ling plt'IP ('fi" /.:illit // gi'lo <I(/c Ii()c va Kif,1t Ie' h{)c gilio dl,lC
J
'lilli" ci,;II" (Kh"sla nglcoi Licn X()). "Killh Ii" 1t(IC lillh ;,/(C phi ~'dn xwj{" (h9C gi,1
Khtllllalul' nguili NgaL cuon "Killit I,"hec gi'lll cil,lC" (J,Sheechan nguai Anh), ..,

"

49
 CHUONG II: TUTUONG KINH TE GI:\O DT)C
b)A cm) \'GHIA ~;lr\C
:..
Giao d\lc kinh te giao d\lc cua ChLl nghia xa h(,i I" 1<\yChLI nghia "Lic 1,'\111If IU':\I]
chi dao. D6 111tu .tui'mg chi dao co ban va co so If IU(1I1ella kinh IC' gi,\o duc hoc Chll ••
nghia xa h9i. :
I

Trong chinhth€ hQc thuyet If lu,m M,ic-Anghcn. co tlr Ilf(i'ng kinh Ie' gi"o due \'ll
cl1l1g phong phu. Trang d6 nhfrng hQc thuyci nlnr: !loe thuyc'l gi,1 Iri lao dr)ng. Li lui1l1 t,ii
siin xuat xa hoi, U lu,in lao d(>ng s,ln xu,1t v" lao dong phi s,in .\U'II Mu Irinh hil)' 11r(1"I1g
,16i tnrc tiep nhung ,,:In de quan lrang nhu moi quan hc gifra kinh 12' xa hlli \"1 gi,\o due:
v~ lri ,"il l;.ic dung Ct't::!giao d~lC trang lai s~in xu[il strc lao ett)ng va tiii" Si:lI1 XU;'\'t h.rc Itr~:mg
"in xuiil hinh Ih,\i'v thCre i,I".,:, hnc: gi,1 Ir! kinh Ie' xa h9i cL,a gi:io d.uc. Vi thl: Ilr Ilremg
kinh It" o;';nl'.a: ,',,, '11;\('.",' -hen IiI co serli IU'1I1clla kinh Ie gi,lo duc xii hl)i Chll nghia.
I" c,in (I' ji ( .•.. " ,.j ",I" :":\mon kinh Ie' gi,lo duc da X,ICdinh.

Bai 1: H<;>c thuyet lao d(>ng giao dl,lc

1
I
Lf iu,m lao d(>ng s;m lu,'lt viI lao dong phi s,in xuiil elia \ l,ic-Anghcn Ii, 111':'1hll
ph,in 1(\ Ihanh quan trQng tr~ng HQc thuyet ChLI Aghia ,,1,1e. DilY lit cim Cl'r tTl h,;n phi1l1
chia 1110tdch khoa hQc cac Ifnh chiit lao ;1<"ng,xa h,ii. \'1 the' ciing Ii, w sri Ii iuim mil
chung la nghien cCru 11m hieu th'lo luim [inh chiil lao dong clia gi,lo duc. Viin de lrong
yeu 111"nghicn cuu kinh Ie gi,l<iduc hQc gap ph,ii 1,1lien quan teri giao duc lao dllJ1g ph,ii
chang 111yeu 10 c6tfnh s'ln x:uiit, dilu IU cho gi:io duc ph,ii chimg 1:, diiu Itr mang linh "in
xu,it. Gi;li quyel nhfrng van de nilY dn dtra \'ilo Ii luim lao dong s,in xu,Yt \';1 lao <1c'lI1gphi
Siln xu,'li Clla M,\c-Anghen. xac dinh ra r:ll1g ham y co h,in clli, kh,ii nil:1ll lao ,tr:"]g "in
xu,1t va lao <1<)ngJ1ti S:ln ',uiit, x,lc IilP pham tru cua kh;\i ni0m lao d{ll1g "in XU:II.
I. Quan sM tir d!nh ngh'i3 file d,lu
Quan sat tu dinh nghia luc d'LU ciing co th~ n6i la quan Sill !tf \' nghia lao (lc'lng "in
XU,,! (1(1n gi,in, (uc'liI quan sat IUqu,1 trlnh trtfU 1lf'1ng. Slf cllii 1:11'"')'i de hu h'mh Ih:11
lich slr ella no, gifra con nguai viI lU nhicn. p,.1;\c-/\nghcn cho rtmg. di goi iii I;ln <1llng
chfnh la chi lao d(>hg sun xu,it v,it chiil co th<i Inrc li0'p tao ra gi,1 tri 'lr dung. Ran gl)1ll hai
I'Lng y nghia:

Girl Iri .I'd" .1'11';; {Iur "Ilii; I" gill lri .1'/; tllil/g. Iii ,k duy tri "it h:io \'l: 1'10 dc'II!g 111"
lao dong
. ~ Siln xu,'ll xa hoi lien tuc lib] hanh. du\'. Ir; h,;o \'0. Lio dl)n~
,'" . ~ I,ii ,,;n .\U:,'t kh,i
-

nilng lao d<:l11g.

•

50
 FIlir II<li lei 1<10,
d('lIg :i,ill xlI<ii )'<il ('Illii hi qlla Irjnh gij(a ngLfm va t\( nhien, HI chi tac '
dung wong h[, giiia e~n ngubi viI II! nhien rna con 'hgubi II!' dl!a vao ban than ella minh
i mil lau ra. di~u ehinh Ii, khong ehe', Noi dung CLlari6 Iii Sl! bien d6i vat ch::lt, kct qua cua
,
.:If
.
II .•" lIli lit "In phiim V(lt eNil. Di~u ni,y cung chinh nhu Ibi Mac n6i: "Nell cd qllLl [rinh iao
d""g [iiil II,illlt '111<111
s,il /If g,i(' dn f.:2i Ifll,i (,liI.Jn6 thi d6i' /l1t;mg lao dt;jng va tllli111 lao
dl'lIg hi';11 IiiI'll I,i /II /i':11 s,ill ,\'II,;i, h,ill rh,ill lao dcJng lhi bie;1 hien lei lao d(ing san Xllc;'t ".
"[<'nn lai, h~ lit trlIe lie'p ILlm lao dQng s,\n xuiit v(1t ch::ll Ihi mai thuQc vilo ph am trLI
lao c1<)ng ~~ln .\u{tl.

II. Quan sat tit h\nh tluii xa h(>i

Ttf hinh th,li xCih(li mil quan S,II ph',IIll Iru lao dQng san xual, chu yeu iii quan sat tu
gc'Jc Lk, quan he ,iln ,\u:il. Chi quan sat tu y nghia dan gian Ihi n6 phu h9'P vai tal d hinh
th,li xCihoi, chi I" mill su truu W9'ng eua lich st!, van kb(mg th~ hoim toimn6i r6 vfln d6. Vi
nhlf nhung gi 1\I'le n6i: "f)illit ng!l1" lao ,liillg sdii ,l'IIcii nliy nir 1'(/ /If qllan die;ll qlla trinh
1<1011(;11"gi,ill ,I,rll, "I" \'Ifi 'III,i Irillit s,ill XII,;'1 /II h"'11 ('III/ IIglti'a Iii hOcln 1m/II c!lIla dli ",

Vi the cim ph,ii 'iuan solt iiI hlnh th'li xii hoi vi, quan he san xuat. Quan sallU hinh
Ih:,i ,\~ !hli \i, quan h.: "in ,\U;il tu b,il1 chu nghta, "c1/{' c6./,,0 d(illg lrI,1c tiel) SUIl .l'lIcii gill
lr/ I/I~illg "Ir Iti fliP d~i/lg Still XHtii ". Cung chfnh.la noi c~i co lao q9ng san xuat tu b~ln,
Silll ,\lIiil gia tri th,mg lIu m6i iii lao d';ll1g s,in xufit. Neu su.c lao d<;mg chi t'io gia Ir! lieu la
dimg ~hlJ chinh minh. khong lao ra gi,l tr! th~ng du thi d6 khong 'phai la lao dQng san
xuiil. !'it',i nglI<,lc lai. b'ill lu,ll1 lit "in xU!lt v(u cha! ho~c Iii san xuat phi V\lt chat chi can l'i0
ra gi:, Ir! lrao doi. dem lai gia Iri Ih,lng du thi deu la lao d9ng san xuat. Mac-Anghen dt:
chung minh cho \'iin d~ nilY dCilung Ifiy' nhieu vi d~ thl!C Ie. Vi dl,! nhu hai ong n6i: "Mi)'
• Ilgllifi gi,io l'it;1I klll'lIg ('III 01 ('(Ii "<ill de' gilio d(le hC}c Sillh, ma con l'cii wi 1t;1OClia cdi l't;it
ch,ii li"n hii c1w h"l1 gi,illl lIi(;/{ ,hi Ilglliri gillo I'iell do 111m thl,lC SI,I la ngllili C611gIlhcin
s,ill ,\lI,ii, /3"11 gi,illl "i(;/{ f.:hrillg "em S(! ,ie'll cO dll(/(' dclll til velo Ililel finiy I(}p .\'Ilimg mel
""" /II 1',i"Il",i 111'1.1'
gi"" "'.1(', £)i//{ 1I';y klll;lIg !lim ch() s(1 l'ii(c co bdi f.:i s(1 thay doi
11,;0", Hai (ll1g limg n6i: lrong Inrimg h9C, giao vien doiivai' ong chu truong' h9C c6 th€
don Ihu;in chi iiI lao dong litm thue. Loai nha may giao d~c nily & Anh c6 rat nhieu,
NhCrng thity giao nilY doi \'ai h9C sinh mil n6i tuy khor)g phai la, cong nhflll san xuat,
nhung d(ii nii ong chit thue 119mil n6i Ihi h9 Iii cong nhan san xuat. Ong chu dung tien
cua ll1inh Irao doi n,-Ing !LfClao dQng clla giao vien, thong qua qua trinh nay lilm banthfm
m"nl1 giilll kn,

Ill. Quan sat tir khai ni~1l1 1110r(Jng

Theo su ph:u tri~n eua !Llc IUCjngsoin xuiil va SIf tien bQ cita khoa hoc ki thuHt, kha,
niell1 lall lJ(ll1g "in xu:it eung Ihay e\(ii, Noi ham viI ng0'ii dien clla n6 cung clang lha"
-. d(li, ph'lI11 vi ll1i'11l1hall hilll1 kh(mg ngirng mo rQng, Mac n6i: Qua lrlnh lao dQng ket hop
lall lJ(mg lr! 6c n'li lao d(mg eh:\n lay, Sau n:l)' chung du'O'c tach ra, dC:n muc iJ vi\O trang,
•
Ihai doi 1,:'1), S,in ph;ill1 lif "in ph;irn Infc lie'p eua crt tht nguoi silll xu;it chuyl'n lhimh s,ln
ph;im ,\C' hlii, chulc;n thimh e(mg nh:\n ILSngtht: tuc la kel h9'P siin ph[im chung eua nglrai
•

51
lao dong, Oie th'lIlh v;en cua cong nhim t6ng th~ tnrc tiel' hoac gian ticI' t,le dung Ill'n
doi tlrong 1<10d(>ng, Vilh( theo SlI phat Irien cila li11h eh,il hap tie clla b,in th'lIl qu,t trinh
lao dc)ng. lao d(lllg S;'1I1\Ll~-ll \-'~lngL1o'i di.1T11 dlKing n6 tCre I~l kh~ii nicln ella c(mg nh[lIl ".m
\U<lt cun!! co sir me} rang liil nhien, De liun lao d(1I1~ "in xuiil hien na\' kh(ll1~ nh"'1 dinh
1',h'li III ,;inh linrc hien: chi dn Ira thanh m()\ hll "m,tv Clla c(1I1g nh"lIl 16n; the, hl;i,n
tl':u,h mIll chlk n;-lng nao <16 Iii elli. Dinh nghia !tic d,iu Iren d,"' liL'n quan \(ii lao d(,ng
-,'1Il XU'11c1lftK nit ra tu Ifon,~ biin th'lIl linh eh,il -"in XU,\! V':IIchiil. t!(;i ,'6i c(1I1g nh'lIl [(;ng
Ihe c1uae xem xel vai !lI calh ehinh the luon IU(1I1ehinh x,ic, N!nrn!! t!(ii \,ii m,-'i Ih,mh
vien cl~n Ie trang [eong nMrl t6ng the ni,y mil n6i Ih, lai kh(,ng thfch ;;0'1" (illl IH,i: TSI ,a
nhttng nglroi dua; vil.O hlnh ithtrc nay hay h,nh Ihtrckia tham gia "in xu,il "in ph,;m, ILl
Cl)ng nhill1 eh,in ~hinh dengiam d6c, kien true -,U (e6 sIr kh,ic hiet t!6i \,'ii nh'l Ilf h,in)
deu thuoe vao phi\m vi nglr&i lao t!(lI1g s,ln xuii!.
I

Nhfrng su' Ir1nh bay ph;in tich IrL'n IiiI' Irung [rinh hilY s<"IllSlrrh;il lrien Cl'la linh, 1:,1
110'1'lac di kem v~i Mn thim ella qua Irinh lao ,I(lng x,i h(,i, kh,ii nicm lao d()n'g "111 XU"I
m6' r(>ng, nguai IflCld(>ng c6 the Xa rai doi !lIang lao dong nlmng Iai iii nguiri limn gill
vao lao clong -,iin, xuiit vat ~hat, thu()e vilo ph"m Iru nglri,i lao t!(1I1g "in XU:il, ,f du 11hu
kien truc su', giam doc, ngh~ nh,in, nglrui lhiet kc','nhiln \'icn kilhuilt \'il nglriri qu,ln 1\',
C,m clr vao; If lu~n licn quan t6i lao elf1ng "In ,xuiit \'i, lao lUmg phi "in x \1.,,1 n'",
Mac-Ahghcn, vc'pham vi makhai nicm lao dfmg "in xu,it hao h;"tm, qUlln"tl tfnh ('h;YI
cllll lao d(>ng giab dlJe va tinh chat cLlIl d,iu IU gi,io due e6 thc' th,Y\' dlttle l'ili IU/Ill diL'm
Chll YC\I sau:

Tlllr nll!ir. ';10 d(>ng giao due la m(>t loai lao d(mg e6 tfnh phuc hn"lc ngh!1I "U
\'\.1

Lao d6ng [Inh clliit phue v\l ho,lc nghla vu nay co thL: tal' ra gi,i Iri sir dung ,I,k hi,'1 ('h,
xii hoi. G"i la gi,l tri -'Ir dung dac bi.;.t chfnh Ii, chi tao ra su pln,le \'u mang Iinh hoat ,1(lng,
han nCra hm"t d(>J;1gnay Inre tiel' tham gia vao qua tr1nh "in xu,it. Ii, m(,t lO'"i hoat d(lIlL'
kh6ng co kh6ng dlIqe trang s,ln xuii!. Loai lao d(>ng nay ncn noi la c6 tfnh san xu,YI nh'll
dinh, Chfnh nlm Mac n6i: "Cn mril sri"phlJc 1'1.' 1<)hurii,lu\'(;Il, duy 'ri kh,i n(ill~ 1,,« di'll~
lam cho khd n(lng lao d,illg Ih"y ,Mi hlllh ,h,il .. , ", T,\m lai iiI lilm eho kh,i n"ng lao (It'ln~
c6 tinh chuycn mon hoac chi lam eho kh,i n:lIlg lao (l(mg tic'p IIIC duy Ir'l. Vf du phut' I'(
eua giao vien Ir~ng IrlIang h9C (chi dn gi,io "icn d6 Ii, I,il ICU hO':le hllll dung \'( eU;
di), Sl! phuc vlJ cua nglrai bae SI (chi dn anh 1;\ e(, thc h,i,) I'L' -'Ilc khn,', du\' Ir'l mll
nguon gi~ tri Ilr<::.,.ilb,ln than kha nang lao dong). 1\lua dlR1C nhltng loa; phuc 'II nill elllL
chfnh la mua nh'lrng s,ln phiim cung ciip co Ihe b;in 1''.1,.. Tlie Iii Cling l"\r h,in th'1I1 ~h,
11'\I1glao d(>ng M thay thc1su' phuc vu ella chfnh minh, :S;hCtn'g Io;u I,hut' 1\1 nill' n,'n gl'
nhilp "ilo phi saIl xuflt hoa~ phi l,ii "111 ,\ti'it ('II.' )"1-,,,n[lng lao d('l1g, "PhI.', l'II" danh 11
nay clc' n6i chung Ja chi gi~ trj Sli" (lung (I;)c hl~t 111:1 ln~.lilao d\)ng 11;'\:,,, L)n ra. ctrn~.~i(;n,~
nilii' :nn; -'lin phfim kh,ic cung 1"0 1''.1gi,i Iri sir dung ,be hi':l ella "'111 th;'\l1 m'lnh :"hlll1:
~:i\i ;rj :-\'rr:h.tilg (L)c bi~'l ella ]oai ]~lo'dQng nil)' (1lby (() chr0c.lCn ~(.)i(1<)c hid "1'-'11-'1" ~'f{
iiI' 'I bc. l!1'JI1gkh<.mg ph,li tlI dch Iii v,:ll mil Ilf deh hoat lk1ng eung ClYr phue \'\[. '<'
cli2m nil)' khong; lilm eho n6 vi du nlnr cli SIt kh,ic hicl \'ili loai m;iy nlf\C niH' elf' i
<.long ho), Vi [he ttr g6c do, giao due e6 tfnh dieh \'ll h""c l;nh /'/HIC \u. gili Iri. 'Ii d\lll'

52
 i
,be bier ni,y Ihi e(i ihe no, lao dong gi<io due co yeu 10 ~ang tfnh san xuat, ~au tu giao
due ell tinh eh,it lLiu tLlmang Ifnh s,in xua!.
Filii it"I. III gac do kh,ii ni~m lao dong "'n xuat rna rang, giao due la lao dong boi
dWlng hu,in luy~n nhCrng nh,m ,'i~n qu<in ly, kie'n true SU. nghe nh,ln, nguol thle[ ke m:1
kh('ll1g "in ph:li [LClay Ihue hi~n hon nLCalai co the Xa roi ,cl6i tLlqng lao elcing. DC,y elll1s
(J)th~ IH',j gl~ln due c6 tinh ~~ln:\U~llgi~ln ltC'p.
{Jilt lau J(mg gdo JL.lL:d6i \'(1i sl! sl.ln xu;Yt L'Lli.l kh;\ nang lao d9ng m~l ngu'ui !<.Io
Ihl.
d'."]g u', '" SlI ph,il IFl~n eLla Itie ILmng sCm XU'LIhinh Ih:I' Iri Ihue khoa hQe lrong qua
ll.'lnh sim .\u:it 1',,1 eh,il e6 I(nh eh:il "in xu:it Inrc lieI'. Vi \he' Ifnh s:m xufit eila lao dong
gioio due ehLI y~u ph,in :(nh ltce Illong S:Ul xual xii h(li mil gi,io dl,le co the Ir,Ie lie'p s:m
,\u:it ra kho,no'mg lao dong eLla ngtciJi lao dong va khoa, hQe kithu(lt san xual true tiel'.
Ntllrng do, tinh eh:it eLIa lao dilllg gdo due luang doi phl1e lap, eho Mn nay hqe gia
eLla gll;i gi"o due ,ii gitii kinh k trong nuoe V'1n bal dong quan diem. Chung to, eho rang
lr~n mOl ~ nghia ni,od,i hO:K noi Irong d,cu ki~n nhat dinh thi lao d<)ng giao due co linh
eh:'1 "Ill xu:il. lX',i ,i gi,io due Ii, mill loai phue vu, 1:\ laod<)ng mang tinh ehfit phue vl,l
hok ,heh 'u. 'PIII.'c \".,". "dicit \".," Iheo '1uan <.Iiemeila M,ie la lao d<)ng khong the khong
«'J tlUng "m .\u:it ,:11 dl:il. co min ph:in Iii thuoe VilO pham IIU eua lao d(>ng s,in xua!. Dong

thili el'n " hinh Ihlie lau <.I()ng"in xu:it muon hinh van dang, kha nang duqe eung cap lit
hillh thice h"otl dllng 'OIl eh,'il. eung co the la ho~t dong rna hlnh thue phi v~teh,lt bieu hien.
Loai ""lUI< '"" ':1 "dicit '"" eila giao dill' co the cung :,l'p bieu hi~n b~ng hlnh lhue v~t
ch:il. Iai ClIIIg eli Ih~ eung e:tp bieu hi~n bang hinh lhue phi vat ehal; co the bieu hien la
Ilnh chat <III .\U:'l. Iai «., Ihe biciu hien If, tfnh chat phi sitn xua!. Tom l~i, doi voi tinh ehfit
cila Ia" ,hlllg gioio due dn ph:,n tich eu Ihe'. dn ehu y trong dieu kien san xuat hien d,.\i
hl)a tlnh d\:'1 lao dt'1ng gi,io due dang xufil hi~n nhCrng bie'll doi Sal.' sic.
~~gu:u (111hdl~'lt <.il\j \"l'~i It"\U tte gi,io d~IC Il!Ong quail v6i no,lrong Illr6c cling c6
fa.
nhling quan diem ,,:, ,u I~ g,ai kh,ic nhau. eung d~u can lim can eli trong lac phfim noi
ti~'ng eua ~Lic. IXiu ILCchia th:,nh d:iu [u mang tinh san xu:it va ddu lU mang linh lieu
dilllg. eii g'H lit ,bu llf lllang tlnh sCIII\ufit Ii, chi dfiu tu dung eho nganh S'U1xufil; d,lU tLf
mang tinh chiil li~u dilng I:, chi d:iu [If dClng eho nganh s,ln xu,it phi {,<1tehfit, eung co Ihe'
gl)i 1:1 lLiu It! 1l1<lllg t{nll phi s~ln .\U"IL Do nH.)i ngtrbi v;'111ehtc(l co nh(tn thlfC chung ve Vrtn

dL' nllLr gl~lo d~lc ph~'lI Ch:Hlg lhu<K Y:lO 1:1t)l ng~lI1h san xU{lt, lao d<:)ng'giao dl}c ph~li chang
[hUt..)\.."\~H) LIU dong llLtllg lll1h L'h~'lt s:lJ1 .\u;'l!. vllhc' nh(lI1 lhl'fC lien quan l6'[ llllh eh;'Lt ella
d:iu ILrgl:'o due e6 mOLqu," llinh lich sir.
'ihCrng n:ll11 20 el,a Ih~' ki XX. nhH ngLfiJi hfiu het cha rt\l1g dfi'l lU gi:'o due lit mOt
h\li 'it! I1ghl~p lhll~'1Il ti~Ll dll!lg. lrung 111111vl!c giao d':1c C}tI1g kh6ng Slr dt.1llg khai Ili~m
"",ill fII'" ni,y. B<u d:ill [ic nhling n'"11 -10 eila the' ki XXel\l1g v6i su nhfln Ihere kh'lng
ngttllg ll\";i \"\..'1ltiIlh 'i~lnxu,'lt ella gi~io tlL.le con nglrbi b~~t lL'IU dllng kh~ii ni~m "dJII lIr"
n1()l kh~il IlJL'1ll lhl!(lIl~ dL!tiC dllllg trung kinh [0- \H}C d~ dung trong linh v~rc giao dL.lC, ttl
Jl) plJ~il '">11111 r~1 kldi 1l1~m m('~i "{/tllI fI( :.:./({(! dl.lC ". :'nlLmg COil ngu'O'i \'&n chtra co cung
quail diem '" chu IrLC,HlgIe tinh chat cLIO'd:i" III ,":'" due. Kh,ii qual lai thi ehu ye'u co
nhCfIlg ;. ki~'11llhL! :-.all.

53
 Till!' nMi. cho ding giao duc Iii ngilnh s,in xl\iit phi "ilt chiit.lao t!l'l.ng gi,io tluc "I
lao dC)ng mang t[nh phi san xU<lt. VI the diiu tu eho gi,io due Iii ncn Iii dau tu mang t[nll
phi V~I ehaL Iii dilu ttl mang t[nh lieu dung.

Till!' hoi, eho dmg lao e&ng giao dl!c Iii lao dC)ng khong Ih~ thieu lrong s,ln xuii!. Iii
mC)1lo~i lao dC)ng m,mg t[nh pich vl!. N6 e6 lh~ 1,.\0ra kh,1 nang lao dong ella con ngueri
vii life Iir0ng san xWlt eua hlrih thai Iri thue khoa hoc. TiT y nghia rieng nay mil noi gian
due ceJ ,f,;h ~clliit Sa\{ xuat, diluj tu giao d\le Iii diiu IU ~ang I[nh :,In ;wiit.~ - .~
-r
Till!' iJa, cho r~ng ban th~n ehue nang ella giao tlue mang t[nh hai tang. \'1 the diiu tIl
cho gi,io due yiTa co t[nh san xuat viTa c6 t[nh tieu dung.

Ngoai nhfrng iguan diem khac bi~1 ttrang doi Ion Ircn ,bn co mal s6 nhfrng deh
nhln khac v[ dl! c6inguoi eh~ truang (hiu tu giao d\le Iii (lfiu ttl s,ln xu!il mang I[nll tieu
dung, e6 nguoi ch« truang dilu tu giao dl!c Iii dau IU licu dung mang I[nh s'ln xuii!. e6n
c6 ngueri cho d.ng ~i1u IU giap dl!c hlY t[nh S(lll xuiit Iii ch[nh d{fng tlleri lai co tinh liL'u
dung. TiT tinh hlnh!hi~n nay rna xem xcL ngu(Yi kien guyc't voiquan diem (!fiu ttr ck
giao duc la dau tu !J1ang t[nh1chat thuiin lieu dungkhong nhi0u. Nhting n6i dutl I.Ugiao
dl!c ho1mtoiln !adilu tu mang:t[nh s,in xuiit rna khong e6 yeu10 I(nh I[nh licu dung th'l ell
nhi~u nguoi khong 'tan lhanh.! D!!-i da so dong y eho r~ng diiu Itl gi.ao due \ira mang Ifnh
san xuat. yiTa mang linh lieu dung. C6 hai t[nh eh:il wang cl6i "il thlle t~. eung Wang d6i
khoa h<;>e.: I

-~ •
i

..,

, ~'

54
 Bili 2: Trii san xuat xu h(>iva giao dl.lc

Li IU':lll [ai SilllXU'Yt xa hoi cua Mac-Alighen li[ m(>t b(> ph~n t6 thiinh quan trang
cua chit nghia ~I:ic. lit Cl1.".1!i IU;lnnghicn ClIu vj tri va chu:e nang ella giao duc !rong t,li
san xua[ xa hoi. trinh h'IY vii ph'ln lieh gi,io duc vai moi '1u4n h~ s,ln xual V(lt ehfit xa hoi,
xac dinh
. _.~i,i tri kinh tc xii hoi. mil ~.
~i,io duc co. i,
I
~Licnc',i: '.QlI,i Irinh s,;n x/hi) x,; lui; "/(([ h) q/lli Iril'iz '5<1nxlId) lrang di("lI ki,;n sinh
{(J!I \'~i! C!ttl! ;(J(l c{ln II'..;[(/ti sinh soj/g, n(a III m(j{ {jlltllrinh i!lr{fC riell //(11111 tro/lg (lu(J1l h~;
sdn XUel! d,.lc' hi~j{ [r'OIl:.!. licit Sif (rung kinh Ie: Ie) sdn .rua! Wl (ai .win x/{d[ ban thdn n!lifng
quoll II~; s(ill _\"II,il lillY. ri r/I(;'s,ill X/hi; \'ei [eli s{in XU(lf ngl(iti dcim I1h~iJ1 qUcl lrinil /7(/Y, dir/ll
ki~jJl sil/I/ I(;!! \'(.i' c/i(i'r elill cliling \'(1 Jll()'j {jlwn h~ It/II /I/I{{[{ CtiO cluing fire lei ql/{I rri,;1I
Clio hinh [Iurc k;nh 1/',; hrii nh", <linh Clio cluing". Cung chfnh Ii, noi qua trlnh siin xuat
V~lldt"ll .\~lhc)i. d()ng thai" \\-11 s~in .\u,Yt tt( li~u sinh hO~.ltv,~t thftt, tJi si'm XUftl quan h~ S~'tn
xuiil. [,ii,illl XU,,[ luc iL[(fllg "in xuii!. tai Siin xuiit nguai d~m cluong lao d(>ng tLrc lit sUc
lao dC)llg. ChClllg [oi villl dung Ii luim lai Siin xuat xii h(>1 eua Mae-Anghen t(ip lrung
nghi~n cCru vi tti ,'il gi,i Iri cua giao due trang I,ii san xual J't,re.hrqng san xuat xa h(>i, tuc
Iii ChCfCnill1g cua giao d,!c [rong tai san xual sue lao cl(>ng va ehue 'nang cua giao d,!c
trong [i""111 .xuii[Jue luong san xuat hlnh thai lri lhuc khoa hge.

I. Chuc nang cua gilio dl,lc trong tai san xuat sue lao d(mg
U lui"l lai "in xuiit xa hoi cLla I\'lat-Anghcn eho chung la biet,}ai san xuat xa h(>i
la t,ii "Ill xuiil [If licu '.ilt chiil. dong thai cling Iii tai san xuat sue lac cl(>ng, Chi co la tai
SilOxUii[ [tf licu ,'ill chil[ '''1 I,ii "tn xuiil suc lao d(>ng thl lrang cii qua trlnh san xuat, va
khi v~ ,,; ItlUllg [I Ic dWK dicu chinh, vc chiil iLfllllg lhfch ung vai nhau thl tai san xuat
vf[l chi,[ xii h()i mClI co [llC [Imc hicn cluoc. Vi the lai Siin xuat suc lao cl(>ng la clieu ki~n
tat yc'u cua l,ii Silll XU,,[ lif licu vill ehiil xii hoi. Ciii goi Iii lai san xuat sue laocl(>ng thu
nhiit iiI chi sU phue h,ii "I tIuy lri SLIClao d(>ng hicn co, lhu hai Iii tiep t'!c vii b6i duong
suc lao d()ng Im'li. SLrc lao dong dtWC b6i duong vii hufin luy~n can phai thong qua giao
duc 111,'liu', thc thue hicll dIme. Vi the. giao duc Iii phuong phap eua l,li s,in xuiit suc lao
dong. ChClc Ililllg chit 'CU cLla gi,io duc doi vai tai "In xufit sue lao d(>lig nhu sau:

I. (;hio due co the t,ii s,in xuiit klu! nang lao d(lI1g cua con nguOi

l'.tic lirng m'H ..gi{/() dlJC S(;- !~l() ru kIll; /Icing /(/0 d(Jl1g ", "(di san xlIlii ClI(J giui ntf)
C(J!lg II/hill "ling [hc'ri cfiJlg h(lO /llim lJ"llyell [hlJ r(1 [ieh tdy ltl' nhi<ill 'jut hf CliO nie kt
lIong". NhLrng suy Iuiln ph,ill do,in khoa h9C nay noi r6 giao d,!c iiI phuang,phap quan
trong (i[a ['ii "ill xui,t SIIClao dong. VilY thrkh,i mlng lao clang eua con nguai Iii gl? Gi,io
duc thuc ILi,. ph,il Iri~1l khil llill1g lao dong cua COil nguai nhu nao') Trang Tu bim luiln
M'lc dc, du ra: ChLlng ta I, gi,ii ,Lrc lao dong hoilc kh,i nang lao dong iii su tong hap ella
tri lllc vii [hc Ille dltoe ,.im tIullg ton tai ttong chinh ban [hfm can ngnai [LreLt trang C0 tht
can n~l(t'li
'-
dan!:!
'- ~ \"~\rn(Si khi con ngl10i lao
s6rH~. ..
fa mot gi,l tri ';1'fdung Il~\Od6. i'-J6i rnc)l

55
 cach c~ the! Iii hilm y kha nang lao dong va d,1c [flrng cila n6 C6'lhc! e!tfOc scm xc't lir
nhu'ng mat nilY. Ham y eua khit nang lao dong gum c6 oa ~':

ThI? nhd; Iii lit Y

nghi~ thong Ihuang mil n6i. kh,i nimg lao dong Iii chi kh,i n'lng
chinh phuc Itr nhien ho(\e ehinh phue the giai kh,kh quan cila cQn nglrbi. iii kh" nil11g lao
d,ing Cila con nguai, Iii sJ! t6ng hoa the !tIC vii trf tue clla con ngtriri.

TllIl'lw; la Mac n6i: "Cd Ih,;' giri; h,illg h'lO C!I Ih;;' phrin ch;o ,h,lnh ho; I'h,in' ,hi;
nl/{ii I,i khd wing (00 dQllg, IhI? ha; hi h,illg 1/(10 kh,;c "11; h'lll ,h,i,! kh,; '.I,ing lOll ,iring ".
Dlly Iii kC'l qua eu~ sJ!quan ~,it'tit y nghia chil nghiatu h,in. Iii n6i suc lao dimg cling lit
hang hoa. no 1hu9C v~ h~mg ,hoa ella b(ln thtm ngLfl1i Ct-mg nh;:m. J~i d6i tm.l'ng mil ngu(\i
chu vii nha Im\y, hi~u buon mua. Trong xii hcii phuongTay hilllgh6a SIIC lao c1i>ngcliii lilp
veli himg h6a I'M chat khac. Ngtrc1i chll vii nha m,iy, hicu ouilll dua vilo gi,\ Iri thilng dlr
rna kha nang lao d<;llg eu" ngtrai cong nhan lao ra de' c6 c!trc1cI'oi nhuilll cao.
ThI? ba la tit 'i nghia
hi;;n clai rna n6i, phdl trien kh,i nang lao d(lIlg cila con nguiri.
nang cao kha nangjlao d(>ng cua con nguili chu yeu IiI chi khai th,k trf tuc ella Con nguin.
nang cao tri Ihue kl10a
,
hoc vii;trlnh
I
d(> san XU'lt c'ua con nguai.

Tren dlly la d6i ham y 'eua kha nang lao clang clla con nguCri, tir trong m"i hilfll ~.
c6 the' 11m ra nhiing d(\c trtrng co ban nhu sau vc kh,i nilng lao dong cila con ngll,1i: Ihll
nhal la n<) la slrc lao d(>ng song cua can nguai, han niia ton (ai lrong chfnh hoal ,long Cl"l
can ngtrai, Iii phan khong the!chia eftt vai h'ln Ih,1n Clla nguili lao '!(lJ1g. TIll'! hai iii n6 chi
c6 trang nganh "in xuiil viii eh,ll nhiil dinh. trang lao d6ng. trang khi s,in suiit gi,i,tri Sir
dung nao d6 mai c6 Ihe! duqc phdt huy ra, Thu ha iii ngoili gi,j Iri Clia h,in thill1 "in su,it
., I

fa n6 con c6 the t~b ra nhiing gi,i Iri mai, Cung chfnh Iii n6i kh,i nang lao el(,'ng c6 t"",
lam cho gi,i tri clla hin Ih,in kh'l nil11g lao dong vii gi,i Iri mil n6 tao ra ul Slf ehe'nh IL-ch,
nhtrng hill1g h6a khlie khong c6 d~lc lrung nily. Chfnh nhu nhiing gi l\1;ic n6i: "KI"i n,ing
lao dong sri df Id s'/n .r/{,7',. /ri. do giri 1ri Clio 110\'0 g;G Iri II/(i Jl() lao ra ('(I Sit kh,1c "i(;1 ".
Giao duc c6 the' la+ cho kh,i ili.t1g lao dong ella can nguai phdl huy diiy (hi. lilm eho <lac
Irtrng cua n6 dlfqc bjc'u llie'n ra Jiiy du, phal lrien len. D,iy Chll yeu iii \'i "in SU'II. ph,il
trie'n va nang cao kh" n'1ng IfiO u9ng ella can nguai, iii vicc thuc hien lrong hoat ,1<"1'::
Ihvc tien xii h,)i s:tu nay, Iii thpng qua gido duc Vilhu,in luyen mil cejdlfCYc. Beli \'i sir ph,,;
Irien giu'a giao duc vii kha nang lao d(>ng c6 m6i <juan h~ till nhicn hcn trong. SII ph,il
trie!n va nang cao giao d~c doi vai kh,i nang lao d6ng crl tac dung "i, ,ini) hlrc'll1g tnrc tiL'p.
i
2•. Giao dl!c cO th~ thar d6i tin~ dUll vii hlnh lh:ii cua kh~ nang lao dong Clla
con nguiri
!
Trang Tu ban Iu(\n Mac chi ra: "Mllliil c!,il h,;n ch,;; ('fi" I'I!II ngl(/ri "inh
111Il.\'

Ilu(rlng l<il1lnr) co di(O'c kTn{)ng \'(i kl.rt/o ('fia Cling \,;,\'1,,0 ,hing nh,i; dinh, 11',;' ,It,i"It .11('
100 d~)l1g cltlfyel1 nU>!1 l'rl h(){(11 lhi~;11 I/!I ('(Ill OJ dl(~/C S~( .~I;(I{) (!lJe 1'(1 hUc/il 111.'"(/) Ii/Iii!
ilinft ". Tfnh chat cua kha nang lao d6ng clla con nguoi cung dlmc goi iii ch,Yt Iu()',~ Iii 1<',
chat. .Ch.t'tyeu la chi nan/!•....
cao lrinh do. trf tue. clla nguiJi
•... lao uilJ1g
..... thc' lue, hie'n 'lie I:t"
d(>ng chua thanh th~c Iro Ihanh Sllc lao dong Ihilnh thuc. ~lil Irinh di) Irf tuc CIl;, ll~,riji
lao d(lng the IIfC chu yeu la chi trinh d(> ~i,i~ duc Clla n6 "il trinh c1(,'ki Ihu;I1 "in \11,11.

56
trang do trinh d<:,gi,io due ":, Il1lre dei gi,io due lai la ye'u to ehfnh, VI the co [h~ e6 duqe
ket luan: thong qua gi,io due co the huiin luy~n boi duang sue lao d9ng chua thanh thl,!c
thanh sue lao dCHlg thilIlh thue, thay d(li tinh chiit cua kh<i n<lng lao dong eua can nguai,
nang cao chiit l,r(1I1gkh,i nilIlg lao dong cua can nguai, Hinh thai kh<i nang lao d9ng cua
con nguai Chll ycu 1:, chi lao dong ma suc laod9ng lam, Iii lay hlnh thai th~ luc lam chu
yeu, hay E, liiy hinh thai lao dong trf OC lam chfnh, ciing cOIM noi la lao dong gian don,
hay la lao dhng phlrc tap, Iii lao dhng mang lfnh chiil Ih6rig lhuang, hay Ii, lao d<;mg
ehuyen man, i\lae chi ra gi,io due "oi tu each Iii mal hlnh thue phl,!c vI,!, no co th~ lam
kha nang lao dong tha, ekii hinh Ih,ii, liull kha nang lao dong co tfnh ehuyen man, Giao
dl,!e co thl'i bic'n SUe let" c!<:lllggi,in don. sue lao dong mang tfnh Chal thong thuang, tilllg
wang hU'ln luycn trc1Ih,'tnh slrc Lio deing ehuycn man va phue tap, tuc la nhung nh:1 khLJa
hoc, kien truc sO', nhiln ,'icn kj Ihu:,!. .. Vi the' thong qua giao due co the" (1Icas,:i'c 1"0 dung
lay kinh nghiem lao d<:mg thc iVe ,:, kj ni,ng lao dong lam dac trung thay doi boi dl/ung
Ira thanh sue lao dong ldy hinh thai tri thuc khoa hc;>eIii dac lrung, t,lng ClfO'ng Ih:lIlh
phan lao dong lrf lue trong qua trinh ""l xuiit ",it ehiit, liun eho slce lao dong Iii chi co
kh<inang cua hinh th,ii let" dong gi,in don ph,it tricin Ih:lIlh sue lao d9ng co kh,i n,ing hinh
lhai lao d9ng phuc lap, Scre lao d<:>ngphlec tap va ehuyen man, kien thuc khoa hoc ,,:, ki
lhu~t ehuyen man ella chung tuy co mot bo phan la xuiil pMt true tiep tll ellOC song xa
h9i va lhue lien ,an ,\uiil. nhung dai bo phitn ehu yc'u Ii, xuilt phat til gi,io due va hu:in
luyen chuyen man, Th~o 'v ph,it lri.in eu" lhai dai, tac dung r'JlTnh vue nay cua gi,io dl,!e
ngay cilllg r6 reI.

II, T,ae d~ng eua giao d~e trong tai san xuat lue luang san xuat hinh thai
tri thue khoa hoc
Mac tilng noi: "{rollg lite 1'lo'JIg s,ill ,r",ii CIIl!g Ihlu /i,illl cd khoa IIoc ", va con noi,
san xuiit Ian ehtl nghia llf h,in (1 eh" "('(i '11((i Irillil ,\,ill ,Ullii killillg pillii Ii) kixdo IrW riei'
tlw(Jc l'e' IIgl((fi ('ring IIl1il/l, 11/(1 I(i hit'it lii~;/I ri' Sl/ /(Jlg dlJI18 ~'!{a kllOa Itf}C 'rong m(it (,(JJ1g
I1gllf ", ''1''1 ",ill I,) !til' s[( I,h,il /I'i,';, Iich ;."I( IIi('1I C!JIIlllii dil;h Clla h(c IWmg Still ,urJi h)/II
IIei, cle', lrullg IIll1rllg 1[(, I[(Ollg s,ill ,u((ii wi)' Cllllg "(10 hU/II klloa h(JC ", Con noi: "CIifi III
11111el1
k/J()lIg lti/ll 1''' ",ii ki /II(h III1)C wio, klJ()lIg 1(/0 ra xe I. 0, /II(iy J1IiJc, dllirllg Sd" di('11
hao, nUIY cI<,! cl1(.'y C(l1I SI/(i; "{in I'tin. ({filing hI sdn pli(tm ella S/((',/(/O d()J/g Clia COIl
I1gmfi, hi \',il ,II,ii "i('i, rillillil
/It 11111"11 ('() IIlii)' ehl"lIgl( fI/ lilliI'll rheo ,'I chi Clia COli IIgf{(fi
hO(lc e() !!I(i." 'rollg !J(I~/l d~jllg g;(Ji 11/ IIh;('1/ (Jiu COlll/gi(f}i. Cluing h, h(j mdy c1till }lUO CliO
c()n JlgJ(ii dlJ COli nglfrii !If lay Sting 1~/(J ra: hi ".re 11(~lllg 1,'-; ,11lre \'(i[ h6o. Sl/ phar In'{n
Clla hii s,ill oj'd!lIh cJ/i (fl, ki(;'l ,11/((' .\ii 1t()j tlu}lIg 111I((/lIg Irollg nll((' d{) h/II 1I11l( \'~iy do
biei, (I{(IIII, Il(e Ilcollg s,ill ,weil fI'l«' li,'i', flf d,) ",ill llliili c/tillh di/u ki<'11 CliO ijUa Irillil
sllll, 1/Ii'.'1 ,\(/ itoi Imll,' Ill/Ie dr', /r;1I IIII1C ",.i." IIllilll d,(or sIr khrii'15 cile' "illil IIIwfllg Clla Iri
lite ",i illc" "io 1(1 Ille d,; II") dltor Iii'.')' tlrii ", Nhlrng phan tich va trlnh bi,y sang suot nay
eua M,"c l:'r trung n6; 10 tlOng <lieu kicn "m xuii! cong nghicp may mac lan, ban than
khoa hoc tl.1I1hicn chil1h Ii, I,ce I,rung ",n Xliii! xii h()i, la m9! loai luc Iliung "in xllat xa
hoi th()[]Q tl\lr(fn~, Lve I,r,fn~ "111xlIiil eoa hinh lhai lri thuc khoa hoc cung co the' goi Ia
m'Ot lo"i~lue I,r\j~lg "ill xu:it-ticm timg, Vi the' Id,ie' eho rilI1g'hlnh thai biCli hien eua Ive

57
Itrqng S,l.ll x.u,ll la VO Cling c1a d(.mg. c6, eli l~\ "1/.((' -;J(~"!lg s(in xlui', ,CliO Ion d~')!lg ('If

hirll r!lmg", c6 cai.la "hre 1l\'!I1g s,in .wril .r,i hr;j Ihr)ng IllIrfrng": e6 l,fe Illnn)' "in\,,:
ella h,nh th;li V[,t chat, cung d6 I'le luang "in \uiit ella hinh th,li tri thlle. ell l'fC IUCing "in
\uiit do xa hoi kcrh9'P san Xuat eita ngLf0i lao dong. cling co I'le Illong "in \U"t el"l d
'lhi\n. Khoa hge thlthuQe ve Ille !LIang s"n \u:it ella h'mh th;li Iri thlle. Loai !LIe IllOng "in
\u[it nay tnlae khi ung dung vao qu,1 trlnh s,in \U"t hien dai th, cling kh'1Jlg ph,ii IiI Itf
lieu lao d9ng rieng ciing khong ph,ii la dilllg eho qu,1 trinh "in \U"t hi,'n lime. chi u',
tham gia lIllie su v!io cae yell to ella Ille Inon'g s;in \uclt thi mlli e6lhe cl]\lv(n Ihilnh lIfe
!lfang s,in \ueit vi! eh[it tnretie'p. Vi the Iue Illlmg "in \u[il nilv Ilwimg deu mang linh
th[lm th[iu, t[nh ::em ,In, tfnh d[,ng 1[lng. Hien dai hi);1 '1u,1 Irlnh "in .xu,Yt1:1"r chuv(n h,',a
qwl trinh dUy Ilr 'lil;,'" "lUi!' "II <'110!'hi/lh III;/Ih l',i "lUi!' nl ,.ho /lhll ((III (I;" ,nil
"Ilnie
ngu/)'; ". Thea lien itrll1h ClU thai d,.ii. then sv ph,lt triell \'~l (eng d1,IT1g kh{)Il~ Il~i(ll~ lr(ln~
Iinh v~le khoa hge k, Ihuat mai mc, '1uan dioim VI dai ni,y ella ;>.t',e ,Iii eilllg ngi,,' ei,n)' 1(1

ra qwm trQng. Co ~1gw)'i cho'rtmg: "T/Ufi d~/i ('(/ell m~lIlg /.:hfl(/ h~JC J.) rlllf!)! m/(i. klll!!n:;,,'
lao d(ing dill yell lh6ng p/}{i} hi <1//0 l'tin ,h/ ".re', mll I(i 1((" 'ri ,lure \'(1 ,,.f 'lf~; /(;,/11 ('(I'sr;. ...
"/1/(' Ilffing srln .\'I/(Ji e,ia Iri IIII(C rI(1 ,h,/nh "Ii<ill r,i' Ihell cill',', lIil111i,. s,in XII,ii '11I\'l'i ,1",11,
slie ('(lnll II'{/nll. Thelllh 11(1/kinli Te''', ebn et\ hoc ~i,reh" r,1nc xii 1,,',1llro'nc la.i Ii, ""illl"
Iri Ih;rc C(lO elii""
,
",WI il(ii Ih
, 111(; ", ".\'(i hrii '!lr;;'g lill". T[I~ng xah,ii nh~r "~['yo"in \lI,,'1
v~t eheit 'chit yeu d~ra vao khoa hoc kl thuaL dua \'ilo slle s,in xuiit cl,a hinh Ih,ii tri thtk de
ph at tritn. Dieu nhy se eang eh(rng minh eho suy lu,:m ella ~1;\C \'e tri thl'rc khoa hoe iii
sue san xuat lit d~ng dt\l1 hoan toan, m[,t khae cling nt\j ro gi,io due Ii, con ,ltl,\ng '1llan
tr9ng phil h9'P va thge hien xu the' ph,lt trien nay. Ii, phuong ph,ip quan lr"ng el,a I,;i san
xu;';t hie hrong sari
xu[it elm hlnh thai tr; lhlle khoa hoc. Chll vc'u throc the' hic'n ,', nhlrn)'
rn~t sau: I

l.Giao d~c co ehuc nang xa hqi nhu truyen Jai, tieh IllY, pluit tri6n \'3 t;ii s:in
XIH'it khoa hqc
Anghen tung chi ra, s& phat trioin eita khoa hoc Iii "1/' It; fl(f''IIg ,hi,.h (Ii" IIMW ''''

IIlIic nUl The' he Trlffre Truye'i! I(li rho Ihe'l/(; .1'(111".i\1;\e cling lilng n6i: ":\1,;i IJI{"r i "
'1";/11 de'" '//(11111"crr sri (fld I1hi7'l1g phll' minh lifJ1 hn~k .\"1/ nit" ,il"1 !11fiiC/io J7JII(rln:~ ,11lfc' ,\(/11
.\'II(ii ". Nhfrng suy doan ei,;, M:\c-Anghcn da chllllg minh su ph;'1 trien ella khoa l"'l' u',
tfnh ke thil'a rat Ian. Tinh truy~n lai, tich I lliy. h~e t[lp nhlrng [himh '1u,i khoa hoc eu"
lien 11han la dieu ki~n lien de eho Sll ph,)! Iricn \il l;ii "in .\u:lt el,a h,i11lh[,n khoa hoc' B,,,
\'1 heit luan la khoa hge xii hoi hay 1'1kho" hc,c nr nhien thi ,ICu kh':>ng ph"ili,,,;n ph;'11ll
el,a mOt giai dO:)'1 Ijeh sir ni,o dt\. mi, iii sU k'-:llinh clla (;i 1ll"1 '1u;i Ir;nh ph,il Iric:n Ileh ,(f
ella xii hoi loai nguai, la qu;1 trinl1 lieh ,iT kh(mg ngirng truyell lai, I[eh ju'. ph:11 IriC'll '"
1.:1iS;l.ll xuSt \];1 gi,lO d\;lC cc) cl-:,((c n;-lng J(IC bi~t lrong qtd trtnh J!ch ",l'r n:1Y C(; chtrc n;-ln,~
d,)c bi~l, gl,tO cl~l~I119t m[ll c~in t:ll1g CI1C1ng giilO d\IC khoa hqc cn ,,(',.. ];in1 cho l1hlrn~ kiL'f1
thue khoa hge co b,in rna loai ngllai tieh lliy duoe tll tnrile tl1rac IruyC:1l dal IiI Ih,'; he 11:"
den the he khae dat n6n m6ng eho ph:lt minh khoa hoc mtli. m[lt kh;ie gi,io due e<\11ei'll
kh6ng ngilng ph,l.llrien khoa hge, t,li s,in xu[\t kho" hoc miTi. "ing lao \'i, khai Ih,ic nh'-Il1~
1,,;11Vlfe khoa hoc maio Vi du can ell vi,o li,i lieu lien '1uan. ,'j \1I 7()" lk ti,; ,i, d'(1] \1

5R
nghien cCru khoa hoc ucu lit Ihuc'lc vaa nhling twang Dai hQe e6 tieng, nuae Mi e6 rat
nhicu thilllh l/ ull nghicn' cuu mal Iii do nhling Iwcmg D;ii ~Qe. Vi dl,l nhu: bo phan thu<')c
phia Nam S'Il1Lin,ic(; clla \li. tai UilYc6 eong ty ban dan ~huyen lam eong vii;e S'lll xufil
b'lllg Silie mini hop'thilnh mach dien. may tinh, ph an mem lien tien, ehiem khoang 1/5
lrang I,ing ngaeh buon ban eLIa thi lnrang Chal ban di\n lren the gi6i. eho nen e6 ket qua
nilY, 'nguyen nhill1 l/uanlrung CLIano Ii, difa vao lifc luqng nghien etIu khoa hoc ella vien
nghien eCcu vii lnrimg uai hoe. lrung do eo m<')t so Iii kct qU~1nghicn eCru mil nh,in vien
nghien cCru kh"a hoc eLIa hQe I'ien tao ra vii cia dal uune rfit nhieu Ih:U1h 'lUll nghien eCru
khoa hoc m(li,

2. (;iao due co tae dung trung gian lam eho khoa hqe ehuyen h6a thanh ki
thuM san xuit

Trong eu6n Tu ban lu,lIl eLIa :-'lae. lrlnh bil)' vii phantich nhii'ng man khoa hQc nlw
c6ng ngh~ ht.JC Y~l tnrt1!tg ki thu~lr nghj~p \'t..J do each m~mg sAn xU<tt cOlig nghi~p-1(.t() ra.
Truang kithuill nghiep \"tl "i,
e6ng nghe hqe la eon du:ang quem trq",g lam eho khoa hoc
tra thill1h ki lhuil!, In'llhill1h !tre Iu:ong s,in xuiit trife liep Va
life luqng s"n xuflt hien thue.
Thong qua giao duc ki thu;ll nghiep vu va cong nghe h9'e e6 the lam eho eong el! thit
eong In1lhilllh may moe, hoim lhien eong el! san xu at , phat trien eong el! san xuat, cai
lie'n ki thui'l "in xui!, nilng cao sCre s~in xufil xii h<')i.Di,eu naydung nhu laiMae-Engles
tung n,ii. luc IU,Hlg "in xuiit lao d<')ng khong chi du:qe quyet dinh boi ki xao eita nguai
lao dllllg mi, eiln clll1g dlf<.le quye't dinh boi mue d<')hoan thii;n eita eong el! san xufil,
"gi,i" d/le .1',' !,illl ell" 11t"1I1l1li<;1Ieel llt/ 1I1l,,"h chong rhell/h I/U,lO v6i hf tholll! sun ,l"wi'l ".

Hi~n (ai r:tt nhi~u' ehllllg minh e6 the n6i r6 vfin de nay, VI du nhu m<')t loat nhling
lhiel bi m,iy m6e "i,
ki lhuil! m(li nhap tu nuae ngoai ve, hte luqng ki thui).t trang nuae bi
han the', kh6ng th~ .sir dung may moe maio khong hieu ki thui).t m6i. Trang thue tien nhu
vflY kh(,a hoe ciln dura chuy,'n lhilllh ki thufl! s,ln xufit hi~n thife, chua ehuyen thanh dieu
kien th()ng thuimg ella san xufi!. chua hlnh thimh Iu:e luqng san xuat trife tiep. Trang tlnh
hlnh nllll "':'y, mot s6 l(lp h6i (hrong giao due ki thui).t'trang thai kl ngan do m<')l so
ehuyen gia vi, nhflll ,i~n ki lhuil! mo lam eho nhieu nguai rat nhanh eh6ng hoc duoc
eaeh sic dung vii m('1 rimg, I'lm eho nhflng eong eu silll XUal hien dai tien tien dii e6 va kl
lhuilt lien li~n lhc'.1,clham gia Y'IO qu,i lrlnh s'tn xufit, lU do e6 the lrue tiep nflllg eao llce
Ilcongsllll ,\uiil lao di1l1g, Hien nay khilll ehuy~n khoa hoc thanh ki thui).t san xufit elm
Trung (,iu6c ':1I1 Lt mol khilU Y~"<l.Thong Ilurill1g so sanh veli cae nuae phat trien, tien b<')
kilhual lrung Ii I~ t"lllg trLfcmg Clla nen kinh Ii' qu& dill1 ehic'I'" tec 40';0 den 60% mil licn
bi) ki lhuill clla Trung Qu6e lrung l;lng Incimg kinh Ie 'luGe dfm theo tfnh loan c6 lien
quan thl \':,n clwa teli 10';. ;\guy~n nhiln eiil 16i eLIa vi~e nilY lil hieu sufil el,a lhimh qua
nghien eCru khoa hoc cLla Trung (,iuoe ehuycn hoa lhanh k'i thU~1 san x ufit , chuyen h6a
thanh slre S'll1 .XUillIfllC liep Iii qu,i lhfip. Neu muon thay d6i tlnh trang nay thl m<')tdieu
ki~n va l'illlg 'I uan trung Iii tilng nc<i'ng Slf phat trien eua sif nghii;p giao clue, coi trQng
ehlcc nilng LL"I gi,;o due IlDng viin de khoa hoc ehuycn hoa lhanh k'i thuftt S'lil xuat, dfte
bid I" g"i" due ki thu,,! ngh~ nghiep cilng dn eo blcae phal lricn 16n.

59
 3. (;i30 due la hinh thue co hii'u hi~u el,n hi! san xuiit Iri tli~re khon hoc
I\tk noi: "\I;(;r ddn/' giG S(I/] phej}1l Cliu I[}(t J:-;/,:~I frf r'ic - k!J(la hoc. //!(!n Ill/IIi l!leijl
"(1'/1 ','.'i("11 ,"f) l'{'i Dill
,'"
/, .. Clla 1:1'; ". Bai \'1 Ihbj ~1;\1l lao .
ut"mf2 m:l L.li ';1[1 \u;\t ~h(),1 hoc
'h,'!: ~i;lnlao dtmg mil .<\11:\uftt'khoa h~)C c.-in thilYt l~l kh()flg the s(»~lnh dtr{.ic,
(';';n lil;(L ".:
Vi Liu h')(';"I, ::-c"i"'- IhiJi •..."illn nll~1 '-~;ij d6nQ'- hI) co th~ hoe dU0e hai dinh I". dCin Ih,'re 8,,';
- ". .

, ~J;IO dw' 1:1 - )ng vi~c eua con ngl(l\j 110-nh~lI1h Iruycn L.ti nhi"rng Iri Iht'rc kho,! hnc m;\
can ngu'ol lich luy trong thai ,rian di,i. nhlrng kiL'n thue ni,,' dii th()J1g 'lUll qr hra chnn,
chill lac. gia eong, khai quat.:D6ng thai trang quj trinh truyen dat lai lai C"l phLcong 1,1':"
['I:lng clay. truyen dat khoa h9c. vi the hieu su:lt tlrLing rl6i cao, eho nen nlii gl'l" rI'l,
hinh thuc hlru hieu clla truyen dal vi, tai s,in xu;il tri thlrc khoa hoc, th()J1g 'lUll g;,;n rlue
c6 the nil I,,,;'n r;lt'nhieu thai gian lao d6ng Ihiet y(;'u ella t,ii "in xu,i'l tn thlrc khn" hoc'
Hi~~nnay CClc ntracitrcn the gi6i d(lC bi~l coi trqn!! ph•.tt trlc'n gj;\o dt.lc Ci\n c'-tp. h~)'i\'1 ~i;\Cl
clue kl thuat ehuyeh man cao la mat trim qu,m trong clla I,ii s,in ,xu;11tri thlre kholl hoc,
nc\ e6 t,\e dung [lh,it trii!n khoa hoc. mr1 rong ki thlllil. lhue d;;\' IHe IW1J1gs,in"J;'\ ph:it
tr;cn, Trang co eau giao d\ic eao c:i[l co r;il nhieu C0 quan nghlcn elTu khnll 11" ' "" ,Iicu
kicn nghien elru khoa h9C. Ban tha'l no ehfnh Iii noi truy-endat tri thlre khoa hoc. n(, eli tlr
licu Iranh ,lnh viI tHiet bi thue' nghi~m tlfting d6i ho,m thien. e6 m()t doi ngli glli" 'icn ,'irll
co thi! lam cong tae gi,\o d\le vua e6 the lam eong t,le nghicn cuu khoa hoc "'I ,1:,111
nhiem n~ii'ng eong trinh nghien cuu 1(111c:i[l quoe gia. D6ng Ihi1ichu\'cn 111(1l1ell" dIe
khoa va de lo<)i hlnh man h9C trang co c:iu gi,\o due eao elt[l cling \!f(1ng d6i kii'n lo,m.
bilu khong khi h9ethuat vi, nghien elnJ khoa hoc eung r:lt s(,i n(\i, bon nlrll nghicn U'nl "I
day hoc eung Ihueid;iy Ian nhau, VI the v() eung e6 lai elm nghi':'n elru kholl hoc "I [lh,il
minh sang tao. Bien truang hge b,ic eao tra Ih,mh Irung t;lm ella gi,ing dll' "" nghii'n u'ru
khoa hoc la vice lain phu h<;Jpv6i quy lu(,t gi,\o duc "i, cling phil h0p ,'6i >If ph,lt Incn u'J:I
khoa hoc.

Hien nay, khoa hoc ki thuat ph,lt trien manh me. s,in .xullt ra m(,t Inat kh,," hoc ki
thuat m6i, vi du: ki thuat vi dicn tlr, c(}ng trinh sinh hoc. tia laze. ki Ihu;,t tla Sling. kl
thuat khong gi<ln. klthutn hai cJJl'(J'i1gvan v,in, han nfra dang tung hlT(lc hinh th:1I1h 111"'\
t;IP hop khoa h9C ~IthuM m6i, Sv ra doi ella nhlrng khoa hoc ki thu,n m,',i ni,,' lku e,',
qunn he m,it thie! ,Hong thi! tach rai v6i giao duc. co nhfrng khoa hoc ki Ihu"lt LI[[(lc 1'l1
(kfi tir de tnrong 4,li h9C 16n. D6ng thai trang tap ho'p khoa hoc hi thutlt 1116in,,,' Cll eii
dii dU'rle ap dung yao trang qua lrinh siin xu;il v;lt:ch;11. rlii Ii'll Ihi,nh ki thu;lt Slin \U"l.
hinh Ih'll1h I're 1'f(Jllg siln xuat tnre tiep, co elii eLl kh,i n"lIlg trong l'L\ng ""i n'1111"lU ho"c
<I! '~:'.:ICn:'l~~l:,:~':1.'1:).~ \{-~:r1U0C (1]1 dt.lJl~ ,,:'\11
trnr~ r!'!:llllnh '<Ill .\U •.
'\'l \";"n ch,Yt (ll;io due
(kIng \';,li Ira \'0 C:'I'i:~ ;::;:~'~ 'n))'." "'1.11:'1 \'1 '-f'~~' iI;;'l~\ llhanh ch6ng nh,-rng h:h{)({ hIll" 1<1
1])'1:"11 .~. t'~ ':::.' "\nh .,,('m 'Xlii)" ".;'11 ch:Y! TlTlh I~ur'<ng m{1i n;'IY i\Lk chua d~rdO;IP
. lrl)~h b~\yva
ph~ln !I"l] Lc' nliu Ill":' dU0C, \hlfng nhlfJ1g nguycn I~' Ui
:~:I

:". 11',.,:: ':-ll~lgiao

clue li'ong t;li '<In '\IL'll lri Ihlre kh()~l hoc \','t 1<ie dung Ctl.1 gi;\()
l" ~ i "'~:lg 'iu" lrlnh bie'n kboa hoc thimil kl lhu,H s,in XU'"l CUll" Lie 1,1 "lnh h;,"~. I:t
nh Cr,l!;nguycn Iy e6 y nghla Ii IU;JJ1ph6 hic'n,
 Bai 3: Hoc thuyet gia trj lao d(>ng va giao dl,lc

Hal nhim ella hqc Ihuyc'l gi,i Iri lao dqng eua'Mac-Anghen la tai san vat chat eua xa
hoi li\ tI" ngllbi lao clcing sung tao ra, lao dong l~o ra gia trf, VI the tdang quan vai n6 Ii,
tilll lau ella nglrbi lao U(Hlg 11('11trau uoi ngang gia trL dlfa:vao lao dQng m;\ ll"(IILrmlg ...
Trung nhCrng liluim ni,y ball gam nhCrng quan die'm va ll! tucmg eua gia tri kinh Ie: xa h(li
li0n quan 1,1igi,io due, Vi the c6 Ib0 n6i hoc Ihu)'c't gia tri lao dqng eua Mae-Anghcu ,,'
quan di~1n lrao d(:Ji ngang gi~l tl"!.. J~r~1\lao lao dQIlg Ina tni luang la nen ti:lng If IU(lI1
nghi0n cllu linh to,in Mll w gi,iu due vi. bieu qwi kinh Ie ella dau II! gi,\o clue,
Trung hl.JC thuyc.:.-'tgij tr! lao oqng C:lIa Mac-Anghcn b~lO goo1 co rill nhicu lU tucmg
"i, quan di0m gi,i tri kinh te e'la xa hqi licn quan tai giao dl,le, Chung ta trang trinb bi,y
"i, phill1 lich qliy lu,H gi,; trj lau Jong cuhg cia cle c['p clCn /TIqt so hi~n wgng kinh te vi,
quy luat kinh IC' trung linh V\ICgi,io due. Trong cl6 quan di6m licn quan lai chi phi gi,io
clue Ii, b(, ph':"1 du Ihiinh gi,i tri cl,a sllc lao cI(lIlg, philll tieh vii trinh bi,)' lien quan lai t,1e
uung ,el'a gloio duc lrung hlnh thimh gioi Iri kinh te' wong clai eao ella sue lao c1qng phue
lap, III nlling li0n quan tai gi,i Iri cua gi,io d\IC cloi v6i sI! ph,\t Irien eua kinh Ie va vat Chal
xa h(,i thl c'iu1g llLii bi,t.

I. Chi phi nia giao dl,lC Ii! be) ph*n dill thanh cl'ta gin trj suc lao dQng
• t\hie n6i: "Chi I,hi gido "UC nil! SI(Clao d(JJ1g lIiy Ihlfo ";I(C iii? plu(c I(IP ella lillh
clhii .11(,' Ill" ",ing "hi n; ,lIll.:h,ic hi\'I", Vi the ehi phi giao'dl,le nay clai vai sue lao clqng
rho lh,')()g mil n6i 1:, CUc ki nha b~. Bao gam lrang SI! tong hoa gia Ir! rna t,IO ra sue lao
cI<)ngeta ti0u h"li. :\nghen eung n6i gia tr! lao dqng bao ham ba y nghia: mqt la phi duy
Ir! cuoc ,<lng, thlr h"i 1:\ phi dn thi.:t cI{nu6i dI!6'ng con e~ii, rht! ba ,1'1ngoai ra con Gin
thi0t tieu gi.; tri \'lli so Ilclmg nh~lt clinh. lilll1 ngI!oi e6ng nh:ln c6 tlH~phat trien I!!,e1I!C!ng
lao u,ing Cll" mlnh \'il e6 dllCle ki nimg nhiit dinh. Dieu nay n6i r6 gia tr! tong hgp Clla Il!c
Illung lao J<:lng lit do b" b{, ph~1I1h,.)p th'"1h tue la phi tI! li~u sinh ho"t can thiet ella ban
Ihill1'llc lao ,kIng. phi III li0u sinh ho"t dn thiet ella con di Il!e 1I!C!ng1"0 dqng, chi phi
chiu gi,i" duc \'i, bc'ii dl{(-mg Cll" 111eItl'.iIlg lao dc1ng. Chiphi giao dl,le Vil boi du0ng lit mot
Ihilllh ph"n [(; Ihimh quan trong el,a long hba e,ic gi,i trj ella sue lao clqng. Chinh 1:, n6i
slce lau dl)ng Iric dll" ""0 1,0u clung ttCli0u sinh ho,11 de' duy Iri va tiel' tl,lCt:ii S'1I1XWIt ra
eon ciln dll" \"'l) li0u clilng "in xuiil. clI!a vi,o ehi phi gi,io dl,le, chi phi huiin luycn V,Ichi
phi hoc [ilp. hinh Ihi\nh n0n ki nilllg "in xuiit eua minh. Mac tung n6i: "Bdi kl khl 1100, I'e'
s,ill pl"iin li,;u ",ing ngo,ii s,in I,h,iill 11,'1.' ,!lillg ({ill 1(li d/fm hlllh Ilu(c hdng hoa ra con
bao grilll iII'" l'I"Jlg nh,ii "inh .1',111 I,h,iin lit' I.' ",ing ({ill 1(li "'I,ii hinh Ilu(c phl,lc V(I. Vllhe'
Io'ng I.:illl 1I.~,.r";, nil! .1',111 ph<iill li,'u ",illg hlii ki !tic 1100 clillg 1011 h(M I.:hl 16'11 IIJi dllo!
dqJlg d/eli \'{./('() '/1I..;'I{(;/I elling. 'flur !II Ii gill Iff Cltll? /fJ71 hrl"i 1'i }/() ngullg hang vm duy rn'
gici tr! !ltillg /t(IU C!({/ /(ldi 1)/tlJ" \'l.t lIe'y \" t,i(! rri ('Ii" /)({n Iluill nilt/lig p/lIJc VI.'
/11/1(11: ..:

lid.\' ". COl gi •.iu tll.le I~t Jl1l)t hll1h thLrc r11L.1e \"l.t. .!.-:~ jj 1...'1 Ii phi gii.lo d~lc cling 11~:Jl l",' :h<.ii

61
 de? tlf[l'ng (rng, "Cd'11 phdi hit?! r1 c1,iy girjllg nllf( H~(~iIdn fruu d,.)i"~h(in,l!. jUlu "(Ii hcing /UI{/

leI l"[.;'i ngang gicllri d(fi ,\if ngong ,~i(, f"l",

TheD sir phit tri~n ella thai dai vii s\r li,Yn h9 ella khoa hoe ki Ihu,H, ,'i Irf ella chi ['h!
gi<io (11:ICtrong tong gia tri suc lao dQng c~mg ng~lY c;\ng quan. lrQng.' c;mg ng;lY C~\Il.~
duac nang eao, 1l10i kl dau cua i:hu 'nghTa lU h,in, lrong thai kl sir dling :xc hai l1LH'ie.,irl
lao d9ng c6 muc giao d\lc: SO' dang. tifC Iii ve w h,in co the d"p itng nhu ciiu "in :Xllal.
., ;..
Den giai do~n di~n khi, chi phi'gi"o due ella stk lao d(lI1g Un ph,ii n'mg It'n, cOinph,ii C!al
duqe mue d9 giab d\lc lrung eap thl mc'ii e6 the cli,p img nhu cOiu "in '.II,il Ti0n vi,n lhill
d',li moi rna may tinh dien l\:r Iii dai di,;n lhl.cimg e6 y0u du cao hon ,",'ii mirc di, gr"" dUl :
eua sue lao d9ng, yeu du ehi tieu nhieu han cho chi phi gl<io tlile. chi phi hili dlt" :
chi phi h()e hanh, b<1i duiing sire Ian (kng ,~ 'l"lllh d,:, gi,in dllc eI1li~'0n ngilJ1h dai htll ,.;,
lrung hoc ph6 t.hong thl1110i e6 Ihe d,;p ,'rng ..i'lnc nhu ciiu "in :XU'Il.Do ,.,:". c,' Ihe.nhin
Ih'IY xu the Iii lheo 51!phattritin ella khoa hoc kT lhu'lt "il SU img clung rimg rai n,' trong
qua trlnh san XlIill, ket e[iu Ii 19 eua ha yeu 10 e[iu Ihilnh trong I(;ng gi" tri SifCJao cl£)ng ".
l'lO ra Sl! thay d6! vo cung lOn, ehi phi giao dl)c vii b6i duong s0 chiem Ii Irong lucnJ)! d,"
Io-n trong d6. So ~anh gi" ttl eua s.ilc lao dong Chll yeu xem xci Ii Irong I().n nh() el,a chi
phi gi,iod\le vii eri phf hUfir IllY9n.

II. La9.. dQng phu'c t~p Ico gia tri kinh Ie tuang d6i cau
Lao d(mg ph(e lap Iii duqe n6i wang irng voi lao uong gi,in dem. Cm cir vii" hOl
Ihuyet gill [rj lao 'd<1ng ella ~vl~lc.lao d()ng Cllil siln xu[il h:mg h6a Ctl ei.l.lao d(mg ~i;IIldcrn
va lao d(mg phl'rt l~,lP, Ci.li g9i ,:1 l<lo d(1llg gi;in don I:, chi 1,10 d(mg c()n nguiri l'1f-ln~
llurong. Iii lieu h,~o sire lao el(>ng gi,in ,1c1n, "N" I,i sIr li"11 II"" s/i,.I"" ,I,ing ~i,in ,I"n 111,;
111(}j cO' ,17/ Clio "Rlrfr; IJinh JllI(r'tng k/ujng ('() h,ii ki ,\"(f fJ'l{(i'JIg I1ll(l cI/u oi, Loo d~ing hinh

,!/I(in gidll d,l'n IllY h) lrollg IIl1irllg ,!II,i,' gi" kll;ie 1111<111 ",) III,ij ki ,.,{II 1111(/kllde 1111(/11 1111
c6 linll cll,i'r kh(/(~ IIl1all, IIl1irllg Irollg .wi lI(ii IIllli; dinh Ihi C(I linll eill/l IIll1i; ,Iillil ". Gni Iii
lao t19ng phire 1'.If>la ycu du thong qua giao d\le viI hll'In Illy0n ehuy('n m(>n nh,it clinh
liim eho nguoi Ian d9ng eq kT n[mg lao c1(mg nhiYt clinh \'il Ian cl(JIlg ellil Irf lhlie. Chfnh
nhu nhiing gl Mac n6i: "Llio dlillg l/(I/Jlg ",ii "llIie 1\'1' hi clli I"" rI,illg gi,ill rI"n /1.( Ilniil
ho(ic lao d(jng k/~() klJ(ln gtilJ h~)i, \Ii fl1(;' lJl~jl if fU(fIIg Ion d(ing pll1((' f(.'I' JJgfll/,':.! \'(Ii /Jill//(
Mil lao (l(ll1g gil;'! d(m ".

Thong thlro~g mii n6i; thl quy mo s,m XU"I clune sir dung t~()ng "in ,1I,il ella nglri'l
lao qong cang lo-n, hieu nfl~g rimg eao. mire d() phlle lap lrong lao cli'ng llia n') e;\I1~ CiIO.
Noi eu th~ muc d(> phlre I,!p eua lao cI(lI1g 1:, ti~ tfnh eh'Illa<l (l(;ng Cll Ih0. ljll\(:1 cii'lh, 1:,
do niue dfeh, d6i'llrqng lao:d9ng. deh Ihire lao el(lI1g '.'1 k0't qu,i Ian ell")g ci"l 11",11di'n~
<"1 xuit quyet rlinh, Tfnh eh,it ella lao cl(mg eu lh~ I,;h"c nhau. ~'011c,iu c() nhfo;g '111''''-
~i~IO cluc "a hu;Yn luven kh,lc nhau cha nr!lfo-i lao u()J1!.! Ct'l;} LIn (k)Jl~ u', llnh el1;'!l 1

~hau. \11 the Illlit~1(; iao cl6ng phlie lap ';ong lao (1(m; cl'" Il~lriri 1';0 cl,"n~ "" <jlldn hl
mat lhie't voi mird el(>hu[in uY9n gi,io clue ella ngtrili clll. lit stl hi0u hiC'n ell;1 mi,! Ir.'ai Sir,
lao d(>ng. slic lao'd(>ng nay so vo-i ,ue lao cI(lI1g ph6 lh(mg dn chi phi gl<io due cao hon
•
S~r s<ln xu[(t Ctltl slrc lao d(>ng n~lY c{in lieu han lh(\i gian Lu) (1c"'J1!.! nhil::u \..': !hL' nc') <:I', .:21;1
tr! cao. Gill lrj eoa slrc lao;rlQng n;IY L';[O lhl r.c) cling hiL:U hl~'JlI~l I;~()d'""!.' 'I' e;"ifl (";1 1'

62
 cling lrung lhili gian dili nllllik \'~I h6a Ihanh gi,\ tf! eao, Dieu nay ehlIng minh day du,
mlre d() phlrc lap lrang lao dong eua sue lao dQng va chi phi giao duc. lhoi gian dn lieu
hao, gi:' Iri h,in th,w, gi:' If! lilln ra eua no", deu Iii moi quan ;h~ l~ thui;ln, tl
.1 Do lao dring phue lap dn co SII gi,io duc va huanluy~n ~hat d!nh eho nen lao dQng
phlIC lap 1,'1 nhicn dn ,6 chi phi gi,io due wong doi cao: Chi phi dao t~o SlIC lao dQng ,
lhay J,ii ILlY("'0 mue Jo phue I',IP Clia slIe lao dQng, Mac n6i: "Do cac Cf1((C1/(111gCli"
IIg1(ri'j niJl.~ )l11,ill e(1 (",ii ll((mg ,!tii" plllrc I~Jp, c6 cai ([f(Jng c161 d(/n gidH, co cdi tf clil) d{i

1I((l/I,-': d,j[ C([rl, ("(; edj (f e,il) d~j li((/ng dlii' ,Iuil). Vi the' bf} mdy ellO (lllh fa lite le) t';;C Silt
lun l/~jll:": y,jl/ (',ill Illlfe d~i giL1(1 C!lJC r,i, khclc nlwl/, llt do co gia trl \'0 cling khcic IlIWli ".
SUe Iau d(JIIg c6 Iri thue Ih(lI1g IlwClng phili lJU)' han nhieu ~lIC lao dQng cua cong nhan
ph<i lh,'mg, Di~u nilY iiI \ i hu,in luycn nglIO'i lao dQng c6 lfi thuc can tieu hao thai gian va
ti~n haL' Illl1llg J6i nhi~u, eho ncn sue lao dCing co tfi thilc ta:t nhien co gia cao han, Dieu
nay n('l rei lao J(1[lg phue t',IP bao gam Ihoi gian, tien b~c hao phi can Ihiel ho').c nhieu
ho,:le it d.: L'OdU'.lC ki xao (',; ;:all dung tr; thlIc, VI the san 'phiimcu~ mQt gib- lao dQng
phlre IHiP ", \l'ci san ph,in,l eua m'll gia lao d,?ng gian dan liqTlQt lo~i san phiim gia tf! cao
hun mol ho,:" hai !:in, Do chi phi gi;io d\le cua SlIClao dQng phuc t\lP can phai cao han so
I'ai sue la<l dong gi'lI1 don, c6 gia tf! luang doi cao, VI the ciing can phai tra thu lao wong
d6i ca:" Ti~n thl' lao eua sUe lao dqng phlIC I\lP nen cao han nhieu Ian hO\lc ll! thua so voi
Ihu lao eua 'lre lao ,h:lI1g gi,in don: Dicu nay cilng nhu chinh nhu lai Anghen lung n6i:
"11i~;1I /I,'." l,ilJl II,,: /I,i", de" gi,ii qlly~i I'uil de' qllan (r9ng (oilll ditfn liell quail (m clli (ra
"'I" clw
"
(il;'/I Ilfo/lg lUlIng ,!til 11i0 d(jng p/i((C Ilf!p? Trong .wI Mi sail Xlldl (If nluin, clli pili,
• br!i d/flill:~ IlI,illll ill~I(I nglfiti Ilio d(lJIg Id do (If IIMII 1I0(ic giq dinll pll~1 (racil, cho Ilell gia
ni 1/((lJlg ,I,ii ,',1/' ,'Ii,/ 1,"1 d(illg 111,;1111
IIIW' cling lillY I'do sci 11[(11Clill lIt IIllIill ddll (ien: IlIi

14 {II,iJl/, 111\10!>,ill eel gi" Illfll lJI(il Cillil: cling IIlllill Itim IIll/e (hdnil {lu;1O co dtrt;Jc (ieil
il(I!lIg 1I(fllg .I,il (,(/0, Tr"ng ,I",i I/I.ii .Ilfe'c lri' cllI(C 11I1'0IlgIlY~/ lcic cilli Jighia xci III?i {hi chi
pili lI,iy I,i d" xli IIri; g"nh I',i(' clw n';11 k,1 1IIIIi Cli" lao d(jn,~ pf1((C {(IIJj'(C Iti gill {ri IWfIIg
drii Irill d/fll(' 1,.1" I'll CII/lg 'IllY I',; .I,i 111(11
cli" ,1'//II(ii, Btfll IluIn cljng nlldll kh6ng co!Jcir ki
Y~II (',ill 11.~(I,;i,lillil ",i ", TI1~o sl! phat tri~n "In x~at cua xii' hQi va tien hQ ella
11/1('II,;"

khoa hoc, gi:, Iii ~inh k' ,\a h()i cua lao dl~lI1gphuc 1,.11'se ding ngay cilng cao, chi phi
,-
cung c~ulg 1lg.~IYcitilg h'lIl. \'j th~' thll lao ella nglt<"1i lao dqng phuc l<,lP cung t;lng 1Lrong
lIng, I-1icn nay l110i ng,n\i (leu cho r:uIg do S(I phal tric'il nhanh ch6ng cua khoa h()c ki
thu(lt \'~lsl,r Crng.Jl:lIlg I"qng rai ChLlIlg lrang san xu~rlV(ll chftt l~ln1eho yeu t61ao d9ng giiin
don trullg quj lrinh ~all .\u~''-tttee I~lyc'u l{) lao dl>ng. the I~(cng~\yC~lI1ggi,lm c1i, yeu t61ao
dqllg phlfC tap IUCiiI lao l!(ll1g tri tic ng'l)' clmg l:mg len, X Li,il l1iel1yeu 10 lao dQng phuc
lap ng"y cilng ljuan lrong, .\U,'il hi,'n .\u IHClfl1gIr; IUC hoa" ~hoa hoc h6a. phlIC tap h6a
qu,i lrinh Iau dtlng (','I dl,il xii hl:>i,Di~u nay dn di~u liel II trong giLra slle lao dong phlfe
tap I'oi lao ,kll1g gi,in dnn, m(l ning Ihimh ph,il1 slrc lao dqng phli'c I\lP, D6ng thai con dn
phili 11'lng call hon nlra I1h,m lhac e6 gi,i tf! eao Joi \'oi SlIC lao dQng phlIC t~p, diln d,tn
tang IhLIlall cl\() slre lau JI:ll1g phu~ tap, Ihl!e hi~n slre lall dQng phuc t\lP nen c6 lien lhll
lao wang lrng Cal) I1l1u"lac n6i, Trong Ji~u kien xa hQi chu nghia, Ihu lao cua suc lao
•
dOllg nCII ph'lIl chia dlra ('illl nguycn 1;le lao d6ng IIhi~u thl huang nhieu, TI1U lao el,a slre
lao dong ,ti' di c6 SU ~h:l( bid b do nlti~u nguy~n I1h,m t\IO thanh, nhung chu ye'tl 1:1\'1
•

63
 .•.•"
muc do phuc tap la khac nhau, lit vi chi phi giao duc tmac kia sir dung kh,ic nhau, Chillh
lit noi thai gian suc lao dongphai chiu sIr gi,io duc cang dili. chi phi giao uuc cltroe diiu tlr
c;mg nhicu thl muc phuc tap clla lao dong dmg cao. VI xa hoi m;1 tao ra gi,i tn eang
nhih [hi tl1il lao rna xii h9i Ira cho anh ta IUC 1;1dai ngo !trang sc callg nhlcu, O,iy hOlm
lOan phil hap vai hge thuyet gia tri clla Mac.

III. Giao dl;lC I~o d(lng ~e anh huang dfn vi~c hlnh thanh gill tri kinh te
cua xii h(li I i

Giao duc lad d0ng co th~ tao ra gia tri kinh te xa hoi. Chll vc'u IiI chi kel qu:i clla
giao duc lao dong, tire la b6i dlrong sue lao dong tri tliC. sire lao oc)ng th;mh thao. ";1 1,ii
sim xua! khoa hge! Ket h(lp vai tu lieu s,ln xuiit V,l1chSt tao ra ella e,ii V,lt eh,"ir. Clin~ '
nguai ehia no thiulh gia trj kinh te xa hC)i IrtrC I:ep (ttre Iii \<ii "In xu,n s\ic lao cJ,',ng !:,'"
va khoa hoc) va gi~ tri kinh Ie xa h9i elloi 61ng (Itre la ella eli V'lt ch:it xa hC)i mc'li) Oilv
la mot loai gia Iri kinh Ie xii!h9i gi,in tiep. clay eung noi r6 giao due lao cl6ng khClng the
tmc tiep t~o ra cll~ cai v~t e~at xii h9i, No can phai thong qua b6i duong hu:in Illyen Slre
lao dong va «ii s~n xuat khpa hge mai d~qe tlllTe hien, Trang uo cl~e biet, Iii vice hili
duang va huan IUYI~nsue la9 d9ng eang noi hflt, b~i VI tflp trung Mn mot cliem mil plHn
tfeh sue lao d9ng: lUe lit kha' nang lao dong ella con nguai la nguon goe "a luc !trclng d0
t~o ra ella cai v~t lhal ella xii h9i. Mac trlnh bay vii phftn lieh vc lac dung ella sire lao
dong trang dicu ki~n ehll nghia tu ban: "Hdllg hria /li1." en //Ieil ,Me lillh <1lie<1'10:IIfll,i
lite 1I!O'IIglao 1'0 gid Iri, IiI I1gllol1 gor CI;Ogili Iri. Ilrm lIira khi Slf dlll1g rhi"h <1'IlIg Ihi IIfl
IiI I1guOIl go(' gia Iri e(lo hmi gid Iri /llii hcill Illlill IIfl eri", Oicu nilY h<i sung noi rii. 'lrc
lao d{\ngh(ln
. •... nu-a chi c6~irc.. lao done mai iii hie IUlin!! "in!! tao ra ella' c:ii ,.:tl
. ch,YIella xa

hoi. NhlTng sirc lao d9ng co ;th~ t~o ra gi,i Ir! mai 111.1 tuyct doi kh6ng the Iii gi,i tri h,nh
thanh l\T nhien, eung khong :phai la mot qUii trl~h t\r nhicn, n6 co m6i ttrong <.juan In,il
thiet vai mue d9 gi,ao d,!e ella sue lao dong. ella e,ii v~t chat clla xa h9i rna slre lao ,1(1I1g
tao ra la bao nhie.!!~J.hl trong truong hqp thong thllang mit noi n6 co ti Ie ttrong thfeh v(ri
111ircdo giao d\IC cpa sue lao d9ng. Vi d,! nhu lang wang gi,io duc vii hufin lu)'cn 'lre lao
d9ng. keo dili thai 'h,)n giao UUCella sile lao d9ng. ll1ing eao lnUC do gi,io duc ella SITe lao
clong vay thl silc lao d9ng se tai s:\n xu,it ra citng nhieu gi,i tri 1116i. ella eli ":11 eh,YI xa
hoi se khang ngung tang len.'kinh te se khong ngung tfmg tnrclIlg,
, .'
Tu tuong ella Mac lien quan tai gi,io duc sc :\nh hlrong t6i hlnh thimh gi,1 Iri kinh
teo !tic do chi la lien himh phan tfeh khoa hoc lien m:lt Ii lufm. dlla ra nhung kc't IU:ln
khoa ft9c, con chua tang euong hon nua chung 11111)hIi luiln Ircn "cm':tl ,,-; ItlO'ng, clma
dinh luang hoa gi~ tri kinh te ella gi,io due. Nhllng M,ic e6 nhCrng ph:m tich dmh tinh ",'
gia Iri kinh te doi voi giao d,!c, phfm tieh vii dfll CO so If luan cho dinh Illang clla n'o. d,k
biet la hoc thuyel! gia tri lao d9ng, If lu(m lao cl(Jng gi,ln clem "'I lao cl(\ng phlrc tap.
nguyen lie phftn qhia theo lao dong vfm v:m deu iii cung ciip e:m etr Ii Ill'Ul eho "i,',.
nghien cuu, xae dinh, tinh toan gia Iri kinh Ie xa hoi ella gi,io duc ILr s6 IWl'ng V, I
phllong phap tinh toan ti I~ gian hoa lao dong clla gia tri kinhlc' gi,10 dlle ehinh Iii c,m ui
vao tu Wong ella Mac, lao d9ng eao efip han, phue lap hon lao dong blnh quem", h(,; 1:,
mol. hlnh thtJ-c bii'Ji.',.
hien clla Sue lao clone'- nhu V'l\',
. . Slre lao dCIn~
....
n'I\'. so \(,i ,,'rc [;j() d('11~
'-

64 '.
 i
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,
I

pho Ihong c"n u; phi giau due Ilwng doi c;tO, San xuat cuan6 dn sir d\tng Ihai gian lao
dong 11[(111gdeli nhi~u ,i thl; n6 eo gi,i Iri llfOng doi cao, cung chrnh lrang thai gian clai
nhlf "':", ,,,I hI;,' thill1h gi,i lri llCtmg di;i nhieu, GlI1 CU "i\O nguyen uk nilY c6 the xae
.;
dillh Ii k gian hl',a Ian d,ing cila c',ic hillh thue kh,ie nh",,- ehu : ~ll e6 m;iy loai nlm sau:
FII/r I!/ltii. gi,in hl>a ngl('li Lto d(mg plllIC l~IP [himh ngu(.il 1<.10d(>ng gdn (hJIl, ll>J,.k
gi,ill IHia 11C1.ing Llo d<')lIg plllfC t~.lP lh~lIlh ll{(.rng lao dqng gi,in dl..'li. ~/fd~1 lay Slre lao d(mg
ella lrilll1 Liu l~-)(Jlghi~'p ti(:u IH!C l~tIn "Ii,;/{ C/Ilhi;l (If /;'111 ". t[nh ra so ng,.lch gi.i lrr kinh hY
gi.to d~IL' CLI~l Ill" •....au tit) bi 11£111 ra gi<i trj kinh t~' ella nguai lao dqllg ('j rnuc gi.iu Jl.l(:

khaL' cal! hUll nt; tall ra IiI boi Sl) eUa gia tr! "r/(;Ii e!lIl/ill Cit bjn ",

FiIll!I,", Ii k glan hoa eila Ill,re dll gino 'due chinh la dung quan he Ii 10 giCra Ii k
a
lao ,klllg "in ,\Ucil kh,ic nhau Li,) nglci1i tal) U9ng muc d9 gi,io dtlc khac nhau lam Ii Ie
gi"n h,',a bo d'Hlg, l'hl((ing ph,ip ni,y e,in ti(n hilllh dieu tra xa htIi so lLc9ng lan, Lim ra
quail h~' "i(J: !l{(.'flg giCra mlre d(> sjn xu~"ltvii- (i I\: hlo d<mg s;'lli XlI<."lt. trllh ra s6 li~LL li I~ lao
(Um!! ...;all .\ll~Y( lua ll!!Lflri lao ut"H1!.! ('r rrll.'rLO<..1<">
1!i;.1o due khjc n!l;.tu, :d.c dinh ti It :2i•.'Ul ht')<L
la~ J()llg l"lIa ngulJi l~lu"<lIlg. . ~ ....., . . . . ....

JI,,( I"" Ii l~ gi,ln h,ia lhil lao lao uimg, lue Ii, Ii Ie gi,in hoa lien luang, Phuong phap

, ni,y Ii, I,,, luong lilln thlfl'" do gi,in hoa /all dyng, Duu lien X,lc dinh tieu chu;in luong cua

I ...I,
;' nglfili /au d,'ng ,'I mlce lk) gi,lo duc ",it;" e!l/aill I'll hill/ ", sau d6 lai ap dtlng phuong phap
.1
gi,in hI'", eila b" dong phlce tap luong dl(llllg voi nhieu Ian lao d(lng giiln dan, doi Ihimh
I .I Itrong ngulli bo dllllg ",i,;" c!1II,iil C(f h';11 ",11m ra lqi feh kinh Ie blnh quan cua gi,io duc,
• I -!
I
I~i hin l'ftie I[nh ra cling hien kinh k' kh,ic nhau 'clla sue lao d(lng c6 mUc luang khac
I .) nhall,

I ,
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\
JIII( 1If. ti k gi,in h,"a kinh phi gi,i" d\IC, ehrnh Ii, Slr d(lI1g chi phf gi,io dtlc it nhieu
kh,ic nhau dn chi li0lt ehn clmg nh;m <1utle boi duiing a
mlc~ d(l thilllhthao khac nhau va
cong nhan ehuyen mlmll nllre d() gi,io due kh,1c nhau de xac dinh ti I~ giiin h6a, h,li dung
t., phuong ph,lp dni ,;It ph 'IIII nilY I;iy v,:lt ph;im khac theo Ii gia Ihoii thu(lIl tim ra Iqi feh
~,
kinh lL; gij\) Lil,le clla ngw)i lao lh)ng Ii 1l1lfc d<> gii.IO dye khi.lc !lhau, lr01 ra gia tr! kinh Ie ._
~ ella gi•.'IU d~ll'.
~
~Iily hil'n ph,lp ell Ih~ lr0n ,lity Ii, m;iy l"'.li plllfl1ng ph,ip linh loan eila Ii Ie gi:m hoa,
, Nhl"rng phuu"llg ph,ip 1l~1:Sl"1di lL.ing tin c,)y l~l
ca lnin u'« :-.bc,
\'Jlll) u~ra V~IOnguyen Jy hqc thuyc't gia if!
~
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6S
 CHuaNG III: Lt LlJ.-\\'
. Vc)\' \'Hr\N LHC
.. .

,,' IlI:'!n v<'in ,.,h'1l11l1elit mOl rh~i llf llf(Jng kinh 16 hoc phlfC'fng T;IY hi0n clai, 1l[)':lcgoi
1'1pl.,;; Ii 11I,'n. cling: Ii, easa Ji lu;m cl'" kinh t6 gi,io duc hoc clla phlf011g T;IY. Nt\ ra dili
VilOQiira
.......nhCrng nam 50 eua thc' ki XX. thinh
. himh \'i,o nhCrnQ
•.. n;IITI 60. "'u nhCrnQ
••.. n;lm 7() ..
Ihl co nhCrng hlfae phat trien m(li. Lf lu(m nil)' (1 dc lllf<1cph,il tri0n nhlf ..\11 ~ Ii "i, j\!h;'1
Ri\n co t,lm anh huang rqng. a nhCrng qu6c gia dang ph,it trie'n thl no c,ling h,1t (!:iu (lune
lruyen ba. Thang 11 ]1[,m 19&0 nh,in vat dai di0n chll YC't1cho Ii IU;1Il \'6n nh;1Il Ilrc Ii,
Shultz den Trung Quae giang d",y, If lu~n nilY bilt d;iu \ruycn viln. \ao'ra ,In-l111lf<'frlg';Il' ,ile
.lei; vCriSlt phat trien: kinh te giao dlJe hQe ella Trung Quilc. Gi(li kinh tc' gi,io dlle hnc eua
Trung Quoe cling bt~td,IU nghifn elll, ph,in tfeh vi, binh lU;1I1d,inh gi,i Ii III;m nilY.
I
I
I ,

Bai 1: T6ng thm;tt ve Ii lu*n von nluin h!c

I. Kh:'i.i niem ca ban Ii lullll von nhlin Itrc

Kh:\i n'i~m "+;1 IIIUi11./[('" dlrqc \Var;"2.~h ngtr?i 1\'1I ph,it hi0'u I;in (1;\11\'ao n;1111
1935 trang bai "QII,'" lIi~'1IIl!ri;, IIh,ill !Ire ". d0'n giCra nhCrng n;lI11 :'0 Clia th0 ki X;'; \'i,
(t{u nhfrng n;lm 60. \'on nh;m I\rc d;in d'ln hlnh Ihimh 111(11 h0 thting If IU':1Ilvi, hne thuv01.
va t'.IO ra ,\nh Iwo-ng: v6 cllllg l~n d6i vai kinh to' gi,io duc hoc clla plw<rng T;IV, ;-';h;1Il\',H
dai di0n chu yeu la Shultz. Danison. Becker V:1Ilv;m.
Von nhan life Ii, kh,ii niem wang uilg v0i \'(in v;n luc. ;-.;t\ dtr<.K Shultz nhil klllh !l'
hQc nguoi MI dua ra trlnh bity giai thfeh d:iu lien mil e6 dtrqe kh,ii niel11 \'lin hill11 ~. ri('n~.
J)tra vao quan ditmcua , Shultz quan ni011110i\11b6 \'e \'6n n0n han ham hai 111;,tnglfili ,,;',
v;n. tuc iii vein nh,in lue vit von V(II 11fe.
Goi la v6n nh;m lue lit eoi kien thlre. kl nanQ k0'\ tinh a h,in th;,n nQlrili lao (It''I1~
• '! •••. ••.. •..
,i,
kha M\Ilg rna ho bitu hi~n [<I. Loai nang lue n;IY iii nh;\Il 16 qllan ti'<.'ng eho qfe t:lIlg
truang ella s,in xu;;t! N61it m6t loai von co gi,i tri kinh 10. Tir clinh n~hla Q,i,' (1(, c,i 1h0 Ihi
von n~h,in l1fc lit chi' s1f ton t,;llr;ng wlh! conngtri1i. ""l ni,y hi)~\'(ri.c:ic ':('U Ii; chill

IU<,1'ngco dlrqe nhu \ri thue kl'n;li1g. n;,ng 1m', q'rc khoc ccJ gi,i tri kinh t(:. D,nh nghia IlT
g6e dq t~p the thl yon nhan Iue ii, chi I.:"ll l,.,i lrong crlth0 ella Illng nglTiri trong mill t,:,p
the' nguoi 0m(>1 quae gia 110;,c ,~-,:" \ " .. ,re. ',:lU nilY li;ng hi):I \'(11 de y0'u ti; ch,Yt itrc'ng
nhu Iri thlre kln,ing: nang luc ~'il ,,;,. ;;" 'e c", ~i,i \ri kinh 10',
Von nh;,n !tTl' va nguon: nh;ll1 life CLing co kh,;c hie\. "gll,in nh;,n luc 1" mi.ll IO:"i
kh:\i l1iem ,,6 luqng h6a. von nh;ln luc iii m(11 kh,ii ni0111 ch'll IlTr'ng. )'....guim nh;1J) llTC
khong ph:'\Il :\nh dUQ'e sir kh<ic' biet ve \6 eh,'it clla con nguili m" "(1n nh;l1l Ilrc thi I:li I'h,in
•
,inh su kh,lc hi.;t nang I\re CUll can nglfai. Nguiin nh;1J) luc Ii, nglliin chUa kh," Ih,ic 1"
v6n nh;1Il Iue Ihlla kct qu,1 ella kIwi Ih,ie ngulln nh;111Itrc, "gui'n nh;111lIre d,mg ILlI1hi,-,,,
•

\
(i6
 1,1n khung Ihc ph,in ,;nh khuvct ui':l11 clla yeu to to chat con nguai va quan he cung cau
c'l,a thi. trLfiJIl~.
~ mi, \'(In nh,m IlfC
. lai. n~lroe
~. lai.
.
\\;n nh'ln life \il \'lin v,1l lue \ ifa e6 khae bi~t nhung l~\i c6 quan h~, vim c6 t[nh
llflfng tiling I'll eli tinh khu bid. Tinh llflmg tLfcl,a n6 bitu hitn la:
{fllr "ltcii Kc't ~I"i el"l t,ie d\lng von nhiln IlfC va von v~t llfc co th~ lam cho thu
nhap e,; nh:,n \-:, Ihu nit:,1' '1Ul;c dim l'II1g COlO.
J'lur 1,,11.' \'l;n nh:lI\ IlCc \'il v6n \'ilt luc deu thong qua hlnh thuc lUU tlf ma hlnh
lhill\h \'i, lime hicn iXiu tIl Lho con nguai lhi hinh thanh von nhan 1\lc, dilU IU cho vilt lue
.
lhi it"nh . Ihimh \ l;n \'11 Ille .
{fur /'ll.' Viin nit'''l Ille "'I \'lin 1':'1 IlfC thl deu c6 t[nh chill llI' biin, deu c6 Ule clung
,!em bi Il'i nhuan Call. cku cO Ih~ Uel11ul:'n s,in ph,\m llli\ng du.

Tinh khu hiel ella Ill) hicu hicn lit:

{fur "!I,,i.' ()uycn "I hCru \'lin 1":11luc c6. thli duoc chuylin nhuqng ho~c ke lhim,
'1uyen ,,'I hCw ",'in nh'ln !tIC Illllirng Ii, kho;ng thi! chuytn nhuqng vii kc thira.
{fur !III;: Win nhim lue so \',Ii von nhiln Juc l11an6i, ban than con c6 nhieu d~c trung
vi du nhu tinh ,em xU:ll.linh hicu suilt eaQ. tinh hieu qua ch~m, t(nh da h;~u qua, l[nh da
hic'n. linh Iuim ehu).:n ...

II. Due diem ehu yeu eua von nhun lL!e

•
I. \',;n nh,u\ lue t(in tai twng e(1th~ con nguai, 'kh,)ng th~ 'chia cat vai nguai chuy~n t,ii.
2. Dl' \'(;n nhil/l lue t<in lai twng co thi! con nguai \'a kh6rig 'th~ chia dt vai nguai
chu)lhl l~ii. 11011I~{)kht"Hlg Lh~ chlly~n nhu\1'llg vii mua ban. '

.'. Hinh thimh viI ph';l huy ni,ng Ilfe hicu qua cua von inh[1l1llfc c6 lien he m(lt thiet
nIl Lhll k'i SInh mang clla con nguili vi 11£ tu6i tac clla can nguai va sIf lhay dbi ella n6
Cl",;nh Illliing mang tinh 'IuYC'1elinh doi voi von nh,in Ilfc.
-l Vl;n nltan I\fL'mi, m('1 nguilj e<l thi! e<l llfong doi, c6han, t(nh c6 hannily chu yeu
.-
.\ua! ph,il ill 'll clll pit'li ula e,ie "j~u ki~n ltf nltil:n nhu th.: llfc, linh IlfC va tua; ICiccua
I1ll11 LL nh:"IIl.

~. llinh lhilI1h \'il ph,il huy hicll 'Iu,i vii nilngluc Clla von nhan Ilfc con phai chiu ,mh
IHrdng Cll:1 l'~l
nh[m ngudi chuycn t~li. ~
6. V,;n nhiln Ilre khilng chi Ii, !m)1 ngu6n kinh t6 mil con la m(il I;guon xa h(ii hilm y
l'illl~ Il1t'fn)ng.

III. Nhlfllg phuong dicn ehu yeu ma vun nhall 1~IC 1J'IO ham
\'"n nh,u! illc' chinh iii eli;u ltf chal Ilrqng cua dan so, lil m(itloai von kh,i n,mg, I"'ll
t6 elt,'tl nlt'lI\ IlfL Tir Ihll dung ella n6 lhi chu yl:'u baa gam niim phuong di?n sau:

•
 Von giaa due tlle la chi phi dllOg vao gi,io due "'I hu,in luyen, ,IL- h"j
Till; II//(ri,
dui'rng 1"1 n,ing eaa lha nang lam vice. lrlnh do kilhu,H "a mlic di) laO' d(mg Ih"lOll thao
clh su-e laO' d9ng hien t~i haae sau n'IY,

Till; !Ioi: Von su-e khae t~e la chi phi dlmg vito dtim h,io "" sinh y te', de d,im h,in ,(i
Iliang can thiet elHI su-e laO'd9\lg viI mu-e d6 khoc manh ella ,u-e lao dilllg hicn taL \ I1ghia
ella v(in slle khoe (; chi> no I"dieu ki~n quyc't dinh 'II ton tai
hieu qUt! n,ing Ille eua v6n nh[ln Ille kh<ic ngoili no,
"~'I
ph,il h.uy hlnh 111lliHlg
'

Till; !Jo: Von Iliu d9ng, +e la chi phi dl1l1g "i,o lrao doi IIIU d'lIlg "Ie Ja" ,1<"lngIrnng
l1u6c. cO' loi eho vice oieu ehinh V" s;ip xe'p hop 1" lLrong dll thie'u gilla sl're lao d'1I1g ULI
C<lc ng:lllh. co J(jj cho \'I~C phjt huy CUll elll SO' lnft1"l1g 1\1 !hU(ll chuy('n m(m ell;! "'lic Lin
dilllg, Trcn thlle Ie lit mot laai \'Cin,,',p \e'p ti,i n&II\'('I1, :\6 e6 the: lh(mg\jua'u Iha, ,1<ii"
lri ngl]"(\j S()' hUll von nhflll Il.rc ~1cmtk'll "l,r Ung 1('11ella thu nh,)p.

FliI; \','in ch'yc'n rlich lI're Iii chi phi dimg ""0 di d:II'1'nh"p cinh, dlla lr; Illc', Ihu
/II'.
Illll nhtll1 till 11l,,','J,. ngo,\i, UL:L-Illg stIe lao U9ng CUll chinh qu(ic \';'\ s6 ]m.)'ng CUd nh;'lll t;li
ehuvi:11 ng',,11, n:lJIg eao trinh, (1<itri tue nh[m t'li trong nll'1e, cOng J:t mi)t Inai ",il1 '<'If)
xcp lai nguyen, N6....widic'l1 khfie vai v6n nh[m Ille, ehinh iii ,'6n ehuyen dieh I,in lai h,'i, '
ngoili co Ih0 can ngJi1i, No ehlla sII thay d(Ji khl);'g g'ian ella con nglrili "i, ,'i tri x" h,,1.
N;ulg eaa na'ng IlIe daanh nghie!,. l,-mg Clrirng tinh th[in ella d",mh
Tllli' ,lIillll:
nghiep, de' ngui1i qu,in ly kinh doanh dua ra qu~:e'l "ich 101 nh:it eho ke', e[,u deh Ih,'rc
dong thJi kinh te dan xcn phtlq tap. tang Cllang lhue lue eanh Iranh el'a dnanh nghi,'p
Co hge gi'l khai quat noi dung clla vun nh,m Ille th'lIlh h:iy phul1ng dien, Ilk 1;1du
phi h6i duang ngh6 nghiep: h,ia (\;im x[IY dlfllg Ihie'l hi. de chi lieu dieh \'ll: chI phi gi,in
due chinh quy: chi phi giaa dye thanh nien khong,t.Io de nhil m,iy lie'n himh: chi phi !lru
oong su-e lao d9ng trang nlf(Je: chi phi dung 1"10' di d,m nhap c;inh v" ,hla trl tue 'lr clung
lrong nlf(Je; nang h,rc eua cae doanh nghiep van van, Theo Sli ph,it triell ci", Ii lu,:m ,'m
nhan h,re thl n9i dung ella no can khong ngirng m(; rong,

IV. Quan di€m ea ban eua If fu~n v6n nh,in lue

Vc \juan <li6m Ii IU;1Ilehu yc'u eila von nhan Ille d[iu tien gilri Ihicu <juan ,h"m Ct; ;:'
ngh!a phD hien, thu- hai hln 11I9'\g.6i Ihieu \juan <li0m Ii Iu,m eila de nh[ln 1":11 lieu hi"ll,

I. Quan di~m chi! yeu ella Ii luan viin nh"n hre

Till; II//(ri, eh,it Illqng d:1I1 s6 quan trong hon ,(i luong d'ln ,'i, XU[ilph,il,li('m Ctr
b,in eua Ii lu~n von nhan Ille la n[mg eaa eh[it luong eila d[ln ,<i, I,mg cI[('.mg 1', eh:,'1 ula
d,;n s6, U lu,m nay phe binh nhO'ng nh" kinh Ie' hoc eli ditn nlw D.Rieart.l" "I T. R,
Malthus chi eai tr9ng I,ic dung eila so luqng d'lIl so viI d,it t.Iai mil xcm tllll<"Jngg"i Iri
kinh te ella eh,il lum\g dan so, Hi~n nay thcn eh<it cl'a SlI ph,il tn0n kiph !C' the' gi,r, 1;1
ch[it luang eua d,in sCi,

Tllli' hoi, d:iullr von nh[m 1\le va d[iu llr v<in 1"11 'lie deu Iii ,!:iu IU mang I;nh 'an Xll,rl
khong Ihe' Ihi(:ll lrong SU' pM[ [ritn Ci"l kinh !C', nhlrng lrong <lieu 'I('n hi('n ,bi h('a "nh
 Ie"Ihllac dung clla (tiu lU \'0[1 nh;)n Ive Ion hannhieu lac dt,(ng eua dau IU von V(III\le, Vi
du ,au chi~'n lranh"in ,\U;)'Inong nghiep eua Mi: tang, chi FO 20% l~ ket qua dau tu vflt
IlIe, ~O'; chlr y~'u Ergi.io due hoire tal' dyng eu<i khoa hQc ~i: thu~t co lien quan tai giao
I' due. hoirc Ill"; chil ye'lllir ke'l qu,i ella ,hlu lU nhfln lvc, I

I
nllt Ihl. ,!:iu
'.
lU gi,io dye IiI hal nhan eua von nhan h!c,
r
De noi f6 van de nay co ba
quan Jicm Ii luiul cu inc, TIlle nhi,1 IiI Jiiu tu giao dye la m(lt 10~i dau tu mang lfnh s'ln
xu:!!. Uiru Ilf gi,io duc lit Jiiu 1'IfIll.\ng linh s,in xuat lam nang h!c tiem tang lrang co the
con ngtliJi timg kfL Till! hai Ii, miiu chot cua vi~c., nang cao ch'at IUQ'ng dan so IiI dau lU
gi,iu duc, Fkri "Ill de ,nlf(l( to eh:'I \'6n COva hang Ivc tiem lang cila con nguoi ve co b'ln
Ii, ngang nhau, hoilc ncii t:.i'eh khae Eltu'ong IV. Nhung nhuhg tri thuc, ki: nang, nang lue
niir "'u n:,y c'il dtiqc thi, hii, CO diem kh,ic .bi~t.. Ch~t l.uQ'n~Iva to ~hat cil,~dan so ~ho~g
IlOan (u.ill Itrllllg Jong, nguyen nlwn co b;,m cua no la mu4 d(l dau lU glao dyc eua cal'
mf,le lir kh.lc nhau. niuc d(1 gi,io duc blnh quan xii h(li la khac nhau. Thu ba la dau lU
~iau due c,', hri h,lti si, \l'ri diiu ILlviii luc',se clem Mn lai pfidan cao han. Vf du 0 ~uac Mi
;"ong Ihiri gi.;n')1 niUll Ili nam 1900 den 1957, toc d~ tank'truong cila dau 'tu giao d\lc
W,I[ x" I,i( l!(' tilng Inrlrng cua von vill luc, kcl qua lQ'i nhu~n ma no co duQ'c la lQ'i nhu(lIl

m" diitl Itr \on ('al !t.rt:ki0'm \'C I~ng 10n 3.5 lan, dong thai IQ'i nhu~n tang them cila dau tu
dw giall duc J;,u tai 17.5 Iiin. Trang ph am vi the giai rna rioi, co tu li~u cho biet, Ill' sau
uai ehi~'n J:ln Ihif hai ckn nay. do khai thae nguon nhan Ivc', dau tu glao dlc'c tang truong
IiUll CJHl ti k lang Irullllg ki nh te dal 41 % t6ng kim ng\lcH tang tru&pg cila nen kinh te

• i
qu6c dim. el' lju6c giit (ill! \'llql qua Ii I~ nay, dat Iren 60%. !
nll( 1If. nHec hi0u llU,i .ella diiu tlI gi,io Juc cao han s~ vai muc hieu qua cila dau tu
v<'1lIre. Vi 1h0 Irong di~m (il'h Il'y \'6n nen chuye'n von v~i Ivc IhiInh von nhan Ivc, can
t~lIlg. l()ng. Itrl.lng d~lllltt gi<iu Ot.IC. '
•
nll~I"ill," lllUC hi~~ q~,i eu" diiu ~lf;gi,i~, dY,e co th~ ,Iltlh to~n dllO,C.'ve,co b,an, tuang
l!tfllng \'oi mue h,eu qua dau lU chn hmh thaI vat Ivc, Con Ihue co ban Clla no la: hl~ll p
qlli, ' gi.i Ihi,nh ~ mue hi~u qu,i,
,
2. Quan niem \'e Ii luim \'un nhlln hIe eua nhuilg n~iln v,it c1'~'idi~n
..
2.1. Qucm dii!in chinh (,lill Shullz
{/. rich lilY \'()jl 1I!l,in !I/e /(1 I1glllJI1 gt;(' ("tltl rclng lJ'trcil18 f..:inh f(!'xci !I(ii

Nguy~n nhim chu yeu cua n6 gum:

1'IU( IIh<ii. 'mife hi0u qu,i cila Jilu IU von V(IIIvc vuQ1 qua muc hi~u qua cua diiutlf tu
h,in nhim Ilfc. Shultz eho rimg muc hie I' qua von nhim lvc va von v(l! Ivc IiI co moi luang
quan viri nhau. dlll r,\ng lu,rng (UU IU tuang doi cila von nh,ih h!c va von v~1 lvc chii yell la
do lllire hi~u quil LJuye"1dinh. t••.lilC hieu qua cao noi r6 luqpg dau IUkhiing dii, ciin tang
etlang diiu Ilf. i'..-lifehieu qu.i Ihilp noi r6 luqng diiu IU qua nhieu, can giam tuang ung Iuq'ng
diiu Ilf. Khi mifc hi011 qlHi ella Jiiu Ilf gilia hai yell tala von phan Ivc Ja von v~t Ivc ngang
himg thi ehinh lit Ii k lJ:lU ttr gilf" hai yeu to tal nhilt. Khi hai yeu to con chua a vila In,lllg

69
 Ihai tot nh[it Ihi ciin lang m[lt d[iu tu chua (by eli!. Tnr6c mtlt lfng H1i"d[iu III ,,:n Ilrc mi, nl',i
th. lugng d[iu IU von nhan I\re khong dil hUGe ph,!i I"lng cuimg d:lu ttf ,,6n \'[11life
T!uI'irai, von nhan hIe ph,\t huy tae dung thay thc' "il h6 sung LIn nhau gilra elc \CeU
16 "in xu[i!. Shultz eho ding, 's,! phat triel1eua kinh te hicn dai dii kh6ng the dO'n IhU:lIl
dlfa vao tai nguyen tu nhien va lao d(lng the luc cila can ngu0'i. trong "in xu:it dn ph"i
n,lng eao trlnh d(l trf l,!e eila nguai lao d(lng the lue. t[mg wimg tl1imh ph:in nglfiri iao
clong trf 6e, de lay n6 thay the' eho yeu tii s,in xu:it \'6n c6, \'1 th0' \'6n nh[m luc do gi,io
clue hlnh thiinh eaiij(thay the,nhicll han de ye'u,to "in xu:it kh<ic trong t[lIlg lnrci'ng kinh
Ie. Vi dll: trang san xuat nor'g nghicp. nghicn elfu. ma
r,mg. trng dung khoa hoc Irilng
lil\ng nghi~p \'2 gdo (h.le d6i ~:0j nang dim c6 the thay the: rnt)t ph.-in I~k dung ella r\l()ng
el:iL thtle cl,ly l[mg tI:uli'l1g f;inh te.

Filii IJrI.Ifnh 10:ln so !tfOll!! h6a eu the. ChtrnQ minh thcm ,,6n nh:lll hfC Iii nQll<"n
. .•.....•.... '-
~,\c
'- '.

et'1;11[111&l!'Irang f;inh Ie, Shultz "."'1 d'ing pillfong phap ph,in tfeh s6 dlf t[lll~ tnrcH1g kinh 10'do
il~liih ~,tng 1;.1(- ~':L dl.r ooan IP)llg ng,.lCh l:mg tnr6ng kinh tc' lju6c d:m ella ~fi ttf nt-11ll I LJ=:q
den 1')57 c6 kh",ing 33% la slf eong hi0'n do \'6n nh[lll lue d(rae hlnh thimh tif giao due.
i
IJ. Ciuo duc 1/1//(' dd\, kinll 1(;'leiog Ilr,ing /e) I'i~;c ehrerc 1/11/1'lIie/l lilting !fUrl lIill/11/lIi('
('[.1117/ ndng C{lO /1(llJg !t/c "rtr /.)' (illll 1rt.'lIg kIlling ('(in h/",.'..!
I
C\i dune goi lit nang Itre xir Iy t1nh trang kh(lllg dn h,'tng Iii chi su ph,m ,inh ct',a
con ngubi clSi v6i su thay doC vii S\f c,ii caeh 6,'.1 dicu ki0n ki nh 10' "il hicll SU:il ct'l<1n<i.
ttfC la can nglro-i can cu' vao Sif thay doi clla dicu kicn kinh 10'. suy nghi VilT ph:m ph6i
hO'p Iy lai dc tai nguyen 6,'.1 b,'n thim nJw tili s,in. lao d(lng. ticn hac. thili ,l!ian .. , Shult!
goi n[mg life ph[m ph6i nay Iii nang Juc xlf I)' kh'lllg c:m htlng. Vi~c [() duoe n[m,l! "'I
cao nang Ilfc nilY chi, yell lit clo tal' dung eila v<in nh:m luc,ma gi,in duc hlnh thimh. ttr
d6 thue day timg trtrang kinh' te eua xa hoi hoac'd nhim. t,ing thu nh,lp kinh te' ct'la xii
h(li va ea nhan.

c. Tlliri gian cl;a COil nglft'Yi h) b~i pll(in lei'l/"ill/i ('Iia \'(i// nillin hrc
,
Nang hIe phiu1 ph6i thaI gian va Sif dung hap I)' co hicu qu,i cling Iii h" ph,h) e'lll
thilllh eila ,,<'in nh[m luc. Trang quatrin'h timg Inr(lng kinh te'. thiri ,l!ian qu5 h,iu ctla e(ln
nglfbi c6 gia tr; kinh Ie luang doi can. co the' t1cm Mn loi feh kinh 10', ShullZ lid f;l' 12 ;"In
kinh tc' ella h,?e sinh trnng thai gian h,?C tai truilng. ()ng eho rtmg Ihcn Slf l[lng Irlf<rn,~'L,,'' I
kinh hY. gill tr! ella "gid t/llinli ('(t lI~ii" trong thili gian hqc "inh h{:)C t.)r 1(.1l Inr{"lrlg cCln~
c;l1lg ngity cang cao. vii sc nttm trang chi phi b6i dtr{1T1glH10 ti.l() hoc sinh. 11k 1:\l["nng t:l;\
Ihill1h'g;,\o due ehicm ph[in lup-ng llfO'ng d6i lem, C[1Il ct'r thco th,:;ng k0. gi,i Ih,'nh el' hi,i
lrong cae tnrang trung e[ip va,? Mlm 1956 cila MI chiem 60'; loilll h'l chi phi. Iruimg e'\(1
dp chicm 59%. Thea hi~n d,!i hoa s,in xuiit. nhip s6ng l,mg. con nglJili I'hiln I'h,ii Ihi,i
gian khoa h,?e. sir cI\lng huu hieu thai gian. chtl \' tiel f;i0m Ihi'l glan Ihi [(', Ihe u; c1lhlC
ICiifch kinh te. Can nguai dri x[IY dung quan nicm Ihili gian eel g"i II'I k,nh !le. hl'n nCr"
gi,\ tr; kinh te eila thili gian se ngay eang ean, "TI"n ,~I(/II(.1111111 /,i l'Iin~ h,/( .. Iii me'nil rk
ei,a Shultz.

70 \
 d. C;i,i" dl/(, <'Illig I\i 1111<;11
I,;' I,illl clIO .1'1/ pl1<in pltOl xii It(ii ella Iltll nlt(ip ('(I nltdn tli
l/{,it XII IUfllng hill!l d(j~lg

Win nhi,n lu, <:,')111~liun <:ho kinh te tang trUang, lang thu nh~lp ca nh,in, tit dO' lam
hi~n I\t,mg h"'1 binh ,Ling <:ua sl! philll phoi xii h(>i va thu nh\lp cu nhan cO' xu huang giilrn.
fkli \'1 thl)ng qU~t gJ~i..~L<Jyc,1.'6 the' 'u,lng cao tri thu-c va ki qang ella con nguai, n[mg cao
n,',ng I,t, "ill xu,',!. tit. d6 t"lIlg ,hu nhilp d nh,in. lilln cho lien, luong cLla ca nhan vi, kc'1
ei,u itfting ell "f thay dili. Shultz eho rang nguY~ll nhilll co ban CLLavice tang thu nhi,p d
n-han ,i,
nil ng:ln sl!.kh,ic bi~l thu llhi,p d, nl1:lI1la o,t ming cao chung trlnh d(> giuo duc
,ila moi llg'fili. iiI k0'1 qu,i ei"l dilu at "(in nhilll l,fC. T,ic dung ella giao d\IC doi v(ii Ihu
nhilp c;i nhil1l ehil y~'l' dl!oe bi~u hi~n nhu sau:

/),;1/ li,'n. slr kha<: Hid v~ li0n luang chil yc'u Ii, do o'! I.lulc bi~1 ve giuo duc gay nen,
g,ad due ,6 th0 nimg <:a~lkha nimg thu rihap cua nguai c6ng nMn, an.h huang lai s,! phan
ph,'iixii hoi <:,'" thu nhi,!, ",i nhilll. thu nho linh-ln.mghiil blnh diing cua ~Jhi,n phoi Ihu nh,ip.

Fli/i lI"i. ni,ng <:aOlrinh ,k, gi,io dlle 0<: Ii,m cho oU khac biei ve thu nhiip do <:hiu o\t
gi,iu du<: kh,ie nhau lau n0n di "ilo xu h,t(ing lhu nho. Shullz cho rftng lheo oil keo dili clla
11.-U11ph() u)p gi ..i.o J~lC nghia \'~l. lheu sV n[lIlg can li l~ .1.~n)6'PYlt(.~
giao dl;1c ~r~ng CflP vil
«til dp mi, tinh lrang hiil hlnh d:lllg clla tim nhi,p d nhan ~ii h(>i se CO' xu huang gi:J.m di,

e '11/;; <'IiI/g. ti,ng (tiu lU ,'on nhan I\lc con cO' th~ lam :cho dau llf von v~1 I,!C va Ihu
nhap ti,i "Ill "i xu hlt,ing gi,im. Ji,m cho thu nhiip con ngU6'i di den blnh diing h6a. Shultz
chi ra tnmg Ihu nhi,p kinh to' 'I'lOC dan Ii trang dua vao thu nh~p lai san dii llfong doi
• gi,im. ti trqng d\fa "i,o lhu'nhilp lao dQng llfnng doi lang, l,rong dO's,! cong hien cua von
nhi,n Ilte diii nii sU timg tnllJng kinh I': cling lh~o dO' rna lal;g len.
!

2.2. (lU{/1l t/ielll chillil (,Iia J){/Ilisoll

(.)u"n di0m C<1 h.in ei,a Danison v': If iUlin von nh,in l,!c ngoai c6di~m wang d6ng
\'('li Shultz ra lh't on)! eiJll "i cling hic'n neii troi va co m(>t so quan di~m khuc vai Shultz.
Trong Iinh me nghi~n ncu vi, eh,cng minh so llCl.1I1gvon nhim l\lc qng dii CO'cong hien
!tin. Ii, dai di0n clllllinh l,,,in "lin nhi,n I,!c phu<Jng Ti'y. St.t kh:ic bi~1 ehu yeu cua 6ng va
Shultz ,0 quan di0m Ii luan ni,y nhu sau;
FIlii III"ii. Shullz coi gdo due iii yc'u Iii dnn dQc tra'lg qu,; lrjnh siln xuiit. nhung
Danisun Ihi Iai eho r,'mg gi,io due khilflg ph,ii Ii, yc'u to dan d(>,: cua,s,in xufit, rna la m(>t
Iii) phi,n I,; lhimh ei,,, nhim 16 nhiu1 Itrc lrong qua trinh s,in ~uiil.

/llIi It"i. nhi,n t6 gi,i,) due ,i, diiu llf giao dt.lc Ii, d~ chi so luqng it nhieu trong lhoi
han gi,i" due ehinh qu,.
FIll ( h". "SI.r I,ill.~li,'i, <"Ii" Il"i 111I(c" Ii, mi)t h() ph(lI1 cJu thanh cua von nhan l\f'c. "SI/
l<lllg lit'i, ,'Ii" Il"i IllIi," e'I" ("(1nng'fi)'j Chll yeu bao g6m chiil!u'nng hQC lap ella hoc sinh
tr,l[l~- lhili -~ian hoc -
.. lai mrim£ vi, lri thlk nr. hoe
. vi, b6i dtran~~.CO'duoc sau khi hQc sinh dii ,

tlit I1ghi0p: tri lhlfe con ng'f,\j n1<'1rong I,ftlng b:lO t6n, tri thu-c duqc u-ng d\fng keo dai SIt
•
gi~illl 'illll:tla lhiij gian.

71
 Tlllf'l!(, Lie dtfng cua nhflil t6,giclo d~IC Chl,lh qli:: du! \'{J'j {;,ing tnrlrng kinh
chi c6 Ie".
0:5 lrang q) do clang phar buy uk e1ung. ()ng eh" r,\ng ,tr kh;ic hid \"l' Ilf0ng Clta nhlrng
110""'; lSI nghiep 6 dc cap gic\o dl1e kh,ic nhau. -'If kh'Ie hiet clla e6ng hie'n d6i \"("ril:mg
"ng "1:> -\r,; l:h~'li do ttlC d~lng ella nl1l-lI1 t6 giilO cll,lC. gi~\() dye chi e6 tlk dl.lI1g .if5- , .
: Ji:fC hc;,i vi ngolti nh[lll t6 gdo d~lC ra con c6 nhfrng IlIe cJt.mg k!llk, Vi du,
.'.:,; '): .i. : .! :,:mg. kinh r.ghi~m cang t'Ic ... Ong n1tfon quan quan die'm Cl'ta nhil kinh Ie;
hoc ngu'iJ'i /\nh Sraugc, Brougc eai 3(5 clla gi,ia duc ehfnh quy Iii Il1QI he so. goi le'n lil he
s6 (:1). (oi la nMn to dfnh ehfnh eho lfnh ta,in thu nh:lp c'I nh:m..
::'.3.Quan diein ch(nh clia Becker

Becker la ahA kinh Ie hqc n(ji lieng ella MI hi~n nay. ()ng hftl (1;iu hoc khoa kinh k
cua tnriJ'ng dai hqc Plim5ton,sau d6 hQc nghien etlU sinh kinh Ie hc)C tai Chieag" vii
gii\l1h dl!oc hac vj tien 51 kinh Ie. Timg d,irn nhiern gi,io Sl! vii Chl'l nghi~m khaa YlJ:1 khoa
kinh Ie ':Iai hQC Chieitgo. Ong eta n6i tic'Jlg nhiJ' vila nghien CtlU Ii lu(m kinh Ie \'i mil. (lng
vlin (1':'1~
'.... If luan kinh te hoc nghicn ctru 'hitnh vi clla de Ioai ngtriJ'i va e6 gftn~. lil111(lL-n
so Ilrong h6a. cae uk phfirn n6i tieng tieu hi~u co "Ph,ill If,.h killh 1(;"('fIll Ii 1<;sillh ell'''
(q,im 1960), ''\I OJ} IIhdll /(((" (Il[un 1964). "LII~ill gi" dillh" (n[Ul1 .19RI).
,
Trang 16 ''\It;l} II/}{ill /(((:" Iii cu6n sach ltlJ1 trung J1h,in anh quan di0m ct'la tlr h,i"
nh[m Ivc cua ang.

Tiui'I1M!. rTII)c <lfch Cua d[iti 1lI v6n nh[m luc \'ira dn ph,ii suy Ifnh ckn I(~i fch kinh
te tnrac m,1t lai vira ph'li suy nghl <len 1\li fch kinh Ie' sau n:IY,

Thli /wi. b6i duong ngh~ nghieJ1 Iii n()i dung quan trang lrong \'6n nh[lnllrc. ()ng
con J1h[m tfch nghicn CUu Ii ml i',oi cltrong nghc nghiep. Ong chia hiii chrong ngh.: lh:mh
hai ]oai hlnh thtrc: l'htr nhat Iii b6i dtr6'ng th(ing. "lhuang tIre Ia ke't qu,i h(,i e1U(lTlgciia
doanh nghii;r, wang s'ln xu<1t khang chi c6 loi doi \'6'i chfnh doanh nghi~p \',\ xw'lTlg <in
xu,YI ma doi vai dc doanh nghi~p vii xllClng Siin xuiit <16cling c6 10i. Loai hiii chr(rng nil\'
do b'ln th[m eang nhan vien ehuc tlr.chi Ir,; chi rhl biii dlrii'ng. nglriri Chll khilng t,mg li~'n
ilrong. Thu' hai la biii duong c1~c hie!. Ngtriri chll IUYchi tr,i chi phi biii dtri;ng nllllng ph,il
licn luang... cho eong'- nhan vicn ehtre. B(li vi laai. d[iu tl! cho biii l!lI<ln!! \'6n nh[ln hrc n:I\'.
•...

..."....ehll so hru dilll!! c(in!!.•.. nh,in \'icn chl"re '0 .....

\tWng.•... c10i Ian. cho ncn ngtrai !![I\' ltin lh,'it eho
doanh nghi~p va xlro'ng san xu,Yt.

nUI'/m. tin Itre Up trung.' tili licu llnh b,\o eting Iii m<1t ni,i dung ella \'(-;n nh['n,itre.
Clill.~~
('I;; t:i;,i lr! kjnh It

7""/11(' fI(. dtra ra cl1ng thuc tlnh 10;.tn rnl'rc )p;:, . '.1\1"' "':!;t '.~,'illItf \.6n nhihl It.re. L,Yy gl<IO
duc chinh quy lill'l vi dll thi cang thlrc la:
-•..:

".=1" I,; ..;- r)i

Trang cl6: c lit !'.i:i thimh tnre tier ella gi'lo duc n:im thll muiri.
x.: la Ihu nh"p d:i lriii qua gi,io due n',lrn thil nlllili mil kh'-H1g dimg (kn.
•
 Xi: lit thu nhap Clla nguoi trai '-Iua giao duc l)am lhu chin.
}',: litlhu nhap eua nguoi trai qua giao due nam thu muoi.
n: IiI king ,6 nall1 mil sau khi tnii qua muO'i nam gi;io dl!c co Ih6 kiem duac lien.
r: lit mtic hieu qu,i eua giao due nam thti mlf,:,i.
1 : lit n;"trnquan "it.
nllt ,,<1111. dua ra duong kink thu Iih('!) theo tuai lac.
Thu nhitp

(li~n
luong f---.------------,

hLlCle
lhu
nh;\p
cil doi)

(dola t-.li )
-.

o 18 22 x
tu6i
Trul1g <16: dai h'.IC.
trung hQc
Hlllh 3-1: Duong khuc tim nh:;'p theo tu6i tac
Duung khLIC nit}' no! r6 khi c;ic ye'u to khac tuong dong thl muc thu nhap ella mqt
nguill '" t;ing lh~o ll1LreICmg cua tuai lac. trang ,6 nguO'i 'cung dq tueli thl trlnh dq gi,io
duc Clla mol nguoi cilllg cao thl mtic thu nhftp cling C>lI1gcao.
nllt .I,ill. !kck~r con dung linh l,,,in s6 lu,mg cl! Ih6 va chung minh thlIe Ie noi r5
mLre tilu nhilJl clla gi,io du,' b,:rc eao. (king tillJi cling so "inh 'Irkhae bi~t ll1UCIqi ieh giua
dc cfip gi;io duc kh;ic nhau.

Ngoi,i ra ong clm dua ra tilu nhflp V'' I ilL"\. tilu nh'lp t<im Iy ella ca. nh;in va gu) ..
"ich kinh leYhilnh "i sinh "in .

73
 Bili 2: S,! ph:it trien eua Ii Juan tu ban nhan Jue

Li iLl'""lIII ban nh,1n IllC v:\O nhiing niim 50. 60 eua thc ki XX CO't,ie dung v() eung
In Ian d(), \('1 ;;Inh I( ("1", 'lh'!'\1 IluO'e \', ((\I\'0"t .',ieh ph,it tri~n xa hoi. Rat nhicu nU"(lecia
coi Ii lu,in III ban nhan llle l:n.co sa Ii Juan ella ehinh sach phat tri~n kinh 10', ph,il tricn
manh me Sll nghiep giao dUQ, tIm kicm dilu tll, Nhllng kel qua eua \'ice lam nay ,kn eu6i
nbli'" ~ n,\, n (,0 v~ diin nhfrng nam 70 eon ngui1i b,1t dau phat hi en ra, diiu III gi,i() dul'
khonl- ,'"i,,()( hi,':: 'IU:1 dll doan, 100iieh eua gi,io due VlrO'1mlie va giao due qu,; do
kh(,:" ;""11. !lor; :L'i-:l "1 ':u;1't hi~n r:if nhicu \'~Ynde \a h9i. \,;"In de kinh IC. V;ln de gl,i()
tt\l\~ -'~:'lh !r:li'; Il:i, 11'h?,:)j nghi
i:~i,l dC-'ll .... ella nhling ngtrai trang gi6i ki1nh ll:" giilO d\Jc
hr-'(' c!6i \/'i]f ill::))!, :::' I';ln -d~;'::, :1",.
I 0 r;h:~ Ii IU;~11nrb;111 nh[m ll!c chua hO;H11hi~n. c6
nhu'()(: (hem kh6 !~il;t, pill!'':, i-I':;J~\ :, d\') ;dllrang T[lY I,~i co rnQl so hQC giii dua ra Chl'l
ii'UOllg ,,;) ]I lll~n ),'). Chl'l >-('<] l'l I>:) lraO lUll V:I :{ JUi.)l1 tuc III 1[ lu,~1n gi.a thicYt l.;Jng J0c. If

iU'"lllxa hoi Ma, I:';,'illrimg'lrc' ,dong. 1\hCfng Ii lu,1n Ilr quan diem, phuO'ng phap d0"n
nghien elru doi wung va him: y gl,io due doi \'oi Sll ph,it trien xa hoi deu eo lien quant',
If Juan tu b,ln nhan lue, HQe gia phuO'ng Titl' g9i ILluan ella ba phai nilY IiI Ii lu,"m diri Ihti
hai eua kinh te h()e giao due, de' phftn hiet \'ai If luitn IU h'ln nhill1 lIre dili thti nh:it. Dlrai
sUlhUe d'1y eua If luan kinh te diri Ihti hai. kinh Ic giao d\le hoc khai thac phlf<1ng huang
nghien etin mai, nuae ngoai gQi nO' Ii! kinh te giao due hoc buae \'ilo nJ()t thiri dai maio

1. Li lu;in gia thiet sang loc

U lu,in gi'lthiel sang loe eoi gi,io due iii tlh)ng tin, eoi trang nghi0n elru tfClng Ihi
truirng sue lao d(>ng nguoi ehu lhue lul'en eholl eong nhan nhu the nao, Can eti vii' 1
n6i 1'6 100ifeh kinh te xa h(>ieua giao d~e, Thong tin giao due CO'JO'i ieh kinh k xa hoI.
Quan di~m Ii Juan ehu yeu eua nO' nhu sau:

IIMI, dong y vai If luftn tu ban nhitn lue eoi tdnh do gi,io due \'a mlre Ihu nhi,p
TlII(
la quan he Ii I~ thu~n, Trinh no giao due eao tl.i mt're thu nh<Yptao tUClng I'mg, D:IY ia
diemluO'ng dong vai If luan ttr b,\n nhan lue,

Tht( hoi, diem khae vai If Juan llr h,\n nhitn lue, U luim IU h,ln nhill1 lue !Coi Ii 10
thuan eua trlnh dQ giao due;"} , mt';e luO'ng Iii {halig'qua nang eao trjnh do gi,io due eua
eong nhan, nang eao nang I\re lam vi~e llr dO' nitng eao mire luong, Ma Ii Juill1 "mg loe
thl I~i eho r~ng quan he Ii i~lhuan ell<' tdnh do giao due \'a mire luO'ng Iii (hroe hinh
thanh thong qua tae d~ng saiJg lQe eua giao due. He dung sang loe Iii gl~ ehinh la nguili
thue h!a ehelm nguoi lao d(>llg nhu the nao khi den Ihi truirng lao dong, NguiJi thue hi
vong CO'the' tim duO'e nhung nguoi CO' nang lue eao de
lam \'iee, Um the' ni,o de h'~ll
duoe n,il1g lue lao dong eua ngmJi eong nhill1~ Chinh Iii ph,ii xcm xct nhCrng \'2'" t{\ ella
nguoi eong nhill1 nl1U': gia; tinh, tu6i tac, hon nhitn, gia dinh, Irlnh do giao due \:m v,",n,
trang dO' trlnh do giao d~c Ii! quan lrang nhat. Tai sao lai ehtl ~' dCn trlnh do gl:lO due'
Trang do gi,\ thie! Trinh do giao due phan ,inh n,-ll1g lue lilm vice eua e(1I1g "h:,n" n('11 nil([
glil 11,,,,: Ii" 1:\ d'ln2 rhi eo Ih6 tiI tr1nh d,) gJ,io due rna thi;\' ,!Lwe trinh diJ n,ll1g Itrl' lil111

7 -~
vi~c. Quan diem chu y~'u cua Ii lu~n nay cho d.ng giao d\!c chi phan anh nang luc nhuI,g
khong nitng cao nitng luc clla nguai do. Ban chat cua giao 9\!C la thong tin khbng philJ ia
lhill1g qua qua trinh giao due nitng cao nang iuc va co dU<;fcIqi feh kinh te, mil Ii, thong
qua qu:, lrinh ,img l,!c ella thi lnrimg suc lao de)ng, thong 'qua thong tin thi twang giao
duc mil thu dUCK loi ichkinh (2'. Noi cu th~, doi v6i nguoi 11m vii;c rna noi, trinh do giao
due Ii, tin hieu the hien nitng Ilfc cua anh ta, doi v6i ngucii thue thl can cu vi,o lin hi~ll
cua mtfe lrinh dil giao duc mi, IUa cl:19n cong nhan. Giao d\!c a day chi la thiet bi silng
loe hui,e gui tin hieu giao duc vi the tac dung cua giao d\!c tn!,c tiep phan anh su llfa ch9n
'tfC [au c!(lng clla nguui thu~. Loi feh kinh te cUa giao d\!c la tac d\!ng sang 19c cua giao
due. dua ,tfe lao dOl1g co nitng luc khac nhau vao cuang v!cong tac a
cap d9 khac nhau.
Li luim ni,y gil,i quye'l dudc nhicu van dC xa hoi, kinh te xuat :1ien vao nhling nam 70 vf
du nhu hoc sinh tot nghi~p xong khong tim dllac viec lam nhlrng lai xuat hien van d~
khae lue Iii [ri,o Illu 'an bang. chu nghla van bang, mua ban van bttng van van.

II. Li IU;).11 xa hoi hoa

I.i iuan xii hqi hoa la vi~c lil ngllJen cuu giao duc Eun the nao boi duong, huan
luy~n (hc tnmg eli t[nh Clla SLfClao dill1g, til d6 phllc vll cho sim xuat, ph\!c vll cho sl!
phat lrien kinh te. chLmg minh bang If IUlin moi quan hi; gilia giao duc va kinh te. Quan
diem Ii IUI:lIlChll yeu clla no nhu sau: .
{ful IlItJI ph~ binh Ii luim tu b,in nhim Il!c giai dO\ln dau. Cho ding lrong xa h9i hii;n
dai h6a. [,ie d\1l1g cua giao duc dau lien khong phaia vito nang cao kl nang tri thuc ho~c
a
Il,mg lue nhim [huc cuasuc lao dong, rna Iii vab tac dllngxa h9i hoa cua no. Xa h9i h6a
IUC 1,1nhiin manh Jac trung eli [inh cua suc lao d9ng can thiet trong boi duong, huiln
lUY~1lsill1.\uiit xii hQi. Rai vilrong san xuat hiend~ihoa,do sl! phat tri~n khong ngilng
Clla ki [huill liml cho eong viec duqc gian hoa, co m9t b9 ph~n cong vii;c khong can
nguili co [Ii lhLrc "'1
k'i n,mg cao thao tac thl!c hi~n. Tac dlllig cua girlo d\!c chinh lit nht\m
vilo linh hinh nilY, hoi duong sue lao d9ng hung thtl v6i nhling cong vii;c co trinh de) kl
lhuill thilp. viI lilID hq tinh nguyen lam lot nhling cong vi~c nhu v~y, tuc la boi duong y ..",'
thue "huc tilllg vi, phiim ehilt eli nhan cua suc lao d9ng.
{fill h"i. tac dllng cua giao dlle duoc phan anh tren hai m~t. Thu nhat lit til lai feh
kinh Ie. gi,io due. hoi duong, huan luyen nhling lao d(mg co nhling d'IC trung ca tfnh, co
the thue hi~n [hu(1ll lqi nhling cong viec co trlnh de) k'i tl)u~t khac nhau, phar huy vai Ira
cua eilllg rnQt CLlang vi chuc lrach, tien hanh Ihu(1ll lqi viec san xuat. Thu hai la lif rnoi
qUlin he hiil I1lnh dimg cua giao duc va xu hQi, giao duc 'khong chi khong thLlC c1iiy SU'
billh dilng ella .xii hoi mil can lam tai s,in xUllt bat blnh dAng cua xu h'll.

III. Li luan pha11 chia thi trlfCing slic lao d(mg

. U IUlin "hilll chia thi [lUang lao d(lng chtl y phan tich ket du ben troIlg ctla Iii:
tnriJIlg :;Lte 1"0 d,)ng. tif ,hi IlL)i I'(l SLtClao dong khac nhau se c6 Slt' diii ngo khac nllCiLl
trong th! In(2ing sLre lao dQng. tic'n them trong vi~c phan tfch Sail chuc nftng ella gl~\V
due d(il I(i, KlIlh l~'. Li luiln "him ehia thi truang lao de)ng phan doi quan di~rn lien

7S
 "'...
luang cua can cli. Di~m nay T. R.Malthus cling ehua du chin cluac. nen eil biCn quan
di~m cua 56 luang dan 56 cua T. R.Malthus thanh quan elii'm chfit luang dfm ,6. Nhiing
quan c1iC;mvc If lurm tu ban nhan luc nAy co nhiing yeu t6 hCip I~' cua no. Lf Juan IU b,in
nhan Iuc kh6ng chi phe ph'ln nhiing quan diem bi quan \'c mflti thu,m cho rtmg cla"tclai c6
dinh, tai nguyen, va dan s6kh6ng ngung tang Jen se clcm 1;li cho Ihe' giai StI nghco kh6.
Han niia cling mo ra m(>t can duang mai eho nghien clru kinh Ie' hQe phuCing Tfty. Lf
!uan tu b,in nhan hIC coi chat luqng d,in s6 IA m6t loai tai nguycn hiEm co, cling chinh Iii
n6i no c6 gia Iri kinh te, cq duqc n6 can bo ra mot gi,i ei, keu goi epn ngu0i ncn coi Itr .'
b,in nhan Ill'e la lrQngtam c*a chinh Ihe kinh tc' hQc M Umg cuang nghicn (liu kh,im ph'l.
s,in xuat lao d(>ng khong chi dCin gi,in la su tieu hao the lue rna n6 dn climc Sll quan t:\ln
chu y. dac biet trong vi~c nan,! cao chat luang lao cUmg,
Tu nilling phim tfeh tren day chung ta co the::thfiy. Ii lu<1n IU b,in \'.: nhflll lue gop
phan rat Ian vil.Oviec rai ti~n Ii luan kinh te hoc truyen Ih6ng phuong Tily \'(Ji trong tflm
JA d'lu tu V:lt chal. No di[ chung kien m6t hi~n IhITC:tll' h,innhim lue lrong xii hc)i lITh,in
chtl nghi'a elang ton t\li ffi(>t'each khach quan va n6 dii pha'vo nhiing han che cua nen Ilr
ban, vi du nhlT dai dai. dan 56, vat chfit- nherng nh,in to elii Itrng lam cho nen kinh !C.
truycn thong phal trien, n6'cung khfmg elinh t,k,dung cua IU ~an nhan lue vlli su I'ing
truong cua ncn kinh Ie; phJnanh gi;i Iri quan lrong cua giao cl9c vii khoa hoc ki'lilll:H
tron~. s!!, phat I~i~~ clla ,nen! k~nhte h~7n c~.'li:khf~ng cli~h I~i ~ai ~,ioq~yc'1 clinh. c~a CO~
nguC1l trong qua Irmh san Xpal v~1 chat: vc mfl! II Ihuycl no ela xcI' \'ICC chi phi \'ao qua
Irinh san xuat; d6ng thai con dcm lai eho Ii lu,in Ilr h,in. Ii Jufm mng tnTcrng. vii If iU':lIl
phan ph6i Ihu nhap trang ngilI1h kinh Ic' hoc 'u clui mlJi co linh deh mango lrong tlo vicc
xep chat luqng suc lao d(>ng vao phani trll Itr h,in co ml;1 ~, nghi'a quan trong. Th{ nlllrng.
khi ph an tieh tu g6c el(>cua :kinh Ie hQC chinh tri ehtl nghi''J i'-!,ie thi SC Ih:iy Ii luan iu b,in
nhan I!!,c vfin con nit nhieu ~icuelang de phan'iich. vi clu nhu no khong nghicn elTu m()1
7
cach sa~, s~c d~ hi n tlICi~gikinh Ie ~ii h(>i, XU~I p~,it IiI quan~.c b,i~ ehfil,noi [ai e~la ili:n
lugng de lam ro mau thuanlth!!,c chat lrang no, ma 1<)1chc glau mau thuan cfm han gllfa
giai cap vo san phuong Ta~ vai giai cap fU san. lua cloi giai efip ,\:6 san va nh,in <Ifm Ian
d(>ng, D6ng IhCli loai Ii IU~fJ nay cling khong the::11m Ihfiy quy lilfll dieh Ihlre etla SIr \';In
d9ng kinh Ie xii h(>i, chi c6 Ih~ dllng hQe thuYC'f gi,i Iri thang du<cfla ehil nghia 1\1"c mtii
c6 the chi r6 thlfC chat cua n6, Trang the giai cila chtl nghi'a ttT b,in phuong T:tv. InflU
thuan xii h(>i C0 ban hay c6 Ih~ n6i kh,ic eli Iii thuc ehfit mau thuan xii hoi .I'lillwng TflY
khong phai Iii mau Ihulin g,iiia so ItTCingva eilfil IIICing cua dim s6. cung kh(mg ph,ii ii,
mau thulin giiia dan so, datl1ai, va tiii nguyen. mil chung quy \'an Ii, m;w Ihu"n giera gial
cap vo san vii giai cap lu s~n, mau thuan giiia nguai lao clang \'i, nhit tlI b,in. e6 Ihe::I;iv
mot vi du. If Juan ttT ban n~iin luc phe ph,in Ii Iu:,n \'c e1fm sO etla Marsami eOng chi Ii,
cuoc cliiu Iranh trang noi b6;cua n6 rna Ihoi. chi IiI euCK dfiu lranh giiia cilfil luang <I;ln ,6
trong xu the mai vai s6 11Iq~g dfIn s6 lrong tinil ilinh maio ehli kh(mg ele C;IP gi <I0'n h,in
ch[ll ella V;.ll1dc. LCfC le1 kh6ng de (;"I)),Ql d0'11 m:lu lilu,lll co tinh :;t-;C fL' giua ngutl'i lao J(mg
va nhit IU bim.

78
 II. Y nghia thlIe tien eua If lw)n tu bim nhan h!e
Lf luan lLI b"n nh,m lue ,inh hulmg vo cung sau sk d€n thl!c tj~n xii hqi vii nhiing
lhay d,;i eUa hi0n Ih\fc. dong thoi c6 mql y nghla v6 cung quan trqng doi vai thl!c ti~n va
.J
hl0n Ilwe. C<) lh~ thay n<) thlie day rilt nhieu nuac tren the giai x~p vi~c khai thac nguon
nhi,n lue 'au l11ue ti0u ehiC:n lUcK ck phat trien kinlJ l'':, xa h9j cua quoc gia, viio ke hoaeh
ho,ic ljuy huaeh phill trien kinh te: n6 giup cho chung la nh~n thuc r6 tinh b6 sung hO Irq
eao gilb li0n ",in ell Sll ,ill chill vi, slIc lao dqng; n6 c6 th~ thuc day nha nuac, xii hqi, gia
Jinh. til ea nhim d,iu llf taO gi,io d~c, n6 g6p philn tfch cl!cnang cao chat luqng dan so
"i, Ihlk Jiiy "r nghi"p giao due nhanh ch6ng phat tri~n; dong thoi n6 cling thuc diiy
nghkn dru khoa hue "a
khai [Iulc thanh qua c6ng ngh~, tanil cuang duu tu cho khoa h9c.
Tmng lhili Jai kinh Ie Iri IhlIc, vi~c nghien clIu !<J.ili lu~n~tu ban nhan luc va y nghla
quan [rung ella n6 doi ,ai
sLl phat trien mai cua nganh kinh te hqc dii cho thilY, li luan llf
b"n ,~ nh'"1 lue di, dun nhim nhiing CCI hqi phal trien ti-en rD.qt cap dq cao han, n6 cling
_____
. __
..
_'_ ',' , .. . ._ ..._.._' - .. _
..
~~. 1.--'" .,---- -

rhein anh nhu cau dip thiet clla cuqc canh tfallh'giiia Ih\fc ll!c kinh te, thl!c luc chinh tr!
va ti~m lue tong hqp ctla mot quac gia doi voi If luim tlI bim nhin l\TC.Ii IU\ln tU bim nhan
I,!e elii lrlllhi'llh ngu(Jn lfi IhUe thue ti~n quan trong eho S\f phat tri,:r, killh te Xl' hoi cua
ciic nL((fC.

III. Tinh hap I)' eua If lu~n ttr ban nhun life
Phim lleh III .g6e elo tong the, If lu~n tU ban vc nhan l\fc la li lU\lIl kinh te cua giai
cilp IU "in plurang Ti,y. dll d6 can ph,\i phan tfeh blnh IU\lrl them, nhI!ng mqt so viln M
Irong ph am "j nh,) ,'i,
CitCquan diem kh,ic cua h9C thuyet nay cling c6 nhiing chO hqp Ii.
Tlnh lwp Ii ehtl y~'u uUl1e Ihe hi0n 0 eho n6 da nhfln m~nh vi~c nang cao nang l\fc eua
con nglfili de ph,il huy t;le dung cua nhan 10 nay trang qua trlnh phat tri~n kinh te. Day Iii.
Ii do ehinh tI~ if luilll" IlilY c{, the duae Iruyen ba rqng rai. U lU\ln tI! ban nhan l\fc nhan
ffianh vi~e n'lng eao chilt llll.1I1gdan so vii chilt luqng ngubi lao dqng, dieu nay kh6ng
nhiing e(\ I'ii eho ,'i~e nilng cao Ii k ,,\n xuilt xa hQi, thuc dfty tang truong kinh te, ma
con l"l) h.ri eho vi0c e'li thi0n chill ILlqng CUDCsong cua ngI!oi lao dqng; coi giuo d~c ta
l1lql ngilllh tlilU lU co linh "in xuill. dieu nilY da ph,; va qu~n ni~m giao d~IClruyen tha~.
.' .
cli ki. rnilng linh gqi )' rat eao. Ti~'n hill1h ph,in tlch eu the, if IU(lI1tu ban ve nhan l\fc co
cile Ihilllh philn h(.IP Ii tr~n bon phuong di~n chu yeu sau:
Tillrllil<ii. Ii lu,in llf b,\n ve nhun l\fc ve m\lt If lU\ln kin~ Ie da liinlthay d6i ca caulf
luill1 Iiiy <bu III "i1\ eh'lt "lin ehtl ch.lO,g6p philn giup cho ngilnh kinh t€ hqc sang l\lp mqt
li'nh v~rc Ilghi~n CUll Inoi.

FIlii It,,!. kh,ii ni0m "'w,ill III bdn" trong li lU\ln tI! blll1 nhan ll!edii chi ra tac dllng
cua wn nglfl'li \"llot Xii l,ie dung cua va;t chat, III d6 ra dc1l quan ni~m dau tI! cho con
ngll(li l"l) hi0u que, Vlf01Xii tI,iu lU \'Cit ehfll. I! ,
[fur /.>'1. If lu,m llf b,in nh'lI1 life rilt ~oi trang viec nang cao chat Ihqng sue lao u6ng.
dicu n:,y r'll e(\ \. ngh", 'lii vice khau sat "iln de d,in so, ngI!ai lao d0'1g 11m ",ee co Ilnll
co C~{ll \'a \-~ltl J~ch~il lLr~.mg nh~lI1 titi.

79
 Thl( 11(, Ii lu~n tu ban nh[m h!e eho ding d'iulu eho giao dUC.,j.i1hat nh[m eua IU h'ln
sue lao d(mg, di6u nay hoan tOdn hOp Ii

IV. Tfnh han

.
che xa hoi. .' cua Ii luan ttl ban nhan luc
.
U Iu~n tu bim nhan !lre co tinh han ehe vc giai cap va xa hoi rat n6i h,lt.
TllI( niJar, neu philn Ifeh Ii lu~n tu h'ln nh,ln !lIe tll goe do dao due vii nhan linh. thi
no se bien tal ca Ihanh IU bah hoa, lam eho can nguai chi b~ng \'oi !II ban. "a ha lh,ip gi,]
tli eua can nguai, do do lrude hel no mang tfnh han ehe eua giai dp. N6 dung "!:lai nicm
"Tn ban niJon !!(c", dt ehe gi[iu ban ehal h6c lot eua giai e[ip !II san, Trang Ii lu[m nilY
s(rc lao dong Ira thanh hang hoa, chat luong giao dtlC va trlnh do "hoa hoc "i Ihu[lI deu
duac xem la co Ifnh IU b'ln: Do doduang nhicn ph,ii dlla ra mot "el III,ln. nen "inh Ie'
phuong Tay so
dT tang tnrang duoc la do suc lao dong tao ra. Iii ket qu,i cua ,'icc (1;\11tIl
\'i,o nhan Iltc. Nell phan Ifch Ii luim nay dua vao hoc thllyet gi,i tn lao d(mg ella eh,j
nghia Mac, thl chi co lao d(lng mai t~o ra gia trio SII ph,]t huy \'a \',)n dung nang luc Ian
d(Hlg' cua can nguai la ngu6n goc clla t,it ca ella c,ii trang xa h()i. khong ph,ii IU han e6
th€ tao ra gia Iri ma 'chinh la: suc lao d(lng. Li luanlll b,in nh,ln !llc dii boi dcn IU Ihl(c sue
lao d(lng lao ra gia tri. m(ll Ian nCla dua ra 11I[lndi~u IU ban tao ra gi,i Iri. Do d6. If lu[m
nay khong c6 tinh triel M v~ rnat Ii IhuYC'L
,

TIzI( !wi, phan rich tll goe (I'> ehfnh trio nhfrng dieu mil If Illan III b,in nh[m hlc <iii
lUyen lruy6n dell phu hop \\ji quan niem gi,] Iri ma che do chu nghia III han dang can. N6
nhan m,!nh trinh d(l giao duc e6 ,inh hltang Ian dc'n ml1c thu nh,ip licn lumlg eua ngulli
lao d(lng, no cho rang IIguycn nh[lIl M tao ra su "h,ic bi~t gifra e,ic 111UC IllclIlg hoirn loim
la do lrlnh do gi,io ,1I1C,kh0ng he licn quan toi che d6 chu nghia It! b'ln. la111eho nglilli
I • .'

phai nh~n muc luang lhap lin rang nhtr vity lit. Cling bang. dieu nay la khong dting \'(ji
th\fC Ie, Tren Ih\fC te lrang ka h(li phuong ny, nguyen nhan t~o ra str kh,]c biet \'c licn
•. go'.

Iltong gifra nguai lao d(lng va cae thanh vien kh,ie'trong xa h(li la IU r[ll nhicu phuClng
di~n nhu: dja vi xa h(li, ehudg t(lc, tu6i dai va lu6i nghe. .

Tlll( ba, III phuong p~ap luan cua Ii lu~n IU ban nha!1 I~c, co gang dilllg phuong
phap thong ke d€ xay dlIng :h~ th6ng cho rieng minh, chung minh ket qua eua 111inh. W
I
mal nay ciing co nhfrng ch6 hqp]f. nhung cling co nhfrng di6111yeu clla n6. Vi d6i \'oi h[il
ki hi~n Iltqng kinh te nao, dii can phai chung mi!jh v6 so Itrong thi cling crin ph,ii ph'lIl
tich ve chal Iltqng. Li lu~n tu
ban nhan 11Icdii lam cho nhfrng phan tfch vc s61uang hoan
loan.th6at Ii khoi su che uac ella quan he san xuat. chung minh nhfrn!, can s6 dJ;1 n6 c6
tac dung trang tat ca cac dieu kien cua xii h9i, nhtr vay la clii dung: nhling cong thlle Ifnh
loan don Ihuan M Ihay Ih~ cho nhfrng nh,in t6 khac. phu nh,ln quan nic111 co b'ln c1w
rang ban chal clla ron ngltai la t6ng hoa cua cac 1110iquan h~ xa h<;>i.hoilll loan soltlqng
hoa can nguai, d,inh d6ng can ngtrai voi dc Ihll "':11 ch[lt kh,ic. clieu nilY la kh6ng thl'
chiip nh~n dltqc.

80
 CHUONG IV: QUAN HE• GIO'A GIAo DUC
r
VA KINH TE

Gi,ii thieh ve qu"n he wang h6 gifra giao d\lc va kinh te-:phan tich tu g6c d9 kinh te
hoc, Ilre lit vc Slf cung cau eua gi,io d\lc; phan lich tu quan h~ vi rna giiia kinh te va giao
duc, tlfe 1'1quan he ViltaC dung wong h6 eua kinh te va giao,d\lc.

B~1i1: Cung va cau 1:rong gi40 dl,lC

I. Nhu du giao dl,lC

Nhu cau gi,io d,ie chi nhiing yeu cau d6i v6i ca nhan h'ay xa h9i ve khii nang chi tn\.
elm gi,io due, Trong di0u kien kinh tc hi~n d,!i, nguoi ta de dimg chuiin bi nhiing dieu
kicn kha ltlt v~ nhu cau gi,io due. nhu cau khi\. nang chi tn\., va nhu cau giao d\lc eila con
nglrai la ngay Ctfng rna f(lng.
DLfa vim ChLIthe ella nhu cau giao d\lc de phan chia thl nhu cau giao d\lc c6 the
chia Iilln hai lo,!i 16n, do la nhu cau xa h9i giao d\lc va nhu cau ca nhan giao d\lc. Nhu
cau gi,io duc cua con ngLfoila vo han. nhung nhiing gl rna ;I.a h9i cung cap cho giao d\lc
ca nh,in Ihl lai co h~n.
•
I
I - I. Nhu cau xii hqi Hi giuo d\lc
I Nhu call xii hQi \'c giao d\le la nhu cau ve khi\. nang chi tra cho giao d\lc dugc phat
sinh tif nhll cau \'C rtguon nhilll lLfcva eong nhan chuyen man cho slf phat trien, cila kinh
k' xii hl)i c'ua m911luoC gia twng luung lai 6 m9t giai do~n phat trien lieh Slr'xa h9i nhal
d!nh. Vap ling nhu call xii h9i giao duc nay, se g6p phan rat 16n cho slf 6n dinh. phon
vinh. lien h9 Cl"ltoilll xa h9i. gi,io d\lc cling c6 the dem ll!i:cho toan xii h9i nguon Igi va .'~ I.

cling III 16n. Nhu cau xii h9i vc gi,io duc sc eung cap hang IOl!t nguoi lao dong, con~
nh'1I1ehuyen mon cho cae ngimh nghc. nguai mil giao du'c theo nhu cauboi dLf6'ngnI se
IU'ln thLIh'lo ve V'I ph,it t['ien ncn v,m minh vii chc Il(l xii h9i. Cho nell xa he,i C :lllg phill
t['ien, nhu call gi,io due cua no I'.licimg 16n. Cho dil nhu cau giao due eLlaxii hoi hien clui
ngilY dng It'in. nhllng lrong m()1 thai ki nhilt dinh, thi nhu cau d6 cung chi ia hiiu hl!n
ehli khl)ng th~ vo han dtrge, Chfnh phu - nguoi vaeh ra ke' hoach eho su ph at trien cUa xa
h9i - cli th~ quy hoaeh nhu ciiu giao J~c eua xii hoi, Irong [n91 pham vi nhal dinh, Chinh
phu cling co lh~ ,ip J\lng bi~n phup kinh tc vii hi1l1hchfnh doi v6i nhu cfiu nay, co the xay
dLfng m()l viii ehfnh s~leh d~ hlf6ng Jan Ihi trtrong lao d9ng, va dieu chinh nhu cau giao
Juc clla xii hl)i, Vi d,l: Chinh phll co the thong qua thiet I~B m9t vai lLI caeh nghe nghi~p
cua mol S(l ngilllh nghc. IilIn cho nguoi lim viec truac khi c6 duge e6ng vi~e nay, nhat
• thic'l ph'li qua boi dlfi'Ji1gI'il gi,io due lUung ling, nhu vay sf' kieh Ihfch nhu cau cila m9i
ngtroi vc ioai hinh gi,io due nilY: Chinhphu con e6 thl'! th6ng qua giam bm hoac tang

81
 ,,'~'
cuang ehi phi t:,i chfnh eil;\ mot soloai hlnh gi"o due nao do. loi dung tu\'cn Irtm:n trung
,!;;lP
~ AA rhi c>o nhu cau Cl\1 ::!In\j
'-'
d~i,:~tr;)n~,_......-
ln~~i hlnh gdo duc nil\'.

;\llli"" nh'IL.J) Jnh htlong lkn nhu du xa hoi gi:\o due I" \'0 clmg phong ph'l, :"Jhlrn,
r,c",, . 11:',\ chi! )":'u hao gam: d,m so xa hoi. trlnh d(l ph,i! iri0n khoa hoe ("ng ngb-:' kml
", ,'r"g chfnh ,,\ch ella L:hfnh phil.
1

l),i'" ;;°11do
la tlnh hlnh d[m so xa hoi. Do doi Wong cila gi,io dul' la (On nglrir;. ch,
yc"ut'l Ire em va lhanh lhieu nien. VI vay nnh hinh eo e[iu d[m so (ila m,:Jl d"t ntflk, ha'
gam can so thong ke toc cli?'gia tang va co du e1otuoi. sc qll\''''{ dinh "1I hll<'mg \',\ 'Ill:' m,
co h'ln eua nhu cau xa hoi gi:io due. D,in so nhi.:u, toe d{) gia tang nhanh, en c,lu d:'m "
a
chroe t:.~. h6~, thl trang rnt,ltuong lai khong "a. ti Ic d;m s6 do tu{)i dl IlnC ,,; dll\ tr; ,
mire cao, jjhLf v~y llrqllg nhu elu ve gii.lo dl.1C clu .\;j hQi sc la tHong dlli 16'n. dng thtl" nh 1

e<lu gHlo d~le se thap cli. Hau hl2't nhCrng ntrl~'C lL1ng phal tricn dell cO' (L)c lnrng Jl;l~. N~lr(1
lai toe do gia tang dan so eh':lm. co e;iu d[m so eo xu huang lao h6a. Ii Ie c1;m sO clang I' eI,
!uoi di hoc tha'p, luang nhu du gi,io clue trong xa hoi luong doi it. thl t:'ing thl'c nhu (:'IU \
hoi gi60 d,le tuong doi eao, ,

Tlllr I/Oi la tdnh di? ph"t tri0n khoa hoc e(lOg nghe va kinh Ic', Trinh e1()ph,il trlc'l
khoa hoc cong nghe va kioh te xa hoi 'lnh hlrcnlg ,!C'n nhu du .xii hoi gi"o duc tir h"
phtlong di~n. Mi?l la, anh hlrang den l[ing Ihtl nhu du xa hoi giao due. Irlnh do ph'll iriC,
khoa hoc eong ngh~ va kinh Ie eang eao. ph,in e(mg ehuyen mon eang nh,). nhu dll \'
ehlmg laai, tang thtl giao due eila con nguai sc ng:lY eang eao. C:lJ1g phtre tap: h,,; . ,n!
Illrang den Ifnh licn tue eua nhu du "a h6i gi'la due. tdnh elf) ph,il IriCn khoa hoc (C''') ,
ngh~ va kinh Ie cang cao thlloan bi? nen kinh te sc co mot xu the thay d6i \'f) eilJ1g nhanh
co C<lUkinh Ie va co e'lu vice lilm se kh(mg ngirng ,ftwl' dieu ehinh . .xii h(li sc c6 nhlrng nh,
cau lien Ille ve giao duc de' thfeh tlng vai euoe song dang khong ngung hic'n cl6i. Nglro
'ii-i, lrang xii h6i kinh te ltr eung ttl C<lp, ham luang khoa hoc ki thuill trang ,'In .xli;'! llm'l,
cloi lhlfp, lac d6 e10i mai eoog nghe eh::I01. nhli dli gi,ia due .xa hoi r[il Ih[\p. Trong thili ~
eui?c each mii-ng c6ng nghiep lay lieu chu::in iii m,iy hoi mr6e. thong thuiYng Illflt nglriri c'
lrlnh di? ti~u hoc cling co th6 d:tp trng c!u'le nhu du vc stTe laO' CklIlg trang e,mg \'ice. H",
nfra, vua mai hac xong atruong, ho:1O Ih:mh drrt hoc ngh.:. nhlrng kinh nghiclll \i, kln;ln
mit nguai lao dong lfeh lliy dtloe eo the: d,ip trng duoc nhu du cflllg vice ll'llng c:i dir;: htll'"
do thi\i dai each mang Ih6ng lin. ham luang e(lOg nghc trong C{lOg \'ice ng'''' cilng nhi':I' '
khoa hac k1 thuat khong ngung e1elimtii. kh')ng chi dn co so Ii, gi'lo clue ph'" Ihe'lng. m
con phai khong ngung tii"p Ihu de loai hinh ili", 1;'0 gi,io due kh,\c Illlii e6 th0 d:ip {[[1
GIlCieyell e<lUcua cong viet. Quan he gilra ph,il lei,:" Lhoa hoc kl Ihu;ll \il klnh it X.I he'
vai nhu du ella xa hoi ngay cilng 1ll::lt\hiet.

,ll chi l:.lD el,a Chinh rhil. 1\'6i theo each hJnh IlwO'ng. gi,io due 1,1 ,
Tin'( 10" ]}
:lg>,<p CU'.l [;JqLiOC gia. nhu C,lll \:1 h~i \'c gi~i() due dlruc the' hlcn tht'mg qua qu:' hO,.ICh \
cilini, sjch gJ:\o clue eua Chfnh phil. M{re do eoi lrang co g,ing \'" ehinh s:ich cll:\ nh:, Illr<',
gianh eho gi:io dlle da L-a thitnh nh,in to quan trong anh hlrang ,!C'n nhu du "" h,:,i \'': gi,;
due, Nhfrng anh hUslng nay kh6ng chi ,ftroe hi0u hicn '1 s6ltrong nhli dli gl:I" due. Illil ci,
dtloe bi6u hien a co eau nhu c:'iu giao due. Vi du nhtr lhi h'lIlh nghla \'u g"i" due. ,1<',c1:

82
 ngan eu" nghi" \U giau due \'a lhai kllhl!c hien nghia ~ d€u c6 anh huang rat 16n den nhu
cau giilO duc .. -\nh hl!ong clm nhfrng nluin to tren day den giao duc cung la khong can

'I,
bang. Hc dung. con dLfllllg. mile dQ "'I
pham vi anh huang cua chung trang nhfrng xa hQi
khae nh~u. hUClClrang cung mOL xa hoi nhl!ng khac thai kl se khong giong nhau.

.. 2. r'\hu cau ca nhan ni gino dl,le

Nhu du ca nhCln \~ gi,io due la nhu cal' e6 kha nang chi tra cho giao duc duqc mot
nguai ILra chyn xuiil ph,it IU nhfrng dl! d!nh ve lri thuc, kt nang, thu nhap, dia vj xii hQi
trong tUt111g lai,

Nhu du cu~ con ngl!ai calien quan den rat nhieu m~t. Trang xa hQi hi~n d~i,'do tiep
nhClI1lrlnh ,Il'l giao d,IC Iren mQI trlnh dQ nao d6 da quyet d!nh den ngh.: nghi~p, thu nhftp,
tlnh hlnh CUl'lCsong \'il Slf ph at tri~n cua tung nguoi, nhu cau giao dl,lc dang chiem mQt vi
tri \'0 CLing qu~n tfl!ng lrang tat cit cac nh!t caucuacgnnguoi.

a. !Jollg C<1 clia Illm cd"u cd lliliJll I'e' gido duc

Nhu CClUd nhCln "e giao due Ii, nhfrng I(.li ieh dl! tinh ea the lhu duqe s~u khi liep lhu
mQt loai giiiu due nao d6. Tu nhfrng suy nghi vo: wang l~i c6 the hlnh lhanh rat nhieu dQng
co vc nhu C;"lU ca nhan \'c giao dl;lc.

Filii 1J!I,ii la nhu du \c eui!e "jng linh thiin. Cung vai su tien bQ cua xa hQi, mlrc thu
nhClp l:lIlg eau "i,
lhiJi gian r,Inh rai eua con nguoi cling nhieu hem, vi~c dap (rng duqe
nhlmg nhu cciu "': rung ham hieu biet, phong phd dai song (inh thiln', ming cao chat luqng
cUQc sllng cilllg ngilY eilng h(rc lhiet. NCll1gcao Hlnh dQ th:i:m my cua con nguai thong qua
gi,io d,IC Ja Irll lhilllh cun duong quan trqng de
con'nguai hang cao chflt luqng dai song

• linh thCln clla mlnh. " t .

t
:
Tilli !lui iiI nhu du \'c dai song ",H chCft. Day 1a dQn$ co co bim ve nhu cau giao dl,lc
eua Jai da so nguoi ,bill. Nguoi la muon liep thu giao d~c, va ml,lc tieu kinh te la h9 muon
e6 mot thu nhC,p kh" eao "i,
nhlmg ich Iqi kha nhieu. De c6 dng nhieu co hQi II/a ch9n
ngh~ IIglli~p \'a lhu ,~'p ella I"m ngl!oi ta cang muon c6 lrlnh dq giao dl,lc cao. Sau khi
blfac \','0
.\'1 hili. sc co di~u ki~n 101dC eanh [ranh lrong thi truang lao dQng, va cang ~ c6

dlf'.lC 1111,1ci)ng \.iee e6 dieu kien dai ngQ tot. Trang nen kinh te va thi truang lao d'Qng
khimg ngemg bi~n Ji;i. nguiJi ('(J lrinh dc! gi,io due cao c'6 nftng luc wang (rng kha cao, sc
de d'lng lilay dili cling \'iec ella mlnh. do "C1Yc6 th~ huang mQt cUQc song v~t chat kh8. gii\..

FIlii I", Ii, nhu du \'~ d!a

X'I hl'li. Co dutJc mQt d!a v\ cao trang xa hQi la dQng I,rc
\'1

khil quail lrung de enn ngl10i hoc hilllh. Mai ml?t nguai thuQc 1TIQIgiai cap Mu hy v9ng
nClIlgcan d,a '.i .\a hi,i clla mlnh. trong dieu ki~n eua nen kinh te thi tWang, dia vi xa hQi
khong ph,ii Ii, lruy~n llr Ih~' h~ nilY sang the h~ khac ma la mQt sl! giao d~c tot se la dieu
ki~h ttll de nang cau dia \'! xa hoi.
Khong chi hoc ,mh m(" h" \ on~ ti0'p I~C h9c'tap M tu than ma cac vi phu huynh

•
Cllll"c (ku cllo r,'II1"
C'
cho con em mlnh hue ,.
a
[rlnh do cao hon Iii. tn\eh nhiem
,~
vi, nghia ".'..
ella minh, :\C[ ltr \' !1!..!hian~l\". nhu c"iu ~i,io due mot con n2.,(O'i con baa !lom nll'., ~'.l\i
con cm di hoc ci:a e~c \'i phu huynh. ~lu6n co d~qe Sll pl;iil tri~n kh(>n~~n~ern,~ (','", ,,,.,,

83
 kinh te hien 6ai va 5V nang cao .l1hallh <;'1<)n1'Clla khoa hoc kj [hu:\I. C;lC chu [he kil,h i,
tmac het ph,)j Iuy~n nhfrng nguai c6 llinh d(, gdo duc cao. Gill [Ii kinh Ie \'a IN; ieh ci
llhem Clta giao duc hi~n hil;n mot each IC>I:mg. Cic vi phu huynh eoi gillO duc iii milt
kholln duu W cho can em minh, giao duc khong chi mang lai cho con cm ho mill In Ihue
va ki nang sau rang, rna trong Wong lai chung c,\n c6 Ihe dIrac huang lllilt eUllC s6ng khli
gia, han nfra trong xa hoi hien oai c6 c!tracmnl Illnh do gi,lo due cao la cli~u kicn qual1
In~mg clti nfmg cae d:a vi xa l1(i. C110 nell. so s:inh v6i yell c[ill cho In()t hhng hDa h"Jllh
thuong. n~-,' ,,>! (Ti:,iI-:,dl;U: e;:it nh;lli~:~lI1g Jlhlrc L.lp. kh{)ng chi c6 nhu C[ill gi,lo dl.1C (;1 nlli'lll
ella ngtrc)'i (i1}'n'(' ~;~-- ... 1'TC rna !C011h:v~ gam nhu cflu ella c~ic \'j ph 1.1huynh !nong chn (', ",
minh 6uac .,,;. ;",r.' ,"'" han. Loai nhu dun:IY tham chic6n lllanh me IWIl niltl
du Cl,:,. ,j c,. . .'Ieu I';' ,iCitIl! lhilnh milt phuong dicn d,ing Chll \' khi ph'lIl tich nhu dtl

b. :Yhfr'''g lIhdn t{f anh 'hltting de;, nlm cd" giao due ea nllan

Nhll C,lU gdo dt,lC ctla rnoi nguai va gia dlnh eua hQ \'c &i;io dl;lc dan £ ngilY ean~
duoc rna rang, nhung n,~oai nhu ceiu gi,io due ra, ngm'li ta con co nhu du ,1 de Ijnh \'ll,
khac nfra, do d6, phili IV,.!c~on gifra nhu ceiu gi,io d~c va de nhu du kh,ic Dieu n,\\' I,il
yeu se ilnh huang Mn nhu c,lu gi,io duc, dong thai, mot vai yeu to n11lr: linh deh. ,1::"
di~m, hoan canh gia dlnh, kinh te xa hoi cung eo ,lnh hlTong ck'n c'lP h,;e chit', lUling '"
loai hlnh giao d~c.N6i t6m I~i, nhfrng nh,ln t6 ,inh huang de'n nhu du giao duc d nMn n',
Ih~ chia lam bon phuong die!).

Tlu'r nhdi Ia khil nang bAm sinh ella moi nguai. DCiy Iii nhl;n t6 (juan lrong nlt'll ,inh
Iprang den nhu du giao due ella ca nhfm. Nglrai c6 n,lng Iirc h:im sinh cao Cel kh" nang
tie'p nh,ln trlnh dQ giao d~c cao: do 06 nhu du gi;io duc cl,a ho khlilCm, c!tip lfng t1uoc nhn
cau thea h9c cap I, h9 se muon tie'p tuc hoc dp'IL dlip ung dlto'C nhu cau theo hoc ciip n.
h9 se muon h9c tiep cap IlL eho du khong the thea h()c mot each chinh (juy. ho cung sf
tim kiem tri thuc bAng can duong tu hoc hoac clic can ouang kh,ic. M clap lrng nhu du
ham hi~u cua minh, Giao dllc la mot qllli trlnh h'" 11K kh()ng nglrng. h'lu he'l nhirng n.£lrill
c6 kha nang bam sinh deu khong ngu-ng vrron Icn tl,'n nCic Ihang n:I)'. !I1:1d6i \(ri nl',IJng
nguai nang Iuc bam sinh thelp, Ihl hoil'l :"'1'1h Chlt0!),!! irlnh hoc ciip L II cia 1:1c6 he't Slrc
roi, nhu ceiuh9C cap rn cua h9 duon~ ,,1-,;':''1 I" 61. J11C1nhal.

Tla'r hoi la ho:m canh kinh Ie' xa k,i (lla gia dlnl!. Di hoc EI phi,; 1Il' tiC'n. gia t1inh
phai tra nhling Ie phi lrvc tiep hO;lc giJn liep cho giJo due, cho c!il E, gilio due nghT;1 \U
mi~n phi, gia 61nh cung phili tra mot ph'ln phi kCJ11theo. Trc eJ11 "IU kh, '.kn lUe,; hll
dQng viln tiep tuc noc nen gia dlnh ph"i tr" Ic phi gi;ln ti{p. Jlrilc phi gl,ill cluc mil ~ill
dlnh c6 th~ Ira du9'c dung M danh gia tlnh hlnh kinh Ie gia elinh do. Do \_'1\. linh
kinh Ie gia dlnh dil tra thimh' nhan to mang tinh quve't dinh doi \'oi nhu call gillO due,;.1
nhan. Tai I'lt nhi"\1 mro-c (1;mg ph,it tri~n, nhiCli trc elll tu6i eli hoc J11ur;n uri Imimg mil
khong OU9'Cva cung ~;honf It em ph;',i b<i hoc giua chl'rng. "''lot trong nhQng nguyen nh:lI1
quan Ir9ng cua hien IH')l"'-' !ii gia dJnh hoc sinh kh')ng the' chi Irtl dlU5c IHX phi 11lI(
liep va gian tic'p [1:"'; rl'.,,",,] can h9 di hoc. Vi: hoc phi gilln tiep. chn di, dc em (':'11
;-;:(t 11110 niH: ',~~~Jrc i~iC d(\I;~' ,,', C';.L em d6i \.rl'j gia, dlnh l,.\i quan lrQng. ella TTl',,:'niu('r, Clc.:

84
 ,.
em lhum giu "'a luo dQi\g san XUalva cac hO'!t dQng kinh te khac nh:'lm b6 sung nguon
I\re [i,i ehinh cho gia dlnh
Tilli 11<1Ii, mue hoc phi. Trang giai doun hoan thanh giao d\lc nghla vu, mirc hoc phi
.. ". cling eO ,1nh huang nh,il dinh d~'n nhu ciiu gia.' I uc ni nhan. HQe phi la gill lhlmh giao due
IrUe tlep ehu y.:u mil hQc ,inh phai Ira. n.:u tang "'i': phi se Iilm tang ganh nang hQc t~p eho
hoe ,inh. Do do, .mu-c hoc phi cilng cao, sue e[J ,lui voi uhu du hQc tiep cua hQc sinh se
eilng I(1u. Hoe phi coanh IHrang ro reI den nhu cau giao d\lC c:.inllan eua cftc gia dlnh e6
thu nhup lh,ip.
i
Tilli /II lit loi feh lrong ttIong lai cua giao d\lc ca nhan,. tuc Hi tll~ dfiu tu co hi~u qua
ella giftl) due e,l nh'lIl. Chung la 116qua cac CO hQi dllu tll khac de
dau tll van giao d\lc cuoi
cllI1gclrng Ii, d~ lhu duoc nguon I'li kinh te £II!tinh ho~c cac ngu6n I'li khac. Neu I'li nhu~n
lrang (!:iu tu giao d\lc cao han, nhu cau giao d\lc cua mQi nglloi se Ian han; neu I'li nhu~n
lrong gi,io Juc.th,ir-h(1Ii.~h'u-ngthu trong giap d\lc.cuamgirigllois~giam; neu muc I'li nay
iiI khong. lh'lIll chi phai chiu 16 thl rat nhi~u nglloi se be co hQi £IihQc, chQn Il!a mQt nganh
kh,ie d~ d,iu lll. . :
Cic nh"n to anh huang den nhu cau giao d\lc ca nhanhoan toan khong gay tac d\lng
nhu nhau; doi \'()i nhling quoc gia. khu v\lc khac nhau, vai phung nglloi thuQc tllng lap xa
h,'li kh,ic nhau thl de nhan to gay lac d\lI1gva muc dQ n~ng nh~ Cll'.•tac d\lng rna cae nhan
lO g'IY ra iii khac nhau. Doi voi nhling khu vuc va nhling gill dinh giau co, hQc phi khong
phili Iii nh'ln to anh 11I1dngden nhu cau giao d\lc, nhung doi voi nhling gia dlnh co thu
nh"p thap lhi anh huang nay lai kha Ian.

II. Cung cap giao dl,lc

Cung dp giao d\IC la nhling co hQi rna co quan giao O\lc cac dip cua mQt nuac hoac
mQIkhu vue co kha n,ing cung cap cho nguoi tiep nh~n giao!d\lc trong'mQt thai gian n,lO£16.
Nai ,oi mot 'i nghia rong hon, cung cap giao d\lc con bao gqm co h9i giao d\lc rna nhling co
quan phi chinh quy eo th~ cung ciip. nhu giao duc truang th~nh va giao d\lc t\li chuc.
Cu h()i giao due chi. yeu UU(/ceung cap tUcUCnha trllong dll'lc l~p Hen bai nha nlloc,
doanh nghi~p. hOtlc de daim th~ xa h<')i.Cho d~ Iii co hqi duqc cung cap bai Chfnh phi1,'"
doanh nghi~p hay de dO:ln th~ xa h<')i,lhl do linh giai h,!n eua nguon dau tll giao d\lc rna
cung dp gi~illU\ICla hi'lUhan. Nhan to anh huimg den cung cap giao duc c6 bon phlwng
di~1l saU: I

Ii, cung dp gi,\o vien. Giao d\lc trong'trll~mg hQc cluqc tlwc hien thong qua
FIlii lIil,ii
gi:tu Vi~Il, gii.lU \'i~n 1:1.ngu6n nhim
ll;Cc quan trQng nhftllrung ngu()lJ dilL! lU gi,l..o d~lC. Cl.lng

eap giao vi~n baa 'gam hai mal I" chfil vii Iuqng, tlnh tr\lng ~lla Itai n~~l c1rfilv>tIlI\l:ig ell"
cung cup gi,io ,i~n d~lI ,[nh huang tr\lc tiep den cung cap'giao d\rc. Ch:[t llrung gi,o vic"
lh,[p. khong dal duqe nhu cau lhap nHil, ,0 'InlLhuang den chat Itr'lng giao d\lc, rnue JO
lh,ip k~m cua chiit luong giao duc sc 1:'111gi,im nhu cllu xa hoi v~ giao duc. Ngay nay, SO
luong giao ,i~n eilu Trung Quoc khong plnii la van de chu yeu, nhung chat llr'lng gi,\o vien
cia liun cho moi ngui'li ph,ii 10 I{mg. Boi duong va nang cao trlnh dQ, chfil Il(qng eua doi
ngu gl<io,i~nlil vun M quan {{ong lrong vi~c cung cap giao vien hi~n nay.

85
 Tlu'r hai la bo trf nguon dau tu gi,io duc, Ngu6n c!<tutu gi<io duc Ii, co 'C1 ",H chill d,
cung cap va phM tri~n giao O\1C,Ch, c6 dilU llr eliiy du eho giao due Ihi mai e6 Ihe eung eil,
day du truang h9c, giao vie? va thiel bl "ho nfelTO'ihoe, mai co Ihe khong ngimg hci; (ilT'''' ,
doi ngu giao vien, nhii.m lam mai kicn thCTe. ,l,ir ,'rng nhu du b6i c1LIi1ngnhan Ii,;, Nlmn:
nguon dau IU luon eo h~m, rna mue ti~u ph,it Irien ,hi lai ral nhieu, c10 \'ay eiin ph,ii eill1 elc,
nguon dau tlI co haT', gifra c~c nganh. nh,\m lam loi lru haa Jeri feh xflhc)i, Mue cliiu ILIgi,i,
clue qua ft ai, se anh huan~ den cung cilp vi, ph~l tricn ell~ gi,iD c1uc, lir ela ,c ,inh h1rC1';1,'
(1<"nloan b9 n€n kinh te quoc dan trong mang lal: mCrc dilu m cho giao cluc qua nhieu <
anh huang den dau tu cho Jac ngimh kh<ic. toc clo ph<it trien ell1\ loan xa hoi eung hi ,inl
hLIang va clloi clmg thl giao:d\1c cung chiu "nh huang, Dong thoi. l11ue eliiu ILreho gi,io ill'
qu,i nhieu se gay du thua trclmg cung cap gi,io c1uc, khong eo lai eho ph,il Iricn kinh' ,
due, Do vtty.IH phan phoi hop If nguon von ft oi gilfa gi<io clue. kinh Ie' qu6e ,Lin "" Cli,
r\!~~ll1hkh<lc L.t.1ll(?L nh;-m I() quan trQng Anh huang tai nhu cfiLi x) h<li n~gi;ln dl.'C.
Thir ba lit gia thanh d;an vi giao duc. Gia thanh dO'n \'i gi,\o clue ehi gi,i Ihiu,h hin!
ljlJ:1l1[uc lit lO~n 110 chi phf'M boi c1lr6ng 1119tloai hQc sinh nilO d6 Ihuoe ciip hQe ni,o elt
Khi t6ng lU<:J'ngd,iu'lU cho giao duc Ia m9t con so nMt dinh. gi'l thitnh dan \'i gi<io due cat
I'lJ CO'hoi gi~,) c1n: rna '(a hoi c6 th~ cung ciip sc, giam do v,iy gia Ihimh clem ,'j gi,\o efu
(-'il'l~ e6 anh hlJ(\'ll'g trvc ti6p; den clfng C[lpgiao d~lc.
j

Til/illrlit thai d9 va nn~n,lhuc el,a xii h9i vc gi,io clLic, Trong xii h6i hicn dai. ehi pi
gjao duc la mOL kho"n dau Ilu c6 tfnh s'ln xuii!. tac clung ella ntr elm 16'n hon lit ,hlu IU v,
;hat, n6 kh6ng' nl;frng g6p p~an tnrc tiep vao Slr llIng InT~g kinl1 tc' thcmg qua nimg Cao hie'
qua san xuat eua nguaj lao d9ng, n6 con c6 the c6 I,ie dung on dinh xii Mi. l1,io cl,;m an nin
xa hoi. Nh,m thue dung hay sai v€ giao d\lc se quyc't dinh sU dttng dfm lrong lua ehon (Lh, 1
vit e6 anh huang '1'6 ettng 100 trong cung cap,gi<io duc, Ndl mot cl[it nu6c. m(,t xii hc)i ,
nhan thuc dung dii.n vc viin de nay se li,m tflng co hoi gi,io due mit xii hoi dang ciin. nglfl'
lai neu nha nuac va xii h6i j:oi d'lu tu cho giao duc la phf pham, l,it nhicn du6i ,LI han eh
eLla tong IU(ing clJu tu, coi rthe dau ttr cho giao 'due tir do ,inh hucli1g ekn eung eiip gi,i" <i,l<
Thong thuang, a nhfrng nu6c phal tritn. eho dir tnr(l( khi If luill1 nr b,;n "e nhill1 Iue ra ,1(1
ho da nh~n thuc duoc tac d\1ng quan trong clla gi,io due tir Ihl1e lien ella kinh tC xii h(ri <!
tuong doi coi trQng giao d\ly, clam bo ra nhicu lien ella ma rong cung eiip gi,io due. da ph,
huy duqe tac clung 6n dinh Xii h9i Ihue dfiy kinh Ie ph<it Iritn ella gi,io clue.

III. Dieu ti€t quan h~ ~ung ca.u giao dllc

L Mau thu:in eua cung Cau gi<lo due
i
Gifra cung va cau eu;! gi.io duc Juon tlin tai milU tlm;n, :\hCrng me\u thu;1I1 n,,,' I'i,
hi~n a mau thuAn: gifra nhu briu giao d~IC ca nhfm \'rt xu h()i. yi~c cung \':1 C'-Ill eLl:\ xu h'(lj
Do muc lie~ theo dU~i "a ditm XU'lt ph,it cI,a nilu du gi<i" clue c;\ nil',,, '"
kh6ng giong nhau nen v€ n?~t ch'lt luang nhu ciiu £,;1" clue, tiing tht! ,'il ehltng inai co celli
eua nhu ciiu giao duc I,it nh(en se xuiit hien nhCi'ng kh,ic bid, Vi elu nlm Trlllrg Qu<'lc lily e"
so tu nhu cau sinh vien tot ,hghiep clai hQc trong lLIang lai ,;'t cli,:'u I;;('n ',uc£ ceq' g;;io c1u(
bac eao, nhil nuac se xay dyng guy mcr vii 16c do ph,it lritn clla gi,io clue ('i,'p II Irong qUI

\
86
 hoaeh phat tricn giao duc nhung trang th(1i diem hien lai do sinh vien tot nghiep tLl0ng doi
lhieu ,i, clo che do lao d(Jng. ch~ do tien luang va che d(J ngM nghi~p hien himh. lam cho
co h<:,ilim "i0e chuycn c6ng l.ic clla sinh vlen tot nghiep trang tuang lai kha nhi~u, thu
.: nh'lp '''I phue loi cao. III d61i,m cho nhu du giao duc capcao han cua col nhOtn vU91 xa nhu
cOlUxii lHii ,c gi,io d~c cap eao duac the hien trang lJuy hO<l,chclla nha nuCrc.
Giao cluc lhi~u von dau IU lrang khi d6 nhu du v~ ~iao dl,lc I•.\i tang theo dip so
nh'll1, sinh ra m'lu thu'ln gilia cung va cau, lo,!i mau thuan nay xet ve mat y nghia la ph6
a
bidl '" vinh h,mg khong chi ton tai nhung nuoc dang phat trien va kim wc lac h\IU, rna
cling .XU,ilhi~n (1 nhling nuoc "I khu vl!c ph at trien, m6i thai kl lich sir khiic nhau se ton
tai cac hinh thife c6 tinh ehiil kh6ng giong nhau. Sieu hii;\l chu yeu cua hlnh thuc la su
m[il G'tIl h.-tng \"~ tong luC!ng cling va C.-ill ella giao dye do t~ieu kinh phi giao d1.;1c gflY ra.
Muu lllliJ.n gilia cung du gi,io due con duac the hi~n a
Sl! mat can bang trang sl! thay
doi ei,a cil hai. do do ca c,iu va tong luang nhu cau giao dl,lc thay d6i nhanh, cung dp
gial) out do <.:huki gia<l due lh,'> d'll.ban lhaiigiao dl,lc can phai c6>l[ 6n dinh tuang doi
ve co eiiu V'I tong luqng cung cap. Chinh nhling nhiin to J1hu v~y cling lam mau thuan
o ('i,lO
11il'ra CUll!!...f.:~lUe. due xu~it hi6n. ... XtlVCI1.
thu<Jl1\2, "'.

2. Dieu tiel cung cau giao dl,lc

t\h,u lhuan giua nhu du xii h(Ji vc giao dl,lC va nhu cllu ca nhan ciia giao dl,lC chu
yeu iii do muc dich Iheo du6i va xuat ph at diem vc nhu cau giao dl,lc ciia xa h(Ji va ca
nh,in kh6ng giang nhau. do vi,)' moi ph,'>t sinh mau Ihuiin va xung d(Jt vc co "cau, chung
loai. trinh do vii chat luang giao dl,lc. Mau lhulip gifra nhu cau xa h(Ji va cung cap giao
• due Iii kh,ich quan va ph6 bie'n ma sl! mat can bang cua cung cap giao dl,lc l<l,ithuong
xu)'cn xiy ra. tvl(ICdiJ chfnh kh6ng can bang da thuc day giao dl,lc pMt trien, the nhung,
s\r kh,)ng eim b,mg n'l)' va mlW thulin noi tren neu VLlqt qua gioi h'<in cho phep se Imh
hlf(mgdc'n SLl ph,il tric'n cita b,in than kinh te va giao d~c. Do v~y phi'li dicu ti~t nHiu
tlluan gilfa cung ,i, du gi,lO duc. Oich dicu ti~t c6 rlii nhi~u, chu yeu bao g01l1: dicu tiet
cua Chinh phil. dieUlic't cua Ihi truang va I;et hqp dicu tiet gili'a Chinh phu va thi truong.

{/. !)iel/ tlei belng thl (rUling

DI0u li0't thi truong cling ehinh 1,1dicu tiet b~ng h9C phi - gia cil c1uy nhiit cua giao
d~c. l.uai ). ki0n nil)' cho r,mg. giao d~c la 1I19t lo,.'i hang h6a, hqc phi la gia c,\ cua giao
due, hoc phi dlfac hinh thimh tlr cung etlU giao c;!uc, va no se quay tra lai dicu tiet cung
diu gi:", due Hoc phi vii Clltlg cau gi,1O d~e co nhting xu hlfOllg ngu,!c nhau, hqc phi
trmg, nhu l.'i.'lli gi:.i.o dL.lc gi:un. cung cap giao d~lc h~i[ang~nglrq'c l':ll, hqc phl gianl, nhu
cau giao due lang. eung c:ip giao d~c 1,.'i gium. Viln de Ian nhfit cua (!teu tiet btmg thi
truang a ellI) gi:lll due 110iln to'lll khc)ng phi,i 1,1hill1g h6a, hoc phi cling khong phai la gia
cii clla hilllg h6a gi,io due. Neu clieu li'::l eung cilu llr Ihi lill'cillg se gay ra thuang phflm
h6a giao clue. sc xa roi Ion chi giao duc con nguoi vi, tinh chat lit m(Jt cel quan phi lqi
nhullll. sc dem den eung du giao due qu,i nhicu hoac kh6ng du va Slt khong blnh dtlng vc
co hoi gi,'>o duc.

87
 b. Die'" tiel bring Chi,;h pll/i
a
can eu ella dieu tiet Chinh phu lit eha gi,\o due thuae sill1 ph'lm e6ng eimg ehu;ln.
quan li VI rna nen giao d\!e:ta ehue nang quan trang eua Chinh phil. Dong [hoi. Chinh
phu la nguoi t6 ehue va dati tu ehinh eho d.e CCJ quan giao d\!c. eLing e6 dicu kien de"
dieu tiet eung cau giao due. IPhucmg phap ehu yeu de dieu tiet bang Chinh phll hao gam
eung cap thong tin eho hai &en eung duo xay dung va dieu ehinh ke hoaeh giao due va
ap dung nhfrng phuong phap dp tien hoae ep hur)e doi vai de CCJ quan gi;\" due. Ne'u
dieu tiet giao due bttng Chinh phu qu" nhii'u. Irong khi dicu tiet ,\p dung khong it phuO'ng
phap hanh ehinh tnfe tiep 51'.' lam anh huang den linh tieh cue ella hai ocn eung du gi,;o
due, tu d6 lam mau thuan giua eung cau giao due khang nhiIng khang <.ltrae giam mil eon
e6 tht! nghiem tr9ng hon. !

C. Die'u tiet bling Ihi Irllt'mg ket hop I'm die'll tiel bdng Chinh, pi,,)
Dt! khAe ph\!e nhiing khuyet di~m ella dieu tiet b;'lI1g Chinh phli \"1 bng Ihi Inlilng
e6 th~ ket hqp m9t each hc;1pli hai mal nay. Do gi,\o due la mol s,in ph,im cong e('"~
ehufrn, nen dung dieu tiet biing Chinh phu Ia ehinh. vai nen giao due khang gi6ng nl,i",
thi dae trung sill1 phfrm eLing S1'.khae nhau vi v;IY phai xu li tuy tung truang h<.'p. (j1';O
due nghTa V\! cang gan vai san phfrm eCmg e9ng, khi dicu tift mau thu'ln eung du ella
loai giao d\!e nay phai ean ell VaG dicu kicn nhu cau va kha nang phat tritn kinh tc' \'a xa
h9i, eLing phai xac dinh giai han tUeli va thai gian thue hi~ri giao due nghia vu. Deil vai
giao d\!e phi nghla vu, dae qiet la diw tao nghc \'a gi,\o d\!e dai hoe. neu so \<.1igi,\o due
nghTa vu thi se cang gan val san phJm tl! 'nh;,n. dong thai vai vice dieu tiel himg Chinh
phu e6 tht! Ihem vao clieu ti~t b;'mg thi truong. gi,im b61 m;lU thu'ln gifra ehlll1g. Vi duo C<)
tht! thong qua vice t;lI1g gi,ini hoe phi de: dii'u tiet eung cau gi,\o due.

3. Su thay deli cua quan he cung cau gino due Irong nen kinh Ie thi trlfOng
TMr trang dieu ki~n kinh teOthi truong. moi quan h~ cung cau ella gi<io clue
11111'11

xu,lt hien nhieu d,ic diE'm maio Cung du giao due sc ph,ii thco guy iU;1l ella nen kinh 10'
thi truong, nhat Ia dieu tiet guy IU;'1 gi'l trj. VI cung cau giao due duae phat sinh Ilr kinh
te thi truong va tu quan he eung du "in xuSt h:lJ1g h6a. no tnre lifp sinh ra tll nhu du
ehSt luong ella kinh Ie xa h6i \'<'Iinglll)n lao cJ(mg: lrang dii'u kicn xa IHii ehll nghia. cung
du giao due eon ph,ii ehiu su kh'\lg d,e' ella h:l!1h,ehfnh vii phap Iu;,l quae gia. Jilin cho
quan h,' cung du ,-,i;in clue phu\. 11mg muc tieu ph,II tri~n kinh te" xa hoi: quan he cung
du gdo due eon chlu Sir chc uoe ella trlnh clo ph,it tri~n kinh Ie"gti6e dan: quan he eung
cau eon true tiep ch!u sU khong che eua tinh hlnh d;1J1so xa h6i. hao gam guy mi) d'in s6.
toe eta tang truCing va t6 hqp'dan so duqc gi,\o due.

dieu ki~n kin~ te thi Inrong lam eho quan he eung du gi'lo due XU"I hien
Tht'r hai
nhling m;lu thuan va co che pieu tiel maio Su ph at Irii5n eua ncn klnh tC'lhi lru('l11g <Iiisinh
ra mau Ihuan gifra cung va cau eua Ihi Iwong lao dimg. rna m;lll Ihuan gifra eung e'lli ,.c
nguon lao dong t'I' yeu S1' ~inh ra m;llI thuan gitra eung c:iu vc gi,io clue. QU\' lu:,t ";"Ill
dong eua cung caugiao dUf eLing ph,ii pnue IlIng dinh iU;I! hic'n tlrSi gia ci Ihi Irtrirng.
Khi nhu cau giao due Ian hem eung cap gi,io due. gI<i ci sc Wng eao: khi nh" C'1lI ~Ii()

,
88
 due nho hun eung cap giao due; gia ea se ha xu6ng. Mau thuan eua eung cau giao dl,!e se
ph:,1 kip thai dLl,?cdi~u
,..
tie'! P~1Llangphap dieu tiet chu yeti dua
.. vilO co che van himh cua
thi lwimg. dong thai ti,Yn hilllh them de phuong phap phi kinh te nhu himh ehinh phap
, I

lua! I:un cho eung du giao due dal dum: su can b~ng tuang doi.

Ng:'y nay, lrong quan h~ cung cau giao dl,!c cua Trung Quoc c6 hai mau thuan ehu
yeu, nil; Ill"ii Ia miil, thuan nhu cau giao dl,!e rna f(~mgmqtcach vo h~n rna nguon diiu tLr
gi,io due lai lhie'u, Nhu du gi,io duc phai chiuap 1t!e den tit hai phia: mot lit dan so tilng
tuycIll6i. moi nam tiilig them kho,ing 25 nghin nguai; thCr hai la trinh do va ph~lm vi giao
due m:, nguoi cliin muon lie'p nhilll ngi,y cang rna r9ng va nang caD. Vi dl,!: Nhil nu6e
phili kh6ng ehe' Ii l~ mu chfr trong wang lai a khoang ~%-5%, hi~n nay ti l~ nay Iil
15.~X{i; ti Ie "ilO eiip III t,ing tlI 18,41{i, niun 1990 len 27',43% nam 2000; ti I~ vao dai
hoc liLng tll ), 54', nall1 1990 (Jen 5.24Si, nam 2000, Cac 40anh nghiep ho'.!t d9ng vi lai
ich ella d'1I1 ,i minh. ban nganh kinh te vi, lui ich xu hqi,' nhu cau giao duc ciing ngay
Cilllg duc£rna r9ng.'rillu cal.igiao duc canhan {j nang thon cling duqc tang wang. Vi
du,ji Ji~u kien .kinh te thi twang viec lua chQn nghe nghi~p cling xU<lt hi~n tinh c;mh
Ilanh, d':: kiem dU\le m(lt eong viee tot hun, ,Ii Wang han, phai du,?cgiao duc a cap cao
han. Dong thili, cung "oi S\l di cach che d9 tien !lrang nhat la sl! phI,! Ihu9c cila tien
luang "ao luc hQc, cling thuc d&y nhu cau hQc cao han cua, nguoi dan. Nguyen nhan chit
yc'u khien nhu cau ca nhan ve giao dl,!c ngay cimg mo rqng la do ap ll!c tim vi~c trong xa
hoi. u,jc mong thu 19i trong nen kinh te xii hqi va thl!c hi~n ml,!c tieu phat trien chinh
'. minh. tdu6n dap ung duqc nhu cau mo'rqng nay giao dl,!c' phili rna rqng cung dp giao
due. X~t III thue luc kinh te Trung Quoc hi~n nay, trong rll9t thai gian ngAn rat kh6 c6
th':: gi"i quyet duoe m,iuthuan nay. Till; /rai la mau thua.n ket cau trong quan he cung du
gi,io due. Loai milll thuim ke't cau nay bi~u hien thanh mau thuan gil a nhu cau xa hqi ve
giao due ",'Ii nhu GlU d nhan "e giao dl,!e. Xii h9i vi de thuc dfty tien be:> van minh, nang
cao tlinh ,10 cila toan dilll toc ,~ rna rong giao dl,!Cva muc d9 nhu cau giao duc nghia VI,!.
1\16i co; nh'lIl di' c6 dU'.Ie Im)t ngimh nghc lot m91 chb lam t6t se co nhu cau duac chuyen
nghiep htla trong thili gian '0111 nha!. Hai la loa; mau thuan ket eau nay con duae bieu
hien ulClii m,IU lhuttn gifra cung dip gi,io ul,!Cva nhu cau co cau giao duc. Kinh te xii hoi
hien dai. kllOa hoc. "im h6a phal lri'::n \'0 cung m~nh me lam cha co quan quyet sach kho
co the n,'un d'fOC nhu e'lu quy c<ich chilt luqng va SO luqng eua xii hoi \'c cae laa! nhirn
tai, [)u vi,y. cling cilp giao uuc cling lat kh6 M dieu chinh chinh xac ccJ Cilll chuyen mon
va co du dp b,ic cila giaa due lam cha no hoan toan phu hap voi nhu du co C'lU gijo
due. Nhu vilY. liun the nilO moi dieu ehinh tot dugc mau lhu'lll nity, 1:1I111I,Co n:to ,hi (',Ii
bang ttC'ing doi cung c:tp gi,ia due day? Chung ta dell cha rClng phi;i di thlen tlnh lnll1"
lhieu hllt cling dp giao due, lang wong muc d9 cung dip giao due, diin I:U1Icho CUllg
eiip gi,io due lhip Crng bo;,e tbich hap'voi nhu cau giao d~d; tfeh qle huang dilll nhu du
gl,io due, "un nhu GlU gi,io duc phu hgp voi cung cap gi~o dl,!c; cung vai sU x,,\' dllng
Clla che' do kll1h te lhi twang. linh vllc giao dl,!c dan hinh lhanh co che dieu tiel VI mo clla
ehinh phil vi, dieu tli;t b'lIlg lhi twang.

89
 Bili 3: Chue nang phat trienkinh te eua giao due

I
I. N6i ham phat trien kinh t€
,
Tieu chu<1n pM! trien kirih te duqe tfnh citra tren tcing gi;i tri s;in xu:it kinh te qu6e
dan, tang tmang linh va thu ,nh~p quae d;in, bao gam mIre t'TIl'gtmang ella nguiin ella eli
vat chat, tili nguyen con ng&oi va'ti6n von. Ngoili ra con co Ke't e:lu xii hili. SlI thaI' dtii
I . .
eua ehe di) xii hi)i, cling tue la mye tieu ph;\t trien kinh \C. xii h6i I'a dieu kien kinh k
eung di6u kien x~ h9i d,~ th~e hi~n mye tieu d6. Chfnh VI "'IY liun r6 mlii quan he gilra
kinh te va giao d\le ehinh nham giai thieh m6i tuang quan giCragi,\o duc I'i, dc hang
mye kinh Ie ehu chat. Cu th'; Iii giao due va mue lang Ihu nh;!p. gi;\o due 1"1chi si; GDP.

Chung ta d6u biet rang, nhan to anh huang Mn mue lang tmang quae d:m e6 r:'1
nhi6u vf nhu: luqng dau tu VilO nguyen li~u san xua!. luang d'lu IU vao ngulin lao ,'ung.
hieu qua san xuat, luqng t~i nguyen tieu hao. Trang di6u ki~n ryla luang d:iu III eho
nguyen lieu va eho'san xuat giii vai tra quyel dinh thi hi~u su:ll lao' dong e:mg cao lii'u
hao nguyen lieu cang thap kinh te quae dan cang tling tmang manh. tiI d6 Ihu nh,ip qulie
dan va chi so GDP se eao. Hi~u suat lao di)ng lai e6 mai quan h.~chat ehe "oi lrinh do kl
thuat limh ngh6 eua nguoi I~o di)ng, lao di)ng e6 lanh ngh6 hay kh6n.g do gi,io du~ quyCt
dinh. Giao dye do do ehi6;n vi trf then chat trang I'i~e nang eao n'lng su:it lao don'g.
Kh6ng chi co v~y no con lien h~ toi luang tai nguyen tieu hao hilm Ilrang eh:it x;lm "'I
trang cae thiet bi khoa hqe ~ithu~t bai VI thiet bi c:in co nguiti qu"n I~'. dicu khicn. 1':111
hanh. Noi chung nguoi lao Mng nh~in duqe cang nhicu tiI kh(la hge giao due Iri Ihtrc Ihi
hieu qua lao di)ng eua h9 dnl! eao, va tu do hi~u sufit lao d6ng tang. chi phf eho n~II"n
lieu cilllg thap. Kh6ng chi do v~y, muon thue d;iy de hang mye kinh te' ph,it Irii:n (,[,.:i
kh6ng ngung tao dicu kit'n eho cae phat minh ra doi va triet dc lrng dung de ph,it minh
do VilOsan xuat thue teo muon vay kh6ng th6 khang co giao due. Giao due ph;it huy t'le
dung rat Ion trang tang tmallg kinh teo
~ _ i . ~\, i

n. Chue nang phat trien kinh te true tiep eua ghio due
C6 Ih"; kh,iJ quat ehue nang pln!l tricn kinh !C. tnre tic'p ella gi,\o due dtreil de hien
hien eu th6 sau: '

CI/jo r/1.lC Ie) IJ!ll(rtng

p/Ulp \'(/ n()i dUlig qUlm rr~JJ1g "filii fcli .,"{in .uull SI;( hu) d('!1,l.!. "ci
.1'/((' sdn xlltii. Tai san xuat s,ue lao d<>ng bao gam hai noi dung I'il hai qu;\ trinh. Iht; nh:il
Ii! qua trinh phal tri6n tIr n?icn ella con nguoi. nhiem I'U e'~il yc't, eua qua !rinh n,,1' I"
hinh thimh Ih"; Inc eho con rlguoi vi, Quae goi iii C],d {rinh sling. Th,; hai Ii, qu,i Irinh gi;io
due va huan luyen nhilm hlnh thanh nang IHe lao dong Irf 6e dIan di)Jl!, lOll' eh;'lIl C!W
con nglIoi, cling rue la nhilm lai s,\n xu:il sIre' dong eho x" hoi. "'0
Gillo d~(c la ron dlfallg ('/11; d(lO "frO 1"111 ng{Jn ,hrfi .f!iun luo dr'!!],'..: {Iif Y(:/( {FUll:": r(1
!J~)j \'ffa nring C{lO hi~;11slIlii, Ian t1~)l/g. Thai gian lao cJ~'ng: (;."It Yt.Yu trnng :\;\ h('~,dllU ;lnh
huang hoi hai nh,m t6: thunh,it ia elieu kicn s,in xu:!t hinh lilLfimg cling I,'re Ii, nh:", ,6

I
94
khaeh <ju"n Thu h"i la muc d9 lanh nghe cua nhiing nguaitham gia san xuat cua cai vat
Chal, chinh la dieu ki~n chu quan. Giao duc nhiim huan luy~n, b6i duOng, nang cao trl~h
db kho" hoc, ky' do cho nguai lao dbng va la phuong ph~p chinh d~ d~y nhanh toc db
lao dong Vi val' gi,io due ro dIng di! rut ngin Ihm gian lao l:I(>ngtat yeu trang xii hoi.

Gui" due hi coil d'(l/llg ciui £1W' him sail XlIii't kllOa lUll', tdi sail xudi, khoa hoc
cill/\'('il lui" lli,illli k/ lliu(it :ilill .rudi trw liel), bai VI giao d~c c6 chucnang kinh te xii h9i
la truyen datthong lin, tich lOy, ph,il trien va tai san xuat khoa hoc cbng ngh~, ngo:li ra no
con IiI khau trung gianbie'n kho" hoc thanh k'i thu~t san xuat. Theo da phat lricn cila lhai
c1ai,eila [ie'n bo kho" hqe, vai tro <juan trang cua giao dl,!c .1gay cang duqc b9C 1(>ro net.

(;1,1" diU' hi "iell ki(1l ijUUlI Irollg £1/ 1l4ng cao trillh d('j quail I'; killh Ie: Trong boi
c:lIlh kinh te V'I "in. xu:it dlIOC hi~n d"i hoa nhu hi~n nay, quan ly kinh te c6 kha nang
thuc day ""l xuSt va kinh te xa hoi tang truang. Vai troda giao due doi vai qulm Iy
kinh ...t<'-tiulJe-lhchi~fl ...6-.ba phuongdien ~au~.tiuI nhaLgiaodl,!e c6 thc ...boi dU6'ng ml)t doi
ngu ,,!u:ln I~' d,)ng d,iu .Can b9 qu,in Iy kinh te duoc de b':lt trong sCi rrhan vien k'ilhueltla"
d(;mg S~ill .\u{t"t lfl.re ti~'I) ho~)cduC!c lay III truong dao t~tO, cling co the. ut!J vitO nh~l lnrullg
cte b6i dUling va (by 1:1phuOllg phap ehinh de cElO laO can bb quan ly kinh te. Thu hal
giao due el" the nCll1gcao trinh do quan I)' kinh Ie.
C6 hai phlrong phap dc nang eao trlnh
do dn bo, mot 1:\ dua ":10{huc lien. hal Ij dlIa "'lCJ
huanluyC.n. Trong dieu kien san xuat
hien dai nhlI hien nay. boi dU6'ng can bb chu yeu dlIa V'IO giao due. Jhu ba giao due co
kha nCmg n,mg cao uinh <10quye't dinhchinh sileh va trlnh d6 quan Iy cho can bo. tham
gia \':10 qu,i trlnh khoa hoc hoa quye'{ such.

III. Chuc nang phat trien kinh Hi gian tiep cua ~iao d~c
Giao due gi.in tie'p phut trien kinh te'. dieu nay th~ hi~n tren nhieu blnh dien, vi dl,!:
Giao duc "lOh hlIong ltii chinh tri, "ilO h6a, d"o duc va dan so, tu d6 phat huy vai tro cua
minh deii v(ii kinh te'. Chinh tri la sU bicu hien tap trung cua kinh te, giao dl,!c thong qua
chinh tri dieu ph6i kinh te'. the hien a
eho giao dl,!c dao t'.lo d(>i ngii tri thuc trong kien
true tl1ul'ng lang de llr <10hoan Ihien cae khau san xuat, phl,!c vI,!tra l'.li cho ehinh tri va
cho sUc ':Ul xuat xa hoi. Vai tro cua giuo dl,!c doi voi dtln so ding lUong tl! nhu vay. Khi
co nhieu nglriJi trung xii hoi duqe giao due dat tai trinh d(> eao thl vai tro tac dong eua
nhiing d"i wong nay <1oi vai nen kinh te trang xa h(>i ding cao. Th~ hi~n hai lqi ich a
dlIai ,by I'lm eho ti Ie sinh giam, giam ap ll!c kinh te x~ hQi; ntlng cao chat luqng dan
so, dele bid chCl1Iunng eua nhiing nguiJi dang trong d(> tubi lao d(>ng. Tu d6 hieu suiit s:m
XU<ltnimg eao, sUc s.in \ucit duoc tang euang.
NI)I [(1m lai "ai til) pll.it trien giun tiep eua giao dl,!c doi vai kinh te duqc the hi~n a
nhiing mel[ duoi dClY: I
I

(Jitto dl.i(" till Ii }1I{(j-llg [Utili di~-'Il '(fi slf plul' 11"i/n eLla 'con n.guili. Thong qua vi~c d~lO
lao ra nhung cun nguiJi [,,:m di~n eua minh giao dl,!c dii g6p phan philt huy {,ie dung doi
val kinh l( Trong hO'llI c:lnh "in \ucit hien dai ngay nay, vai tro eua giao due ngay nay
ngay e:mg dl£oc the Illcn ro. Biri vi chi khi to chat eua con ngu0i dl[Oe e:li thien. (\I["C
nang caD lhi kinh It' mol tie'p tuc dlIOc lilllg trlIang.

95
 Gi,i" due dao lao nilirl1g nll<ll1 ltii clio ,l1g(/l111s<in .rll,ft pili \'(11 clUII. IlfC I" cle l,nh
vue lhu6e kien true Ihuang lih.g hlnh thai y thue. lir eto ph at hUI' I'ai Iro r,Y!i(1n dOl "oi
kinh Ic xii hoi, Xii hoi Iii mot ehinh Ihf huu co baa gam cae l,nh 'lIe "in xu,Y! "~,itehSI I'a
.,in xual phi ';'1 eh;ll clln!c 'Ie o6ng. anh Imang. Ihfim Ihflu \'ao nhau.

. Gioo dlle 10('; ho, lido liIdi, rCIl IlIy~n {If Ilfrfng. dao (/((e e/(o nglf6i lao drin',~. ngl~('ri
1:10 dong se etlIcie hoi duang dao due. tfnh tfeh we. tfnh s,ing tao. ehli d6ng trong e(mg
I'i,'c. r", 2,i nhlrn2 ", dnng nay clIa giao due d~u sc ,inh huang 1l1ikinh te.

IV. Tfic d~ng ho~ch dinh chienhrqc cua giao d~c d6i \'61 kinh Ie', xa hi,
Giao due va kinh te, giao due va mue tieu ph,it tri6n c,ia xii h6i co quan h(- \,(1i nhau.
Ve mii,t V1 mo, mai quan h~ nay duge th~ hi~n biing lien he giiia kinh te n'ri gilio due. rieng
a Trung Quae. hi6u hien eu,thf a gi,io due vii vi~e thue hien muc tieu hien <lai h611.
MIle tieu phat tri6n kinh te xii h6i baa gam co mIle ticu 'ling Inl<1ng kinh Ie'. mue
tieu ph<it tri6n xa hOi va viee dieu ,hoa giull ki~h tc' '" xii hoi.

Kinh te tling twang khong th~ thay the: eho mue ticu phal tric'n xii hoi ",i chinh ,i,
th~ nen kinh Ie, bai VI n6 chI la m91 b9 phiin nhc, lrong tflp th(l6n. chi khi dieu hill' lcic
do. phat tri€n elIa xa h9i va tang tmang kinh Ie. thue hicn duge mue lieu ehl('n J'fIK Iii
pMt tric'n xa h9i thl chung ta mai thu duae kct qUli 11'lUang. ~ luelieu phlll IriL-"nkinh !C.
xa h9i duge n6i den a day ehfnh Iii thong qua kinh Ie d( xily dung ma thlre xii h(li p,';m
cae mii,t kinh te, ehfnh tri, van hoa. linh th:in. dao due. d6 eung Ii, noi dung ella elmg
eUge hi~n dai hoa. C6 nhieu y kicn oUoe dua ra khi nhflll Xc! v'; licu ehu;in et'la m(ll qu{)c
gia hi~n dlli h6a, trong d6 dang chu y e6 ban dieu Ira ella mOl pilio su Iwirng dai hoc
Slanford bai n6 da ,-f,rae licn hanh a rill nhicu nuae. Vi gi,lo Sf{ nilY oii (1tra r'i 10 lieu
ehuan nhu sau:

- GDP blnh quiln dau nguoi a muc 3000S 'r'1 'C'n 'Trung Qu6e dal SOOS)
- TY tn;lI1g n6ng nghiepchi ehie'm 12- 15% GDP (Trung Qil6c dal .,(ic;).
-So lugng nhfrng nguoi khong Iilm, "icc trong ngimh n6ng nghic'p c6 "ice I:lm chit'm
70% trong tcing so nhiing nguoi e6 viee lilm (a Trung Quoe con so ni,y Ii, 36r; ).
- Ngilnh dieh vI! chiem han 45% GDP. ( a Trung Quoe Ii, 2~r-;.).
- 80% nguoi biet ehii ("frung Quoe iii 66%). '

• 15% thanh nicn duge hQe dai hoc trong 06 tu{)i !UCTnglTng. (Trullg Qu6c 1:, lJ'; J.
- 50% dim thilnh thi (Trung Quae Ii, 14% ).
- CU 100 ngu0i thl e6 I bae sl (Trung Quae Ii, nOll).
- Tuoi tho blnh quan la 70 ( a Trung Quae Iii 69).

- ~Ljc t'mg !IJ~hien eita d:'n so duoi 0.1 % (a Trullg Qu{)e Ii, 0.11";).

96 \
 Thong thuang ehi0'n luae phat trien kinh ltO xii hai deu Ia nhG:ng mllc tieu c6 tfnh
tiep dien, keo rlai, Trong cuon: "Tu(/ng lui c!ll/ng elia cluing ta ", t6 chu'e Li6n Hiep
Quae rlii dlr doan 7 mue tieu co b,\n cua chien !uQe "lien l~lCpf1ilf Irie/l" nhu sau:
I
I~ o

o
Duy tri toe do lang truang,

Nimg caa ehiit luqng tang truang,

I I

o ihp ung dUllcClie nhu cau co ban eua euoe song nhL!: vi~c lam, lUlJ'ng liWe, t"i
nguyen, nucre ngot, sue khoe,

o K i~m soal cllll!e toe cI(>tang dim so, nang eao ehut IUQng cu()c s6ng,
I, o J)uy Iri, rna r(lng, bao v~ ngu6n tai nguycI; toan cau,

I o Tilp trung quan tilm chu y tai nhling xung d(>t do cae tien b(> khoa hQe can tra SI!
cphirtri~n-;- ~' ~ "-- "---- ,~~ -~-~, ~-~- --~_ ..

o l.uon IUc'Hl ciln I1tlIlg gi lea phat trien va bao v~ mOil truong,
Trung QuOc cling c{Ul phai tie'n hanh hien d,!-ih6a vai cten luge g6m ba buae nhlr sau:
!Ju,i" (fur n!l,i{: 1'J7i)- 1990 tuc th~p'nien 80, Nam 1980 duge lay lam ea sa, Trang
thili gian ni,y GDP blnh 'luim diiu nguai (; muc 250 $, yeu'cau phai tang gap doi nhung
thue 10'chi clat -lOOS,
Elai" [Iur !leII' N;un 2000 eu6i the ky 20, Cling yeu,du GDP lang gap doi lue la a
• mCre IO{X)S, Th\re Ie yeu GlU phai da1800$ mardua xa hO~buae vaaigiai da~n kh<i gia,

Elrer" [fur DU' The k~ 21 y~u cau GDP phai tang 3 lill lue khoahg 4000$, nhu v~y ve
co 11.lnTlung Quae clii tra thimh mOl nuac phat trien am 'f trung blhh,
,,101 'lU,Ul he gIlr,1 klnh l0 "i, giaa
dllc, muc tieu p~at trien ;a h(>i cling dc chuc
n;,ng kern theo 11,10gom cae nQ' dung sau: Chuc nang th,!c hi~n mlle lieu tang truang
kinh to' clla gi"o due. ehue nilng dap ung nhu cau phat trlen eua ca nhiin tung con nguili
viI huCmg ICriph"t tri;:n con nguoi toan dien, chlrc nan:~ xay d,!ng earn giae an toan, tin
lu,'mg ,'I <.:unngltoi d6i ,oi n~n kinhte xii h(>i, chue nang xay d,!ng m(>t xa h(>i vai nhi,"u
nel dep \'0 tlao duc, Ihucin phong m5' \\IC",
T rung ClIe chCrc nang tren dang ehu y e6 ehue nang: Dap (i'ng nhu d.u phat tritn
S')
tlrng con
ella l"~ll1h~lll nguoi V~lhuang loi phat lri~n con nguai t01m (~j(n. C~in InIL -;.. ~".. ,
s~ildVa trell nht"rng ln~)ldvai dflY: iv1{tc dau tll' ve glilO d\lc blnh qu{\.t1 uil.u ngHoi. l"\.JJ1!1 i:L,
v~in.hl'la b"IIlh qll~l(l lL"1U nglft1i. tl l~ dflll so co 1rl1111dQ van ht)a Ulile nhau tl 'Jl;;, .\Cl h'-,Ii ':."~

xu 11LICmg pheit lri~n lrong tul)ng iai, ti Ie s6 hQc sinh cae cap hQC tmng xi, he: viI xu the
phat tri~n trung tuong iai, trinh d9 phat trien cua cae thiet che ve vim h6a vii xu the pluit
lrien, ti Ii: phi chi <.:hocae hoat dong van h6a, giao dl,lc cii,a tung gia tllnh vii dlc bien doi
lrong lUllllg lai .

97
V. Quan h~tlIO'ng ho gifra phM triin kinh t€ va gi~o d;~
Giao d\IC va ph,h lri,!n 'kinh te khong chi c6 quan he gian tiep lrlfc liep. anh huang
tuong h6, tac dung~1llong h6 rna can co lluan he phu thuQc l<!nnhau. Ly do Iii h(yikinh k'
chi cung cfip mQt philn v~t chat cho su nghi~p giao d\lc. ngoai kinh te. giao d\lc con din
dtlng de tu lieu khac M h61tra hiep dong eong I<ic.Ngoai ra giao d\lc khong tht ngay
I,ip rue dap ling duoe nhilng doi hili ella kinh IC. hon the nila lai chiem dung clla ph,11
Iri~n kinh te mQt s61uqng khong nhc dQi ngii lao d(mg.eo sue khoe d6i dilO. keodili thai
gian khong tham gia san xuilt cua di V~Ieh,lt eua ho. VI Ie d.6. khi ,xern xct gi,ii quyfl
moi quan h~ giila kinh Ie va giao duc phai chti y dC'nlrlnh d<)phat tritn kinh If. diiu Itf
cho gi,\o due theoquan die~ du th,. ph,ll Iritn eho gia{) duc do ln1nh nhilng hi0u hien
chi 10 oen !O'ifeh Imac matima tha 0' khong dt )' dcn IO'iich hiudai gi,lo due deql Jai.
ph'Ji nhin thJy nh\rng lac d\(ng to Ian ella giilo d\le. hi~n nay. cq nhicu quan diem kh,ic
nluu cllIlg d6 c~p:tai quan h~ giila phat tri0nkinh IC vii gi,lo dllC. r!H"( nll,il: m\ie diiu tIl
eho giao d\lc nen ta.) han s~ vai ti' Ie dfiu tu rna b(>lai chfnh ,ip d\\lig hien nay. kinh ;;";
dilu lU theo dau ~glfO'i lang theo lung n[lm. Th(r /wi: phai d6n:g: thai quan liull tai xay
dlfng kinh te trang Ihai gian' gan va nhu cau trang tUang Iai. QU;1nditm nily duqc goi Iii
"/lIIjn dong bi)" tuc la phat .trien kinh Ie song song vai ph,ll lritngirio d\lc. Con co mal
quan diem khac duqc goi l~ "/I/Ijll kllollg d(illg b(i" vai n<)i dung nguqc lai n<)i dung a
tren, tue:la kinh te se duqc phat, . trien tmae, Ii I~
. dau IUeho gi,lo Q\le'sc fl han so vai kinh
teo Tul' nhien neuthoat khol hoan dnh eu I,he ho~c kh6ngco m<)t )' nghia dilc dinh ni10
d6, tat ca nhilng lUu~n tren Ital' deu kh6ng phil hqp "ai m6i quari he phu Ihu<)c. lac dong
lUang h6, che uac .•bi~n ch~g giua giao d\lc va phat tritn kinh Ie'. hoi no duqe xily dung
tren Co'so nhilng ~uan die"? phien di~n, Nhilng If lu~n nay ding di nguqc voi qui !Ufll
pMt Irien khach quan bi~n chung giila giao d\lC va phat tri~n kin,h tc.
. I '.

'j I

I
'-1-

98
 Bai -l: Giao dl,lc va qua trlnh san xuat Clla cai v~t chat

• Noi toi £iao due \a san xuat ella cai vat chat tuc la dii di sau vao mieu moi quan ta
he gilra giao -due \'~ kinh k', Trong xa hQi' hi~n d\1i. thep da pMt ,trien cu.a cUQc each
".• man£
. ...khoa hoc. ki thuilt
. \'a su. tha\'. dbi sau s~c tinh chat. I'
[rlnh do cac nhim to criu thilllh
nen t(lng Ih~ Jilv ehu\~n "tn xuiit eua cai vat chat. dac bi~t hen khi tien bo khoa hoc ki
Ihu(11d;'lC ,ip d~ng ll;~o d ehi~u rong Ian chi€u sau V'ilOc~c khau trong san' xuat v(ltchat
dem Lli hieu l/u,i kh6ng 16 tao ra nhling san ph~m giilU 'chat trf tu~ cho xii hQi, tiit C'I
nhlmg di~u nilY dii lilm eho gi,io d\Jc va san xuat cu.a cai v~t chat dng c6 moi quan he
m,il Ihiet gilll h6,

I. ~Ioi lien h~ va 51!khac b'i~t giila qua tr)nl1 5~m-;'(ufitvat ch{l!_va~'

__
quatrinh giao d~c'" --- ----,.--,-- ...
-- ----- -

Gi,io due, viI "in xuiil cua di viiI chiit vLra g;in bo, vLra kh5c bi"t, vLra c6 quan h"
gian tie'p. viIa co quan he tnre tie'p, Cil gi,io due va s:tn XLliitd€u c6 chu trlnh ca ban nhn'
sau: Dilu ,,110eua giao due IiI d'lu tu, ket qu,i d,-iu ttr se trllc tiel' san xuat ra thanh qua
giao due hO':le co th~ goi day IiI ""ii rrollg" eu.a giao duc, Thimh qua nay the hi~n chu.
yeu a cae m~t sau: [Jilt Ilirdi nang eao trlnh dQ di~n m,!-o d'.lo duc va trlnh dQ tri thuc van
hoa eho con nguoi, [Jilt hui phat trien va tang cuang the li,rc cho con nguai, thu ba nang
cao khfl nilng ttr duy eho nglloi lao dC;lIlgd~c bi~.t boi du6ng dQi ngu lao dQng tri oc. CliO";
•
cling Iii e1llly~n giao, tith lUy. ph,,1 tric'n khoa hQe ki thu~l\ d~c bi~1 la khoa hQc tl!' nhien,
Thilllh LIUagiao dut thong qua de khau V'!l hoa cu.a qu~ trlnh san xuat v~t chat, lham
nhap de' !illn Ihay dili qua trlnh nay, ke't hqp giua lao dQng trf 6c va tu li~u san xuat, bien
khoa hoc thilllh ki thu(tt. tLr do hlnh Ihanh nen suc san xuiit trl!'c lieI', thuc d~y sl!' pMt
lrien ella ,fill xuiit \"ill eli,;!.

TiI ehu trlnh noi tr~n. chung ta co the Ihic't I~p eae quan diem Ii lu~n CC1 ban nhll sau:

[Jilt III"ir, Gi,io due \'il "in xuiitla hai qua trlnh khac nhau, trung do giao d\Jt: la qua
trlnh "Ill xu,it linh thiin, rn~e du khong trl!'c tiel' silll xuat fa eu.a di v~t chat nhung dong
gop eho xii hoi d(li ngu lao dQng l'lI1h nghe, boi giao d\Jc !alT' thay d6i th~ 11iCva tri 11iC
ella 11<), Cung co the noi rilllg giao d\Jc la qua trlnh tai san XUal suc lao dQng, 'tai san XU',ll
tri Ihlfe. S'ln "uat \'ill ehiil iiI qua trlnh trl!'t: tiel' \(10 ra cu.a cai v~t chat, la qua trinh con
nglfoi e'ln elf "ilO nhu du lhlle te clla mlnh M thay d6i v~t chat tl! nhien tit d6 chiem huu
chung, :S'ln xuiit dr"ing thlli eung 1:1ehuyc'n h6a trf Il!'c, tu khoa hQc tl!' rihicn Ihilllh qua
trlnh "iil x uiit ki thuiLt

h"i: Gi,!" due \':L "in xuiil khong chi co quan h~ gian tiel' th(ing qua quan he
[Jllr
san xuiit m:1 chung con co quan h~ trlle iiep, diclI nay dllqc bi~u hicn 0 dc mat sau: thlf
nhat gi,io due e6 th~ tnre li~'p "in xu,'ll ra fl1(l1doi ngu lad d\Jng eo trinh d6 khua hQe ki
thu[l! eau eung dp eho ,an xu,il. beli \'1 gi"o duc lilY con nguai !:Im cloi 1L«;'"11<;.
~"c'Jlg khi
d6 con nguili Lrong "in XU[;I lai 1:11l1()1slre lao dQng va la nhilll to qllyct dinh '1U" Iril1h

99
 'J; \U,"\l. Chfnh nhiin to niw tao ra moi lien he giua san xuiit vit gi;i~ due. Ngoai ra. ~iilo
clue can (me lie'p (:\1n1' ciip eho san XU,l! v,iI ehiil ei,a x5 hoi slre.manh ;he hien htln~"C<ie
hlnh thai tri thue kT Ihual. G"in ":Ie cr, Ih,; rf..h Ill\'. lruyen thu. phill trie'n sue "in" \Uirt
lr"n.g de hinh th/i Iri thl1'c kh,)" hoc (1.:'nr,\m kh(lI1g ngiIng thue day SlI ph'l! Irien eilil
"l:'1I1 xui:lt.

filii bo. Trj Ihue khoa hoc tLr nhi2n la diem lien kc't va nhim to tao lien ke't eh" ,
t1'1nhgiao due va '1,,--,trln.'l s,in XUiIt viitehat.

Giao due
---'--+
-khoahoe
, ' -- si:\n x utit

Ncn s,in xUiI/ hi~n dai chi e6 t'h6 tic'n himh s,in xu[i! ra eua e,ii v,it eh[il khi ,ip dung
Iri thue khoa hge, trang khi d6 giao d\le lai khong ngimg Si!ng lab. phiit Iric'n. lili siin xUil'[
tri thue khoa hge, bai chi e6 nhu yay giao due mai ton tai vit ticI' lue phat trie'n. Tir cI" e()
thi! thay tri thue khoa h9C tl1 nhien la yeu cau chung ctia giao due va san XUilt !rong qUi!
t1'1nh duy trl tr",ng!thai ho",t d(mg blnh thuang cua ,hai IInh vuc nay. Nhln tiI g6e do ph,11
trii!n, trang xii h(Ji'hi~n d",i, giao d\lC, khoa hge, Siin xuiit vitt eh'll dii e6 su kct hap cao \'il
e6 xu huang hqp thanh m(Jt \hc thong nhat, eung phat trien dong b(J.
I
V~t h6a la khilu quan tn;mg trong moi quan he true ticI' giua s,in xuiit \',iI
Tlllr 1/(:
chat va giao duc.Theo Mac, hoi den v~t h6a la noi den qua trlnh bicn d6i eua SI! \'[tt trang
d6 suc san xuat a hlnh thai Iri thuc khoa h9c dl1qc b6 sung them de dicu kicn Siin xu[il
vat chat va cung dong thai nam trong qua trlnh nay. kcl qua eua "nir lIoa" tao ra "11'[ IIrc
v(it 116a" - day Iii d(Jng Il!C san XU,lt truc tiel' ella qua trlnh s<in xuat v,it ehilt. Trinh eli) Viii
h6a la lrlnh do kTthuat cua 'qua trlnh san xuat vat Chal va trlnh do trf lue cua nguoi lao
d(Jng. C6 thc n6i rang giao dl,1c thong qua cae khau vat hoa M lien h~ vai Siin xuIit. Qua
trlnh giao duc co' moi tl1Ol1g quan trl!C tiel' vai trlnh d(J vilt hoa cua san x u[il do dri Stl
luqng ket qua giao duc va ldnh d(J eao thaI' cua no sc trl!e tic'p ,inh huang tai nllre elo <IU
rong eua vat hoa trong qua trlnh san Kuat.
,
Tir nhlmg phan tfch tft~n c6 the thiiy tam quan trang Ian laoeua giilo due hien da;
trang qua trlnh san xuat V~l:chat cua xii h(Ji. Hi~n dai h6a gi,lo duc lit elicu kien. licn de
eli! san xuat vat.. chiit duac tien hanh thu,in
'. lai. cling~e6 thc n6i d[lV
. lit dieu kien lien quye'l
tham,ehi co thi! la di~u kien quyet dinhtrong mot s6ng;lnh Siin xu[it.

II. M6i quan I-i~gifra giao due va eae khau trong san xuat
Mac da tirng noi: Hlnh thai s,in xu[it trong xii hoi luon khong.ngirng ph,i! Iricn ho[,e
n6i each khac du la x5 hoi nao cung clCu phai trai qua mot so giai doan gi6ng nhau. Xii
h,)i Kh{1I1gtht ngimg lieu dung vit do de) khong the ngung s,in xu,'ll. QUil trinh siin xlI[it
CI\" ",,'.j xii hoi neu nhln tiIquan diem ph,it 1ritn. kh6ng ngirng d6i meri ella n6 siin xui'l
\a mOl lien he. v6j de nhan t6 khae co the thav.. san xu[it d6n~.•.. thai cung lit qua Irlnh liii
.

san xua!. Lu~n lhuyet nay cua Mac cho lhay tai san xuiit Ii. qUi; trinh khong ngimg ph,it
tri~n d6i mai e6 lap lai. Bon khau Irong san xu,"it gom e6: san xu.-i!. ph[,n ph,-;l. tran Mi,.

100
 I
tieu dun". chun" deu co lii:n hi:. vua che uac Ian nhau. Jghien cuu moi quan h~ gifra
giiw du,,' 'a bon' khilu tri:n sc giii thfch r6 han moi quan h~ cv th~ gifra giao dvc va san
xu,it. On bii:'t rtmg noi Mn moi quan ht?tren day tuy~t doi kMng phai chi la noi den moi
0' II . ljuan he gifra giao due va phan phoi hay giao dvc va san xuat. tieu dung. Chung toi giai
thich ,;in de n:,)' tU cac goc d9 duai day .
.. Tir mc'iiquan h~ gilta san xuat va hi~u qua co th~ thay tling, giao dvc r6 rang la m9t
ngui,i tieu dung huu han. m9t nha san xuat co bV'.Tieu dung giao dvc mqt l0i!-itieu dung
dinh lutmg. mLrctieu dung nhicu hay it chiu phv thuqc. NhUng , mue tieu dung djnh luqng
n:,)' mang lLlinhicu Iqi fch kinh teo la lo~i lieu dung lang "~UI;rng" - mql nhan 10 se ngay
cang t"ng trUlmg duai t>icdong cita cac lien bq khoa hQc k1 Ihu~t. Luqng tieu dung cita
gi:LOdue sc dU(K ti61 h:,nh tung buac co l~p Ii!-itrong qua trlnh san xuat M tiI do khong
n~lrn"
.•.• ... l,m".....
loi ich cho kinh
. teo
--+u.mGi_'lUanh4Wa&ia~dvc-\'iLlieu dung co.1hl.tha¥-:-Gi~c ril.n\ng.la rnq.1
nh:, t(eu dung. dong thai l~i cling la nh1\ san xuat "Ii/fm lang ". Giao dvc sir dVng m'?t
luqng It'm v"t luc. nh,in luc. cita "ii nhung deli lai giao dvcse d6i bling trf lV'ccita nguiH
:'1
lao.uc!ng v:, tri t~lLickhoa ':oc .. \"'y. g~ao ~uc .b,ln ~!landiii;hua. dV'n~c~c yeu ~o
Cll:\s~n
xua!. k~l qua lieu dung Clla glao duc co the glan ltep chuyen hoa no thanh rnQI nha san
XlI,ilv:, !CUlleho giao duc mang )' nghla kinh te. :
Til mc'ii quan hi: gilta tieh lliy va tieu dung co th~ Ihay do giao dvc cho hi~u qua
muon do do giao dLle s2 bicli hi~n thilrih "lieu (!lIng clia ngay nay. san x!Ufl cria ngay
0

I/wi ". Tiell dung vi san xuat, SilOxlial vi lieu dun~, giao dLlc:tieu dung Mm nay de
chu~n
.- bi eho "in xual ngay mai.
o I
N6i tom lai, giao due co lien quan m~t thier vai cac khiiu siln )(~;al,d6ng lhili chfnlJ
s\r lien hi: n:,)' cilng noi ro han lUang quan gifra giao dvc va:san xuilr \'~tchat.

. "", ( ,

101
 CHUONG v: QUAN H~GIUA GIAo DUC
vA KHOA HOC
. KI THUA. T . ,

Nhin tit khia eanh dau tien cllH sCre s<ln xuat - khoa hoc kilhuilt (1( eel chroc nhiul
IhCle (1<lydu han ve gia tri kinh te ella kho" hoc ki thuilt. tiI d6 khang dinh gi;l Irikinhl<'
eua gi;lo dtle ehinh la mot noi dung dll0e nghien eCru khi XCI "c m6i :Iu~n h;; gili'a k, r .:'
va &1<10due. Can phai thfiy, nlng vi~e nghien elf\! lim hie'\! wung quan giiia ncn s;;n xuiil
xa hoi hay quan h~ giila giao dlle hien d~i voi khoa hoc ki thuill dl! lhuyct minh quan he'
gitra giao dllc va kinh Ie cung voi vai tr6 cua gi,io dllc hien tlai uiii nii de cui>c c,;eil
mang khoa hoc kT thuilt vii st: ph;lt tril!n la viec J:lm r<lt c6 10i. h(ri n6 gitip chung 1;1hi(:u
S:'U S8e hon khoa hnc ki Ihuflt voi tl! deh Ja sirc s;ln xuiit (tiu ticn. n6 cling Clll1g e6 kh;IC
s[tu nh;)rl lhue cbo ("h;ln.~~ta \'c \'ai tro \';'1 d~~l './i ella giao dt.1C hj~n dc.Ii trm;g st,r ;1htll triC:n
('i'l;1 I<ho<\hoc ki th[', ,:il~ \'1) ':' ';1 I~r',:.~];\: thfch c(m kc gill trj ki lhu{H \';t Stln \tl[l't'\~

hr')l U,'!;l " i'. {,,~.n~ ll"rc Hi r

l" til ,~J!Jcpht.IC v\llot hem c6ng cUQc X<'iY dlfng kinh te',
<ir ",n: .h '''11h: [hach m6' mel euoe each mang khoa hoc kTlhuil1 hien tlai dill ra.

P' . 1. Qllan h~ giiia

1
khoa h<:>ckl thuat va san xmlt xa hoi
. .

1. Ph ,i' k, san xuat quyet dinh phat triEfn khoa hoc kI thU[lt
Khoa hx ',:1 thuilt phat tri£n nha co Sll phat tri6n ella s:in xuiit xa hili. UilY 1,\ Il"-tl1
d/'11 CO h"n ,-,h chll nghTa Mac. Ang-ghcn thi n6i: "Nh,i; ,hi,'; I'h,ii nghi,'n "in Sir I'h,i/
'ri('i, IlIdn ho.,:, (: " 'ifllg n!(jn khoa h(ic /Ilnhi('n. Inr(1C li,'n I,; Ihi('n ",in h"c. ",ii ,"in rill
ill1}C va l10ng dan ClfU cac lJUr1C nong nghiffJ d/u (ci'n I1rJ ill d.inh r/uii n., lnjng freT. Thi(~11
1"(;;; 1.,'r ((i',,'ocln h(Jc dlphvl
1 fnii, \'£110(;" h(J( d,i fa dr'~' d'l{J If!lg 11111( Cei'll "(l. \'/ SUf(.
khi nang nghiep da pMI lriell 1m m~jl giai dO(1/1nll<ii dinh. (i lill)1 .wi khll nrc (f,,' Ilu',i,g
kenh mc11CI/a Ai C(ip). d~ic biiflla khi c(ic crjllg Irinh x,ir (hfllg crf 1r1nCling nii Sit u; ",<.i,
Clia cac Ihanh phD; hrc hc;c ra dm. Kh,ing hill SO/I. 1rrc hoc 1/',;' Ih,;nh nhll nill Clio h,;ng
hai va chie;l Imnh, Iltr Iwc cdn Sf( \'iifn 'ro crio I;),ill hoc. I",in h"c ",l'l I,in n;;" lai IlIm~
Ihinh. Tlf d6 co Ihe"I,,')' !:hoa hoc ph'/l [rie;1 lxi, nglll';n I/f nhll (,ill sr'
Clio s,in\ll,ii l",i
dlto~ qllyei dinh b ii san xllcii ". LU(111di6m thien I,\i n'l)' milt liin ntra eho thit\. kho" ',,,c
UllOC ra dai tiI SII quan sal, nh~n Ihire. 16ng kc"t. va ke't tinh th'lI1h tri Ihtrc khoa I: ,Lf
ehfnh trang hoatdong thtle, tien lao don~ s;ln xuiil eila can ngl!ili.
Khong chi khoa hc:>ekT thU(1l co ngucJn g6e tll s;in xuiit xa hl)i. SlI ph"1 In6n u'la 11<1
cling se xuiit phat tu nhu cau san xuiit. S,in xuiil xa hoi 1,1d(lI1g hIe lhlie t1,i\' 'If ph<i[ Iri(n
eua khoa hoc kT thuitt. Dieu nay lJu<i dling nhu Ii:li nhfll1 dinh eila Angghcn "N,'i, n'I/I'Ing
rhr'Ji kjJ 'rllllg crJ,(lnh sang khoa !/{?c J.J ,!IIIL.if c1{I'\"I1(/ {WI dl;m 11"1((/ng /(.1(" Ill)!! ,hi r/rfnh It;'
J71l/()f111ni lrt; .\lrc manh
. - ClIO s{ill rllu';- '". C~lc nWfc Chilli .•\u trOTH!
,hcln k~' -
gjJJ dn;Pl Irun!..!
•... •.. . ~ ("I']

102
 \"('11 ,bc lrLfI\g eua nhfrIlg Illrlle phong ki0'n doc qilyen chuyen che luim ell() rtmg lien bQ
khua tlllC b Jai di0n eLIa l11aqU). khoa hoc \ra thimh doi tw;mg bi biti xich m~nh me, tra
thiulh HU bill (lie' Lon gillU. bi ap bue tim \.:h6c, khoa h9c giai do~n nity chang khac gl canh
-J e:IY kill) h,':u. Th0i k:: ':Ul hoa phuc hung duc biet khi cach m~ng khoa h9C ki lhult da de
b~p dltlle cele th0' lLfe hite ,im c;,n tra con duang phat tri~n cua minh, cQng vai su giup do
dCIL'Itte L'lIa ",n .\u:il e(,ng nghi0p Ir0n q~i rna lan, khaa h9C c6 huac phat lri~n phi na
thltilll~ (',ic l101l hi). eU" kho" hue
~- - . ki Ihu:'1
..,lHic biet la khaa hoc
.. lU nhii;n da e6 nhCrng
~bUlle
[it'n kill. t:itnhi0n chi cO JlllK khi c6 su d6ng g6p cua san xuat.
,\nghcn da Jua [ab,in nguy0n nhim ch.u yeu M giai tnich v,in de nay nhu sa,,: T1"i
,,1,,1/ k0 Il[ kh; dille th:lp ILfchmh elien ra ~ho tai nay,cong nghiepc6 buac phal Irifn
m'.lnh III0 , xlI:iL IIi0n rat nhii'll Ihimh Ilfll mai ve luc h9c (di;t, sill1 xuat dong ho, pllll'img
mi,i). \'0 hoa hue (milU nhuom. luyen kim, u ruqu), v~t Iy h9C (kinh), Nhfrng thilnh tlfu
ni,~ lbL!!l~ chi. .cJmg eSD-cac tu )jcu--J)huc vu cho"icc quari 5~J khoi luang Ian cae hien
lLlullg Irung tll nhi0n mil con dua fa duqc nhfrng phuang phap th\fc nghii;m rnai me khllC
hem lru,je diy. chllng cung hi.;n thlfc h6a cac thiet ke von chi na.rn trong sach va, Tlue Iwi
'" ('hall ,leu g,'jm 8a Lan Inlllg giai do,"n nilY deu cia ph at t~i~n trong hoi cill1h c6 s\r lien
h2 d,'.'1 eh~ giib c'cie I1lc,k eho Jtl Italy - Jell nU0c dUlJe thufl ke cac di s,tn van minh l[U)'
IXlu ",n IUe)JlJan Jilll Ii' eele thimh llfu khoa h9C dii ph at lrien tu rat sam. Tille bu, nhfrng
phal hi0n 111
"T! Ii' elia I)' elll chi llem thuiln dUlJc Lhlfc hi~n lU nhling m\lc dich kinh Ie
,. nhung ,uy eh" eung di'u plllie 'u eho s,in xueit dae hiet th~ hi~n cac ngitnh: Khi luqng a
hne, di'>ng ,.,'1 hoc, thue ,ill hoc. sinh I)' h9C (sinh Iy ng\!bi). Nhling ph at hi~n mai ntlY da
• cung d'p 1110lluqng llf li~u do s6 mil trUac day con ngtrai khong th~ lUang ttrqng duqc
Ill'mh s;, lilln dLI,fe. Tilli 1If, ngimh in da ra dbi.
DLI,'Ti'u lhue J:lY to Ian llr slf phcit trien eua nen dai COIlg nghicp, khoa h9C da c6
nhlrng blt,ie Li0n LO16n. ngoai nhlrng ngimh dii c6 truac day nhu' lo,in h9c, thien van h9c,
cae "gilllh khu'.' tH!e kh,ic d'l liin IU,'1 duyc fa dai nhu: vat ly h9c, hoa h9C, sinh h9c, dia
ehi,t, nh'lIl luai hue ... Nhfrng ngilnh khoa h9c nay cling tung buac dtrqc ung dung vaa
san .\u,it trlllhilllh eong ngh~ \'i, ki thu~t san xuat.
N,ii t6m lai, nen Sllll xuiit dai congnghiep chinh Iii dieu kii;n cho ra dai khua huc ki
thuat hien lbi trung giai doan c(1l1d~i vai d~c di~m nili b~tla 5U ket hqp hi; thong 16 gic
eh'.'l ehe gilt'.' l[uan s,il vii Ihi nghi~m M tung hUGC hlnh 'hanh hi; thong Ii lu~n va h9C
thuy0't Ct', 1":1Ilchlrng duoc rut ra tic nhling thanh lIfu khor, hqc thuc teo

II. Khua hue ki thuilt la d(Jng ltre thu.<; d&y lIre llIi;rng san xu at
N,'n s"n xlI,it xii hi,i chinh Iii nhan to quyet dinh 51!ph at trien va san xui;t khoa hoc
ki thual. nllllllg dong lhili kho" h9C ki thu~.t cling lai lit dgng Il!c thuc day str phlll Iri~n
lich Sll \a h(,i ,i,
san \1I:iI xa h6i. Ivhic da tung n6i: "Khoa hQc 10.dq;lg !lrc TllllC day Ijch
sli, hi 1'.11'l'.I,.,ng I',ieh !IIung ('() .i: ngillu Ii! lim nhei'T", N6i each khac, khoa' huc ki thuid
• khi)ng chi Irlle li0'p chi da() \'i, Iluk d:l\' s\l phal [rien cua s~n xuat xii h6i, ma con dLm
clulJng d'-lil lcii elhl SLIphal [rien el''.' Ii,::., •.\a h<;Jiva each m~ll1g xa hQi, Mac da tung chi
1'0 r;lJl~ r~-U1g iuc :-i~.1I1.\Ll~ilL'ill'rJ L-jC y2"u t6 kho:l hqc, Sly' phat tritin eua sue Sttn xufll b{lt

103
 '-".r
nguon tu lao dong trf 6e, dae biet ehfnh tu nhlmg ung dung eua khoa hoe tu nh;en \'a
thanh qua thtre te ella n6. Hem the niia. "1/(;',1 5,in XlICii clia clui nghfa Ilf b,in ,.,'", lIIang
dric di/rn: cd qua Irinh sdn xudi kh6ng Ihll(ic ",i c,ie A}' xao Inrc li~p Clia c6n.~ nh"n lII,i
aaO'c hie'" hi~n bring nhifng (rng dllng c6ng nghe klwa hoc ". "clui nghfa /lr hrin lif" sir
I'h,"1 Irie17 nhrii rl' m,(e nhrii ainh Clio slrc s(h, xutii leilll lien a~' cho lIIinh ' di,;'u d() giri,
lhich \'i sao san xlitii cluro yhrng ('()" !I Ie"~khoo hoc ". "Gilri W nhi,;n kh(ing lao ra hlii
/...}nu)t lo(ti n){lY moe nao, /,:hdng ('(~ xc. dUrIng sdt, di{in h(lo, mdy khciu chfnh xdc. hr17 (/7/-
en con ngtro'i hLIng lao d(J!1~f.!
d(l S(/J1g r~/o Fa J1hii'ng ,"(if plldin dd. nhifl1g sdn '"(.if /i(i I ;

Ihimh c6ng ql de' con ngll'(,-i "Ii lao Ihe' gir5'i \'(i d,ln Il'(i Ih()nh lllril b6 I'h(in Clio \'(il ('Ii,ii
Ilr nhien. D(i1' II, nhiing ,d,ne;1 d,mc Inrc li(;7) l,ill1 b,ing la\' nll101g lai lei A';; 'flld ni,1 !:IlIi;
')(' Irai lilli, d() chinh la S(f kef linh Clia Iri IllIre. Sa pl"'1 Iri';II Cf;'dinlinia /lr b,in ('h" IIi,iY
nlll7'ng Iri IllIrc Ih6ng Iha07lg elia xu h(ii dei bi<;i, Ih(inh sirc sdn .ru,ii Inrc li';7) ,i' nhirng
Irinh a(i khdc nhau, do'ng Ihili bdn Ihon cdc aiell ki,;n Clio 'fll" Irinh sinh h"(l/ x,i I"ii c1,i .
chill SI.' kh611gchl"va b61 bu<jc phdi cdi I(/n Iheo Ail;'1 Iri Iltc ". Luan di6m kien quyCI nay
eua Mae dii giai ihfeh khoa hQe ki thuM la dong Itre thue d~y str ph.jt trie'n elul Iich sCIxii
h9i trang dieu ki~ri san xu It may m6e eong nghiep. Ban than khoa hoe kllhual iiI 'lfc",
san xuat xa h9i, Iii sue san:xu.lt thong thuang v0; cae hlnh thai tri thlre khoa hoe. Hih1
dai h6a qua trlnh san xU<lt)a qua tr1nh ehuy~;' hoa tir lao dong gian dan sang lao(\l)ng
khoa hQe ciing tuc Ia dii bat tl! nhien ph\!e vu eon nguai. Khoa hQe ki lhu:1t !hlic tI'I\' "In
xuat xa h9i va dU(1Cthe hie~ 0 ba phuang dien dtroi day:

La sue sim xuat khoa hQe licm ;,in, trang khi tl6 ki thuat Iii 'lIe "in xu;'it
Tille nlIdi:
true tiep. Khoa hQe e6 the thong qua qua tr1nh ket hqp voi tu lieu san xu:it de' tra Ihimh k,
thU:lt san xuat, ehuy~n h6a thanh sue san xu;'it hicn thue. true tic'p trang qu,. !~lnh "in
xuat V~! ehat Lieh sir phat ~rien ella sue S<inxu;i! dai eong nghiep may moe la lieh Sl! ke't
hqp tung buoe siln xuat ,,~t ehat va khoa hQe thong qua ki thua!. biliu hien eu the eoa n6
la va! h6a khoa hoe va cae hh<ln to san xufil xii hoi.
"" '..
Neu nhlr ,,:It h6akhoa hoe the hien .
('1

eae yeu to lao dong thl bieu hi~n C\! the eoa n6 la sue lao dong duae ltng dung mol eaeh
!lI giae lri thue khoa hQc t1)rnhien, ki thuat sim xu;'i!. n6 sc thay the d;'in eae qui t;'le Ian
d9ng eu ky ehll yeu dl!a trel nhiing kinh nghiem <lanthufrn [rang lao dong nhu trl[("j(
day. v~! h6a khoa hQc th~ hien 0 de nh:m lO <loi !lI(;mg lao d(mg va ngu6n tu lieu lao
dong btmg ehfnh cae c6ng cu m,iy moe. m,iy m6e ,Ihay eho thi! e(mg sc n,ing ean lr1nh til)
trf lue eho eong nhan, thay the cae Itr lieu eli bai nguon tl! lieu maio ma rang eae Ilnh \'He
va d?i !lIang lao d9ng, I

T6m lai, khoa hoe thdng qua cae kh;'tu v;'1th6a ehuylin thimh san xu:!! kl thua!. ,Uu
nay khien eho kl thuM tit h1nh thai khoa hoe tri thue c16i sang sue san xu;'it tnre tiCI'. j i
thfeh ro vc kl tbuat khoahoc m6t ngay nao d6 se duae ung dung vao qua tr1nh s,in Xll,il
V;'1Ieh;'\t V:Iki:'[ hOTJvoj t(f \i~u 5<in XU;'ilvat eh;,it sc [r(1 thimh m()1 Jue Ilrang \';'It ehilt .xa hl)i
va elIng to J6n 1,1<licil \ ....("In~ dn Ihle!. Cae s6 lieu thong ke cbo th'lv I; k (rng dung
a
khoa hQe v~o \;'It'g \ruimc' I'lta ncn kinh Ie qu6e cI:m cae nUGe phi.t trien kho,ing 7V"i. ()'
Trung Qu6c F, ! 7-I sri,-,

104
 lIut !lul.- Kho" hoe kilhuill ia nhan to quan tr<;lI1gCilll nen san xuat hi~n d<,ti,Theo
d" hi2n dai h6a 'a xu hOi hoa cila n~n san xuat vat chat dac biet khi san xuat vat chat
dutie d:,y 'kn thimh tu d0ng hoa a muc cao, khoa hQc ki tH~at d~ tra thanh nhim '10 dC')c
1:,1' ,il kh(lng th2 thi~L1 duuc lrung qua trlnh san xuat, th~m chi co th~ noi no dii tni'
lhimh kh:nL quyc-l dinh, Cling gL6ng nhu Mac' d1i:tUng n6i: "Qua Irtllh san xlIltl Ueill'/-
Illig clulIg I'<;C III,illli 1If/1 klloa h()c, nglfrlc ./gi khoa h()c dCI 11'1;' 11,,),,1,
Iluillil 'Ill,; 11'11111
,IIII', IIdll~ 1,".\' ,,,ii ",i,,11 kll,;" c!Ji1l11 Ii) llileill /{j' clia sail xutil. M6i IlIilllh It,fll de'" U','
11,,;1111
11,,-,1 1'11,;11/111111 ""',i" Cil sci de' cdl tiell cdc phl1cftlg Ilutc san xud'r. Chi cii phl(c/i1.':
IllIt" s,ill\'ll,ii Cli<l cilli 1I.'.(lIi<l{{( hall moi khiell C~lO klloa 1~9CIan ddtl lien plwc "u II"')
Il'illli .1'<111
,\'II,ii, "'JlIg Illili sir plufllriel1 clia san xuctl !lli clll~g ceil' cac plluc1l1g pilaf} 1'1"11
IU<l1I ,,1111111
plllJ" II( Illli,'n ",

IIl1t 1",-
Trinh dC')phat t~ien va h;~u qua lao d~ll1g t1png qua trlnh san xuiil dllQ'C
'Iny'::t- <lil1hloc;; t-r:ttlh~*f)()ll hQck-tlhu,H,-J','-hlf-€-ltltflgla-ilii 'bie'~,e6-fitl-nlHeu--ftlti,lHe- iUtll-- ..
inrilng I,'ti hi0u qua san xUiit, co c;i de nhillllo chit quan lankhach quan. Tuy nhii'nlrong
h"i,n L,,'mil S,'Ul xuiit hicn dai. tOe dl? t,',ng tneong cua k;nh te xa h9i va s~r phal lri~n eita
serc ':\11 ,\ual xu:h(\i kilong con phu thuQc vao so lllqng 'ao d9ng, wong d9 hay 111\11 dl)
lhili graIl. Illil ehu yc'u dua ,'ao hi~u 4uU tau d(ll1g ,'In xual, 111uon nang cao hi~u qmi lao
tiling pil,ii clui Lrong tl0n trlnh do phat trien cu" khoa h<;Jckithuar hi~n d~\i, M,\c du tirng
c6 Ill'.'t IU':lIIthuy c'l ,~ "in d~ nay, Ong n6i ril11g: "Tlleo del pll<il Iriell clIa Ile'll d\li cOllg
-" I/gltl\'IJ, Itc,mg <'Ii" cdi "ifill' 1"" r" Irollg lIifl/ I\li II clill yell I" do (ltoi gial1 lao dOllg vii
Itro'llg hi" ""jllg Iit'li pili, IIl1it'li cilli y,'i, Iii hcir' Sill' It,rc UIWC SIi' elt,lIlg vi lao d911g Irong Illin
gil/ll ,/(;lIg, SIll' life "lfl/e Sir dl,/Ilg \'1
!,III '''0
"',;l1g ;'<i hiifll qlle! la 16'11cluillg clem '\11 khollg
Ih': I, I,; I Iii IJllii gi"l1 1,," "~jllgm,rc 1i<'iJ lI1,i sail xwit dii IIell phi, bOi 110cllWC qllyet iljllll
If Ii,'il h,i ki IJllIdl \',i Iril/h "iI khol/ hoc, ho~ic 1/61 ccicll kI1l1(' 116hi chi pllol bd'i Illlg {ltJllg
Cli£l kllOt' h~w l"OJlg s,in xlf,i'r ".

lOS
 Bfli 2: Vai tro ella giao due d6i v6i tien b(:Jkhoa hoc kI thuat

He dung ella khoa hoc ,;I thu;:lt dlii v6i x,i hC)i dU(Je Ihire hi~n IhCmg qua gdo duc
hicn d~i, do do trlnh bay nh'ung Lie clung V:I dL' ,'j ella gi,io clue cl6i "(li 'If ph';1 trien !'l',a
khoa hoe kT Ihu[11 chinh !~M gial Ihfeh m6i 'J'Lin he giua gi,;n due hicn dai "'I kho;1 hoe
kT Ihu,it - nh[tn to dau tien ci"l
, , sue s"n xU,YIV:I vai Iro eila gi<lo due cl6i \'('li xa hC)i,
Thea quan di~m ella e;hll nghTa Mac. clieu ki~n ella b;in them qu,i trinh "ing x,i k,;
ph"i nam trang vang ki~m s6al ella trflue va gjao e1lle - nhiln 16 thfeh ung v6j Ir; lIfe, ()U<l
trlnh song duqe noi a d<iy baa gam e6 sinh hoat. v,it
. . eh,Yt v:, "in xuiil ,';'11ch;'1
. d,n~~ '<'II
sinh hO~1 tinh than va s,ln xu<ltlinh thein, T;Il e<i de Iinh nrc nily del' ph,ii chiu ,inh
huang ella giao d\le va sue m\\I1h khoa hge, chung eung eho Ih;iy m6i lien hl: g'lra I-;I",a
hoc. giao d\le va sue manh ~lla trf tu~. Cung v(li vice Crng dung eimg "'gilY e:\Ilg rC1ng r<l'
de ph<it minh khoa hge la moi quan h~ kh<ing khft ng:ty mot tang gilla gi,io due V:I kllna
hoc kl thuM. Trang, thai dai'deh mang khoa hoc ngilY nay. de ky nilng lao d()ng kh'-'ng
th~ hicn a Ih~ luc ma chu yeu nam a
Iri thue vil trf IUC. Khna h()c kl thu,it d;1 1[(1 Ihi,nh
ycu 10 quycl dinh va then 'ehot: Song song VC11lI6. xu Ihc' ph,it lrien Clla\<! hl.,i Irnng
tlf(1I1g lai cho thiiy xii hoi se Ira Ihanh xa hoi Iri thCfe cfip eao. Iii xa hC); elLI Irf luc' ,il eua
thong tin. Trang xii hoi nay. san xuiil v<it ehiil ehl' yeu chi dlfa \'ilO 1-;1Ihu[tI. phu Ihu()c
vao suc phat tri~n ella san xu[it tri thCfe. Dieu nilY mClt I;\n nua I:,ti ehlln& minh r;mg I-;i
[huilt - nhan t6 diiu lien cua'S<ln xuiit 1,1mot nh,in dinh hoitn 10:111ehfnh ,\,ie. m'li I-;h,ic nr\
eung cho thay giao dllC hi~n dai se thfeh Cfng villhue hien theo can duang ph,;t Iritn ella
xa hoi. Giao due hicn dai d dicli kien quan trong d0 t,ii "in \U';il khoa hoe ki thu;n. Di,:u
nay duoe th~ hien a
nhung mat du6i dill':

I. Gino dl,lC mang dille nang t:ii san xuat khoa hoc
Anghen cia tirng chi ra' r,\ng Sll ph';1 tl'i0n ella khoa hoc 1:1 "~II'It; iJ((fl1~ I,.; 1111((11'-' ",'
Itt/ {riffle del d/ 1~/i". con M~ic thl n6i r~\n~: "A1(;i lfI~jl S1/phcil1ric)1r:1/" lti ("If Sfl d/I'di /it /I
pl//{(Il1g pl](ip s,il) ,\'1(';" \'II ((i, pI,,;! 1II,,,Ii" Nhlrng lu[m cliemtren d"IY eila ~J;ic "'I ,\nghcn
da nh,Yn manh l<i; Ifnh kc'lhira ell;} I-;ho;}hoc, Tl'uyen thira. tfeh lOy vii hoc Ihe(l g\f(fng ell'l
nguO'i Infoe lit dic'lI kicn lien cle d0 ban Ih;lIl I-;hoa ilOe 1-;;Ihu,'(t I-;h(mg nglrng ,Ii !l:n. bl,; ,',
khoa hoc kllhu[n khanI' ph,P lil s,m ph,im eila m,"1 giai doan lich sir du\' nh,',1. mil Ill; 1,11-;,'1
tinh cua clmCJl qua ll'lnh pllal Iritn ella lieh sif loi,i ngll'lri. Ijch sir el~"11II\'c'n Ihira. Ijch Ill\'.
ph,it Irien va lai san xuiit. Giao due luon ph,;l huy (!I roc \'ai tn') 10 ICm ella Ill'rnh lrong sue',1
eh;lng duO'ng phat tri~n ay. ,Giao e1llc hi<;n dai rm"1 m,n I,mI' culmg Il'uycn Ihu C<1 ,,'r 1-;110<,
hoc cte tiep tue gui den the h~sal' nguan Iri thlre baa di,i mil eha,mg ho (\;i tich 10,. v" gl'ri
gjm Mn eho con ehau minh. nhll'ng tl'i there ni,)' (!lroe lic'p lue tnl"en Iml \'i, ('lI1g ng'l"
cang duqe d6i mai, chfnh chung se lit C0 so de con ngtrlli ng'l' ll<l" s;;ng 1'.'0 r;1 nhlrng Iri
thlic maio Mill kh,\(, gi,\o due hien dai I-;hong ngling ph,it tritn I-;hoa h(lc 1-;1Ihu:.'t. "ing L,o
vii 1110 mam'.... nhicli 11nh \'uc . . khoa hoc. kl Ihuin. 111(li.D;'t\,
. ehinh Iii n'-'I "un~ m'l chliil~~.1;1b'l\
, '~

de crlp dc'n: gdo cit.le kT lhufll chuycn ng;mh \';1 c(\ng 1,Ie ng.hi(,tl u'ru h:hn;l hnc n'li! c:il.." I '()e
\'i~Il \';\ (L.ti hqc. Thea loi giai thiqu ella m(Jl I.;,t) tili li~'lI Cl1 Ill'll qtl~ln. r~'I't nhil'\J di)'ll ','1

106
 nghicn (l'lU kh"a hll" ,i, chuy0n J0 CJ My duqc dat lrong cac lruangdai hoc noi lieng viI r;il
nl\l0u th"nh qua nghi0n ,Lru dUll" ra dai lil dc don vj nay,

II. (;iao clue co tae clung bien khoa hQc tra thanh nhfrn t6 moi giu'j 'tlb kl
thuat san xuit
i\ I,i, khi Irinh hi,y quem di2m CLla mlnh ve nen giao d\lc hien dili Irong qUll lrlnh
I"h "l ph,il IriOn ,Ll" nen cJai eong nghiep va may moc d1i cho ding giao duc hi0n cJai I"
"tI, ph.un lal y0\1 ella Ij,h SLrV" no d:i IllO ra r;it nhicu lruang kllhu;11 chuy0n n1'l1i0p vii
111'11'kh"a h,)c ((\ng ngh0, dC,)' Ii, can duang chfnh M truc liep san xui'lt vi, linle hl0n s,in
\U;'ll. :\hii Cl', 1,..':lCIl1C)[l IH)C \\.~ cong ngh~ V~l giao dl;lc k'i thu~t nghc nghi~p ((Ie C()llg l'l.1
L lhi,.-c""gcr:i chuyL'lr-lbn [nimh t,ie-maTll16~huITg-ngilYLang-mraLtlDil[rthienyil ph;!t-
lricll d~ phuc \"U cho \'i~c c'li L,IO ~;,'UlXU[il V~l c,ii tien kl thU(lt- nrulg cao SlfC s:m xutlL
Dlln~~nlHr ~ be . tEi ttm!.!~[H~l St'rl -",'m .\U~\l lrOll!2 '- x~ h()i. hil()IH:!.chi
'- do kv~x,lo ella llU-lrljj
... i(LD

U(Hlg qU)(:l d!nh ll1~l 11(')elll1 chill SL,e chi ph6t ('1 trillh d(,) h02111 thi<;o c6ng cl;! clla he:> "gi"o
{II./( J/li(;il cllIl 1l/11(JI~ ('t'ng nih/n Ere' !lIe/nil 1/zI.lC {l(tll EnJIIg (','j d~IY clw)'e'}l sdn .\'lUII", Th~(c
k lL, I11lnh cherng cllll nh,,,, x0\ ni,y, Vi e1u: Chung la nhap mot day ehuyen may moe lU-
nu,'I" ng"i,; <IU nhung d,) [rinh do ki Ihu,,[ trong nUCle eon hiln che, khong mfiy ai am
hi0u 'c ",ich,Lr dung lll,iy lllllC, nl1lf l;IY Ircnlhue Ie chung la van chua bien khoa hge tra
[h,,,,h ~i thu,,[. til dura hinh Ihill1h duoc'. suc sCm xu;il chuy~n haa kl thual. Ira thanh di~u
kicn ',lI1\l1'I! Nlurng [lOng hlii [<lnh do neu chung la cp mot dQi ngu ky Slr duqc l\ip
hUCH1[[ung lhili gian ngan ve d~h SLrcJ\lng cae I~ili n:ay roc do thl moi. vie~ se lr~ ne~
dun g"ln hun nlllell, khong eh, ap d\lng duqc eac thanh b,ru khoa h9c vao san xual ma
li)n nctng ,'ctU dUlle n"ng su;,t lau dong, TruCle mflt khal hoc eua ta dang chuy~n hoa
[hilnh ~ilhual s:ln XU,,[ nhllng "om con r;it ycu kem, ly lf9ng cua cae lien bQ khoa hoe
[r"ng "0" klnh [0' quu,' ,Lm rat nhc">,Nguyen nh,in co ban van Ihanh qua nghien la cuu
kh"a huc ,'lIC' la r<ll it ,,') kha n'lI1g dwy.:nhoa thimh klthu,it s'ln xuat, do do .ncu ph:,; di
",ich h",n Irclng thi ,i0,' bm quan llOng ehfnh Iii dn d6n sue cho su nghi0p ph;'l tr,0n
gl;iu dUl'. cai c~iL"h\~l hU:Ul lhl~Il h~ th6ng gi.lo d~IC,cui trqllg vai tfa clla gi:H) ut,LC tl"ong
,ic'" 1,,0n ~h"" huc [h,u[h ki [hUal san XU,,!

Ill. (;iau due lil hinh thue eu hi~u 4Ua nhit ella 1<iisan xuit lau dong
\L'cc da tlrtlg n,',,: '-O"",;lIh gil; "; khoa hoc - -"ill phdlll ClI" lao tlrillg I"; (ie Ihi chi
('(; r/i(' !II;' (/1(1/<" I{/Jlg ~/(I (1".1 ,'I' \"(Ji I/() rillij} /to'll I1l1i';'I/, 1J(fi ri rlufi giun IliO d~)!lg rh/(;{ _\'('/1

('(III (Jill {III .\(ill .\/lJl J.:.h{l(/ !z{lC \'lJ ,luJ'I gi(JII lun d~jl1g ("(in thier clIO khou h~)(' s(in .rl/(I'{ (;'

g/UI (/1'(./11 t!lill 11.1kjU!!i''': 1/1/ ,\II ,\(/lIh dl(~''c. tli/II JltlY Cling \'1JJIIl( h~JC sinh II~JC h6 du',,( hi!

dilill /.\' I!"I'II,'.!. mlil li{;!I'.! (I(i}},'...' //('/ ", S~l[l ph~'lll1 Lto dc)ng phu'c li..\j1 so \', ',P:'L<!: '\",:,

gl,'lll Llll1(?lll,,}~.li ~~'lllph~tmI....(jgL~it["l ,",l.1 !I,li !~r~. ~ lit. [J)('li .') gl:ll ,IW. '.:~ ll~':: ,',"1

IllY-Cll. "'~tll \UiYt Ul~il qll;ll Ct') Illl.ll llli...'h t:'\' i1~~1l(jl1t,'j I) m:t (ull 11~~!'lild~-l :Ich ,'.1

11lllCllll;'t111 nil: de tr~tll gUt L\I ll1~: 111.: I '1-,:: l)Jl~ Lh";1 III ':.: ~iu,i ~1'lllh lhuY"::'l1 gljJlJ i1i

\'~IY, gi,to due !U(')ll \lr dung pllLrlJ'll::; pil~'q) lnlY~ll gi,'lng LI :,,~,l L\i'-', :,L.I de) 11I ,i del',- I

LJu,'\ L'tl C\U. Th()Llg. qua gl,iu dl.1C clll'lng u c() the' n'n ng:'lrl l!lc)i gl,ll: l,: .1'1:~ l,"l: y,-,'~;
,\lI~lt khoa
S;'II1, huc kilhu,\t. Ili~'ll nay, c<.k llUl'rc Irell the' gj{ri uell L1!l,~ln I'~tdIll qU~tIl lJ\ln.:;
 cua giao duc va het suc coi trQng Jinh V1!c nay, .hQ dang tlm m9i bien phap co II:
kh6ng ngirng nAng cao cbat luqng giao d\IC d~i hoc, bOi VI giao dlJc ki thuat chuyen
nghiep a daj hoc Iii m':11iL1n quan trQng nh:l! M tai san xu,i't kho~ hQC va ki thual. co kh:l
nang phat tritn khoa hoc, ::Hie d,iy k,thu[ll \ilsLrc phat tri6n cua san xU:lt. Kc't cilu gi,io
duc d~j hQC va cao c1Clngcq rat nhieu cla~ vi kiloa hoc nghien CtlU "a dicu kjen nghien " .
ell11 1m Vi~I, c6 d m(it d(ii ~g[j giao vi en vira tham gia giang day truc lie'p lai vira nghien
Cl1'l1khoa hQc, Jai ,c6 the' dlnlg trong hang n$O giao vien (1<lmnhi~in dc ,c(mg t,\c nghicn .-
CUll "!loa hQc chf?h cua quqc gia, Kh6ng chi co v~y, dai h9c va hQc vjen c6 dc chuyen
nganh khoa hQc tuang doi gay du, kh6ng khi hQc t:lP vii nghien Cml khoa hQc cua sinh
vien nit s6i n6i, them vao dis nghiencCru khoa hQC va gi'lng clay c6 th6 lac d(mg qua la,i,
n6i chung m6i trtrang a day'v6 cung thu~n Iqi de' chora dai c,ic' pha,t minh v,inghien cUu
khoa hQc, Tir day c6 th€ thay d,ng vi~c thanh I[lp cac trung 1,1mnghien cCru khoa hQc ,tren
co si':! c,ic InT'\ng ciai hQc va.'hoc vien Ia phu hqp vaj qui Junt va co Iqi cho sa ph,it Iri(n
clh khoa hoc k'lhu,11.

,
I "

108 \
 Bfli 3: Kinh te tri thtre va gilio due

Kmh k lri lhue \~ thLIe chat Iii SLIk~a dili 1i lu~n tu ban v~ nban hIe.

1. H a/11 y CO ban eua kinh te tri thue i

Lie!: slr iac,i ngLIiJi.da trai qua hOll,5000 nam kin,h lejnOng ng~l~p: sau ,do I\,i tnii
qua hlili ,100 nam kinh le eong nghlep, glo day can nguOllll.1 dang buae vao thOi dal kwh
k mill rn~ '0 cung . do Iii lhoi dai kinh te:tri thue, :

Knlh k' lri thue ILrc 1:, n~n kinh le co co so la tri thue, muon nel den vi~e Slr dung,
phan phcii "C, "Ill xuit thong tin. kinh te phai dua ehu yeu vao toe dq tang eua Iri Ihue,
Cling ClJ the noi rAng can ngLI0i dang bLI<Jcvao thai dll.i kinh te vai dae trung quan tr9ng
- - _1:'911,\ L1'l[J[i..l1J.U1.-.....ph:UL.p.h6i.YiLchiim
beru lill-nguyen ,-Siuil,Ulg tieu dllng~L\m-the ~ao-
de ,\cie Lip VI Iri eha nen kinh te' tri thue" eha tai nay eon nguoi van c6 rat nhi~u eaeh l)i
giai kh,ie nhau, Nhin tit g6e do P~'\t ,trien kinh te, e6 :?~
,n6ii neu .nhu ?hun~, la, phan di~h
dLI<J1g,')Cdc) k':l du ,'an nghl~p lhl 'e nhLr sau; Ktnh te nong,nghr(;'p - kmh Ie eong nghl(;'p
. kilih Ie tri thue. Neu chLlIlg la phan dinh duai g6e do phan phoi tai nguyen eo th~ phan
thanh: Kinh k' sLre lao d(Jng . kinh te t:li liguyen - kinh te In thue: Neu philn dinh dLIai
ooc d,). tLI b,in thi se la: TLI ban vat
C . lLIe
. - tLIban nhan ILIe
. . tLI ban tri lue
. (tLI ban tri thue).
"
Iri lhlre I:t hal nh,ln CO ban eua ILIban lri lLIc.

MOL so quan diem \e nen kinh Ie lri lhue: Nhiing nam 70 ciia the ky 20. m(Jt hge
gi,i nglrlli 1\15' Topkr \iet cuon scieh c6 ILIa de: 'T~'uo it(1I Ihrr ba ", euon saeh nay noi ve
[lnh hinh nen kinh teOh:w eong nghiep, tai nam 1982 m(Jt hge gi,l My kh,ie cling eho ra
dai cuon s<ich "Xli II,,;' Mil ", nhae Mn nen kinh te tin tue, nam 1986 Foliete viet euon
"Xii Iilii \'Iii 111;/1 kl/i!<1 110(' ki rhll~il ('<10" va tieu d~ euon scieh cling chinh la m(>t lhu~t ngii
mai dUIIe l'lc gi,i I,in d:iu tien dLIa ra. BLIaC vaa nhCrng nam 90 e\l th~ vaa nam 1996 t6
chue phcillrien va hap tac kinh te' Ihe' gi6i trang baa cao ehinh thue rua minh Ian dau lien
dlca ra kh,ii ni.:m "killh rJ',,.i Ilure ". Vi sao baa cao eua 16 ehu~ hqp tae kinh te the gi6i
lai danh d'lU Slf ra doi cua thai dai kinh Ie lfi thue? Khong chi bai t6 ehue nay Ia m(Jt t6
ehLre quoe te' c6 uy lin mi, ehu ye'u bai vI ho dil dua ra mQI h~ thong ehi tieu do luang
kinh LClri thuc r:it dcing lin cay,

u, h~ thong chi lieu buac dau do duge kinh te tfi thUc tue III chiem han 50% GDP
viI kh,ii '! wit d,ie trLIng doi vai phat tri~n kinh te ciia cae nuae phat Iri~n trang vai nam
gan d:,y vi, elmg Ii, phcie h9a doi vai lrong tuang lai. '

6 lren dii de c;lp

. lai ba khcii niem
• thOng so ki: thuat• , tin
r rue va tri thue • Day Ia b"
tang b'le kh,ii niel11 khcie nhau [rang d6 thong so ki: thu*t III nhfrng can so, tit ngfr, am
thanh ,i, tin hieu, hinh'mh chua dLIge t6 hqp, Tin tue Ia nh~ng thong so duge ket hgp hll
thea mIll <'P,\e'p co > ngh!a nhiit dinh, Tri thue la nhiing tin tue e6 gia tri c6 the dUll'
con ngL(l,i nh"n thue. n,'ul1 b,lt V:I Slr dung. Kinh te tri thue ehl can n6i t6i noi hillll ("""1
ngoai dlceJn Clla no thi rong han, Sli dung kinh te Iri thue ham nghi:a "I,.i r/llie" cl,a no
Ian han so ,'ai kh,ii nielll tfuyen thong eua chUng ta, cllu yeu baa gam bon mal sau:

109
 kl thuM m6i manh hay yeu: Tang wang sllc eann tranh tren tnrir~g quae te' el'" mel! q1l6e
gia gan lien v6i kha nang :sang tao tri thllc m(~i "a khoa hoc ki thuil1 m6i Ct'", mll',e ,k"
Dr;",," chi Giang Traeh Dail dii tUng n6i rftng: "Sling r~1OClJl nllii /Ii /inh hi;n lil;i, !Ji, Cli"
n.'~~i d,in .7('r, leI (1Iin~ /z.rc p/U]{ trie'n Clla m(Jl qlujc gia ". Sang t<.IO cai m6'i I~ld(mg CO' ella
:l klnh I~~';') ih(:-c bao g"on1 sling l~\O c(le san phtim maio c,lc,c6ng ngh~ maio Clc Ih!
IrLr~Yng 1110'1.Ciau Ol,lC uJ.o';~:!", 1-:--'',: i""~'l l~ico tinh sang t':\o \'a ray nghc cao. nguy(n
nkln thLle hien c,1ng lao gi,.J cil"'" a i:, eho nay,
Tlu'r 11r, cac c6ng ty phan me~' eLla \1y la dai bi~u di~n hinh ella ni;n kinh te' Iri
thue, Truoe dayhO'n 20 nam, e6n~ :\ phiin mcm do Bill Gate s,ing bp ra IiI mot k",ich
san eho den nay d'\ tro thanh e6ng ty phiin mcm 16n nn,Yl the gioi, Thea til Deilv News
ella Anh ngay 14/9/1999, khi khai baa tlnh hlnh kinh doanh thi gia tri tren thi tnrilllg Cll
phieu elia eong ty nay d~ttoi 2651 do la My, liin d'lu lien \'lIm mot el'ng tv kh,ic eun!!
eua My, eong ty di~n khf thong dl)ng va tLlong dLlClnggiip hai liin GDP etia Nam Phi hil'n
nay, Bill Gate, ehU tieh hQi dong quan tri eua eong ty cO' 20SI' e6 phie'u eua c{mg t)' n:,)',
gia tri tren thi trLlang e6 phieu dat toi 56 ti $, Wong dLlong g,yP 23 liin GDP ella
Buoekinaphaxo, m(>t nLloe nho a
ehau Phi, Hi.;n nay, Bill Gate dii tra thanh me't II phii
hang dau the gioi. Gan dAy, mile du g'"lp ph'li su tut gia eua thi trLlimg e6 phicll ~lv ,:,
nhfrng ,Inh huang bilt Iqi do Chfnh phL' My kh(ji k'i.;n vi pham phiin mcm thi gi,. e6 phie'u
eua cong ty nay van tang I~n 505 lan, Chue nilm trLloc, gia e6 phie'u cua c6ng t\' dic" \hi
thong dl)ng luon dung da~ tren the gi6i nhLlng tu 7/1999 tra lai dill' <fa lien tue ',)
18%, euoi eling vi trf dan dau bi cong ty phiin mcm 00 Iai phfa sau.

III. D~e tnrng eo ban bJa nen kinh te tri lhue

Neu noi tir /Jinh thai thi d~e trung chu ye'l! co th6 kh,ii qUi.t th:mh nhirng dit"m sau:
I) Phat trien nghien ~Uu khoa hoc kilhu,lt ng:lY dng tro- th:mh ncn t,ing eua nen
ki nh te tri thue. '

2) Trang g':,i trinh phat tritn kinh te tri thlle lhi th{JIlg tin ":1 ki thuilt th{lng tin th'rng
a vi trf lrung t[un,

li Trang nen kinh te tri Ihue ng:mh dich vu chiem \'ai lro chti )'e'u,
'1) T6 chi,t tLl biln nh,in ILle Ira Ihanh di~u kien lien qu)'ct M thue hien nen k,nh k'
if! lhue, Neu so sanh nen ktnh'te' tri thlle v6"i nen kinh te eang nghiep Ihi gill" hai ell e",
mLlai ditl11 bi6u hien khae nhau:

1) Dong lLle khac: D9ng ILle ei,a kinh Ie' c(mg nghiep la kllhu;it m:,,' h"i nlT{1e,c1iin
1.1<,cr)n d{mg lue cua nen kinh tetrilhllc la deh mangdien til ":1 thong tin,
•
~:)~.r,~i
dung san ,:u5tkhac nhalr:Kinh te cl1ng nghiep chi, "cu 1:, ng:,nh chtla" cill)
,;;,:, 'c Ir; IhlIe lit nhi;t th6 h6a eua'),g'anh cht" tao \,:, ng:lI1h elleh \'u, eung e:,i' dich III
I" ',' \111 \'a In ,I-,'rc, N~anh s,ln xua'til'ru cot kh,ic i\{mg nghiep" diit clai: e{mg nghll'p-
'""'': tn th'le ~,hll~.'uiJn khoa hld'~T th,,:,t
- '\,:,

112
,
 (3) Ti.:u ehuan hi<ju suiil khae nhau: Kinh te eang ng~i~p la hieu suat elia sim xuat
lao ,kmg con kinh k' tri thlie 1,1hi<ju suat .elia tri thlie. I
(-+) Tmng Jilim 4u,in If khae nhau:' Tn;mg di~m quan!1f elia kip'ine eang nghi~p la
., san xu;il Y;ll eh;il con eua kinh te lri thue 111nghien euu,' phat tri~n, tieu thll, dao t\lo
".i .

, . c(mg chuc.
5) I'hv0n~ lhlie's,ip xu:il kh,ie nhau: Kinh te eang nghi~p la tieu chuiln h6a, I,ip
lrung hoa. ehu:~.:n nghi.;p h6a. xii hqi h6a, sim xuat Iv<;1nglan, dan nhat, mqt day ehuycn
s,'m xu;il. cling nh:le .. Kinh le lri lhuc la khang co tieu ehu4n, phan tan, mem deo nhvng
rnanh
. m0. s,in xuat lVI/l1~ . - nh,). nhicu chung loai,
.. hieu suat cuo.
I
(,) CIl e:;iu lao Jdiig co thay doi: Lvc IV<;1nglao d9ng trll'c tiep san xuat lrong kinh Ie
e:{JI1gnghi.:p ehi.:'m S(J'ieon cang nhim san )iu!t trll'c tiep trong kinh te tri thue chi chiem
~(I'; nlllrng.lve IWHig lao d9ng i'lm trong san. xliat tri thuc va truycn ba I\li chiem hon 80%.
.."'-~7)
Chi' th.: xii h~i kh,ie nhau: ThlTi d~(eang nghi~p, g;ai cap eang nMn la e-h--u-th-~-,
-_._-
thili Jai kinh l~ lri th'ue l:ing lap tri thue Iii ehu th~. .

x) I'hvt1ng lht.re ph;m 06 kh;ic: Thai d~i CN la "cllIl'd{i [iei, /t(O)'g [heo \'i Iri 1'1111
\';\;C" eilll lhili J,li kilih t.: tri lhlie Ii, ",,11£;'''(; liei, luting thea thimh tieh d6ng g()fJ".

Li lu;m kinh l~ hoc kh,ie nhau: Kinh te eang nghi~p illY v~t eMI lam nen t,ing;
9)
kinh k Iri lillie l,iy lri lhlie lillll ncn [,ing.
" 10) Chu ki J'IU IiC li.:n tllc khae nhau: Kinh Ie eang nghi~p d6i vai khai thae tii
nhi.:n g'IY ra Sll pha hoai \'': nguon t;li nguy.:n, 6 nhiem m6i IWOng; kinh Ie lri thue d'lu
III \ II hinh eli lh.: lall1 e:ho kinh Ie e(l Ih.: phat Iri.:n li.:n llle" khang g,iy ra m'll "in bimg
sinh lh,ii hay (l nhicm lI1'li Iwilllg... '

T"'111!ai. lhllllg tin lri thlre Ii, III o'ln quan In.mg nhfit eua phat tri~n kinh tf the giai
ng"y lIay. W o,in loai n,'Y'\"'llr o,ill \',)t e:h;it truyen thong CO'thuge tinh wang dallg e6lh~
,lem Jai hji jeh killl] k. Dong thili. lai iii m(ll la,.1i w b"11 d~\c lhu llie Ii, n6 Ii, loai tLrb"n
Juy nh;il khl,ng bi li~u Iwo m;1 Jai con kh6ng nglcng phal tcilin v~ gia lri trang qua ldnh
,il dUllg. IH"C<lIh.: 1:1w h,in mil c;; .d h(li eung hlll1ng. Tri t!Jtre dang (Jiin Ihay the III hiin
vi, <juY':111\1e:lruy.:n thling \'i, Ira lhilllh Ilre Ill<,1ngchi phoi slr phat tri.:n kinh the giai. Ie
IV. ,\.nh huang cua nen kinh te tri th6c d6iv6i citi each gino dl;lC

Su xuiil hi.:n elia ncn kinh le'tri thue Illong lai co th~ ,\'nh hiiang sau stle d6i vai cae
e;ip. L',ie ng'lIlh gi,io due e:ua Trung Quoe. Bic'u hien euth~ gam cae mal sau:
. ',> I. .

\'j II/{;: I'h"i ehuy.:n oien dieh IhlIe quan ni4n;J giuo dlld truyen th6ng, nh~n thue day
Ji, llC llll'mg. ehi.:'n !Leoe \.] d'.li: "Klw(I "re giJo d~(c /elm clIo dallll(c1~' Illrng thill" ". Cii
eCteilgi,io due v'ln Ii, <juan ni.:m vc sv
nghi~p phue l<;1iquAn chung, xay dVng giao dlle la:
"Lie '{I/{;;' "hi h,ill", gi,ia due: 1:1nganh san xuat ra tri thue, rna r9ng va phil.n tan tri Ihue.
G~,io due 1:, <juan ni~m el,a ,Uu llr mang [fnh san xuat, bai VI hlnh thue e6 hi~u quil nhal
J.: khai th,ie nguon nh'lI1 Ille. phCtl lri.:n kinh [e tri [hue, tfeh lUy tii ban trf Ive ehfnh Iii
gi,i" due. Gi,i" due Jo stre manh tong htrp eita m9t qu6e gia, khang chi nhln ~ao chi li.:u

113
-- -----

Ung lltlOi1g J...l1lh te' ma ern ~,ln C -;m ron !ltnn:.:: ~I,~() due. ttr o(in ili:{'oduc, Itf b;ln nl1;-111 ItIC
\::'1 :,'(i! :ruh'l~:' sinh th(ji. _!"lar :'~;-','r ,:' U',"ll' 'l)ng. lll()j th0 l1l(ln~muon ella IlUl'lC d('). Gda
due co b,in ";'111kicn lri nam ,ehae gl<io due h,'tt huc)e phl; dp I": gi,ia due .\0" nan mil c'Ju.
eai chung la Irang l<im. Du6'i su chi daa ella phllong eh:lm ph,il Iril,'n kien Iri. ph:'1 Irit'n
lo,\n di~n, lillie hien giao due t6 eh:lt. Gi'lo due 16 eh:lt ph,ii n"lm "iJn~ c;ii c;ich hal diem
Ille 111e,ii d~,h he thong chuang lrinh hoc. cili deh hlnh thCre d;lo la~ d61 I"'i £i,io \';tn.

IIII;I,;~' )l:'IJ];git,c le~a ~~,:~: :~n~~;:~ ~;i~:~~,ii i~I!~~'I;/,;,~~t e:~i~,'1~1/~~

~t~~~::1 11;:1~:;:1\1:,pI~'~
;::,11 '-;,\!1g t~o, me)' fa cae t ." ';',i' ;l"lnh hoc son; d(mg l~lTn chohQc sinh ph.11 lril'Tl m(l!
,,:, ''<nh d9ng, hoat h,il \'" Chll dl;llg. Co ngllili dlC lhin khl1,ing giiJa lhl; ki ~ J <,
,':'11hi,'n kinh Ie tri 111,'"",,1-\n nh:ln ncn kinh le'lri lhue, 16 eh:lt qu6e d:ln ph," l(I'Ll II",,~
C ,'0 ,',"it l6'n.

Gi,io due (1 ea" dimg s~ g,inh V'lc m'll su Illenh 10 krn hon eie lnfi1l1" l';lil ,tino Iron"
thai clal nay ~ee6:3 ehue"nan; l6'n baa gam: Chlte nimg Iruycn thu tri Ihll~, ehl'rc n,j~,g ,,;~
xu,Y1tri thue, ehCrd nang v,it h'6a Iri Iblie. Vi vay, dn plHii c;ii dch co ehe, In,i tmimg cao
d'1ng, thue hi~n ellllg xay du~g, s,il nh:lp, c1flnLip \';1 da nguyen h6a e'1 eh{ IllO (mimg, Illlfe
a
hien qua Irinh boi 'dlC6ng nhan lai I,'m eao, d;lo tao nh:1ll tai m,'t c,;eh tinh X,;o, \'i ":1\ dn
ph,ii llrng bu6e xflY dung m(il loal de lnrirng dai hbe trang diem, h,ii t!tII-1I1gnh:ln t;lI ch:il
'UCing eao e6 kh,inang sand tao thich lrng v6'i yeu du ella Ihi11 tlai kinh !C. tn lillie. tlrng
bLf()ethue hien da! chung hoil. phi\ eap hoa ella gi,;o due dai hllC eao ,\;1ng,

Giao d~e va d;m tao :doanh nghiep se dlllg ph,it {rien J(fn hon, gillo due <!"lInh
nghicp va dao tao'doanh nghiep la nguon s,ing lao kilhu:l1 doanh nghil'p, I'i \"'I\' c:in ph,ii
ph,it Iri6n manh me giao due ki Ihu,it chuyen nghil'p, tlfng hli,re X:II' dung hi' thr'ing gJ:io
due va boi dlr6'ng doanh nghiep 1:1111 rho gi,io (Iue 1"1 d'la 1',10doanh nghiep Iha\' doi de
kh,i nang phan ung linh hoat. lhieh ling va kh,i n:lllg u,ii m6'i r,'It nhanh,
Xflydlfng he th6ng gi,io due hien dai h6a, Vi 1':IY,dn ph,ii e,ii deh ";1 ph,it {rien cO
e:iu he Ihling gi,io clue, lam eho he lhong gi,io clue \',\ eo e:iu gi'\(l due phil h"p \'1""l'Ii c'r'u
s,in xU:lt vat ehal, phue \'u su kicn thiet kinh t{. eii deh \'il ,\;;ie dinh nlm Iht n'l .• hc
thong va eo efiu giao due hop Ii lam eho n6 phil hop \'(Ii \'cu c:iu elill nen kinh !C In thl'rc')
Xel m9t each tck~ Ihe. chfnh \'ice I:lm eho e:k hi; hinh gi:'o due 1',\ x,'"~ dlrng chu::cn
nghi~p va de ti Ie ella n"; ,'hil h0p \,,\' I',', ,I-nn" """11:"1. co' c;'r'u "in \U:I't de ng;lJ1h k,nh
te'va tile elta n6 lam cho eSc 10,11 hinh tiao due <"\ li 10 Cll;t n(1 llf(in~ l'rng \'1'11 he' IIH\ng
$,ln XU~\t~ co c:Yu 1\.1lhu;l1 e\I:1 ,~ic
!Igilnh kinh k' \';1 co eYu lrinh d() Ctl~l ltr<.. ILr<fng );~()
d(m gO. 1l1C h i.~n C'! 1 he' i~J <tu:.:"'i.; :

Tilll' "hai,' CO' c:lu cae ,loai h,nh giJo due ph,il phu hGp "(Ji nhu e:lu CUll c" l';"U d,C
nganh kinh te, vi co c:lu cad nganh kinh Ie' mil th,iy ,toi 'phue "U. Nh"IJ ILi \U lh,' lhll\
cil' ng,mh c) Ih~ I'):;\, duae ph:in I(m dcu 1:1ehuyen h6a tir ng,mh l"ll; J ,'"1~ e:i, 'i
101112~ su ch,:" en h6:1 san'geae ng;mh loai 3, loal 4: hoae III dc ng'lI1h Cll I"" d"ln~ I:'p
trung "a' eae ';Qdnh e6 von {flp trung d"n drin ehuycn sang de ngilnh e6 Ihhng'l;n ,,"p
trun~ V'I ki thu;;t 1,lp trung, Sli lh:rv tlcii e,l e,"u de ng;1I1h kinh l{ d:iu li,~n (1<'111
1"" W lin,
d6i vi~e lam ella h.le hr9ng: lao d()ng. xuS! hi(l: C\c \-"i~c liun mang 11nh eli :..:1\1 (,.ILI ilfC
 ILI,lIlgLtv clung moi. !~lt nhi~n e0 cilu giao dyc yeu cau dac biet la C0 cau cal' loai hlnh
gi,i" 'duL phu Iwp \'oi SLIlhay doi. Hi~n nay C0 cau cal' lo<:lihlnh gi<lo duc cua Trung
Quue \'~in ehu" phu hop \(Ii y~u cau cua co cau Cal' nganh kinh te, rat can UIng wang
cli0u chinh ceic bu,)ecii deh de thich trng vai yeu cau cua viec xily dung kinh te.
Filii lI"i,' Co eilu Gie Ivai hinh gi,io duc phi,i phu hl."p \'6i nhu cau ceJ ceiu trlnh do el"
lue luong Ltu d(mg lrung h~ thelng s~ln xuat, VI CCJcilu lue ILlang lao dong rna thay Ut'Jlphuc
v~. Cung \'lJi sl! ph~\l triL;n sau fQOg CU~.c;,li c,lch rna eLra, cling v6i sl! ung d':lng f9ng rai
kh"" huc .
ki thuilt. lrol1~
~dc linh nil. ,..'1:1 ,\ue"t
',' '
yet kjnh teo phai nang cao hon nCr" yeu du
doi \(li t" ehiit ella ILre iu,rng lao dung. 'l'0u ceiu co cilu tr\nh do cuB: luc luang lao dong
phiu lirng blrae uu ti0n to hap, tuc iii kn(Hlg chi yeu cau tfen co S0 "on
c6 luc luang lao
d')J\g eu trlnh d'l kh6ng d~u d.: niLllg cao hun nlia, rna con phiii yeu cau ti l~ c[iu lhilnh gilia
cae lue luting !au d9ng co trlnh d6 khac lic'n nhanh va Uti tien hqp Ii. Theo thong ke tong
dl0u lra diln so toiLll Trung QUelC viii n[lIn giin dily, t01m Trung Qual' co giin 400 tri.;u [au
- (liHfg.ciTGlLLrtiTlhiJO gi,;" I]uceua n6la:7U,J'ksc.i'nguol-du61Trlnh d9 ti~uhQC,'kho,tng
25',; s,; nglrili' ,) lrlnh dil trung hoc C(Jsa, khoclng -l% so'nguoia trlnh d9 pho thong trung
hue \i, trung e'ilp, 0,7';,,; nguili lJ trinh Ui) deli h"c' OJ c[iu va to hqp lrlnh d9 n'IY trong !LIC
lu(ltlg lao '!()(lg eua Trung Qu6c rat khang phu hqp vai yeu cau cuaphat tric'n x,ly dung
I
klllh Ii:'"il"'ln .\uiit hi~n dai h6a. dn ph~li nhanh chong cai each va dieu chinh.
, , I'
1I11i 1,,1. Co cau ehuy~n nganh cua giao dye phiii thich trng vai yeu ciiu cua COcau
ki thuat h~ thong san xuiit. 1'1s\f phat tric'n va co cau uu tien cua ki thu~t ph\lc vy, Co cau
ki thU'tl ella nganh kinh te thuong chia thanh 3 10<:li:Ki thu~t cao cap mui nhon, ti! d9ng
hoa, ki ltlll~d trong nghc thtl cang va thu eong ho~c con g9i Iii ki thu~ttien tien, ki thu~t
trung gian \'i, ki thu'tl truyen th6ng. Co cau chuyen nganh cua giao d\lc tii' phuong dien
Ion e6 th" phim thimh quilll If, cong nghicp, nang nghi~p, y h9c, day h9C va quan he ti Ie
eua cl\ling. Hien nay. su StlP xe'p ehuyen nganh cua Trung Quoc va ti I~ cau thanh cua no
, d5 tr'li qua hon ~O n,un C,Ii c,Ich. d5 co nhling dieu chinh r;it Ian, dan dan ph at tric'n theo
hU(lIlg clla y~u du kie'n lhiet lhiet ke', Nhung vEm c6 hien luo'ng mat dieu khic'n trong d6
Ii k ella n(lllg nghi~p, Jilm nghi0p, thlfUng m\li, nganh dich VU, ChL'yen nganh quiln If van
qu,; it. (jllla ,li011bo khoa hoc cua khu v\fc kinh te va yeu cau lilay doi co cau ki thuilt van
C\) mot kl""lIlg Gleh nh"I! clinh. thiun chi co v'li co cilu chuyen ng'll1h g,ly e'lIl tra cho

\'I~'l" llllg dung \'~l pht") bi2n n)ng raj kiloa h9C: ki thw)t lrang hOi..ll d(mg Si.lll xuflt Y;)l chitt.
Vi du: iL,i ngilllh kinh !C'16n eua Trung Qu6c la nang nghicp va Jilm nghiep se e6 rCll
nhi0u kho" hoc ki tliuill kh(lIlg dual' pho bit'n r9ngriii 1"1trng dung vim thlre te, khang
th" hlnh t!l,mh clLrac SCI(.' s,in xuat true tiep, 'lnh huang den eai each va pha! lrien eua kinh
Ii: I"lllg nghicp. ChCIIlg leLph~Ii nhln t6i SU pluit tric'n va thay doi ella khoa hoc ki thuilt
1ll('li. ph~ll thra ra eic YL'U C~LUeii each rnoi d6i v6i Sl! sal? x(:'p V~\ CO' CtlU c1111~0Jlng~U1'h
gi<.tu due lru:~'ll tht.)llg

nlli "'g"nh glciu due hoi clllong !Lrc luqng lao dong 1"1nhilll tai ehuycn m6n. III
{,I.
thLle \" Lli l"I'U Iri ILreeLteLho \"1 linh th,in doanh nghi~p ph,!i phu t10p voj d(, si,u "" lk,
rilllg ClteLt(,C clo phci! tril:n. Crng dung clLa khoa hoc ki thu,l! cua ng,mh kinh te'; vi khan~
ngirng CeLidch kho" hOl' ki thU~'Lltrong ngi,nh kinh te m'l phuc I'll, Ng'lI1h gi,io duc tron;
ho"t dlHlg gi,io duc d,,, hoc eu th.: ph"Li 1'6 cung chLi y tai tinh th[in sang tao. kh,\ n'lllg

I 15
-~-----

CHUONG VI: KINH TE THI TRU()NG

I, ", "
VA CAl CACH GUO DUC

Chul'en the kJ. ',~run~ Vi. " d,-, ,,",e I:,p di thea etrang Jinh hill1h el(lng \'il mue
g;.1(,

lIeu [0 l~Jncli cfJch va kj(ri :IJlj(:'[ eLla lhe' kI 21. x;h' dun!:! Cd' che' Kinh lC.lhi lnriY!l[! ).:j hr'",
ehu nghia. D'll hoi Dan,' :,i,; I;,li 15 dii x;ie dinh if lu:u; D:'ng lieu Sinh Ii, III IU~lrngchi
elao, elem hien dai hoa chi, hghia xii h9i eua T~ung Qu6c
' . .
x:;,
~llrng loan ellen lie'n I'il~ Ihc
k, 21, Khong ngl"ng eli s:nj va phat tri6n If lufm eua dong chi D':lI1g Tieu Sinh Ie X:II'
dung chu nghia ~ti--h9i mang mau sae Trung Qutie; dflc b.iet lil \'C s'lng kie~n hi'nh rJ(mg ,;,
Slr nghiep ehua tung eo eu,-\ vi~e XflY dung va hOlm Ihie'n ca ehe~ kinh k Ihi Irtfimg ch"
nghia xii. hoi, an~ huang nwnh me tai moi mftt dili sting eua xii heli Tr~ng {Juric, , ';'
keo thea cai eaeh va phat tti~n vc If luan giaodlie. M91 bUQe el(ll ph,i mai ella (king chi
Dang Tieu Blnh vc Jf Ju~n XflYdlfng kinh te la dua m6i quan he gillanghien etru gi'lo duc
va xay dlfng kinh te len m,~t ([fm eao mai, "1m khu<i"y dong gi.6"i kinh k' hoc giao due.
hlnh tMnh nen tlnh hinh tr~nh lu~n ve hoe thufll, el[m tai nhling suy ngalll \'c Ii lu:m n',a.,.
IllQi nguai. !

Bfli 1: Bien doi quan niem giao due

,
I '.

Xay dlfng Cl1 ehe kin~ te'thi truong, tillie dfiy su bien (Uii quan' dic'Tl1 hoe Ihu,H eUa
giai kinh te hQe giao due, 'lam eho giai kinh ,Iii hoe giao due e,i SIr, sling ph;]1 IriL'n Ii
luan. Trang cae cUge tranhi I~~n ve hQe thu~l. hien nay v:ln dc nong bimg ehil Y"'u dU(jc
de eap tai gam san nghi~p giao dlie. s;\n ph:illl gi'lo due. Ihi tnlimg gi;io dUL. kinh doa"h
giao due, tinh eong feh va 8hi eong feh elL>!gi,i,) due. eimg b,\ng "a hieu sU[!1gi,;o due,

I. D~c trung va vai tro co ban cua kinh to thi truong'

Kinh te thi truang la hlnh Ih<ii hoat dong kinh \C. Ihemg qlHl qi Iri, ([ill cO chl: thl
Iwang M sap xep nguon tai nguyen xii. hal. No liiy hO~lt d(Hlg eila Ihi tnrimg li,m Ilung
lam. Ihong gUll vai tra eua guy luill g'i;\ tri tic'n himh stlP x(p li,i nguycn \"1 hi ("liCc,',a 1m
luong san xua't. dung tin h1~u gia d d6 dicu tic't chung loai. s6 Juong san ,U,"-I "l hlli.
dieu ehinh quan he eung e~u. Olfa vao co ehe' eanh tranh lill lil'n hilllg Ill\. I'''Ii hi, h"llg
gi,,- hilllg kem ehatllf(;mg, ,lien hanh phfm ph6i Ihu nh;:,p qu6e d:,n. Ilf (lei Ilwc hicn ph,ll
tri21l 6n elinh
.
nen kinh Ie gLiae
I
dim.
,
1. D'le (rung ehu ye'u; eliakinh teOthi tmung

1.1. Kinli I{/ili InrO"l1}liz 1Ie'1I kinh 1{llfeh,; l'a "inil,drin!;

Cill', th~ eua Ih, tnrang eho pilla c;i nhfm hay Iii doanh nghlcp dcu ph,i, e<1'I'I\'CIl '"
h;~'" 1:1I ""n cl,;c I:lp. duoc h;uonglgi ieh kinh te" doc I:,p. dieh llwe In'[ Ih"nh '1h:, ",n \U:,I

\
1 18
 ,
h;ln~ hl)a ,'il n~Lliri kinh tioanh tLlchu. tLl chiu 16 liii, II! Ch!~ Sl! rang buoc, tLrphal tri~n.
o(),;g Ihili do ,~ai 11'0 cua ljuy lufl; gia tri,:hilOg h6a chi c6 th~ lien han~ trao doi tren co SO
ng,ulg gi,i. fhl ul ai cling khong co ljuyen thong qua cac thu doan kh0ng hlnh clfmg M
tiicli chiuh khell1~
•.. hoim lai.. hoflc chic'm hOU " thilllh qucI lao dOlLg clla nguai kh:io;
1.2. l'inh (hili (rrlimg la nen kinh (e'eanh (ranh I'd hie" {eh
.: Trung lll0u ki~n kinh k' thj truong, do giii tr! ella si.!n ph{i'm duqc lillY':'! dj!lh h{'ti [t','>
.. gi~1I1lau l.h)ng t..:,:inlhi<Yl (ll4l:\;1 h9i. vi \'~ly rna rllt~L 1l1(1l ng'_f~;'i~';~'Ul
XU~ll b :::g h6a uell phi-to
lbu liull chu lhl1i gian lap dling d bi~l clla san phfim do mJ,,:..in :. ~L':ra thfiphllll lh'Ji
~ian lao d()n~ dn thicI Clla xii hoi. de chiem cha dung co Iqllrcn th~ 'trui1ng tit", ,hu. Vl
:'fll' Ill;' Ir~n - thi Inlilll~ tiit nhic~ sc ton tai canh tranh. Dong lhai giCra ngUOl Illll" ,,'il
ng'lclli I"in. gi iia' nglciij hcin vii nguai ban ci:i~g 16n t<ii C<inh tranh. Kinh -tt:' th! ~'lriH1g Ii, nen
kinh I': I:iy doanh ILii lilm n1\lc dfch tuc la lay dilu tu ciii nha nhat d~ mUll du san XU,lt
illr.Lli.'1IhiCJ.wu~i~,~c[iu-d0aiHJ-.flghi~IHI1\I'e--h~6--h9'P 101 nlrat cdc yea to-sInr
.\lIcil. ngll(;nti,ingllycli ella xii h!)i Ih\IC hi~n sap xep tot nhflt.
I ..l.l\i/lh (/(hi trrlilllg hi nen kinh te'dieh v~,va m"lIlg tum. !loa

Tl'<lIlg di~u ki.;n ncn kinh k- Ihi truang, gia tri sir d"'1
g cua san philm iii gi{1 lri sir
(lung vi ngut'li kh,ic. ,i ,\ii hc)i. San ph,im muon th,!c hi~n duqc gia tr! sir d",ng cua chfnh
Ill', lbll tien ph,ii tho,i m,in nhll dll clla nguoi lieu thu va cua xii hQi. Nguai san xu,lt himg
Ill',a ph:,i lhu d,fOC ILiinhuflll Ian han thl dieh v", cho nguai khiic va cho xii h9i se cang tot
IHIll. Trung thai dai thl'>ng tin. Ihi Iwang cling sc duqc m~ng luai hoa. Quan h~ m;:tng luai
Ii, mOl quem hc h"i chiclI h"o gam quan h~ thea j:hieu dQc va quan h~ thea chieu ngang.
o~ clto ycu 1(; "In xll,il Ul ngul)n goc. hilllg hoa co duang lieu th", ~hl dn phili ph,it trien
quan hc 111<:0chi.:u ng"ng. d~ co duoe SU chi d,.IO,dieu liel, quy hoach va giam sat lU tren
\u()ng ti'I()i Ih-I ph:,i ph:'1 tri~n h~ theo chieu dQc.
1..1.l\i/l!l II!' (!Ii (nfliflg hi /le'n kill!l (e' cOlrf,lllg tiuii ,,\13'
Kinh k Ihi twang khong co bicn giai. N6 pluln doi s~ dong cira bien giai, sl! phflll
chi" ccic ng'lnh duai b,il ClI hinh thllc nilo va himg rilo m\tu dich phi ,thue quan. Mo cira
,In Inlllllg klH'ng chi Illl) clI" doi \'lli ccic doanh nghicp, cac khu Yl!c trang mrac mit con
mel Clf" lhii ,,',i mrllc nguili. Do ,hi mli1l1g Iii m()1 h~ thong mo, co che C\lI1htranh lai Ilion
Ilion chi pl1<llhu"t lloilg ClJ<1du"nh nghicp. ch" nen hoat d!)ng cua thi lruong t11rang Ihai
kh"lng L'an h:lIlg. Nlwng dll yc'u to "in xlifil ILru d!)ng, bo sung trang c\lIlh tranh, lai
IIwi1l1g \u,cn c(.) khuynh 11l16ng kh()ng cfll) btlllg. lim kicm su can btmg lrang su kh(lIlg
C~lIl h:lfIg.

2. \'"i lru chu I'c'lJ OJ" kinh tc' thi tl-uu'nu

. .
, h

Kinh IC thi tntimg lit I1lQI phulmg thlrc pi"m bo n~u6n von. Trang kinh Ie: th
truong. ccil' ",in de nlllf S:lIl xu,it c,ii g1. s,in xu'11 nhir the 1,lao, san xuat baa nhieu va do
"i "in .\ufil chi. yc'tl iii dll co chc'lhi tnrimg di':lI tiel. Vai 'tro ella no chu yeu th~ hien ()
• .j Ill"l "all:

,'c-

119
 Till; nh,Ji, k nh Ie"Ihi jtruang co vai Iro ,;nh hlC<Jngr,il Ian d6i v(ri Stl phi'n ph<ii Ihu
nhap. Trong nen kinh Ie th truang. gifra nhfrng nguai s,in xuiit Ii, 1[11c;i Slr d<ij diii I;\n
nll'"' ella cae s,ih ph~m kJ,;ae nhau. Lqi feh gifra ban ha luon lu()n mill! thu,in. Vi "'t\'.
phan ph6i ,'In pham xa h(>i~khong the da xa h9i tnre tic'p x;le dinh. mil chi c(\ Ih~ nhii d0'n
str trao d6i eua thi tmang, <lieu tiet biing hlnh thuc gi,i c;i thi truimg ha[IC ei,i d. Mlre [1(,
caa thap cua gia' d cung Se trl!c ti(Yp linh huang Mn leri feh kinh'lc' c~a ~[)j Il~U('li. chi
ph6i haat dong kinh te cua:m9i nguai. Vi v,iy. gi,i c;i la' cong cu ph,in lio ngucln ~'(;n. vila
la Ihuac da sl! ptlan ba thu phap, .

Till; hai, ki~h te thi tr~lang co vai 110 truycn I,ii Ihong tin. OllIe n'ing quan lrong eOa
co che thi truang chfnh la'cung cap thong lin liuy':;t "ieh cha ngllai "in );u[it '~I nglrin
ticu dung, nguais,ln xu[il va ngllai licu clilng trong kirih te Ihi lnlbng deu [hla "i,n \' chi
dac Iflp ciia ha d~ tien hanh quyet Siieh tu chll. D~ giimh dllerc Ih{lng leri trong e'\I1h tranh
ph,ii n,im dU\fc l1nh hlnh cung du ella ."in ph[im, n<im dune gi,i eli coa s,in ph ,',III, (ii,; c;;
vai phuong hllang va bicn d9 bi(n d(>ng ella no dem t[li nhilng Ih'1l1g lin kinh Ii; (lon ~i,in .'
va r6 rang cha nguai san xU'It.

Till; bo. kinh ie thi lruang c6 vai tlO kich thfeh san xUllt. Kinh tc' Ihi Inrimg kh'lng
ngling kich thich nguai san:xUll!, fhUc dlly h9 ap dung khuynh hUcTng "in );U,"'I['[) kilhu,,,
mai, tang wang, quan If kinh daanh, Il!a ch9n ehfnh X;lc de pllllerng bll(mg s,in );U,lt.
khong ngling nang cao hi~u suat ,an xuat, til do thuc d'ly "in X.lt,j't khang ngirng ph;it
tri€n, Vai tro nay cua co cHe thi truang th,ang qua canh tranh de thuc hicn. th,m!1 qua CO
che tru licn cai tot lo~i bo dai X<lutrong canh tranh kfeh thfth S\I pr,it Iric'n khang ngirng
ella si.ln xU[lt.

TIll; IIf, kinh te thi tmang ciing c6 tlie d\lng dieu tic'! cung du. \';tn de C[1llhang s,in
l
xuat va nhu cau Ia m9t v,ln de trung ![rm cua sap xep ngu<iil von xii hoi. Trong nen kinh
te thi tmang, san xuat van~u cau thong qua lac dung Itrl1ng ho giira cung du "" gi,; e\
de' thl!e hien, Neu cung lat:
han cflu thi gi,i Cli ha thap, slin );U,il gi,im di. nh" d" t"lIlg
Icn; nguqc lai neu cung kh ng dap ung neii du. gia cli tang caa. "in );\1"1 1[lllg. nh" c;'i"
giam, Cung du q~ng nhau., Ii I~s,in XU'lt dc ngilllh ell dllgC SII phhn bl) h"[i Ii. ,hue hlen
ph[1Il ba ngubn v6n hap If hra.
!

II. S,lll Ilghi~p gino d~t, thi twang gi<iod,ve

1. San nghi~p giao duc

"\Ie viec gi,io duc li~u Ico ph,\j Ii, s,in xu[il clmg nghiep haykh,)ng thi ello .ten nay
C
giai kinh Ie h9 giao duc m9i nguai mot y kien. ehlla the dlla la kt >U,:lll chUllg. g"e nh,n
hli,ic nhau, nhan xl', khac nhau, m6i bcn gifr me:>t~' kic'n Ih,\m .chi «'H\ Ir,ii n.glfl'e I1hall \e
cln b'ln. Di~u nay chung tolstr quan I['m chu~' elra '1u,ing dai nhiing'nglllJ'1 t'llll u\ng Lie
Ii Iuan gi,ia duc d6i,,6i qua? hc gifra kinh hYthi truimg \'['li cli eich gl<in dlle.
i, /. Thlly<'i giao dll, /Igd/l/i Sli/l x/llii ,!li, hit'r
Thuyet giao duc nganh s,in xu{1t (1<:1( bid cha ,,'lIlg gi;ia duc Ii, ml)1 loai "in );lIa' <I:k'
bi~t. San XU,tt c6ng nghi~p ;chfnh lit sl.r nghi~p J,'tm \'j~c tron~ hO;.tl <.kHlg ..•.;in .\lJi'I'(. ~.

\
120
 I '
due 'l1"ug Ilnll ,,111xu,,1 ehrung nl1i~n tl1uc',lcsim xual ho~e no:i each khae gi{1Odue Iii mol
ng;II111Ir"ng "in XU,'l Tr~n th~' gilli. Ihong thuang dem giuo ~l1C xep v~o ngimh s,in xuiil
Illti 1",- I ('I(,!I'N~ 0 Trung (Ju6c. quy~'1 oinh v~ ngimh san xu!allhu ba do Dang CQng S,ln
Trung lJue'ic' \;, (JUI;, \ u \ i~n Trung Quae dua ra r6 rang ~I!
.~ nghi~p gi,10 d~lc la tn;ll1g .
J,em cu., ug:ll1h ,,'Ul :\"'11 Ihlr b,l. chi ro giao dl1c la "IIIiUIII! cO Ihill C!) tillil II/rilllii Imill
,Ii, 'II , .I,"/ ),il ,I"i \'(il SI{ I,I/,il 11'/"" eli" 11,;'11 kinll Ill/1I01: (lcill" va eho rttng Ifnh ch'l! Clla
,all Xtl~ll ~1~lU dl.1l" b do tlnh chlly~n ngilI1h,. tfnh san xuf\t, lieu hao ngu6n von vil tfnh co
II1~~iul1lhull1 ell" n,', quyd llinh. Ph'ln lfeh giao Ol1c sau hml nua thl eho dlt giao ouc co
linh eh.,1 ,,"l .\"cil nhung gi,',u JI.le dn III mQl ngimh san Xkil d~lc bi~l, khong the don
giall lbl Ilg~tl1g nl') n'Ji ..;all .'\U~lt \'(ll chfll. Tfnh d~c lhu eua sii~l xluit giao d~lc 1~1do ba d~lC
Li,li, cO he'Ul,'I:' n,', q,U\~'t clinh. bao gam giao dl1e Iii ng:mh ~im xu,il co Ifnh nen I:mg.
gl:i" duc I:, ng:,nh ",n.\U,il gi,in liC'p. gi{,o dl1e la nganh silh, xual . co hi~u quil cao. X:lc
1,,1' e:il n1l1/1\'~ ,an xucil giao cllle s2 dem :iai eho W pMl lrier eua gi,10 dl1e nhung co hoi
-r '>'71..,tfL ,<111 g. 'I'll sY'c16Hltl'ttr-thb11g1tttTthie-nfty--se-eimg- i'dffire-wi--tfe--vtt-vj-+t+-elTi<"Mt!t,lE" -
CII" gi,i" duc. ,0cung (rip Ii lu(,n Iru c'ill mai eho eiii each 'giao dl1c du~!c SilU ho'n. S:ll1
.

I xuat 1\1',,,gi,i" dl:le cling I:t III" chon I,il nh'i~n ella XilYdung tung buae kinh te Ihi Iruling
.\Cl 11l.li cllll ngh"i.\ d(ii \"\'ri l!dl SLr ph:lt lrien gi(lOd~lc.
I
I Tr~n Uf ,,', n;IY (, hue gi" cho rt,ng: Giao dl1e la nganh sim XUiil dilc bi~1 hO'lc
ng;lI1h ,bc hiLl thllllg qu" d;,o I~.IOe"n nglcifi d.: phl1c vl1 kinh
, Ie. ,
H9 eho rtll1g lit Il1QI
ng;lI1h h"'Ie: 111':'1ngilllh "in .\u,it. gi,io d~lc pluii ehiu SI! ehe j.rae va chi .phai clm quy Ill~lt
kinh Ie Ihi InrlJl\g. Tit 11"n Ih,in n6 co quy lu"t co huu. vi'~e'eiii'cach va phar tri~n no I'.li
phai lu"n Ih"" qU\' lual ,lla b:Ul th'll1 gi:,o d~le.
'. 1.2 fJllIyet giti("lil/(' y(;i, /(i's{ill .\'I/(/f

Thtl~d gijo d~IC yell tt) S~'H) xUi."it(hll rtlI1g gi:1o d~lc.:la yeu to Silll XlUll quan trQng
I1h~'ll L:tl:l ..;;'111\1I;"11 \a h<H . Ilh~'Ul t;li \'~l Il,gl((ii LIi.J d(ll1g tic'p l.llU gij() d(IC vii dilD l~tO - stm
.\u,lI. S"UIph,un 1'1'" S:1I1xu:iI •...~i~',udue 1:, slrc lao 1l(1l1~
. .•. cellri I~hlre vii kl !.::;:.
n[II\" nhllt dinh
. co I

",~i,i /II' \:, "gi,i Iri -'Ii ,/HII~" ell )' nghia IQng 16n (co the 1110fa gia tf! Ian hon rat nhi~u
so \I',i ,au ,\U'II \:1 du\ Iii lit Ih'ln) b ngill\h s,in XU'IIeolfnl1 loan di~d. dan dal, Ihue d:1y
SIr hu,,1 d,',ng eua "i, ng;lI\h (,ie ngh0 Imng n.:n kinh Ie quac dan. BOl VI nganh giRO due
CI" Ih(. Ihu Ill'" luting kill Ille IlhHlg b" dhng v;, luqng gilo vien, khong chi lieu hao Ihu
nh,'I' quoe dan. g"io dUL' cim dn Ctl l11{lIIlfVng von d<1utU Ian. D6ngthai san ph;1m eua
gi"" due Iai u', th~ llcing gllp 1'1111 eho dc ngill\h ngh~ khac lang GOP.' Do gi;ltl! d~e bi~l
CI'" "i'l I'kll\l gi,;o due 1:,e<i Ih.: Ill! Ih:lnh di.:m lieu thl1 eua xa he!i va eong dftn VI VilYIe
(hrl.ll1g Ilhi~Jl ~i;,iudue
_ . l~l'mot
. nO~lI1h
c 5,in xuftt. . ,!

I.!. rtlUl,'1 .~i,i" ,lu,./,i "g,illil s,iu .\'I/(ii d(Jc I(if!

:"'hlrng hu( gi.l eli quan diem nllY t16ng giao dl1c ep tfnh sanxual nhung kh6ng y
dung .; ~i:i<l duc Ihul'c ng:lIlh s,in xu,il Ihu ba. H9 eho r~ng giao due V:I khoa hoc kllhu;'tl
J:t nillln~ ng;lIlh ,'Ul \u','I,k,C 1,,1" Lf do ella no 1:1: ,'; , .

121
 I) ChiIe nang quan trqng va vai tro xii h6i ella giao due v;) khC/a hoc k, thu,H qU\'e!
kh6ng the' kern h'1n ngimh s,in xuat thiI nh,it va thll hai. Chiln!! chi to
t,ic dun!! d,"n ,j,it.
che uae va uu h03 ph<i! trien d6i vai nganh ';,in xu,it thiI b3. " "

2) Neu dern giao d~e :\';' khoa hqe k1 Ihu,it q.Uy \';10 ngilIlh "in xu,i'! Ihll h,1. eoi 1:,
nganh dieh vu th6ng Ihui'mg thi sc ,inh huang toi vi tri chien luqe ella IIU lien ph,;t tric'n
gi,io due va vai Iro dan d{,tcua khoa hqe k1 thu,it trong s,in xu;ii qu.6e d;,n. ~,iv Ir,i' ngai
eho S\I phon vinh.va phat trirfn el,a gi,io due va khoa hoc k1 thu,:n.
1.4. T/lIIyel giaD d(IC /.:I/('I/Ig I" ."ill Xlllil
; ,
Co hoc gia I,'kh6ng hoAn toim dong y voi quan , l'i~rn .•.•
!!i,io due
.
la tn()l
'
n •..!!'lIlh'"jll
.!//(il ". Ho eho rang can phrli eoi qu~ trinh gi,io dlle 1;\ I,ii "in X\I,.il tri th,'rc "c' ""111 h,')a.

khoa hqe k1 thua+ Xet tu y; ngh'ia nay, giao due e6 tinh s,in xuiil nh;il dinh. e6 the gil;o
due la san XU;)tnl)ung dieu quan trqng hqn IiI gi,io Jue n;lIlg CIotti eh;it cuai()im, d,in k,c.
dn ph'li eoi giao,d\le la str hhiep c6ng ieh co h,in nh;il ciJa d:lt lHi(~c. Xl't IiI h,in Ihe' "'1:,
gi,io d\ll. gi<lo due kh6ng t;rue tiep ",in xu,it ra ella "ii "i't chiil nhlfJ1g cllllg kh,nlg "in
xu,"!! ra s,in ph,irn'tinh than.' Gi,io oue, dele biet la gi40 due en !l,in p11,ii ,!tIne eni I,', lll('!
nganh dieh vu, ehu yeu la sil nghi~p e6ng ich do Nhil nuoc ,Ulu tlf. .
,
Ngoai ra, v,1n co kh6ng it h9C gi,i eho r;'mg kh6ng dn tranh IU'ln nh,c'u "e ","-n dc
gi,io due co phai rnang tinh l"ln xu,it hay kh6ng dm'ri ti.:ndc kinll 1<'th, !nrirng hic'n na\' <'1
Trung Quae vua khoi siic. n~u voi vimg de xu,"!t gi.io duc c6 linh"in XU,lt thi'e kh(lIlg co
lai eho di deh va ph at tri6n giao due. Vt! ph;1Jl phoi ngudn "(in, dO'lIhu citu "() han 111a
nguol1 v6n I',li co h',ln. lron~ c<,mh lranh xa h<>i. ngu(',n \"6n sc ch~ly~nsang cle n!!;lIlh l'(l
100inhu{lI1 eao. Neu eoi giao due Iii ng;mh "In xu,it Ihl "iee tham gia "ilo eic cur'e ell1h
tranh eua de nganh •.... doi voiI.....nguon von co han. '. v,iv~ Ihl ti..:...
Ie uia ~i,io due. Irnn~•
nguon von se giarn bm. M~ hi~n nay vi~c Ih,io' IU':1Jl"in Xua! htia gi,io due 1:, \{in ,k 'c
duge phan bo nhu the pao irang dicu ki~n ngu6n \'on lit yc'u t6 ljuycl dinh. Vi ":'y 'e Ii
lu,in sc kh6ng duge x,iy d\lrig. De
d,irn Inio Nha nut'fc d,iu lU ehqgi,i<? due kh()ng ph,;i chi
dan gi,in lit de ra giao d\le,san xu;it rna ph,ii nh,in rnanh gi,iodl/C ,tm,'re hL-t ph,ii I" ,u
nghicp chung, co linh e6ng feh r6 rimg.
I
1.5. QUail diCIII Clia cilliug {tii

Caeh nhin chung Iii kh6ng tr\le tic'p ph an tich, them rnenh dcgi,io Jue 1:, ngill1h"in
XU;)t, giao due rnang tinh chat san xu,i! kh6ng co 'h:it cu- kh,ic hie! .n;1O\[ii 'an xu,"-t 'ill
chat. Nhung kh6ng ph'ln tith them. "'111eoi gi,io due la str nghicp phl;e II'I thu;in IU"
eung 'kh6ng the dlIge. Tro~g thai d'.li x,')' dung CO' ehe' kinh te' thi [mimg .xJ h(,i ehu
ngh'ia. trang von.tu b,in nhan Itre eua Phuong Tily (1;ie biet lil dtr(li ,inh htr(mg (l'" "(;n
giao due doi vai rn6t vai [hi'6e ![nh naa do elIa gi,io due ph,ii \(111 .xC! lai ve 111"1If luill1.
Li lu,in
. "iao due p'hiii khon~.•..n!!llng
i::'. ..... ....e,ii deh va ph.it trien. "S,i;, .I,"ii" 1:, n""1 kh,ii nicJ1l
I"p hap gifra te bao kinh Ie 'vi 1116(daanh nghiep) ",ii drin \'i kinh tc' \1 111('I klllh !C .quiic
diin). No Iii ten g91 chung el'" cae ng;lJlh de nght' tii san xuJI ,le'n IIIU Ih(lIlg. <iich "U
lh,irn chi Iii van h6a, gi<lo J\,l. de ng;lnh de nghe el"l nen ki,l'h [C qll,ie d',n. "cn tii g6c
de) ph,in chi a ng;mh s,in xu,!t thiI ha, gi,io due thuoe ph"111tri, ng:lIlh ',111\U,lt 111Ifh:l. 13'li

\'
122
 vi v~ ccl h'lIl. ~i,io due IiI n~ilI1h "in xu[lt cua cai YO hlnh tren co so hoat d9ng san xu,it
""1 eai huu hl~)h. N~:u elli 0<10 duc hoae tnrang hQc Iii ngimh san xu[lt y~t chat, th\lC th~
knlh tc'. Joanh nghicp ho"le t'IP doilll doanh nghiep thl tir g6c d9 nay dua ra giao d~e Ii,
n~i,nh sClil xuil thi khlll1g ehinh .de I{1Il1.VI yay, giao d~c'yira c6 tinh ch[lt san xu,"t lai
~ " I

liu d, linh ch,it ellit ;u nghi~p eong ich ho'.J.c goi Iii ban ,;i~\ xuat, ban cong ich ho,te goi
Iii chu~-lIlCi.",l1g ieh. <:hu~'lIl~i.lnxu<YI. !
!

2. (;hio due iii s:in ph:im hang hoa ,

ClIIlg ,,'11 nhullg tranh lu:m v': van de giao d~c Ia ngil~h san xu:it t:il nhien keo theo
nIH-rn~eUIl( Iranh iu"lIl \.: li~u giao d~e c6 phai Iii hang h6a hay khong') Cuoe lnnh IU'1I1
hoc' II;ual lIi,y d,-, thl\<: d,iy eai deh C'1Ilban y~ Ii lu(\n kinh te hoe giao duc,

~,/ S,ill "1,,,111 I,i 1",\/1 "ollg Cli" dich I'll giao dllC fa hdllg !I,)O, gf,fo "I,1C I'i X(,!".,
__s(i'I_~uiJ /,LJI(111,'-: hLU1_~(.Jl X~/----!fit.U)"lJ'./~.-bo~i-san-pham -n-~y--e6-tftth----lt~mg_h6a hoc::rClI(-)I
ceidl kh,ie IiI ""I
ph'"11. Nhung hQc gia giu quan di~m nily chu yeu xem xel giao due llr
phlc'1I1g di~n klnh I': h(.'c coi gi:lo duc la nganh san xuat. N6 lien hanh trao dlll Jua 111(1
,all phalll d,eh \u gi:,o duc va silll philm:Cua cae ngimh khac. Neu khong c6 ki0u 1111'.' dl)'
nilY. gillo due IiI ngimh "in xuat se khong t6n t,!-i. eho nen san ph am dich yu gi30 due
phlli IiI hilng h6a. dn ph,ii thuang mai h6a giao dl,lc. Ngoai san pham dich y~ giao d\le
"111\ ual I i\ii h(,i. lltra lilO thi lruang lien himh trao dOi ra, Hn than d!ch YU giao d~c
cling Ii, hilllg hc\a, goi Ii X':I tir d'le di6m dieh YU eua giao d~c thl: ?'hll' nhdt, nhling thil
mil dldl IU gillo due eung c:'p ml-LCdil gill lri sir dung dac blet nhung n6 c6 khac biet ban
eh:,t '" I,ii "ic hilllg hc\a khae. Vi \'ill'. dich I'u.do giao d~c cung cap c6 tfnh hang h6a
hOlie lit'" ",ieh kh,k ehinh I" hilllg hc\a. nilI' h,,/. d(,c di6m l\nh hang h6a cua djch y~ giao
due ,', clHl lito dllng gilll) due kh(lIlg dUl,ic eoi 1:, vat ma 1\li ~uac coi iii m9t loai lao d9ng
hOlk hoat d'lClg dieh III. K,~u d"h IU ni,y hOl:lc blin than !loat dong lao d9ng c6 gia tri,
khi Irao doi tfen Ihi (ncimg I~ han chl,t khllng co gl kh:le m(1t hlnh thilc. TlII( ba, d!ch t
I u g"io due hOlk n,:)i dung IIHCCeh,Yt e"a !juan h~ buon ban lao d9ng la luc luang lao
dOllg ,hrUe gili" due IEtO lao hok noi deh kh:lc n'lIlg I\lC lam yi~c cua nguai lao dong,
eoi IiI dau ItTti~n hae e"a h~n mua dn ti~'n hilllh dilo t'!-o l\lc luqng lao dong, gia tri eua
IlJe Ithlng 1Itt)lJ(lIlg dU"e gi,io due d'io lao k~m theo trlnh do giao due ma nguai lao dong
ti~p thu lice iiI nang call gil" Ihilllh e'la gi,io due. Mil coi ben b:ln lai dem l\le It[(jng lao
dllClg mil gilio due dilo tao IL:iUtIJ 1':10thi truimg lao d9ng d6 ban di, dap ilng su Itra chon
vi, (uy~n dung e"ach" ll1ua. Irlnh dl) gi:lll due khac nhau thilue luqng lao dllClg c6 tdnh
dl'. kltei nlulg linl! I'i~ekh,ie nhau, e6 gi" Iri khae nhau.

2.2 (;/(/(1 dl,u' Id Itdll,t: JUJU Clio c/lIl£iJl ('{)JIgphd!1l !uJn hep. Trang sinh
c()fIg l'lI Still

i1l>i l'l) h~lIlg

h()~.tl .\;\ Illb c(mg c0ng V~l hilllg h6a llt Ilh(m. NgOi'li ra van co himg hoa chll41n
c(H1gu)ng Ii, hiuIg h,'", h6n hop giua hai cai. Doi 1'6i giao due rna ,Ioi, giao d~e bat bUlie
IiI gillo due u') Iinh chlrt l'ICllng ehe, mot loai giao due mien phi, vi yay n6 thuoe h:lIl~ hoa
ellClg e'H'g'" hl)i NIHfng gi'lo due phi bat buoe lai ec\ tfnh eh:it khong th6 cin;g ton ~ai vi,
co tinh chat (".lIlh tlllllh \ i I'"y n6 Ihuge hilllg hoa chu:in eong e9ng hO'le hitng h6a han hop,
Quail dic'lll ni,y ehu ,~u l'lll! dung Ii iUI:lIlkinh te hoe cong eong d6 tien hilnh ph"n tich.

12,)
 ::'.3, AI (Jf S(f fhtll1h ({lid Cl/(/ gi(/o diu' hI h(III'.!-h(~(/ .
e6 hoc g"i cho r,mg: 8,)11 Ik'n ~Ii,"' "I'le kh<')ng pkli Ii, h'lTlg hl'a. chi u") 111<"1"i
th:\nh qUi. Cll:\ gdo d~c m6i l~\ h;'ll'l~ JJi'):\ 1.;:Jp Ll. CJJ,iJl~ ttf t'-lm \'1 I11t). £l~i() due J;l I1lt)l
hOdl ci,)!]!' rht"r,' n"lI1g clla Nh,\ n[(6c: [T,liCcI,ch 1:1d,m lao'nh:1Tl lill cho ,'ic'~ ,,"1\' ,ltrn~ lht!
n,~hlJ '\;1 hl)i, il"nng d6 co cpo t;.\o\'~l,hll;Yn ,1u\"cn ltrc !~rCff)~ Jan dr,"fl!2 chc') eilc. J1!2illll1 •.•;in
\ll<\; \':' :ic F!'dl v~rc~dnxutll \,[11 ch'-It "', \'::1> 'c~j~hC~ n~')i'-r.~ln:..! ~j;\l)~due m;lll!2 ;inh eh'-Il
lao d()r:~! ill' d6 lam cho mqt so th;'1l1h (IU,l etla gi<in tll,le tt'rc L1~•..;in ph <.'1
m' c I."!,I .:":~I<ind\ll' ("(.)

I[nh ehSI hang hoa. Dong lhoi clo gil\o cluc C<l nhi~'u chlrc n'lTl~ ,i, ,L"IClrrrl"'~ lh" Ill'n
1
rhan l '1';l do n6 t~lO fa la da phtrong dll.:'ll. trnllg de) th~lnh qu,1 ~'llil !2I<IO due ;11;11l~ linl1
ch,YI h""g h6a hoae ban lhan n6 ehinh Er h'lTlg h6a. c6 di LII kh<"1fl; ph,i, Iii hilll~ h"':I,
khl1l1g mang dje ,tinh ella hang h6a, Vi v:,)'. dlla la m()1 deh chung chung Iinh h,tI;~ h"'<1
CIIJ '''';,0 ,iuc hoac giao duc:la, himg, h6a 1:, khlln~, chinh "ie. '

2.4. Gitia dl.tCkhong f~hdi fil h,ing lit)" ",i Cling kllt;n~ /ll(/ng lillh ('/',;1 Ji,in, ;',;(/
,
Trang de eU(lc tr,mh luan vc hoc thu,H. cling c<i mllt 110ph:Ul Hillllg ,1111de hllc ~,a
kh{lIlg Ilin Ih,mh \'iec coi giuo due 1:, h,mg h6a ho(,e gi<io due e<')l[nh ch:,"\ h,mg hl'''1. Riln
hq cho rhng. gi.lo (\IC khl)ng gi6ng ngu<1i siin XU[ll h;'mg h6a Iii kh(mg ngirng h;,\ Ih:lp ~i,l
thanh va Iheo du6i loi nhu(tn lam mue lieu. Nhirng ngulli mil dune gi<ill due d"o tao nl,i
chung Ihuang khong bi eoi la hang h6a tren th, tnrlH1g. duoc ,linh g"i ra h,in dua '"'Il' g'"
Ihanh vi, loi nhu~n. Phan 16'n kinh phi giao due 1:, do, i'hi, ntll"C chiu t",ich nhic'm. h,'e
sinh V'I gia dinh chi g,inh vac m(ll phfin hoc phi. VI v:,)' gi<io due Chi C<lm{,! h('n 1:. nh"
IrlrO"ng v" m(Jt ben 1:, d(1I1vi dltng ngul:ii khong the c:IU lhimh quan hi: mua h:m Iran d,"
ngang gi,i. Vi yay giao dlle 'Ia hang h6a. linh hang hIla clla gi,io due cung kh,)ng t{in tal.
Dong lhlif quan ditm giao due 1:, h,mg h6a hoac tinh hitng htla cl,a gi,io due de d,,,, ,lL-n
su eoi thUl1ng cae ehuc nang kh,\c ella giao dlle: Vi "fl)' gi,io due kh"1I1g ch, C() c1llie n,'mg
va gi,i Iri kinh Ie
ma n6 con e6 ehue nang vi, gi,i Iri c'hinh trio ehlie n,mg "'til h"'<I. nh,in
m'olnh qua nhieu mau st,e eong Iqi ella gi,io due kh6 ma b,io d,im 11tnre !inh el'ng hi'n!!
ella gi,\o dye.
Lai e6 nguai khong chi khong dong \' v6i quan cliem giCio duc I" h,mg h,\a m" ci,n
cong kicll'quan diem n,ly. HQ'chi ra n\ng eoi gi,io due 1:, "h,mg h()a" I" mil! "r hi <I, ell.l
xa h0i. cling vi pham vao phuong cham v" lim chi co h,in Clla gll\o due. R,f[ ,', pl1lllfng
ehfun va mue. dfch ella ~. ~iao due Ii, nflll!!~cao \6 chfll. etla lo"n d'in I,)C. d,tO !<Ill,1tr'le nhii:u'.

nhftn t'li. dlllg e6 nhieu nhan li,i gini xU:lt hien. Nfl.' khlmg XCI t"i phlfting eh'1I11 g':11l due
loan di~n triel de' . khonc' !uun Iheo cal' qu, 1",\1 gi:, Iri c10 Ihue hien gi:", dUl, h"1 eh;,p \'
lhu'c chu the eua gi;\'(i clu':,- rnJ chi th~fC hicn gL\.() due dHa <I() }..:jnh te' Ihj lrw'rJl~ \":t qll~\
ltl~t giao dl.lc, lTIU(-;fl n!lcud; Cht"il,S kic-m kil. k\nh \ I thll.:.,'n C)11 ihi L"lt -"~ ph;l !le\ng -"L.r
nghi~r gi,io due. C\) mot v'li !lr lllong ,,,,,oil hiL'1 lrong hi~n lhlre bi h{'n lo'.'n C;'1!1ph:,i n("
iii khong ph,h kholig lien l]llanJri qllan c1i~m linh h'1I1g h()'.' ei,a giao uuc.

Tronr c. lhbj d:li kinh te lhi

tnflJng. !lii.lo due
. hO~lJl to~lIl n\i \(1 1h\ lflr('l'!1~.n(:l] h:hI1ll,!.2
,ct lcl'i sl.f 1hay cloi tlnh Chrltcua thanh 4tHi gi<.lO due du('ri di~u kl~'n ell,l ~Inh l'~; Ihi lrll'{'ll1.!2

Illl cling kht"'mg S~l.t thvc ttY.Chung ta hi(t r;\ng kioh \c. thi trUt'1llg IiI ~1;\1 (\1):1'1 I'h~'11 !r'I~'Jl

124
,I.,c dlnll dU ~lnll k Il"ng II,;" 1L'1lthi lrvang la bieu lrvng, la hinh thai eap eao eua kinh
Ie he,ng 11,',,1!\ghIL'n LlIlI mlll qUJn he gilla giao due vi,kinh te thi trvong, van de If lufm
hell g"p ,I.IU lien Lllinh l:t gloio due ~hong ph,ii Iii hilllg h6a, li~u e6 tht dva ra rang giao
duc mO"lg tinh hilllg h6" ho,le thuong phfim h6a giao d\lL Cae de phap nhv giao due IiI
he"lg h,'"" linh himg h("1 eiu gi,io due ho[[e thvang phfim h6~giao d\le li~u e6 thfeh dang
k1lt)ng,' "hong the "'ill gj"n ke'l Iufm, ph,li e6 thai dq phfm ,tfeh khoa hqc, ph,li lam e,ie
ph"n tieh LlI the 0 ,b, e6 ,i,i diem dn phai ph,in bi~l: M(i~ laban than giao d\lc khong
rho'" I" lIelng h,',,,, lieu e6 linh hilllg h6a khong; /",;1:1 li~u th~nh qua eua giao duc e6 ph,ii
l:t h"ng Ih'"'' Cl) m"ng l,nh h'lIlg hli" khong; /", Ii, nhllng die~ V\l rna lao dqng vi, giuo due
eung eo,l' 11L'1Icc', tinh hilng h6a ~h(JI1g~ Chung toi cho r[mg, sq la khong th~ n6i trve tiep
g"iu dllc ehillh Ii, hilllg h,'"•. ,oich Illil khf, ehinh xac, Ii, mqt so thimh '-Iu,1eua gi,io d\lc Ii,
h"ng h,'u c:'e dlCh 'U ,ellao dong l11e,gi,io dtle eung eap e6 tlnh hill1g h6a. Boi vi ehi e6
_,o,t liliillli SLI((c llli!ng.l"u'!c.'!llL~oij] .xu,iLra scllLplliim vii Illi,>Uli _ng IhircJ1lli,tulong
cung co'1' 10")dong ,i,d,eh 'U eho ,an xuat ,fit ehfil thong qua trao doi thi trtrang mai c6
tile tn' ,lIolllh h'lng hl'" hoftc e,', gioi lJ'l eua hill1g hoa. No, t(r mf,t chinh the thi giao d\le
"hung [J1l~li Ll \.~:ll ph~;lll. \l")i lif t~Ul1 \"j mu till gi,'io Ol,1c la ng~nh chuc n[mg nghi<;p V~I cua
Nh" [1lI,'fe"'x:' IIni, "l,i til t[im ,i m(l giao due la m(ll hO'!t 'dqng thve" lien cua xa hoi, la
111,)1qu:, Ifinit hoat dqng. ~lue dieh eua hoat dqng nay n6i t6m Iil.i la dao litO nhan tai cho
X") dlfllg ,\:. h,:)i ehu nghla, twng do e6 Il!e lvqng lao d(mg duqc dao tao, huan luyen cho
efle It" ngi,nh ,:tIl xu[it hofle d,c 11nh vl!e san xuat v~t chal.C6 th~ n6i ding giao duc c6
tlnh 10;" d,)ng. tinli ~ieh 'u \'1, tfnh s:ln XU:!l. Yl v~y, neu sir d\lng menh (16 d6 mqt each
tnle tiel' Ihi eei th~ neii f,\ng gi,io due mang t[nh lao dong, tinh dfch Vll va tfnh s,in XU[iL
hU~:lL'g".n li.r gl'}C Lit> kinh te' IH,ll' C(Jl1g c~mg thl giao dye lA,s~ln ph~m chu~tncong c<)ng.
Nhu Ihe thi dtrng ,~nlfll Ii IU[lI\I" kh:' chufin x:ic. Chfnh la do tlnh lao, dqng, tinh dich vu
"" linh <til xu[it eu.l gioio due Im',i Eun eho mot ,6 th~nh Cjlla eua giao duc tife lit mot so
<"1 pita III el'" gioio due n', linh ch[il hil!lg h6a, l)(Jf1g th,)i ci\n do giao d\lc c6 nhi~u chuc
tlnh chu n2n cic thanh qua do gi.to d~lC t~o ra ~ung l~l
il<.-lllg.\'~l d<..lC da phU0"tig di~n trang
d,i e6 lhetllh qu" gi,\o due n) tfnh hitllg hoa hoflC b,in th,in '10 chfnh I~ hang h6a. C6 e<\\
lou khong phai i:l he,ng hl)a. khong mang,o[[e tfnh hang h6a, VI vay, dva ra mqt so thimh
qll:' elu gi,i" dlle mang tinh hitllg h6a IiI kh,i lhfch dang.

J, Thi tr\lung ghio duc

Vall lk gi<io dt.1e 1~1thi tru(lIlg gi6ng nhu "gillo dl.'C {ci ngdnh sdn .null" vil "gir/o
dl/{ it(lJl.'-: JUJU" l~l \'~In d~ dLfqc gi6i kinh le' h9c gicio dye lranh IU~lI1va .cling U\ vtll1 de
dutre trolliit 1!I[1Ilkha qlly~l lid. '
_, / {iflll,;i iI,;1f",ii

(Juan di~m cl'" phoii nay eho rang: xay dl!ng co che kinh te thi trvang yeu call cac
yeu I,) "in xuo'il J~II ph,ii di \'i,o thi twong, Ngoai cae yeu to tien t~, vat tv, b,1t dqng s,in
gia nhap 1111lruilng fa thi nhf,n ti,i, Ivc lvqng lao dong, khoa hqc klthu(It, .. , cling deu
rh,ii g'" nh,,!, tili mfi1ng. lh'fe hien phan bo vu tien cae yeu to san xu,'il. Dii thua nhlin str
1(111Lu elIOttlu Iwbng 101"dong. lhi lrubng khoa hqc ki thuat va thi truang thong tin thi [[it
IIhiell ph,'" [itil" nhc'lIl S[f Ion t,u l1loi Ii~n he chat che eua chung va thi trtrang giao duc di

125
 kern chung. VI yay c6 luc cling clcm nh,in t:li cil<1 quac gla. ,!ia'pillmng \." [r,rirng hoc
trao clai thi trtlong. Vi cI\l: Hoi cI:ul1 phLm cong dc clr nhLll1 dil le)t nghler. he,i g,"r "
cung du .... g9i la thi lruo-ng gi,io cluc.
3.2. Tlw1'<;i ph\/Ill I'i

Nhfrng hoc gia thuQe quan die'm nay cho r!mg hlen na\' kheHlg rh,il cei ha, kh(li1~ ..,',
Ihl tnro-ng giJo due ho,ie thua nhLm ha, khc)ng thira nh:ll1 [hi Imili1~ ~"io duc mi, Ii, \:il'
' •••. •••• " • i • • '- '. '- ..., '

,1.' n"hie,i cCru lh'lo iwin gliio duc gia nh:'r Ihi [mong Iren nhll:u ,; nghi". nh'l:u muc ,k,
V:l anliiCll ph~m vi.- Boi vl tll! lnr(l'ng ~l;io til.le hao gum trltl)-n~ Il()j h(\ nhlf Ihi Inr<'1Il!.!
nguon giJo ,ien, thi trtlong nguon hoc sinh. Ihi InrClng trun~ gian nlm thl [nrimg c,Y~,
Ihil!1h hi\'i tnrong' hoc va n~u6n von. thi tnrimg henng';ili nh,;: Thl Inrirng Lio d"ln~ Illn
viec J;lIn.... Cic ,1oai Ihi tr\Tong baa gam ne}i dung \':1 rham \'1 kh,i reHlg. nghll'n C,'fll Ihi
:JL1'hl1ggj~~o !;,:L_ •. ;:1n ph,.111 x{lc djnh ph~.lJll \'j m;1 116 ttl: c)r. ,n') lhL~ dl(;t r;\ thl lr[[ring ,!.!!,:n
..h,c, ')' m()1 ;: nghT" nhJl dinh, mot ph')I,' ,'j :,h:il Jinh \':Imi)t trinh clei nh:,[ ,!Inh nhll. nlnl
1
\':'ti chuyen ngan ; gj~lo duc:kj [hurn -I~~!:: nghicp \'J gi<to d~IC cao djng c6111(: h"ll1h lh;lnh
ill:" :rU\l'ng ,~'l,\',)d~.IC J1l~1 cllSi '\'(i'! LYt c;i ll::'\nh vicn trong xa h(>i c6 11112.hinh cting llc'-p llh~)n.
001 v6i gid" due' b,li buoc 111:111"1. do Chinh phil chiu tn\eh nhiem 10:111bo hO'-ICdiiu Ilr
phLin 16n (he n'2'1 IhHemp. kh6ng Ihllac hoat d6ng, cila thi Inrirng. khang riLii dll" ra Ihi
tnro-ng gi;to due.

3.3. Thllyei Cllllg cdll

Trang qu,i tflnh xay d~ng vii hoil.n Ihien CI1c:iu kinh It" thi Inrirng. chli the' qv chrng
Iruong hoc I'll nhien se xu[it hien da nguyen h6a. n\ th':: do Chinh phil XLI\'chrng. do c,ic
ILlp doan lai chinn xii hoi x[,y dung. hOLICIii do d nhLlll X[I)' dung. Chil Ihe' \LI\' dung da
nguyen hoa dcm It6i dch cuc cia nguyen h6a chi, the' clLiu1lf gl,io duc. \1<'" me'l cimg dLlll
xii hoi ngo"i dlrqc huang quyen blnh d,'lllg \.e- gi,io duc a
mCre th,Yp nh:it do Nhi. nlr,',c
thong nhllt cungcSp. dong Ihoi rhlli cling CLip cho nhil trllr'rng milt 111I'rchili Ilmimg gi,i
thanh gi,io duc nh[it dinh. tl~c la 11I[1lltheo quy I,k Iran deil ngang gi,i dll<fe ,ir dllng " kinh
tt" Ihi tnrong va quy Ilk giA C<ido cung du quye't clinh. Dieu nil)' dii hlnh th:lI1h nen hai
m,l\ cung dll cila giJo duecling hinh lh:lI1h Ihi tnrirng gi,io duc cc\ tfnh lua chon \,,'ri ",;,!]
cung cap gi,io due la nha tnrong. giJo \'Ien. ben c:in gllio due 1:1dnn \1 dllng ng,[(". I"'it!
huynh V:I hoc sinh. Thi tnr<'J'ng gilio duc nilY 1;'1do nhu du ella .d h,\i Ihl: hien " han Ih:m
m(li d nh[Ln va gi,io duc e6 thi! lao quye'l c1lnh.
3.';. TlllIY(;; diill sillill'{i IlIl! rrillg

'Quan diem ni,y eho riing kinh Ie' thi lnrili1,~ h,el) nay IiI "I hi,i hc\" " 1:'111C:ll' ula
ngw'1i san xuat.lhi tnrong Hang h6a don n!',ll .1, kh,,,)~' ,(In Ihich help \,',i nhll (',U \,i hi,i.
Vi VIi . •..V dan den sinh ra de ,.thi InriJi1~'-, \'11 !'IIIIC'I ',,:u
, . Ii, !lll1r Ihi'~.Inrirn~ nh:'1111;'1. Ihl Inrilll~-
kilhu,il. Ihi tnrong thong lin, thi lnri)ng I,en il'. ho"c Ihl Inrilng he,ng h6,1. 1:1In cI", he
Ihiing Ihi tnr,'1ng ngay cilllg mo- rimg. su ph.il 11'1e'n\'i, 1"';ln II1Ien 11"n n(1<' U1.' k,nh k Ihi
n
tnl<1I1 I:: t[it nhien con kea thea SLI.\U£ll
...
hien ell;l (lie lhi lrv('1Jl~m(-,.j
"-
nhl( lhl,_ lnf(rn~ \'~'!11 hi');I.

lhi .::-
lnro-Jln the' thao. Gi;lo clue. "oi It I' ckh 1;'\he. lh{ln~'- ell;! "in .\ll;"ltL.tll1!.2-, lh;lill ~j,\ \;1 "11\1
O
truall ::=. lhi trU'O'ng:h6a
'- cac hoal.. d(.)nrr kinh II.:".\~1h()i:
..... . tham "- !.!f;l \';111 \'l'~n:..:
~ (lL'IIl :l()i'!l I,'ill ll'li!

kinh 10'111,tnrimg. rim cho lrang he thong kinh 10 thl Inrirng ,Lin d:1I) I,h,il \ll)h Ih:",11 illC)[
 lhi Inrilll~ ~i,i" clue. Thi twon~ ~i,io due la san xuat giao due. la tong hoa tat d eae quan
he t'ao d~(;~giCra cung e,ip '" ~Ihu cau giao due. Thi truang kiao due e6 th~ phan thimh
L,ie I"ai khcie nhau. \e\, clua VaD khcich th~ khac nhau eua thi truong (himg h6a. dieh vu)
'" t',") clOI veu [0 "i,i ~U,il co the ph,m [h,mh thi truang nhiln:tai giao due. thi truong dau
Ilr gi,i" duc hO'lL [hi lwimg I"i chinh giao due. thi truang kl'thuilt giao due va thong tin
glCio dUL'. till Inrimg dreh "U gi,io due. Neu dua vao ehu th~ giao due (ngl1oi san xU'Il.
n~lrili 'cu eau) ,i Irithi tnrilIl~ vi, cach IhiIe cung d.u khae hhau eua n6 e6 th~ ph[m ra
thi Iruimg ben ",in giao clue ,.:, lhi twong ben mua giao d\!~. Dae di~m r6 nhal ella th!
['lrili1~'- ~.
~i,io due'" tinh son~~ himh eua ehu th~ thi.' trl1ang: Thl twong hai ben mua va ban
gicio clue ellllg song \;ong [<in tai. Thi twong giao d\!e la mqt thi truang phi e'inh tranh
hoan t"a'l. [hi tnrimg gi,i" due Ii, thi lrl10ng ke hoaeh do Ch(n~ phu dieu tiet
i
tam VI mo. a
3 .."'. f/I/lYt'i III! Ira/in,:.: IlU/1iI

--f'.'llifng n';Lfili-ftt-tttlan ettemn't~clt() rang-citng-v6i-swtnilangthirnlrva ptrattri~lICua-

L" dIe kinh k' [hi twong. gi,io due tal nhi0n ph,;i gia nh~p thi truang va hinh thanh M
Ih"ng [Ill tnrimg gi,io due di.'e lap. l!l((.IC eoi la mqt ph an c[iu thanh quan trqng eua h~
tilling 1~1lI,uimg 1110111eli go; '" thi Irl1img mcm I" Ihi lruong lU li~u V~l ehal lUang doi.
Th, Inr"J(lg gi,io dlle lhuoc [hi trlrimg III 1i0u phi V,lt chat. so ~aithi lwo~g tu li~u vilt chat
Ill')n') [,nh ,k)c lap. \'j du: :\hu diu eila ~i.l hili doi vai thi twong giao dl!e linh hoal han
su \'lii till lruimg lU lieu 'al dl,il: qu,i Irinh s:ln xual va hlnhthiIe lh~ hien eua doi II1qng
!Iru Ihc)ng el,a thi lruilllg gi,io due ,Uc hi~t hon so vai lhi lw~ng II1li~uv\lt ehflt, e6 cUi e6
h'''lh Ihlie "':'1
ch,il. liIc la h:lIIg hoa V'it e'h,il. c6 cai 1'.li la san ph~m vo hlnh, ttIe la hang
h,;" 1ll~11l.Tinh ,Ue Ihll eua qu,i trinh s:III.XU[il eua n6 la tll cai vo hlnh ij ngl10i lao dong
'.
Ig"io I'lcn) ehuy~n ,ang deli lu,mg ella lao di)ng (hqe sinh), Mqt d\le linh khae Ll'" II"
tnrl~lIlg gi~io Lit,lC I~t su n"11 th! tnrtmg Il( li~u V(ll ch[\L h~lng hoa duqc 1u'u thong Lrung th!
[Willlg n'IY dUde wi I:t h:lIIg 1\I)a d'IL dlnh duai Ji~u ki~n t?oi gian0, khong gian nh:it
,hnh. chi c,') lh~ thalll gia "10 'Iu,i t,lnh "in XU,il hO[le lieu thl! d\le Jil,h. Trang ilua t,inh
,ir dung hinh Ih,ii '-:1
I;nh n:lIIg ei,a n,) d,in d:in bi0'n doi va Ih:it dan di va e6 nhCrng thay
doi gi,i [n IUdng ling. Sau khi Illill qu.r l,inh hO:lll thanh, hang h6a d;ie 'dinh ban d'lu ve y
IIghla L'ling h! hall I11lH1. bi~'Il Jl)i hU~lc 1)lI,YIl mtll, nhung nhlClig lri [hu:c, ki thU,)1 !Lru dQng
('1 thi trLriJl1g gi~iu d~IC L,.li LO (he' ~t'r ul;!ng ",Ii. L..li thl;Ic hi~ll"giJ lrj V~t bm eha S~'l!l pldm III
nhanh chong. dL:111 L..li ll)'i'llhu<)n (lU. 815m n:IY ',:hlllh
li~'ll \'~:ltdl~'ll [~-ll1g gi,i If! 111<)1Gich
10, Ihe hien l,ong kinh te' Ihi Irtr{Jng eua suy dO:in kho" he,>e"klw(I Iwc ki 11'I/,il I,i slie .1''/11
II/,il IllJt II!Jlii' Dlll1g lht'ri con cho rtlllg lrong <lieu ki~n rh£lll ph6i lao ch)ng, It,rc !ll'q'ng
!all dong l"lJ linh h:1l1g h(", nh,it dinh. Tri lhlre. ki thUi.II, Ihong [in la hilllg h6a dile Ihu thi!
hi~'11trllllg eLIa nguoi lao dQng. Nha [ruang V~l gi,io vien Ia "£1(/11 vi sdn
!au dl.)Jlg s~illg 1<',10
.1lI,;i.' '" ",,;ug 11/";11": lhi twong gi'lo due dan d,'rt. dicu ehl~h SI1V\ln chuy~n e6 Irlnh til
eile' qu,i lrinh <m .\U"t no,y, lhu dl1ae hi~u ieh dau til. Dt!a vio Ii lu~n . ,
nay,
khung ea ban
thi [Ilfi)ng gi:,,) duc i[ nlL,t dn ph:,i do ba bo ph~n Ian cau thanh: Thi tfl10ng dieh vu giao
duc. Ih, tnrimg "II L.h,,[ gi,io due. lhi Irl10ng hang h6a giaodue. Ba b(i ph~n nay e6 th~
ph"n chi" lho,nh ,o,i thi Inrilllg. vi du thi Irl10ng dieh vu giao vien, thi twong lai ehinh
gi:,o duc. Ih, tnrimg ",I e11,i[ gi,io due. thi twong dieh vu sinh vien dii 101 nghiep. Ihi

127
 tnfong ki thU':lt, lh,! Inrang san ph,im gi,lo due, Ihi Inrimg thimg lin<gl,io due \";1 Ihl tmimg
ngu'i,i qu,)n Ii giao due, '
3,n, Tlw\"{;i I'h,il7 dnl'
!

Trang euoe \),mh lu:m hge Ihu:1l e6 khong it hoc gi,i ph,in d6i ) klc'n gi,in due Lt Ihi
[,u('ng, Bon ho eho r;lIlg gi~a due giong nlm qU'1Il Oill, toa ,in. hcnh ,'ii'n" Ihuile s(i it
e'te iinh \'ltc' e,in shu:in tile ~han doan gi,i tri d'ie hid, Nhling linh 'lfe ni,,' kh(mg the dlfa
I)'",n 10;ll' "10 diciu liet ella kinh te"rhi tnrang. 8(1i \"i ehu:in ttle ph,ip t1",in gl,i III d'ie hii'l
It')[1g e<\c linh vud, nav luon~aa han ehu,in de kinh!c' ho,ie oilia haj di r,il kill', lien h;mh
~. • I ~ • ~

so sanh gia tr! gia,n tiep. M\J dfeh can b,in ella giao due lit diln tao con nglriJi. Vi "'11' [ii'u
ehll,'in co ban de ?o eong tae giao due kh6ng ph,ii Lt hicu feh klllh tl' b han Ilh,i'll mil I;,
s61Lf(~mgv~\ ch{it I~r<!ngdao ('.l0 nh,1n l~li. l\1,)c dll giu<.l c,ie nhil f!1;io due kh(Hl!! !\')11 1;11 \'If~'C
lic'n hitnhhm,it dqng mua tJan"srill I'h,i;1I Iri {illie ", eung '0 kh('ng ((in lai ",ill II!! ":
gill" <Iuc ", Nc'u krong pha~ tfeh sa qua m~nh d~ "{ill II'lf(fn~ ~I(i" <II{('.' Ille 1;1,'i' Ii lu;m
1'1<\0due Ihl sc d'\'1 t(li sl! h4111Joan lrang Ihlfe lien gi,io due, C6 h"e gia eim ,Ilfa ra qU:1Jl
diem "gilla d~lc khdllg dwk {!Ii {{,(((fug iu>" h"'I" ('hill ", Ho eho r"lIlg "[hi !I'lf,o'g Ii,;"
gi'lo eIuc" la mQ4h,ii niem eo y nghia nhung khimg khoa hoc, eli goi Ii, e,i \ nghl'l 1;1
chi kh,li niem na~ Ilnfe SI! jdlra ra V:'1l tic I() chtic' gi,io due trong t1icu kic'n kinh k Ihi
tnrang, Gi,\o dueieung thlr~ str dn ap dtlng «1 eh~' Ihi Imang Illot eieh ,!ting [mrc. eii
goi la khong kh~a hoc la e!hi de ph,ip n:'t)' khong the ph,in ,inh ehinh x,\c Ill,i, qU<ln hc
gifra giao due v6'i!kinh te'th! truang, eung khong noi 1'6 mot deh chinh x,\c ph'llll ,'i. Illire
do do Ihi lnrang dicu lie't lil!baa nhieu, chi (!tr" ra ",hi /I'!f,f"g h';<1 ,~i,i"<Iue" ml:'t deh '"
qua, cl(m gi,in. V~IY thi vi s~a kh(mg the tllra 1'<1thi tnrilrlg h,6a hoill1 tnilll gi,io due',' Chu
ye't, e6 I'ai If dO' ~Iwthe nay. Tlui "i1,i;: Xct tir pham ,'i mi, thi lnrimg dieu Iii'\. gl,i" due
eo .\0 trang do cl4e hiet la gi,\o due h,11 bU(K k!)(mg the do Ihi tnrc'mg tliL'u tii'\. gi,io due
phi btll bU(le nhJ gi,io d\le; trung e"p ki lhu:,!. gi,lo due qo ,1,'lng l'l" 111"'1ph,u\ do Ih,
truang dicu tiet, do mot ph4n lai khong do thi lnrimg dieu tic'!. Filii h<ll. gi<io due L', \Ii it
cae linh vue can jehui;n t,k 'phan (1o<1ngi,1 tri dile hid nhlf dii ntil (i [fc'n giting ""i qU'ln
c1()i,loa ,in, benh Ivien .. ,. NltCrng linh \'lfe n'l\' kht'n2 the (ilfa h"illl to"n \"'0 ,licu lii'l nl<l
. . I' ,.... '. •.. .

thi Iwang, Bai 1'1 ehu,in ttlC phan doan gi,1 In ,l,te hiel ella chling cao 111111 '0 ",'"ehu,'m
tae kinh te, Tlili i)/I, ehu kl gi,io due d'ii VI 1':11' lin hicu ella thi 1flf<:m2gi:lo duc lIf'1I1g ,I,\i
i ••..• ". . , •. •. . ••.

Ihie'u milt do nh,.IY e;'ml Jinh Iloa!. nlli /1(, nhu du ella thi tml'ng kh('ng ph,ii L', c"n eli
hoan taan vit ein elf duy nhi,! dc gi,ia due di,o tac) con ngtri,i. gi:io due elln l'l" nhu C;1\1
.lieu vi~t hO'n, eao hO'n so ~'(li nhu du lhi tnfl'mg, Tilll Ihim. n';1 chung ngi,nhgi,io du(
khon'g Ihe lien himh IraQ d6l n2an2 ~ia \'(1i e,ie ng;mh kh,ic,
•••• , I •••• '-.... '-
, I

C6 nhling hbc gia Jue ~Clll 1';,1nhieu t"i lieu llcn quaIl. eho r'lIlg 1[I,ng cic ,i,i l'c'lI ,1<',
deu kh6nob dua ra ,....... ~i6j clinli r,) ,.img d6i I'lli kh,ii niclll .. "[hi l",{,""~ gil;" '/'(( ". chi Iii '-~'"
clinh co thi Infiln~ ~i:',(J due, vi "'IV lhC hien \If hnil; n~hi d,\i ,,["i vii'c lii'u l'l" Ihi' \;,\
d;rng . rill [nrimg ",\":;0 elite!", LI d,~ Cll" n6 'g61ll h" dl:' nlli IIh,ii. kh,ii nli'lll 1111Inr:,"~
.~j:i0 dlle khong•... 1'0 ,.iln~.. ' vI 1';11'. . vc e,1 him 1'lllli,1 di kh(Ti diem !<"gie
- ~ clla nghli'n
~ Clill ; 1
!toe ,Ii:, \(ji n6, Till! !tt/i, len goi Ihi Inrimg gi,io due kh('ng kho'l hoc. j)['" \ ,'" I'h'ln In,,,
khlla hoc . cl'la lhi . tnrO'ng c'6hai mlte: ~1()t I;', t1;-111Cn \'(',.j dl;\ diem ....
,~ ",
(11;0 u");] lhi lrlr(iJl~.~ hdl
i

\
In
 '" dung '.It Irao Joi'eUa thl tnIong (k d<;rlten. Thi IrlIong giao dye ro rill1g Iii.l\ia cll<;lllcai
"lU. nlllfl1g gleio due iii mot hoal dong. khong phai Iii.san phfim lao d(>ng, khang the tra
Ih,mh 'at Irau deli eUa thl tnrimg. nllf b", thi tnrong gi<lo due khang co khang gian Ion
I.u de d'I,1 ':1" ,\;.:u rll')i thi InrilIlg giao dye eoi gi<lo due la ben ban v~y thl khang gian
Ihllc' hlell trau doi a llgo,ti gi.io due. tlie Iii. thi tflI0ng nhan tai, thi twang dieh VU, lhi
a
Inrimg kh"a hoc ki thU:lt. Ihi InIimg Ihong lin. Neu tIm thi IrlIOng trong gi<lo due thi do
chillh '" Ill" diell fa mua h.ill "Ii,jllg III)" Iri II"fc" giiia nhi! giao due vi, nglroi li.:p llh.'ll)
glei" dllc Di~u n"y.'~ w h'ln lit Irai vai ban chat ella g:<lO due COIl nglI<Ji. Tom !a; thi
illf'i,)~ ~leio due khon~ u\ ,~'u lei dliae eoi la ea eau can cO ella thi Inlollg, eho n~n ,.~
klle;cl; 'i'll.ll) 1111 tr,rirllg -gici" :Jue khon~ ton tai, kh,ii ni~m e1l1 n6 eung khong ton tai.

1--:111 kh,;i qu.il qU'1Il Ji2'111hoc Ihu<!t ella cae phai, chung tai eho rtmg t6111lai menh
J.1c~lkLlW,il~:';/Jo dJ.~'-,*)m(}~ clHk Ilwoo-ve-nei hilin vii:ngo,!,i -dte~khui-niem kh6ng -
r,) r"llg. Bu, ,i "1111 /lH(illg" Ii, nui ho:,,' linh vlle Irao doi hill1g h6a ho:lC tien hi,nh mua
h'l". " \".1\ ill ~ nghia "i,y mit ,,(,i Ihi r:il kho n{un dlI,!e n(>i dung th\ie te ella Ihi tnrimg
glei" due. ;'oku thLIa "hall '\I lil!1 lai Ihi truilllg gi,io u~le thi Ih\ie Ie se ph"i thira llhJn I'll e,i
nglH"lll \\'11\ gi~iLJ Jl;1c •.•.•an ph[im eua gi~io dl.;lc Vil uich VI.;!ghio d~le d0u la hang hOll, deu
ph"i ll~n hilllh qU'1il he l11ua b,in Ir2n Ihitwong. Dieu nat khang phu hap vai thlie Ie.
Chllllg tUI cltlilg ~ nil each nhin eOI gi,io dye Iii thi twang lit g6e d(> luy lhu(>e vitO Ihi
lnriJllg !au cklflg. Ihi'lnrirng dieh "u. ,\i2'u rui xa thi Iwong lao d(>ng, thi tmang dieh vy Ihl
"iee dua ra rhi tmilng gi.io due mot deh dUn thuin la r:it kh6 nam bat dlige.
'. -I. Kinh doanh gi,io dl.le

I'h,ii IhLIa nh:,n r"lIlg gi,io due la mot nganh s'ln xuat! diie biel; giao due ton tai thi
tnrirng, gi,i" due gia nh,:,p "ilO thi tmong (1 kinh phi gi,io d*e mang tlnh Ilia eh9n xii hai.
13,,,\ lh:ln "i"e gia nll,'l' Ihi Iwimg ella gi,io due I,ll nhicn. s~ lam eho ,giao due mang tinh
kinh d"anh. Chung la hi2't r,',ng gi<io duc' Ii, nguon v6n quan' trong ella xii l1(>i;lam the nao
d~ "1 hCru "I ,Cr dung rri2t tI~ nguC;n ,,6n gi,.o due n"y, eo the' lam eho giao due Ihu dlioe
lui nhu'lI!. 13<1'\'i ngimh "in xu.,! gi,io oue ehi c:Ln kinh doanh thi se thu hut dlige ilrong
leln '" ,,',n tl~U dung eC,a .d h,:,;, gia dinh. Cii nh:lIl. Nhlr vflY e6 Ihe nhanh eh6ng tang
killh phi gici" due, g,.,i 'iuY,,;1 llO:ln dllh kho kh:'11 khCJllg d:;u trr dll cho giao due lrong
kinh ,hlllh e,', hieu qua eua gi,io due. Dong Ihoi trong qua tdnh khai Ihae kinh dounh
eLla gl~iu dl.IL'. ;\11:1 fll[('fL' "Co 1:1 Ilgl!(ri thu dl!(,1C It/i feft lOll r1h~ll. Vi V£~lY, kinh doanb gi<lO
d~lc ..•0 I~Iphlfllllg {hlre quail tfqllg dc' phat (riCll gdo dye.

L", nhu.:,,) l11:tkillh d",mh gi,iu Uue ,km lai klH)llg mau lhuan vai linh phi doanh lui
eua gi.io due. Chllng Illi n(); "Ing: Tinh phi duanh Igi ella giao due la tfnh eh'll vii b,in
eh:il CULlgi,io due. "luc dich Ct1 h,ill ella gi,io due la dao t\tO can nglioi nhung dieu Ili,y
elmg \'tii gi,;u due c',in ph.ii hLleh lu,in gi,i Ihi,nh I:"n eho giao due timg thu nh,:,p het mlle
e,i !h,,:. gi'llT1 h,'i[ chi phi. ":lng eLlo hieu ieh xii hai va kinh Ie ella viee 16 ehlre gi'lng day
Dicu n,,, khi1l1g 111,11'Ihu:u!. 0 J,,,. clH'mg ta phai xet den h'li dae die'm IOn ellLl kinh
uo,u)h gi,." due n!lr !l1i,li. II.ii nhu:m tllu tI'Ioe elIa kinh doanh giuo due, llre la Ihu 10'.

129
nguon van co bim M ph at trien giao dlJe, tiep tue-phat trien su ng~hicp giao due. khOng
ton tai van de phan phai lqi inhu~n eho nha dau tu. ThI'{ hai, lai nhuan kinh doanh gi,io
due thu duae thubng khong; duge vuqt qua liii suat ella ng,in hang \'3 liii sucit ella Ir<ii
phieu Chfnh phll. Nhu vay vI! cO' Mn se e6 th~ bao dam dae trung tfnh phi doanh iai ella
giao due,

o mot v3i noi eua Trung Quae, thu Igi tit giao due \ira mai btlt dau. l\lae d8 ,'CI\,
nhung cung tao ra rat nhieu ~lnh lhue kinh doanh e6 hi~u qua vf du hlnh lhue dU trll' \'o~
giao dye
ella tr~(l'ng Anh ~ap (Qua~g ~ong): hln~ thue .hqp t~c eel phan loai. hinh tri l~lre
do truang dan lap Hge vlen Hoa Lien sang I~p; hmh thue dual dang trung tam thl truang
do Hge vi~n dao tllO B<,lehV~n; hlnh thlre duoi dang dai Ii tlY guy~n do lruo-ng trung hoc
Bfeh Lat (Tham Qu yen) sang l~p.
I '

III. Ve van de ~oanh nghi~p h6a truOng hqc

Truong hge d6 the doanh nghi~p h6a chang, e6 the tham gia \;aO thi trubng. \'c thue
chat van de nay dJ e~p toi li~u e6 the hoim loan dua vao cae doanh,nghiep hOClCIClpJoim
doanhnghi~p san, xuat hang h6a M xay dlrng truo-ng hge. Nha truang c6 dn phat dua
vao co ehe ho~t d(lI1g ella n~n kinh te thi tnro-ng xa hQi ehll nghi'a. gia nhClp thi Iwo-ng.
Iham gia eanh tran;" sir dlJn~ cae quy lu~t ella kinh te tlli truang xii hQi chll nghla d~ x,iy
dung truang hge;Phat trien Igiao dlic. Van de nay r;lt phlre t'ap ph,in tfeh tit tbng th{ do
thanh qua ella giap dlJe kholg hoan tolm la himg h6a. do qua trlnh giao due khong hoan
toim ngang biing ~oi qua trlnh siln xu;1t hang h6a ella doanh nghiep. neu rai bo crJ ehe \'a
quy lu~t hO<,ltdQng ella ban 'than qua trlnh giao due ella nM truong. dem co che va guy
luat hO'!t dQng ella kinh te thi truang vao nha truang thl sc khtll1g duac, Can ph,ii phCtn
tfeh elJ th~ dai voi vi~e nay. Hi~n chi phan tfell tit hai m~t dum day: Dau tien eac truong
ella cae cap hge khae va cae truang e6 cae loai hlnh kh<ic do phai xcm xct biet !<ip. Giao
dlJe CO so tue la cae truang ;su ph<,lm ella cae cap hge va truong ti~u h9C. trung hoc binh
thuang, nguan kirih phi giaQ dlJe, eM th~ d,lu tu clla cae truang nay chi! yeu Iii Nha nll<Je
va Chfnh phll. eh& yeu do tJha nuoe va Chinh phll chi trli. khong dn ,toi thi trucmg. Phim
b6 tuy~n sinh, nhap hge va' tat nghi~p ella de tnro-ng nay ehtt y,cu duge tic'n hlmh dua
vao cae ke' hoaeh 'mang tfnh chi thi ella Nha nuae. eung khong:dn loi Ihi truimg dieh \1,1
va thi truang nh~n tai. D~e bi~t la cae twang h9C a giaidoan.gi,\o dlJC bttl buoc. ho
khong th~ gia nh~p thi trubhg, eung duge ap dung'eae hlmh vi cua thi truong. Do ngimh
san xpat, linh vue va qua trinh san xuiit vat chat e6 lien quan true ,tie'p \'(Ji no. th~nh '1\1"1
giao due va d\eh vu giao dlJe duge eung cap e6 tfnh hill1g h6a 1'0 rct. VI \'<1y.de truimg
kl thu,it ehuyen nghiep hoah loim e6 th~ hO'!t dong va qu,in J) thea co ehe clo3nh nghicp
hoae Hlp doan doanh nghisp. Cae khau nhu ngu6n \'on giao due. phan bo \'a Slr dung
nguon von giao ellIe. eo ehl<quim Ii day hoc va \'ice luy€n sinh. phill1 b6 tuy":n sinh co the
-"'""1d\lll"
". b. co' ehe' van h~nh cil<l Ilcn kin.
h 'c Ihl_ truim~'- Jam co' S0. iO'i
. dun£
..... su. dan di'l ella

thi. truon" C' va don: b~v.':, eua cae loai \11nh kinh Ie' ot tien hanh. TnrOng•... haee6
.
lht dan dan
c1uoe d03nh nghiep hoa 11O?e!ruang hoc e6 the tra thanh b,O phan hilu co eila tap doan
ooanh nghi('p hoae daanh nghiep tra th~nh mot bo phan ei,a truang hoc. lhue hien kct
hup ';In xuiil vai giao dlJe, nha truang va daanh nghicp thong nhii! lam mill. Cae m6n

130
 [
huc ,) lnrilll~ bi,c COlObi kh,i nhieu, linh hinh cua n6 phlhj t<:lPhan so vai cac tWOng k!
Ihu"l Lhuy2~) nghlcp, Vi lay XCI tlr long th~, khong th~ doanh nghiep h6a hoan loan,
kh()ng the deu \'an dung C0 ch2' vim himh nen bnh te thi truOng, Tinh (rng dung do COlO,
I"i eli Inrii li2n he m;lllhi"t q'li mot ,6 chuyen nganh va khoa hoc, co th2 dCin nh;,p voi ('1'
\.:hl: \<ll1 h~lnh ella n~11 hlnh k' Ih~ lnrdng. Ngoai ',r~C( du ' ilt:t 1(~ h);~ch ella Ni-,
Illrc'1c. hOJIl thJIlh nhiqm \"l;J rnang t[nh chi th! ~ElO t~lO n!l,lll ~ai l"'juycn m6n-,~-{i~pcao r~l, e,
th~ l{.fi dl.ll1g kinh t\,Ythj tncang. Iqi dung ki
ho~{c~. C(l tinh Ji'::u 'I:"L, Ihl:llg qua thj !:'U",\'!-:-
dich \ u bo dong vi, till twang nhan lai, cling cap nhan li,i \1 lilLLalc6 chuyen mon cho
vice xi,y dllllg kinh lexa h9i chu ngh!a BI)[ vi trang qua ninh th'JC hi2n CO' che k.:llil [2
th! truimg .\~ hc>i ChLl nghil.l, c,ic truang d':li hQc, cao d~ng ~h611g tha:Tl gid \,\lj d:j LrUl)~lg
dieh vu "'0 uong, khong tham gia vao thi tf,Uang nhll.n tai I~.khong dU9c, nhung pham vi,
uo sau, do rong eua "iec tham gia l,)i ph\! thuoc vao tdnh d(> pM.t tritin, hoan thien cua co
ehe kllitl le'lhl truong xa h(>i chu nghia va tlnh hlnh phat tr~~n clia cai Caell h~ thong giao
uus-K hong -kh6khi-ttlarrg-tUQ'ng-ratIg ne'u-khongtoai~uMt cua tlli1iuong djch Vl.)lao
d{)ng \':, thi trUang nhan tai v~y thl tr9ng di~m va phuong huang d~ sap xep cac chuyen
ng:1I1h, phat tri2n cae m<in h9C cua truang d<:lih9c, cao d~ng; cae loai hinh va yeu cau
'Iuy c,ieh eua Lbo tao nhan tai chuyen nganh cllp cao cua n6 se thoatkh6i CO che kinh Ie
thl trU'img .xa hoi ehu nghta ngay cang ph6n vinh.va phat tri~n. V~y thi c6 m(>t so chuyen
ng:mh Ii, mon hoc tham chi la ca m(>t truang h9C se danh mllt sinh Il)'c, c6 khi khong tM
II<'P tile dtJuc I'a sc b, cl'lO thai. Hi~n nay cac truang d<:lih9&, cao d~ng dang phi'li doi mat
\(ji I,nh hinh kho kh:1I1nhu the nay: M(j{ la cae 10<:lihlnh, chuyen nganh va mon h9C cua
eac tnri'ng dai hoc,cao LIAngM thich lIng vai CO che kinh te thj truang xa h(>i chu nghia
m:, nh'lIIh ehong thay doi va diell chinh. Mat khae vi~c rna ella thj truang dich Yl.) lao
clqlig, lIn tnrung nhan ti,i hien nay van dlUa du, phat lri~n chua thanh thl.)c. Cac djch V\!
mi, xa h,)i cung c;ip eho c<ic truong cao clAng va cac noi, cac co quan hru d(>ng nhan tai
v,in dWa dUlJe kicn to,m, dn chua hoan thien. Nhung cai nay deu phal nhanh ch6ng
dltlJe gi,ii LJuy21trong khi khong nglrng di cach sau rong. Cling vai 5l)' phat tri~n va hoim
11,,2n ella Cl1 ,h2 kinh [2' th, lruimg xa hoi ehu ngh!a, mot so chuyen nganh va mon hoc
Lrollg c,i, twang cao d;,ng sc dlfOe llrng buoe Iham gia vao co che v~n himh kinh te thi
Inrilllg\<, h')1 ChLInghta. c,ic th"nh i,:,<i.ncl,'1 doanh nghiep hoi,ic tap doan doanh nghiep
!llJ;t <. dLf\..JCllfrlg bU~1l' Ung kn,

j llli 11111. (';ie Ilhiern I'll kh,ie nhau, linh chiil cua cUc cong vi~c kh,ic nhau do cae mat
cL,a nhi, Inr"lng dilll1 nh,:") cling dn ph,ii dUge ph,in biel xem xer. I<~) rimg lil siin xui'it iJ
trtri1l1g hue dn phi,i dO<inh nghiep h6a, han nua xu the phat trie:n dan (Un eli theo huong
ti,p (hln h6a de doanh nghiep; quoc te' hoa cac doanh nghiep. Vi du: S,\n xuat 6 twang
hoc u') ral nhlcll hinh lillIe kinh doanh bao g6m: 100(;(, von nuae ngoi,i, lien doanh, hap
t;;'tc lLtU llf giCf<t Trung Qune voi IlLr6c ngoai V~l cae doanh nghl~p nb'J' cc)ng ly trich nhi4nl
hUll h,lll. CC'J!1g llghi~'p. !tHrong m,.li, t~li chfnh, dtch ':u, h.lY hoc V:l q'J.'u: j~' ,~i:lOduc
tnrl1Jlg hue eel ph~\n khjL: H1i ngi.mh san xwit a tnr(J'ng 119(, nhu'ng kh~'lll n~IY CL-Ill~~,~,:
101dUllg dlfoe mol ,6 ClJ eh,,' hoat dong cua nen kinh Ii' thi tnlim,' "inl cilia vao 'lUI' .,
giJ In. thtrL: hj~n canh tranh cong b~\n'::.
. U'u lien h:ll!~~
~'.
tut. J'-':!1 :}i... ~: xau,
;l~:r ~ u'L! \:CII
hQ'p: \'1 liu: Gllra nh;\ tru0ng "oi nh~l trU'l)ng, giCfa nbJ tl'U'JIlg v6i hQc sinh. giu',l hoc ~j:di
I'oi hue sinh. Du" eie khau ehi('u sinh, tuy~n sinh 1"1 101 nghiep vao C0 che e,nh ,""nh.

131
thue hi~n I\ra ehqn hai ehieu z,a thiet IflPehe do daothili. Gilia nh,ltrlremg "('i nhillnro-ng.
nha twang vai giao vien va' gifra giao vien vai giao yien. clmg\'i~e thue hien ehe el,i
tuyt:n giao vien c.1.l.-nha truang va viee Iri0n khai thea ehieu ~flll elia e'li c;ieh ehe d~l
nhan su va tien lu~g thl vi~d luu d9ng gili~ giaoyicn va nhil,lniahg nhulua eh(m lnrilng
tot va mong muoni ehue Vlf ~ao, eung sc duqe.phat tri~n. Kh,iu quan H 0 tnrimg htle IiI
..
m9t biiu hi~n eua!th\l'e hi~n iquyet to;hi gia thanti giao due. nflng. cao tht) I()'iella d;lll III
giao dlfe, giong nh~ dua ea ehe van himh ella kinh te thi tnremg Yaotrllilng hDe. Lie m':ll '-

eong tac eua cae trGang eao dang e6 rfit nhieu. nhu ehju trach nhi~111day \1oe. nghien (':,
khoa hqe, ma e6n~ tae nghitn eUu khoa hqe ngbai ph;1i nghi tt'li[hue d'IY c(lng t;lc day
hqe ra, con phai x~m xet la the nao M dfiu tu tfeh qrc vao thi I,uang. lao ra de tl1trc
t~6 s;l~. xuat b~ng rh~a.hqe. i t~u~t, v~m.dun~ qu~' IU~lgi;i.tri. ljUYIU~I~c~nhtranh cli"
kmh te th! twang ,nham thut day su phat tnen eua eOilg tac nghlcn ClfUkhna h"c, elc
thanh qua nang c~o khoa hdc va thanh qua ph;it tri~n k'j tl1U,)tnhanh chong di vilo lhi
lwimg,. bi~n tha:,~~hang h6~ .khoa ,hqc ki t~,ll~\. 1lli~nh ~IU,inghicn' c~u kI,wa h~lC.Ci",l.
tham gla vao qua tnnh c,!-nhIranh cua thl IHlailg nghlcn cuu khoa hoc kl thuat ljllllC k va
thi twang kinh t€ ki' thu~t Kh6rig khu may khi tuang luqng rAng neu kh6ng co su elieu
ti€t cua thi twang ~hoa hqc ki' thu<~t.trqng diem va phuang huang phat tri~n clla nghii'n
eUu khoa hqc a nila truong, 's\> l\I'a chon cae hang mue ph;it tri~n ki Ihu;H. t6c dClph,it
tri~n eua khoa hqc ;ki thu(U v~ tien trlnh ilng dung r<)ngriii klloa hqe ki thu;it trang Cr1che
kinh te von c6 va ~ache kh6a hqc .ki' thu;~t se nit kh6 M thue hien. Doanh nghiep hoa
nghien Clru khoa hbc ki' thll~\ a cae truang cao dAng Iii Xli the lfit ybl cua ~u phein ':inh
Phdt tri6n khoa hOGki'
. I
thua\.
.
I
I i •
I'
!'

132
 , ,

Bi:li 1: Quan he gifra giao dl,lc va kinh, tethi truong

\-'~.~~llii~lll~ll111-; giCI~t lil,le \'~l ncn

~i~lu kinh lC'lhi, tfUlJ'J1g, \"i'tll de ...iu\;Jc uc c(~pc6i rat

.~ []lJjL'U \'~l \~'1I1

lk \.:;lJ1.dLfUC IlghiL'll cCru cung co ral nhieu. d day chi o1uon nghi~n '':;lill vftl1
,k !:till II,,' I!ill, ck I!gl!icl! (Iiu \':II! dc dlra giao d\le & vilo quy c1,IOeLla I!en kil!l! te thi
trlrlll!g \1 IC:~ ;'\,',i 111"tc,icl! eu tl!e nghia la ehu yeu,thum' da nghicn eu'll moi quan he
giec.1 ~i,i" dUc'\ ,'1; tI!, IrLflrng hill\g hoa mang hinh thai V(lt Fhat, thj truang nh,in tili, tl!i
IrLfill!g diel! III la" ,h)ng: miii quan he gitra co ehe, giao clt,le vai co ehe kinh te, vii ihicn
I'C pl!:"l tiel! \'ai trb',eua giao cluc doi vai de lo~i hinh thai san xuat hang h6a trc,'g nen
k,nl! k Il!i trLfimg \rIC~,

V'c'c' di \'illl qu5' d,.") "a miii licl! I!~ eua'giao due vai thj tWang hang hoa mang hinh
II!:i, 1":1lel!:11 I!guili c,ic luai "in pl!:im ""I cl!:it. do nhi, t]'lrang truc tiep "in ,\U:ll. thav d6i
\hj tnrllllg d~hltlL LllI~ n!t.1ng 1hi tnrlJilg h;\ng hoa V~llchfi'l nun eha n6n kinh leo lh! lrulJ'ng
plllll1 \'inl! ra, chil yc'u Ii, tl!,'lng qua "icc tl!c I!i~n vai tra cu~ giao d\lc doi vai ph at tricn
"in ,\u:1l l!i"lg Illla n1''')g I!inl! th,ii "ill ch,it, thong qua giad d\lc th,!c hi~n rul ngf,n thO'i
gial! !:t" d'Hlg ,"I h,:li du thic't c:ua "in xu,it hilllg hoa mang h1nh thai v~l chfil. NhLing san
pl!iim 'hll:k I!l!ling dl pl!iim dl(OC' san xuiil hai s,\n xual V\lt chat neu dua ra Ihi truang
Irau d'li Ih\,i' II'" th"1I1! hallg hO'L Hi,ng I!oa \'ua co clflCIrung gia tr! sir d\1I1g vua e6 d~c
• '. Irlmg gl:i In, Gi,i tr! h'lIlg h6a 1', SUdong ket lao d9ng cua con nguai, thuang khong c6 gl
kl!:ie hid Irllllg san XU'lt l!'ll1g hei:L No dlrl,lc hillh tl!i,nh do lao d9ng trtru tuqng vii bi tieu
h:lI) h", ""l
xuill hilllg hIla, Lu,mg gi,i trj. hilllg hoa Ii, luqng lao d9ng can thiet xii h9i ket
dong Iai trong "Ill XU'lt I!illlg h6a. duqe linh bai thO'i giau I~o d9ng can thiet cua xii hQi.
Th.,; gian lao lk)ng c:ln tl!ic't clla xii hoi ti, Il!ai gian lao dQng duqc t,IQ ra donhu cau cua
Illai gi,i lri slf dung nilll ,hl lrong di~u ki~n s,in xufit binh thl/ang cila xii hQi tr1nh dQlao a
dim;! 11!:1l1htl!ao \'i, eu.mg (!() lao dong hhih qUlin cua xii hQi. Dieu nay dii noi 1'6 cac l0<'ti
nl!i,n III lJUYCldinl! Slr chi tr:i cua con nguai va thai gian lao c'Qng,r:6i 1'6 thai gian lao
lkllig dll Ihicl clla xii IHii 1'1 thuae do quyet djnh gia trj cua thi twang hang hoa mang
hilll! Ih';1 \':It ch"l. l'.1:t tl!lli gian lao dQng can thiet cua xii hQi mQt muc dQ rat Ian do a
Irinl! do lhi,nh th',lo cua lao dong binh quf1l1 xii hQi quyet dinh, Yay thi (illn the nao d~
x,ic: dillh \'il do !Lrang Irinh dQ thanh thao cua lao dong blnh qufm xii h9i dflY? Cl!ung ta
hicl r"lllg thi,i gian lao dong can Il!iet cita xii hQi va girt'lri hill1g h6a thi trirong co lien
lJuan I,',i IIlwu \" till hai nhiln to Ian quyet dinh: M(il 1'1 nh:in t6 kl!aeh 'luau, tlk Iii dieu
kicil ""l .\U:II tl!l)ng tl!ulmg CLlaxii h9i; I/(/i la nl!fll1 t6 ChLI(juan tU'e Ii, trinli dl) lao dong
ll!ilnl! tll:lIl C:I'" luc IlfLing lao c!9ng, t6c do lao d9ng, ki x:tp lao d9ng el';' ho. Nlw .\ 1:i,
n6i: ":\'!h/ll 1';.'.',iI ch,;1 cli" 1"0 <I(;ng lif" C(J linh eitcii Mnlt Ilur/mg I'd kitr;/lg I'/UI III/Ir!c
I',i" "';II'~lIit,1I1 hll\' 1,1".' Ih"r;c I'do "itc) It( 1)(In kitc;ng, TI/(;1I1 lII(jl elir;" ki~1I ".'fil lei lil/h
• ('!hit hin!1 I/lf(('''/I~ ('litl !JtiJ1 f!l,ill It/c Itr{lllg lun d(Jng. Trong (,k chuy(;n ngcll/ll life I{{~m,<';
I"" d,;ng ,llr".,. srr rI"lI~ I'h,ii n; Irinlt <I(i Iluinit lit"o Irtrng Mnit, ((fc dri 1'0 ki .r,io citic-In ;..i
Iri fl/l,i,~ In "';0 ellU\"'1I n~,illl, ,Ir; ", Tfnl! chiit hinl! thtrl1l1g cua biin than luc l'long lao
 dong rna Mac not a day la"rrz'nlz di? rlu'mlz rhC!o", "k; xao ". "Ioc:"del" ella lao d(>ng binh
9
quan, l~ ohan to uao i[9n& x~c djnh va do luang trinh d(>thann th~o ella lao d(>ng blnh
quan trong xa h(>1.Ma giad d\le ehfnh la phuO'ng phap CO'ban' M huan luyen va dao tao
trlnh d(>thanh th~o, toe d(>lao dQng, kT xao va kT nang san xuat ella hfe luqng lao d9ng,
Vi v~y, vi~e di vim quy d<;lOva moi lien h~ Clta giao due "m n~n kinh te thi truang. vai tra " .
ella giao d\le doi-rvai sall xOat hang h6a mang hinh thai v~t eh~tt ehu ye'u duqe phan anh
thOng qua rut ng~n thOi giari lao dQng can thi€(ella xa hQi. nang eao hi.<;uSU,ttsan xuat lao
dong, hang h6a stn xuat c8.9g nhi~u trong thai gian ella dan v.i.tao racang nhi~u gia Iri.
Giao duc e4 anh hllartg doi vai vi~e rutng~n thai ¥ian lao dQ,Ilgcan thiet clla xii
ht)i, tiI d6 rna e6 ~uqelien ket voi kinh te' thi truang., thue day Sl[ph6n vinh va phal trien
eila ,an xuat hang h6a mang hlnh thai vfl! eMt. Dfiu tien la dUc;1et\1e hit;n tu dc ngimh
siin xufit ma 1,re 1uqng lao ,dQng ho,.1tdt)ng, sau d6 ctmg voi su ~h<it trien clla s,iIi xua't
hien d<;lih6a, dad bi~t la nhfrng ung d\lng tung buoekhoa hC)c"'T:t.hu'flltrang san xU<tt.y
nghTa ella giao dJe doi voi iae djnh thai gian lao dQng ciin tbictclla xii h()i. t,lO m6i quan
h~ voi kinh te thi! truang san xual hangh6a;.ph<in Ian duqt 'th(hi~ thong qua gJao duc
a
va dao 1<;10 cae !Irlfang kT thu~1 ehuyen nganh. Cae nganh san,'xpat ho~c cac truang kT
Ihual ehuyen nganh ho~e dllO 1<;10 kT thu~t ehuyen nganh d~u th6n'g, qua giao due va dao .;- .;.

t~o truy~n Ih\l eho nguai lao dQng dllO'ng ehue 'ho~c ngllai hio d$ng trC)og tuO'ng lai
nhfrng Iri Ihue If ~u~n va kT!nang kT xao mang tinh chat chuyeninganh duqc yeu cau hai
cae nganh kT thu~t ehuyen Inranh va cae nganh san xuat. Ti'r do khang ngiJ:ng nang cao
Irinh dQ thanh th~o lao d(mk, kT nang kT xao s,J.nxuat va toc dQ la~ dQng san xufit clla hC),
Tu d6 khong ngung rul ngiln thai gian lao dQng crin thie'! clla xa h(>i. nang cao hieu sufit
lao dt)ng san xuat san xuat duqe eang nhi~u hang h6a. thll dtiqc rihieu Iqi nhuan va gia
tri, lao ra hi~u feH kinh Ie dng nhi~u.
i ,

Giao d\le cd, sa tue la~iao d\le ti~u hge vii trung h<;>cph6 thong. c6 anh hlrang gi;\n
tiep tai vi~c rut ngiln thOi glan lao dQng dn Ihiel clla xii hQi. ne'll phan tfch lU moi qUoIil
h~ gifra giao d\le;co sa vai 'giao d\le kT thuftt chuyen nganh. giolOduc chuyen ng,lnh. VI
a
v~y trinh dQ thahh th<;loI,!o dQng cae nganh san xufit hO'lecae bQ nganh chuyen
nghi~p, kT nang k1 xao lao qQng,locdQ lao dQng san xufit clla;llfc!,!uqng lao u(>ngd~u e6
moi lien h~ tuO'ng quan vai! giao d\le Co' sa, d~u khong th6 taehrai,gi,io d\lc litu hC)c\'a
giao d\le ph6 thong trung hge. Xet tir y nghTa nay giao duc e6,tac"dung doi \'ai \'iec xac
dinh thai gian lad d(>ng e<in)thiet ella 'x.ah(>i, c6 t;i<,idung doi \'oi vi';:e nang cao hi~u sufit
lao d(>ng, doi vai 'san xuat hang h6a, tiI d6 e6 moi lien he gi;in ticjJ),'ai kinh te thj truong.
M~c pu nhu v~y nhtrng kho~g dirqe eoi nhe. ". t
, ! . ,
i I ". ,
II. Giao dl,lc v6i
:
th! trl10ng
. nhan tai, th! truOng hlC l;uQtlg
.
lao d<)llg
Vi~e di vaoi'quy d<;lov~ moi lien h~ clla giao duc vai thi trlI~mg nhflll tai. thi truimg
lue Juqng lao dQAg Ia van d~h~tnhan, 111 khAu then ehot clla vice nghien ClfUme'llquan
he gifra giao d\le iva kinh te thi truang. MQt di6m kh6 neii len khi, nghicn cuu vfin dc nil)'
la lieu nhan tai v~ hfe lue;mglao d(>ng e6 phai 111 hang h6a khong? Thira nh,}n nhfH)tai vii
luc IU9'nglao dodg la tang h6a mai e6 th~ lay thi truang nhan tai "a thi truong lIfc luang
lao d(>ng Jam cali noi. l'ihu, v~y giao puc mai e6 th;: di vilo qu~' 9ao ella ncn kinh !C'lhi
",r.
•

134
truong. Doi voi :\ii hoi XHCN li~l1 slee lao dong e6 la hang hoa? Gioi Ii luan van chua c6
)' kJ.:n lhong nbal. Trang linb binh ebe do sa hfru ella nen kinh te da dang ella Trung
Quoc eClng r,'l kboco th~ n6i ra rang, nhung eo m(>t diem eo the xae dinh rala trang moi
quan be "in "Ual dae bid eo dinh. lrong hoat d(>ngkinh te tu hil'ti thl sue lao dong b
b:mg b6". "loi qUlm be eua giao due voi lhi tWang nhim tai, giib due voi thi truong luc
luong I,," LliHlgduoc lb~ bien ehu ye'u a ba mi).t sau day:
Tilli llli,ii, lhi lfl(Ong nbiin lai va lue luang lao d(>ng la khau tben ebeil lien kel giao
due \(11 klnb k lbl wrong bay eon goi la cau noi. Trong dieu ki~n san xuJ:t hien dai b6a,
nh"n L:,i va slIe bo LIang 'ua la doi wang de giao d\lc dao tao 'IUet ii, nguJi !e,e ,long
tron!!•... GI.l.: Il!!Jnh
~ s:tl1 .\u~it \"~l tron!!.... hoa. l~l
li'nh vue s,ln xu[it han~..... \'l:\:. '.{lIeUi '.:':~: "": nh~l\

<:ua lue lULing "lll "Ual. Trong cO cbe kinl1 le ll\l lruong XHCN Sl! ph"n h6 ),~,( \,; :',"lll
"uar ycu du lbl rrucmg Llieu ric'l. tbe la rao ra Sl! cung cap cac nhan rai chuyen mon va
~c lo'.'i.J,re I,wnl; !all LlOl1gLI~gi,iQduc di'9~Jj!.Q,...tinbth.6.etlncaclo'lUud\l.011gl;W dQng..
Oiai quyc't nl"u thU'lll gill" cung vi, eJu v~ nhJn li,i ebuyen nganb va cae loai luc luang
lao dong chi Cl) tbong' qua Llieu liet quy lu,lt eung du ella thi lruong. Duong nbien van
phai "er Llc'nebu.ki dio tao nh'lll lai vii luc luqng lao d(>ng kha dai, trang thai gian ngan
rat kbo lbo:, man nhu etlU eua Ilnh vuc san xuat v~t chat ve hIC luqng sim xuat. VI vay
khi gi:u 'iUve'l [miu thuan cung etlU vc nhiln tai va hIe llrqng lao dqng cung khong nen coi
nhe su dicu ebinh t,im \'1 mo va slf dieu tiet ella ,cac ke hO<,lch,dn ket hqp co che thi
truang 'et di~u lic'r cae kc hoaeb lai. Tu nay ve sau trang qua tdnh thlfc hi~n m\lc tieu CO
ehe' kinh k' [hi twang XHCN aTrung Quae, rhi tWang nhan ta.i va. thi truOng llfc luqng
lao dong S~ ngay dng phat trien manh me, giao d\lC va thi .truOng nhan tai, giao d\lc va.
thi tfllimg luc lUlIng lao Llong se co duqc moi quan h~ chi).t c~e han.
Til/i 'lUi, moi quan he n(>i t<,ligifra giao d\lc va. thi truang nhlln tai va thi trUang Ilfc
luang lao Llong lai th~ hien a vai tro ella giao d\lc doi vai d40 1<,10nh1\n ta.i chuyen nga.nh
va huan luyen lue luqng lao d9ng. Bai VI giao d\lc chi diQ t<,lonMn taj. chat luqng cao
pbil hop VCJide ng:lI1b s,in "u,it vii llnh vlfc san xuat v~t chat, phat [rien IlfC luqng lao
dong dll licu ebltcln \'CJiyeu etlU eua nen kinh te thi truong mm co the lam cho thi twang
nh'lI1 tili vi [hi lwimg luc luong lau d9ng phon vinh va s6i dqng len, mai co the la.m cho
viec I11U"olin cua tbi lruong nb'\[l lili "il thi twang llfC luqng lao d(>ng phat dat. Vai tro
eua gi,io due doi voi dilo tao nb'lll ti,i vi, buan luy~n Ilfc luqng lao d(>ng Ia da phuong
dien, hlwng vai [1'0 ehu yc'u cila giao d\le I,!i la nang cao chat luqng ella llfc luang lao
Llong Va [h"y d,)! hinb th"i eila hie IU9ng lao d(>ng. Mac datung chi ra ding "1II111};llhay
di;i I"ill lillh Cli" lIIiJl IIg[{,fi hillh IiI/fling hilll rho no co dur;tc klniing kl xdo rlla ngallh
.\'(i'l .""IIIII"li ellIlli, lui IIi,illh I[{,' 1[{lIng /(/11 ilrillg plulilrirfn va co chllY"" IlU}1I Ihi pluii ('(!
ll1~jl (rill/I d() giLl(J dl.lc /tU(.ic d~J(J (d(J n/hi! d{nlz ", Chat Itr<;mg va t6 ehi.ll cua ltfc 1Lrgng lao
dong ehu ye'u la n'lI1g eao lrlnh LIbIrf lue ella lue luang lao d(>ng chan tay, bien lue ILlong
lao dong phi thill1h lbue IrO lhinb lue luong lao d(>ng thanh thuc. Ma trlnb d(> Irf lue eua
lao dong chan lay ehil yeu Ii! muc do gi,io Llue viI trlnb d(> kl thuat san xuat, trang do mire
do V:, trinh d,) gi,io due Ii, ebu ye'rl. Cbo nen e6 tbe kh~ng dinh ding giao due "i, huan
luyen co lh~ n:lng eao eh,il luang cua lue Illyng lao d(>ng. Kbo'lg chi co nlru v"y, vai Iro
ella gi,ill due doi \'oi ILre luong lao dong con du'ae th~ hien a
ch6 CrJ the thay '.rei; clLrac

135
 hlnh th,ii cLla llrc ]lrong ]aodong. Hlnh th,ii eila. lao chin~ ehil YC'U la ccle In;" hinh !:In
.. .
d(in:' m'l Inc luong lao dong lam vice. liiy hlnh thai lao dong ehiln lay I,i ehi, ,.ccu. h:: .,
I', ),ll1h [h,ii lao c1(ing tri oe lim chI', vcil. IiI lao clcing gi,in don hay la lao dcing phlle tap.
!"lao d{mg blnh Ilnrang hny mang tinh chill ehuycn m(m. Gi,io due el' the: li,m chn la,'
r'1I1,' lhay deii hlnh [h,ii. ]am eho lao ching mang tinh chill ehm'cn 111"Il. N(' ui thc gi,;n
I"e. "i,1 rong. hu;Yn luyen !tre Iuong lao chillg gi,in dOll. blnh thui11lg tn)' th,mh !tre !trIYllg
i~!n ch)ng phu'c l~.IP \Ia co tfnh chuycil m{Hl. llrc 1:1 nh,"tn 1;\i ehu\'cn n~~\J)h. B,1"i \'1 £zl;i() due
c6 lh~ lilY kinh ng!tiem va ~y nang lao dllllg eh,'m lay I:lm Il;e Ilf['~g lao chHlg :1,,,,, hic'!.
Thay doi (Eto lao 'ilimh iue IUQ"nglao d''''g \,(1i hlnh th,ii Iri lhlic kh"'1 hoc. [i'm c11ll !tre
IUQ"nglao dong 'I~ eho chi e'6 kh'lllimg 'Ian cl(mg gi,ill dOll ph,il lric"1l thay d", thimh ILre
Ilrang lao dong cO' kh,i nang lJhue t~p. Lue !trollg lao cl,mg ph Ire lap "i, e,i ,hu, c'n m,in Ilic
1:1Ilhim tili ehuye~ nganh. Iri thue khoa hoc va kic'll link eh"yc'll m,,,, cua ho m,k' di, m,,[
1'11<11: lnre lieI' cl~nlltr.dai sa~g xa hoi.va I~lre ~i~1lS:11l\u,iLnhullg c1H1y~" Mn lir gi,;nci'k
va dao 1\10ehuyen,mon. Glac;>due ph,,, (h,ch ung \TI, yeu call ella Ih, l.nrung nh,'1111;" '" Ih,
lnrang lao d(>ng, ph,ii bo nhicu eong sue lrang vice di,o 1"0 "i, iluiln ]lIycn nhi,n Ii,; cilll\ c'n
nganh vi, chill !Lrdng ella !Lrc Iuqng lao d(>ng. 6 dc CCl(juan gi,io due "i, ,Il'n " 'liio'I'.IO
chi,e chim ai bo e~ng sue de: dilO t\IO va hlliln luyen nhim t,tieh."ycn ngilllh ehilt Ilrong ,i,
Clla lY'e IUQ"nglao IU(>ngphu hap vai yeu du. licu 'ehu,in Ihl nguai do sc rllrng 'lrn~ Irong
(hi tnrang qlJ1h tra.nh , nh£tn tai va Ilre Ilrang lao d(lI1g. sc lhu cluue lhilllg 1,1;.
l
Till; ha. giao due con e.6 mai licn he C1tiing si,u ",ii thi trlTl)'ng nhilll till "i, Ille Ilrong
lao d0ng. M6i lie~ h~ it t,ing sJu nay chil y61 ph,in "nh ra Ih[)ng 'Ilia vai In\ cll" g dllc "'0
dl)i v6i gi,llrj nhal~lt~"va It!~ Iltqng lao <.f(mg. Slfc lao d(mg I;, etll I(lfl li.li ('f nL'1l lrnnf n)Jl
ngucri.
•.... Mi\i .....,.
gi,\ tr1 sir dung••... /lito clo c!lrae
....con n~lf(ri s;in .\lIill ra IiI SIr \'illl rk'n~
, . I[;n~~hni', , . ,,~

giii'a lay eh,in va H'i 6e. Llrc h.r0ng lao d(lIlg dUa \"lU Ihi tnrimg chr'.'e eoi Ii, ,1<" tlfcrng ILl"
d,)i, la mot loai hllJ1g hoa dae hi~l. Neli n6 dJe' hid lit de: phi,n hict nl' ""'i c:ic I"ai hilllg
hria kh<ic. Rai VI trang xa h0i tlT b'ln e<i m(ll the gilli himg h,"a do h,,, h(, philn hcip thilllh.
Mol Iii sIre lao d0ng tue la ~h,i nimg lao dlmg ella con nglfili. hai Ii, de himg h,"a ~h,ic
khClIlg gi6ng vai sue lao dong. Hilllg IH)a sIre lao d'll1g "i, himg h''''1 kh,;c chll "C'U c,', h"
(be di~m kh,ic bie!. Thlr nh[,l. n6 1:, slrc lao d('n~ ella con n~lriji I(in 1;,i Iron~ c' ,'i,
song ei,a con ngJ&i, 1:, phiin khllng Ihe l,ieh r0i kh()i h,in Ihi;n nglrili lao ,I,"ng. TIlil 1).11.
n6 e6 the phal huy lrong m(>l nganh siin XU;!I nhill dinh. lrung lao cJong Ir[)nggiit tn ,iT ,i,
dU~lg e~a s'll~ XUiit na? do. Thlr ba. ngo:li S,in,\II:~lt!iatrt ban thilll ra. nt', (l\I~ tap r" g'" lri
mOl. cung co ngh:ta fa Iue luqng lao dong co the lao ra Intre ehcnh Iceh gilt" g'" II" h"n
lhim. vi, gi,i In sang tao, hi'ng h6a kh"c khong ell di,e InTng ni,,'. \'Iw ~ l,ie n"'1 'fll,
II(,:)'!?,\' fur; d()/lg sri' rfi !r, sa'n))J/(iil1 d ('()Sl.t :U'(lc hi(f :..:,;i((/ ,';.,'i{1ll"j niel hUll ,he;1I 1.'1~ 1"(/ ,~:i(;
fri lit) '(in ru ". Con Jl6i "11.rq IIte'Jlg /00 d(ill,:'; ('() c1~/(" rin!l l"i~;J1'.! Ill/I, !1(~ !{i 1//(' 11(~in:.; .\(;11,:':
1(.'0 gi(1 /,.1, hI JlgJ{(~n g()(' C1{~1 gi(( lri" {hleh d,lng. 11('\ L'\ Il~\ll~ll ~i,i
/h1'rl Ill!;\ kill "l'r tit.lng
III ;i~JJLUhon gj{i tr~ von cnella nc:,'.:\htr the:: LIlli IhL' n~lo de rh,\l huy IHc iLfOllt: ":Illg Ll{\
!2j~1lrj? Litm Ih6 nito d~ gd trj sjng Llo nhicll hon gi:i trj q")n C{'l',l Tnr{1c tlL'n C;'111
n:lIl~ l;lll

~I,i ~rj b::ln :11:'\11eva I~fc lUOJlg lao c1t)ng. \'1 gi,i tJ"[ b;in than ll~\Y c;Inlhl gi,l trJ \',II)~ 1~.11.'
C:l()

iHl(1 nhll'll.Thea e,kh n6i ella AnghL'n: Gill tri elill Il!c Itron!2 Lin dt\ng han gl')Jlj h;\ mIll":
~1"1 Ii, rhi tnrong:lhanh va duy [ri.eulle song. hal Ii, phi gi;;,;due COil ci: ,hn nllil e;IIJ ell"

]36
 cu"c sLing. B" la. ngo:li rJ con phai chi mQt gia tf! nhat djnh, lam eha nguoi eang nhan
eli Ih0 ph"l tri0n ,lfc 1"0 dqng eua mlnh va c6 duqc mot ky nang nhat dinh. Siell c'lY n6i
rii phi Ill" ,lfc lao dong tiep nhitll giaa d\lC va daa t~a la bQ phan cau thanhj." ""('J' "
.~ CLte'tIm!! ilu:, celC gia Iri phi giao d\lc, dilO qa vii. h9C tap cua Ilfc luqng laO' d(J11g 1:1d,;u lLi
phat lri0n ban thilI!. Loai d:iu tlJ giaa d\lc nay va vi~c nang caa gia trj ban than CLlaSlfC
lall d',;ng. \lfi gla trj'm6i rn~l n6 [,.10 ra co m6i llcong quan m(ll thiet. lit m<)t m6i quall,K
tLfung qLlan ti k tilu:ln. :\lac ehi r6 ritllg sa vai laO' dQng blnh qurln xii hili Ii, mOt Ian L!<)ng
pilll, l'IP ciip call. IiI bi0L1hi~n eua mQt ki~u suc laO' dQng ~hu the n:I)'. Sl'" bu ..c',"': "t'er
lil0' Sll ""i bD dQng pho thong can chi phi giaa duc caa ~on. S"n x'.,,,,:,!., .,,', .ccin wn
nili0L1thi!1 gian l'lll d(mg. VI vay, n6 eo gia lr! kha eaa, gia trj cua l\lc luqng. lao dOng nil)'
khci C.ID. n(1 eung Ihe hi~n iii laO' dqng caa cap. Thai gian cang dai gia tr! clIng cao. DieLl
ni,y chI ra dil! dL' rei fitllg Iii.mue dq phuc t~p cua Ilfc luqng laO' dqng vai phi giaa d\lc vil
di,u tau nli "il gilra gia lri cua ban than n6 vai gia tri mai ma n6 r~a fa la quan he ti Ie
-ttm:'rn.
. l.ne
'. IOOIn..:
.- ~I.m d(IIll!mim-c-lh6c
.... . sf: d:U han [de IlhiClTS~l([c'lu()'ffg
. . ... pn~o---
..... lao dong
Ih,-'ng. Bi!i "1 g;,iD duc ,i, di,u lao luc IU<,inglaO' dQng e6 hQc thu-: ph,"i ton nhieu llttli gian
Vi, li0n hac chu n~n gi,i lri cua ILle IUQ'ng laO' uqng co hQc thuc se Ian. Mu~ u(> phllc L,!P
eua Il!L" Ilfl,fng LiD J<jng C~UlgCLiO thi gii.l lr! n6 t~o ra cling fan. Hang h6a eua 1l19l gib lao
dung phll' hlfP '" ,,'Ii hilng hoa eLla m()t gio lao dqng gi:m don Ia loai hang h6a e6 gia lr!
«HI g:ip hai d0'11ba bn.

III. Ciao dllc ,oi thi trl!ung khoa lwc ki thu~t

Vi~c eli "ilO qu5 dao ,il nt'ii lien cua giao Q\lC va th! twang k"i thu~t cimg co tinh
tnrc liL'p. Khua hl)C ki lhu:lt Ii, himg 116a. Gi'lOd\lc d(ic bi~t la giaa d\lc caa dfmg e6 the
s,in .'.u,'lt ra hill1g hoa khoa htle ki lhu:,t, ,6.1he tr\lc liep driu llr vaa vi~c h,\n, chuy~n
"". nlwong "l m(J re'Hlg thi tluong khoa hQc k"i lhu:lt. Mac ~6 mqt suy daan vo cung nOi
lieng Ii,: Dt'ii \"(1ih:mg hoa eLla bo dill1g tli oc- khaa hQc-' dlf daan luon thap han nhieu
,u ""Ii glCl Iii el,a no. Blli "1 tltt)"i gian lao clong dn lhiet tai s'ln xuat khaa hoc'khong rhi!
nilll ", "inh cllfuc ,lii tht!i gian bo u{,ng dIl lhi~'1 s,ln xuat Iuc dilu. Vi du: Trang thoi
gian nwl li0'I1g huc sinh e6 the hoc lhfoe hai djnhli, cong thue. a dAy n6i f6 viti w
[W'lIlg nlur sau:

{f"r "h.;'l, khfmg djnh tri lhuc khaa hQc c6 gia lr!,la hang h6a. Th!'( hai,ltrqng gia tfj
,Lla hill1g hoa mang hlnh thai Ifi lhuc khaa h9C la dO' thai gian-Iaa d9ng ciln thiel ella xa
hl.,i quy01 dIJlh. {fIJi h<l. giaa c!~'c c6 lh~ san xuat, tai san xuat h1mg h6a mang hlnh thai
lri lh"I,' khoa ho,. l"/Ili 1/(. lhai gian laO' dyng xii h(>i can thiet cua san xu::!t hang h6a mang
hinh th,ii Iii lhl(,' kiwa hue kl lhuij,l ban dilu va tai san xual e6 s,r kh,\c "i;au. Ham, h6a
kil,,,, hue ki Ihu':ll Ihnllg Ljua gi,io d\lc tai san xuat c6 thoi gian laO' dong cAn tLiet C(l:l'"
hl)i dtft" rln ng,in I:il nhi0u. rul ngfm tai muc khong thi! sd sanh duqc nila. Qu;m ,Iiem I,
IU':1llell bem nilY di\ I1(li me)t deh diiy du ve vai tro cua giaa due dei \'8i SilO ).".\lci!hilll~
h"" kit...., hue ki lhuill TLrd6 cung cla noi r6 m6i quan he tfit nhicn giua 9;iaa due ".,' ..
• trlfUIJg k.hll~t tH.le ki lhLl~:lt. Cling \'{',.i ~l.r ph at tri6n ella s(r~ s~ln xuftt ;~~ h(~i.elm:;. \':,'i ,;/:p
til/lh, hiell Lbi h6" gi'lo due. gi,io due khong chi san xuiit hang h6a bill1g \.~':1:,,"0: :i
Chlillg. :lle, c"lll "til .\lI,it hill1g h6" bttllg khoa h9c k"ithuij,t chfit luqng cao nhl! :n;;:- ,'r lillh,
•

137
 "\n ph,im k, thudt 11,1 lade. s,in ph;lm k'lhu,H cap. quang. s,in pha'm k, thuM kh{mg glan.
,<in rham k, thuat hai dl1ang Nhfrng san ph[im khaa hge k'lhual c;ip eao n'lY kh{mg chi
Im(rng tai thl IrUang khaa hoc ki thuM trang nl1ac. ma con muon tham ~ia "'10 de (I, I
. "
eanh lranh lren lhi IWOng khaa hge k, thuat quae te'. TiT do tao eang nhieu gi,i tri cho d"l
nl1ac. thu du'O'c Igi nhu~n caa va hieu feh kinh tc'lem. Trong do dae bi.;t la gi,ia due cao
dang trong san xuat hang hoa k, thuat caa da co tae dung n()i b,H, Vi due Cic lrung t:'lm
nghien Clru che t<:tak, haa hgek, thuat eong nghe eaa. nhlr thung lung siliean i, I\lv. Ih{lI1
Trung Quan a Trung Quae, .. , xung quanh deu e6 cae twang caa d;lng n{;i lic'ng Ircn lhe"
giai, Rat nhieu san pMm cOllg nghe eaa dl1(/c tnrc lic'p nghicn elru chc'tao ,'il dl1uc san
xuat ra. cac san phAm nay hbac dl1ac cae twang caD dJng nghicn dru che" laO' hojc do
;'hieu dan vi nghien CUu khaa hqc lien kel lai, Hicn nay chung la clang ph,ii d{ii m;it v(;i
nhfrng thach thuc cua cu(ic cach mang KHKT mai, ph,ii dai mal \'(;j eanh tranh kinh !C.
quac te dii d6i, Sl1;phOn vinh va ph at tri~n eua thi twang qu6c !C', lhe' ki llrong Jai, <Ii
khang che dl1gc KHKT se khang che nen kinh te the gi6i, VI yay. dc ntt6e lrc'n lhe' gio'i
deu cai tr9ng phat Ihuy vai tro sua cac twang caD dang trong eanh tranh cua thi lnrang
KHKT quac te, khOng ngiTng phat tri~n day du giaa due caa dimg. cai deh gi,ia due cao
dang. Giaa d\lc cad dang co rilt nhieu dieu kic;n l1Uviet M san xu,i't va phat lric'n dc s,in
phAm cong nghc; caa. Trong Cae twang caa dang se co rat nhieu dan \'i nghien Clru khoa
C
h9 va cac trung t~m phat tMn k, thu~t a
trlnh d6 caa: co moi twirng. clicu kicn. lIfe
c
Il1ang khaa h9 ki' Ihuat kha J'em m<:tnh; co ttt lieu t1nh baa \'e th6ng tin khaa hac k'lhu';11
hung hau; co day du trang thiet bi thuc nghiem va c,ic thiet bi nghien clm khoa hoc: co
d(ii ngu giaa vien vila biet d<:tYh9c vira c6 the: nghien eUu khaa h9c \'a ph<it tric'n k'lhu;lI.
Dong thai cac ngarth h9c, de m6nhac' trong cac twang caa climg kh<i day du, khong khf
c
h9 tap va nghicn CUu khaa h9c s6in()i. giaa 1l1Uhge thuM quae Ie dien ra nhicu. Hon nfra
a
d~y h9C va nghien 'cUu khaa h9C cac twang c,aa d'1ng co lhe: eung thuc clay nhau lien
len, VI v~y ni't colgi cha sanxuat va phat trit'n san ph[im cong ngh~ cao, W m;'1 n'IY e,ic
IWang caa dang can phai tfeh c,!c tham giavao c~nh tranh trcn thi twirng KHKT trong
va ngaai nl1ac, d6ng g6p cha fl1
,
phon vinh vii ph<it trit'n cu" kinh ltYthi Iwirng XJ-ICN
, ,
.

IV. Ghio d~c VOl thj tru?rng djch V~ lao dQng (djch YU)
. ,

Vicc di vila qllY Jao va m6i quail he clla giaa duc \'ai lhi Iwimg lao t!(lIlg dieh "
cung mang tinh chat tr\rc tiep, Xct vc m;u Ii lu[m, ,h,ln than gi;ia due I" m,;t hoat t!(lIlg
mang trnh laO' d6ng dich ''1! haac mang tinh dich vu, Ki0u lao ,!{mg na\' co Ihc cung C;IP
~i;i Ie; sir dung dee,l,iel cha xa h6i. Cii g9i la gia Iri slr dung d;le hitt chinh 1:1 dieh "U
~lang :;n11 hl,n ,1<'n,C! '.:lIng cap, Hall nfra kie:u haat cl(>ng nay trite tic'p ho;'tc gi;in li(p ti1"m
:.!,ic! VdU 11::':ll d('lH: ki:)L ~('\a hQi. Dung nhu nhling gi i\1,-lc n6i: "Cry J1J~>r "(Ii /(1(.'1 t/!c/} "'.'
;,i klw /Icing d(il)",ao, dllY Iri Vao dQng hilll eh" kin! IIcing lao dring I)~tl\ ,/iii h!nh Ih e'li , ,
Tom lo! !rilll eho khd I!(ing lao dQng ro linh rhllyhl IIIlill h(}{ic chi !rill' eho kh,i lI,ill,~I<lu

d611gli,'i) Ille dllY Iri. Vi d!l: f(ich \'1,1 Il'I(ilng line (chi ('(ill (illh 1<1 Ic~ Ih,; lilli, Slill x/I,i{ ((III

ho<ic co ich); dich VII Y Ie' (clii can anli 10 drim 1)(10 dlfllr s/;r kho(', du\' /1'1 1<11 (<I n,:I1I!!1

~;(i IFi nrc la han r/uin :,Jrc lao d(Jng), mila d/ch 1'1.1llriy chinh hi nJllO !I(in'..! h(J{J {Iu; /)(;1)
((J

;ll(,Y,' <illig ('{j'p bd,i Ihan khd nang Ion dong dllhay llu'phllr \"I.' hdn Ih,i/1. /)irh \'11 /"i\'

138
,<III II/(;m fJlii s,ill XI/lil ,,/ /Jlli (,ii "ill x//,i{ k/zd Ilcillg lao d,jllg ". N6i chung tl) dic~ vu nay
ck,ng qua I" chi gt,; \n ,lr clung Jac biet do lao dong cung cCip. gl2:ng nhLl t<it d hang h6a
cung Clip gill tfi ,lr dUllg (bc bid cua ch[nh n6. NhLlng gia tr! sir dung dac biet eLla lao
JUllg IlC" ;1,L" c6 t~1l Jflc bid la "dic/z \'// ". D6 la boi vI lao dQng khong phi'll la vat chfil
mC, n(' d,fdc C')1 iC,d,ch \U cung dp hoat dQng. Suy doan nay cua Mac da lam r6 vai quan
diem lllu~.lil dLf('11 J~tY:
Phan lid, III b6i e"nh eua ,uy doon nay: eli rna Mae dLla ra khi lu(m b'\I1 ve lao
dUllg ,all .\u,it vC, I"" dong phi "In :\Uat 1:, [tOng dieu ben kinh te thi truang TBCN, bo
dUllg gl'IU due c6 tinh ch,it dieh vu doi voi IHOdong sim XU~\tvflt ~hClt, ehu yeu la giao
due kinh t~ chuy~n nghi~p va cong ngh", hoc trong cac ngi'mh san" xuat. Neu chung ta
dern m;1 rimg quan di6m If luim nay the thl d~ch vu giao c1uccte ra hien nay ChLIyeu la
gtf'l) duc ;1 cae tru0ng ki thuill chuyen nghiep vai 1l1!)i '.[ua(l M chflt che gilia cac lo,!i
h'lllh giflu duc eua tWang ki thu~t chuyen nglmh vai linh Vlfc san xuat v~t chat, kh6ng
c,ill bllu h'"11 gil,c;-dllc ,,-a biui-va giao dui: bat Du6e. ma(fich-vi!gTaoollc cai
cung capri, .
111()t1')(1igili IIi ,li dUllg ,lac bid. Gia tri sir dllng d?-C bi~t fhong c6 sl,l khac bi~t ve bun
chlil \l' "'II de' "in ph"m khlic VI v(IY dich Vll do giao dt,ic cung cfip c6 l[nh h'lIlg h6a,
dli ..:h \ ~Igi~ilJ lh,u,: la h~ll1ghoa. ,
L

D,.'c ,Ii~m eua hang h6a dieh vu giao dllc nay. la a cho lao dong giao duc khong
e1Udc elli 1:1vat chat, ma dLll1Ccoi Iii dicb vu cung cap luo d~ng ho~c dich Vll rnang tinh
l\lut ,lllng eung cap. Ban lhun kieu dicb Vll nay c6 gia tri, duqc trao d6i tren th\ lwang,
khung co gi kh:IC bid \'e blin ehiit so vai dc h'lng h6a c6 hlnh tha/v~t chat va cae hlnh
thlii ~b,ic. Cbung chi khac nhau vc hlnh tbuc.
Nlli e1ung thuc ehl'it eua quan he rnua ban dich vu giao dllc la ll,lc lLlqng lao d9ng
bo:".kh"1 nfmg lao dong cua l\Ie ILlqng lao dQng cua nganb: san xuat vat chat do giao duc'
dilo ta,l. Ncu dlcb \LI giao duc dLlqc coi la ben mua, n6 yell cau d:l.u lL!ti~n von giao dl,lc
dilu tau lIre Ilc,mg lau ,!ling, tLceIii gia lhanb giao dl,lc, cung ch[nh Ia phi san xuat va phI
t:1I ,an .\u:it kh'l nang lao d<:ll1g.Cunge6 th6 gC)i la chi phi giao dllc, chi phi hoc t~p. Gia
trt ClI,l'llre IlCting lao dong do giao dllc dao ('lola di kern vai trlnh dQ giao dllc ILlc luqng
lao e1()i\g. ILfClit n:lng caO gi:t thanh giao dllc. Dich Vll giao dl,!c neu duqc coi lit hen ban,
thi chi'lh I" clem dlc !ocli lLlc ILlang lao.dQng rna giao duc daD t:;to dua vao thi tnrang lew
dong. cung c:ip sef l,fa chon cho ehu tuyen dllng. Trinh dQ,giao duc khac nhau sc c6 luc
lLl,mg !Ito dong e6 khl; nfll1g lao dong khae nhau, c6 gia trikhac nhau, ttIC la mLrc do lieL
Illong khflC nhau.
\! I(l gllill due eli \"IU quy lhll clla thl trLf:ing dich vu lao dong, thong qua phfLn tfeh
Ii IUI"\ cll;' \ ell clieh \ U gLio due. c6 the nhin \hay r6 gia tri hang h6\1 cua dich vu gi'lo
due. CIlll ph,,, lh,)ng qU:I thi trtciJng 1:10 d9ng dich vll mqi c6 the thttC hien dLlGc. Cho
n~n til g,')C di) dieh \U glf,u clue thuoe thi lwong dich vu lao d~ng, c6 the dLla ra dLlac
tbi trtl:1I1g gillo due [,,1; \i gltra giao cluc va thi trLlang d~ch vu lao dong c6 rnoi lien he
m:lng tinh I,lt I1hi~n. (;i"o clue thong qua viee di vao quy dao cua thi twang dich vu lao
clung l") the 1'1111 cl1l1 l1(n kinh t~ lhi I. ,."l1g 11h6n \inh va phlll lrien. XC'l tll noi dung v"

13'1
 •
hinh link eu the thi viee giao due di VilOguy dao eila thi Inr,'mg dieh I'U 1;(0 d,ing V,)
eung phong phu.

Tj,'i IIhcir, giao due ehu}'cn nghicp. gi,lo cI~e Ihanh phiiI1 <'1 de tnrtmg dai h'l(. cao
"ftng (ila de lO',li hlnh giao due ehuycn nghi~p. giao due k, thuilt kct herp Ill()t deh chilt
chi' VrJ;Jinh vue san xuat val chat. Gi,lo cI~e (; nhfrng tnrong ni,,' ehil ycu Iii Ih(lIlg 'lela
dao lilO
. dc loai'.,.lu'c luang'-' lao '.d6n~'.- vii nh,in tili chuvcn
-' nuimh
c' ma de nuimh
~ s,in Xlii,') ,
cau, eung cap cae :dieh vu eho cal' ngimh s,in xuiit vilt ehiit I'a di VilO gu\"' dao eil;[ Ii"
truong dieh ~ lao d(>ng. '. .

rillc hai, giaoidl,le va dao tao t,!i ehire v6'i cae hlnh tlllre cung eiip cljeh IU lao dong
va dieh ~ eho cae 'doanh nghiep, e6 th~ di vao quy clao eila thi tnrimg lao d(1I1gdich ILL
Hi~n nay, giao dl,l~ t,!i ehue ya clao tao nghc (; de cloanh nghicp hoae dc nhil m,jv trcn
thc' gi6'i ehtl yeu cd hai hlnh fhue: M(>t la dilO tao n6i chung. TIre Iii kc't '1u,i ,!:to Ian eilll
doanh nghi~p khol,lg chi e6 i ieh eho doanh nghi~p d6 mil con co ieh eho ele doanh
nghiep khae. Kie!u Idao t'!o n~y nguoi eong nhan ph'li Ilr chi 1r<1loim b6 chi phi dilo lao.
ehtl do~mh nghi~p khong tang luang eho ho. M(>t 10ai kh,ic Iii dilo 1'10 dile hlCt tirc Et
nguoi eong nhan tJ chi tra m(>t phan phi clilO l,!O. phi giao d\1C va van duae ph,;t toim h6
luang, nhung eonidhan I:hong duqe ehuy~n cli. Bai VI mue cl),a lLfeho kieu dilO tao nilY
kha l6'n. Chtl doantl nghi~p sq eong nhan b6 di, dicu nay sf; g,iy l6n that vc nglfoi vii clia
eho doanh nghi~p ~a nha may. Giao d~e e6 the eung dip dieh \'ll eho hai loai dao tao tai
ehire nay. H1nh th~e dieh vu ie6 the da dang h6a, tile la e6 the eir nguo; dilo tao tCli de
doanh nghi~p, eUng e6 th~ d~ eho nhling eong nhfll1 dn dlrac <lil[)tao toi de tnrimg de
tien hanh dao t'!o ehuyen mO!j. Con e6 the dao tao ho hoac dilo tao ilY thac. time hicn <lilo
tao co h~ thong ho~e, dim t'!o thea ehu)'en d6lrang thoi gian ng,)n hofle dai.
T/lli ba, cac doanh nghi~p, cae tap do an doanh nghiep xily <lung truong hoc. Cie
loai hang h6a do de tnrO'ng san xuilt ra dua vao thi tnrong e6 the cung ellp c!Jeh I'tl cho
su phOn vinh cUa klnh te thi tmong. Dae bi~t la giao clue eao d~ng e6 the thimg 'Ilia "in
xuilt, ph at tri~n,ma r(>ng san ph;\m khoa hge k, thu~t dC di "iloquy dao eila thi lnrang
khoa hge k, thuM, thi truong lao dong dieh vU. San ph,\rn khoa hoc ki thwH Li hilllg htill.
c6 the! tnrc tiep dml vao thi tnrong mua ban, ehuysn nhuang va m!; r(ll1g thl tnrimg. (ii,io
due se e6 ctat ph,lt trie!n khi dua vao thi truong khoa hoc k'ihuilt nc'-ti\"1hicn dai hrill "in
xufil,H chat chil );eu ph\t thuae vao hi~n da; hoa cae phuang tlllie vii k, thui,t "In xuiit
eila nguai lao dong, tire la v~t chat h6a khoa hge k,'thmit trang hre luang lao ,1(mg "a ttl
liC11 san 'U'll. Ciao due khong chi san xuiit san phiim khoa hoc k, thuill no, chung'
Cl'I1S:'I;\ XUll!"ie",: j:,,;m khoa h9C ki thUiit cang nghe cao. Nhling siln phiim nil)' kh'lIlg
chi huang t6'i Ih; ':Irin,:; lron~I1lJUC mil con tham gia "ilO eanh tranh trcn thi tnrimg quoe
,} 00 lliO r:\ 10; nhu,1Il cao vi, hieu ,cll kinh Ie' eho dfit nuae. Chuc nfll1g phuc III cl10
kho:1 hoc ki thuat clla giclo clue ngilY eang quan trang. Trang thc' ki lUang la; a; eoi lrong
;)1"", I: i',n g1ll0 oue Ih] nguai cia '0 nam duae <linh cao ella khoa hQe ki lhui'l \;\ III el"
11:\:11 (i:h;',: klnh [C;'lhe: giai.

\
140
 iI .
rlur 1If. ngual nhling di~u dJ n6i 6 lren ra, vi~c giao dl,lc di vilO quy d~o cua thi
lluang dieh vu tau d,)ng con the' hien a
cho giao dl,lc co the cung cap djch v1,lth6ng tin tri
thCre. dieh IU tLrii~u tlnh h"o. de ioai dich vgLU van ve tri thuc .
.~ B,in h'mh thve noi tr~n khong phi,i Iii {oim hi) cac hlnh thuc rna giao duc di vao quy
dau elLa n~n kinh te' thi lrLlang. nhung phai n6i r6 ding hai hlnh thuc dau Iii chfnh, Iii co
hi,n. NhCCI1gc,ji kh"c ~hi Ii, phu mil thai.

---" -- ---- ---------_.~------ -------------

' .

141
 Bai 3: Nen kinh t€ thi tnlO'ng va SI! sap xe'p
nguon von giao dl,lc

1. Sl! sap xep nguon von giao dlJc

!

Nhu cau e-tl,:T-conllgupi la va han rna nguon \'6n kinh Ic'M IhOii m,ln nhu cau ("('",
can nglrai lai e6!han. Mau Ihu~n giiia linh wi han eua loai \'cu du nil\' "i, linh hIT' I .J
ella nguon t~i nguyen kino te yeu cau moi nguai ph,ii phfm chia 'de ngul;n li,i ngU\ c:n
kinh Ie f11("tcaeh hop 1y va'e6 hieu qua. Vice ph:m phoi "1p x,Yp nguun I,',i ngu\'en ehinh
Iii ric':l i1ilnh ph:\Ii phoi sap xep giiia de nhu C<lUkhong gi6ng nhau clla nguon I:,i ngu\'en
kinh Ie huu han. 'phan pho1 nguon tai nguyen gi,io due Ii, chi ph:m phl;i !1l(lt c,;eh hop 1\,
e6 hieu qua ngupn tai nguyen giao d,!e giiia cae lo~i de dp gi,io due Irong nl'i f>l)he'
thong giao due. iN6 bao g6m SlI phan phoi 16ng nguon lai nguyen xii h{lI el(ii \'(1, g"'"
elue. sIr ph:m rh~i ngu6n lai nguyen giao due gifra cae gi,io due khu \'ue. ,u ph:m ph6i t,,,
nguyen gi,io due gifra giao clue a de cap, SII ph:\n phoi nguon lili nguyen gi,io duc gllri!
de dp twong hge.

S" ph,ln ph6i ngu6n L~t; !'lh'll;.'cn :<:1 ll~>i t1(Si\"(1i gi,lo dl.IC. Sv ph.lt tri6'11 clIa hlllh tl;- <,
xa hoi. et~u c{in ngucn
'-' l:ll Jlo:u'.'l'l1.
".' Dn6i diel! kien . ella t(~n2: .•...
n£u()n
'-
t:li n£lI'"('1l
... . \;l h()[ d,-I.
dinh, ehae ehcm se e6 !1l{l!cau hili v<: lim1 'he' nilO ele ph:,n ph6i Illl\! deh Cll hieu qUi! '"
ho'p I}'. Giao d,!e la b6 ph,:\n '6 lhimh quan tr9ng d6i \'oi ,u ph"1 Irie'n x,1 hl,i \'il klllh k.
n6i v~ Ilnh vue ho~t d(>ng xa hoi Ihi gitio due ehinh la mot h0 ph::m 1(; Ihimh lrong hl'
thong hoat dong xa h(>i. lien hanh ph,ln ph6i gi"o dl.le nhlr the' nilo gifra de d(Jn II 1(;
thanh nhu quae phong, ban nganh hill1h ehfnh' Chinh phil. ":111h6a. khoa hoc. the; dllC,.
giao due nen chiem bao nhieu ph:ln hoae ti Ie-bao nhieu"

Su phan ph6i ngu6n \ai nguyen gi,io due gilfa gi,\o due a
cae khu \'lfe. Lt" Trung
Quae lam vi du, vua e6 gifio due do Chinh phI! trung lTang qu6egia Iilp ra. lai eli gi,\o
due do uy ban nhan dan (j cae tinh,khu vue. dia phuang I;tp fa, VI vay. khi ph:'11 phi;1
ngu6n li,i nguyen giao d,!e, nhfltthic't ph,1i xem xct (.le'n Ii Ie ph:m ph6i giiia c,.e khu "lrC.
dae bi~t la giao due nghla :v,!. khi phan phoi nguun lai nguyen gi,\o due. nen c!lIj trong
xem xct su ebenh I~eh 0 cae vung kh6 khan, lung buoe thue hicn ,'icc phan ph(i; ngulll\
tai nguyen gi,io due nghla v,! mot each eong bimg .

• Su phan phoi ngu6n tiii nguyen giao due lrang de dp de loai gl<IOdue. Su ph:1I1
phoi ngu6n tiii nguyen giaQ d,!e trang cae bae giao due kh,\c nhau baa gum 'slf ph:1r1ph,'i;
trang giao d,!e titiu hge, gi~o due Irung hoc va giao due dai hoc. Su ph,ln ph6; ngll'
nguyen giao due lrang cae'loai giao due lai bao gum su ph:m pheii lrong gitio clue trung
cap ph6 thong trang g;ao d,!e trung cap. gi,io due eao c!;)ng ehuycn ngill1h. g"lo due c:J(J
dang kllhuat va giao due 'eao dang nghe ngh;cp. n6 can hao gam ,u ph:ln ph6i Irnng
nhfrng ehuyen nganh va khoa khae nhau eua g;'\o due dai hoe.

142
 \ I
Su phew rhoi ngu6n lai nguy~n giao dl,le trang cae lo,!-i' cae cap trvcmg hoc kh,ie
nhall. Ngllon ri,i nguy~n giao due ,au khi ph an phoi den cae khu vue, cae loai cae dp ht
thong gi,i0 due. e6n m!)t van M eu the lil philll phoi eho cae truang hge, vi du nhv su
philO phtii nguon ti,i nglly~n giao due dai hoc giO'a cae twang dai hoc.

Vice ph:Ln phoi vi, sill' x~'p ngu6n t:li nguyen giao dlfe ehiu su han ehe eua co ehe
kinh t~ LU e:iu kinh t~' khae nhau thi ,iee phan phoi S<1pxep \lguon lai nguyen gieio due
cling kh,ic nhau fli~n nay e6 hai phuong thue ph an phoi s<1pxep nguon tai nguyen giao
due e(J h'"1. rue lil phuong thue phan phoi sap xep kinh te ke ho,!-eh va phuong thue phan
ph6i klnh te thl truong.

II, Phu<Jng thuc phan ph6i nguon tai nguyen giao d\J.c dl!a VaG ca diu
kinh te ke hoach
Tnrt1C-cili each ma-eua, Tmng Quoe diithi hanhthl che kinh te keho~ch7-Kinh-le-
kc huaeh I:t phuong thtle phan phoi nguon tai nguyen thOng qua nguon tai nguyen rna
Chinh phil huaeh d!nh true tie'p ph:lIl phoi. Trong the che kinh Ie ke ho,.teh, Chinh phu la
nguoi pheln phoi CO him nguon tai nguyen giao due, s,! ph an phoi nguon tai nguyen giao
due du Chinh phu tap trung cae quyet saeh, nguon tai nguye~ giilO dlfC Ia thong qua ke
hoaeh vi, chi knh hilllh ehinh mi, Chinh phu thong nhat, pha:n phoi ct,l the d,!a VaG khu
VlIe huae ting kip himh ehinh giat> due. Phuong thue phan phoi nguon tai nguyen giao
dl,le nay dn phai thut hien toi lfU h6a philIl phoi ngu6n tai nguyen, cfin dieu ki~n nhal
dinh. Vi duo Chinh phu can niun chae Ihong lin kinh te va Ihong tin giao dt,le day du va
dang tin eety, eung cap dicu kien cho quyel sach ehihh xae. Nlllfng tren Ih!!e te eong vi~e
lai rat kht) nlll11 chile. VI lay, n6 co lac dung l~p Irung nguon tai nguyen giao dt,le, diy
manh "r phlt triJn eua SlCnghicp giao dlfe trang Ih~ ehe kinh Ie ke ho,!-eh, nhung han ehe
16n nheit eua Ill) lit r:it kh6 liun dtMe vice lfU tien sap xep nguon lai nguyen giao dt,le, tien
hanh phlll1 phoi h'lP I)' I'i, ,u dung c6 hi~u qua. ngucin tili nguy~n giao d\le.

III. Phu<Jog Ihuc phan ph6i sap xep nguon tai nguyen giao d\J.c trong th~
che kioh Ie th, truimg
1"rung ()u6c terng bUl1Cchuyen til kinh Ie ke hoaeh sang co ehe kinh te thi truong,
xay dung IhJ ehe' kinh te Ihi lwimg ehu nghla xii hl)i. Kinh te thi truang la phuong thue
ph'ln phoi nguon ti,i nguyen gi,io due Ihong qua tac dlfng C9a
C0 ehe thi twang va qui
luat gi,i Iri cIe phan phoi ngu6n tai nguyen. Trang dieu kien kinh te thi truong. do cia
nguyen hoa ehll the kinh !c', ph an tan h6a quyet saeh kinh ie, th!!e hien toi da hoa loi
nhuilll. VI val'. pheln phiii ,ilp xe'p nguon tili nguyen giao dlf,e da thay doi phlfong Ihtle
philn phui t"p tLung Vil ph'lll phoi thu ph,,1' hilllh ehinh, lien 'h1mh can eU vao tlnh hlnh
cung cilu Ill'L lin hicu gi,i ell thi tI'lCi";)! phi'lil ,"nh, thong qua itt di ehuy~n lU do giua cae
khu VlI,'. e'Le h" Illc)n gieio due "il tLu(>ng hoc. lie'n hilnh sap xep mot each hop ly c6 hiell
qua. Time hLcn ph,'tn phOL nguon lili nguy~n giao due nay Iii toi lfU h6a. Iii e6 c1ieu klcn
VI du ~lllon that'll h'Lnh thill1h Ihi tnrimg giao dl,le, hon nua e6 day du dieu ki~n lu' du
canh [L"nh: lin hleU till Iwang gilu due co the phan ung mot each nhanh nhay quem he

143
giiIa eung va cau'trang gia6 due va lrinh do luang d6i hic'm ngu6n liti ngul'en gi,io duc.
Liu ditm ella phuong thue phan ph6i nguon lili nguyen nilY la e6 Ih~ dicu ticI cling ciiu
trong gi,io due thong qua tin hieu gia ea nhanh nhay I'a IU do eanh Iranh, lif do IIt'n h:lIlh
uu tien phan ph6i s~p xep nguon lai nguyen giao due, nhung n6 eung e6 nhling khuyC't
di~m nhu t{nh mu quang va tinh ttr ph,i!. ..

CO' ehe kinh te thi truang tuy co tht Ihue hien I';c.e uu lien "1p .\c'p ngulin lili
nguyen, nl1Lfng v~ phuO'l1g di~n phflll phoi sap xep nguon tili nguyen glao due Ilri Iai Cll
ph<lm I'i. co h1)n <19. Bi1i vi, JM! I1Mr, tae dung ella co ehc'lhi IrtltlJlg I'e m[lt phflf1 phlii S{lp
xc'p nguon tai nguyen chi hhn ehe boi tinh ehfil khong Iht eung t6n lai trang li,'u Ihll. h"'1)
niIa khong phat Sinh san phkm tu nhan vii lao vu ella loi ieh bcn ngoili: flllr hili, wei" I;::
IrUang bat Jue di)i vai tinh lehat khong Iht cllllg ton lai vlin co trong tiell Ihll, mil laC' ra
san ph~m eong cpng va lao vl! eua lqi feh ben ngoai: flur !Jll. \'C 111[ltlieu Ihll W eh,' Ihi
Iwang vua co tin'll chat kh<lng the: eung ton tai dong Ihoi lai tao ra "in phfim Chllflll cimg
eong ella Iqi feh ben ngoai :va lao Vl! chi pMt huy t,ie dtlng (; mol so phal11 \'i \'il muc dll
nhal dinh. Giao dl!e thu(le Mm phfim eong e(lng va dieh vu. Vi \'fty, tlnh huling hop 1\' de
thue hien sl! ph an phoi ngl\6n tai nguycn ella n6 la co dieu kicn. N6i mot cich ell'lhe.
giao due nghla YtJ Ia giao dl!e mitn phi mang li!1h cu6'ngehc'. IhllOC \'c s,in phfim e('ng
e(lng, vi vay vi~e'phan phoi, ngu6n tili nguyen ella no nen ap d~mg phuong Ihl"rcphan phi;i
ngu6n tai nguye~ do Chin~ phil eung efipdt tien himh. ehu khong Ih~ ap dllng phuong
thue co ehe" kinH te" thi li'~ang; giad dl!e phi nghla \'II Ihu(1C \'ilo loai "in phfim ehllfin
eong e(lng, ho~e leo th~ n6i, la s,ln ph~rn h6n hop. Vi vflY, nen ehu yc"u Ihlll1g qll,! co chc'
thi twang M phan phoi ngu6n tiii nguyen gi;\o due, t!()ng Ih,l; elmg ncn nh,m IhflY r;'mg
con e6 m(lt b(l ph~n giao due phi nghla vu dn su hb Ira ella Chinh phti. hao gl1l11~i,io
due do Chinh phu rna ra, nen thong qua ph\long thlre lili ehinh c;Ypkinh phi ,k ph:in I'hoi
ngu6n liii nguyen, Tae dung eua co ehe kinh te Ihi Inrang t!6i \'lli vice sit[i .\l'P phflll ph6i
ngu6n tai nguyen giao due phinghia vu ehll ye'tl bitu hien a hai phuong dien: ~ I()I 1,1.
thong qua tin hi~u gia ca thi tnrbng ngu()n lao dong. dicu tii't de loai hinh, c:'p h:le. kl'[
efiu ehuyen nganh eua giao due V:I chi so luytn sinh eua !fit e,i de c,Yp, cic loai hinh \il
cae ehuyen nganh; Hai la, Ihong qua hoc phi dt t!icu ehinh ellllg \'a criu clla gi,io ,iIlC. Do
giao due phi nghla Vll ,hu hoc phi c1i'lam kho;in bi, gi,\ thimh gi,\o due. Vi \'fl\'. ,', mill g,ic
do nhat dinh Ihi ~ge phi se di~u liC:teung va criu ella gi,io dl!c. Khnng ,lc'ing Ihili chung la
nen thay dUDe tat dung eua co ehe thi truang d6i )'11isu phan phlii ngll6n "I; nglll','n gi,in
d~e phi nghla v~, twae tlnh tr~mg Ihi tnrang gi,io due khang Ihe ho:m ,hien Ihi n6 1'.11Ii,
co h1)n, Chi co sau khl thi truang giao due phat lri~n thilllh thue thi !<ie dllng cl"l w chl'
Ihi twang d6i vai m p,lan 'phoi ngu6n tai nguyen giao due phi nghia \'\1 mllj ,!tmc ph,il
buy d~y dll, '

\
144
 CHUO:-':G \'11: KET C..\U CIAo Dl)C VA cAu KET KINH TE

Nghicn CllUCCI cau giao duc. tim hi~u r6 moi quan h~ tuang quan giiia ket cau giao
duc 1"1 kC'l,[iu kinh IC'.d:lc biet Ia tim hieu gia tr! kinh Ie rua ket cau giao d~c, Ia mqt
phlrl!llg di~n quan lnjng va lit bLIoc lien.xa hon doi voi vi~c nghien cuu moi quan h~
wong quan gifra kinh te,it giao d~c vi mo. De noi r6 han v~ va.l de my
chung la phai di
"hi hUll d~ nghicn ~liu kel cau giao d~c, tim ra qui lU~1ph~1 trien bien hoa cua ket cflu
gi,iu due. 1Ie',irii k2"tdiu gi,io duc thfch ung nhu the nllOdoi vai nhu cau ella ket cau kinh
Ie, de di0u ehinh kd cau kinh te va ph~c v~ phat Irien.

Bili 1: To hQ'pket cau

-
gifra
- --
h~ thong
- _.,
ghio dl,lc
-- ~- -.--

v6i h~ thong kinh tf

t

I. H~ thong va ket cau

C(' mIll hc lhting "it k2't cfiu nhfit dinh t6n t~i mqt cach khach quan giiia xa hqi va
lh2' gilli w nhicn. trong hoat d(lng thLIctien de cai t~o W nhien va cai t,~o xa hqi cua loai
nglriJi ,Ei Ir,ii qua lhuc tien. nhitn thLIClrong lhoi gian dai va tai thl!'c tien, tung buac nh~n
'. thlfe dunc nUlt so h~ thong vit ke't diu lrong xa h~i vii gioi lL!nhien. VI v~y, trang quan
ni2m "'t I:'"IU':Ulcua con ngLIoi da hlnh thilIlh nhiing khai.niem "k"; ceilt", "hif thOllli ",
Nhiing kh,ii nl~m nilY dug, ung d~ng dau tien VilOkhoa h(1(;tLr nhi,'n, sau do tung bUGC
dua V'Il!ui~ IInh."\rc khoa h()c xii h9i, bao g6m giao d~c ho~, I.:nh Ie hoc va kinh te giao
dtic Iwe'. Cii gni lit kc't cfiu ehfnh lit 'L! 10 hqp sttP xcp va ph~ong thucket hqp c"uasL!v~t
kh,ieh qtian "t h2 thting dc hicn tllgng xii hqi, trang do bao g6m ket cau nqi dung, kel
ciiu hinh thlrc "il ke't cfiu ti 12...

[I. He thong \'a ket diu giao d",c

ell) elr "ilO hitl11Y thong thuang cua kel cau, kel cau gl<lOd~c lai la chI cac IOf,lih~
lIH;lIgcun. lhlr llf ,ttl' xc'p giiia cae bq ph~n t6 thlmh,phuong lhuc 16 hqp va kel hqp lrang
It;ng h" th,ing de hj"n lllqng xa hqi cua giao d~c, luc la quim h~ ti I~ va
ham liep lllang
h(\ gitra cac efip elta h~ thong con theo chieu d()c eua giao d~e; moi quan h~ Ii I~ va lien
he Ian Ilhal! gilia de 10ai cila he lhong con theo ehi~u ngang cua giao:d\lc. Ket cau giao
duc Illallg lillh da phu,1ng di2n "Cl da tang. Neu phan chia mqt each ti mi thl chu yeu bao
gllll1 Gil: I-:C"t c[iu sau. l. .

I. het ciiu nhiln hrc giuo due

• \(~t "" phall1 ,"j rt)llg thl kit ciiu nh,ill luc giao d~c co th~ chia lam hai phan chfnh:
,\;f,it b I', h(11'nh,in lue cua nguai giao d\lc, bao g6m giao vien, nhiln vien himh chfnh,
•

145
 nh,in vien tap vu, moi 10<:lihlnh nhfm vi en Ii Ie val so hoc sinh co trong tnrang. cung nhlI
dc loai co cfiu nh~n luc clmnguai gi,io duc: Hai la t6 hap nhfm Iuc Clla nglIai nh,:1J1gl,io
due. cung goi la kct cau s6 nglrai trong d6 tuai ui hoc. Cii uo clll:: 'cu la chi ti Ie nglrili
eli 11"(' rI c,ic cap chiem trang tcing so xa hoi, ding nhu ti Ic so nglIai cfiu thanh gilra
:,h(h~ ngun'i eli hoc. LYv Trung Qu6c lam vi du, Icing dfm so nflm 1997 la 12:16260.000
a
ngl:(". S,i hnc sinh 011 IUiSi6 tu6i hoiic 6 lU6i trolen cau thanh 1:1:DJi hoc tro kn chiem
2,7~%, pho thelDg trung ho~ chic'm 10,39%. trung h9C CCJ so chic'm 32.0Y,. lieu hoc
chiem 40,67%, ti Ie nguai m~ chfr hoac bic't it chfr chiem 14.16':,.
2. Ket du dau hr giaoiduc
I : •

Ket cau dau tu giao dlic con gQ( Iii ti l~ bcn trang ufiu tLr gi,io c1uc. chi', \'c\, I" ',!
moi quan he ti I~ !cila sl! phfln phoi noi bo cac loai dfiu tu cho gi,io duc. han g(\1ll !, I
phan phoi dau ru giao duc cac dp. ti Ie phflJ] ph6i cliiu IU dc loai hinh gi,io clue. II k diul
III gifra giao duc chinh quivil giao c1uc b6 IllC. II Ic philJ1 phol cliiu Itr giua gl"() cluc nim!!
thon va giao dl,lc thanh Ihi. ti I~ ph an ph6i clautlI cho dOn vi gi,io cluc IrtItlllg hoc CO' sa. Ii
Ic phan phoi va sir dung cac loai kinh phi lrang noi bo ket cfiu gi,io due. Tom lai. ph"Ul
phoi dau IU giao duc~va ket ~au sir dung hqp J)'. xct \'c mot )' nghla nhfit uinh Ihi n6 (6 :;.
nghla kinh te quarr trong hO'l1so vai t6ng IlIong dfiu.ttI cho toan B6 gi,io clue.
: I

3. Ket c3u cap bac giaio duc

Ket cau cap bac giao diuc con goi la ke't cfiu trinh do gi,io clue. chil \'1'\, chi Ii Ie so
c
h9 sinh den lmarg co tdnh do giao dl,lc cac cfip chic'm trong so hoc sinh uc'n lmimg
a
trang toan bo he tMng giao duc. Hi~n nay ke't cfiu cap bac gi,io cluc Trung Qu(ic Ih\'lIlg
thuang ph,in thanh b6n dp, tuc la gi,io cluc sa cfip. gi:\o cluc trung cfip. gi,io duc C'10 (,"p
va giao duc nghien cuu sinh. Hlnh thai ket cau tao thlmh kc't cau hinh th,ip. S6 hoc sinh
den tnrang a
Trung Qu6c nam 1998: so hQc sinh tieu hQc la D9 ..'i3ROOOem, s6 hoc
sinh trong truang' trung hoc la 75.338.300 em, s6 h9c sinh trang Inrang uai hoc Ii,
3.408.800 em, s6 nguai h9c nghien clm sinh la 198.800 ngutli.

4. Ket c3u l(j~i hlnh giao dl,lc

Ket cau loai hlnh giao duc con goi iii ket cfiu gi,io duc chuycn nglmh. tlfe I,'tchi Ii Ie
s6 hoc sinh den trhang acac lo~i hinh giao cluc chic'm trang t<'ing so hoc sinh \kn tnrimg
trong toan b6 he th6ng giao dl,lc, cling nhu m6i quah h.; ti Ic gifra so hoc sinh ,kn tnrimg
a cac nhom giao clue. Phan chia tiI phuong dien nhom Ian lhi co gi,'to c1uc ph<'i thong \.it
giao dllc chuyen ngdnh. Th6ng t]wang cho rting khi phfln chi a ke't cfiu dc nh(lm gi,io
cluc khong nen b~o gam gi:l() due nghla HI ph<'i e:ip. nen bal ufiu phflll chia tiI gi,i() cluc
ITung h9c. Ket cau lo~i hinh gl;\o duc lrung hoc chit yc'u gom c6: Trung hoc phi) thiJl1g.
tlung hoc chu\'cn nghiep. truallr \runc~ hoc kl thuilt. tnrimg trung hoc chu\'(n nghic'p.
\nJi:~'~~'i"l: .' I-(,c c!1uycn !;.:;;1I1)J .. <Ji;'lo (h.ledai hQc «in etI \':10 Kho;l. he chu}"cn n~;lr'
/,',h;\n c~li'J, n::trn, Chll ::e\l ban gam mHoi m[iy JO;;li gi;jo ell.le chuy0n ng~mh jCl'll nhv k;-i,l,l
vfm. khoa I)', khoa cong nghi~p, khoa nong nghi.;p. khoa y. qr pham. I:,i chinh. IUil!. Ihe
c1uc. my Ihuat ... Trang m6i khoa Ian co the tiep tuc ph,'m chi a th:mh dc hi; chu\'c'n
ngilnh giao duc nho va cu thl

\
146
 5. Ke't ctiu giao duc su pham
Cli Lj uan he rn:1t[hie'[ ,'oi ke'[ cau nhom gi:io d!!ccon co "ill9t ket cau rat quan trang,
cl6 ehinh Ii, ke'[ cau gi:io clue sU pham, co hlc con g9i Ia ket ,cau thien truyen. No chi, yeu
ehl Ii Ie rna glao due su phJm ehiem trang toan b9 h~ thong giao d!!e, eling nhu quan he
Ii Ie wong hlSgiLfacae cap giao due su pham. Ket cau gi:io d!!c su ph:;tm cac cap COhqp
I) hay khong, no deuco:inh huang lUong d(ii Ian doi voi dc Ioai ket cau gi:io due khcic
Vi \e". ncn ,be bid eui [fOng viec nghien eleu ket eau gi:io due su pham.

6. Ket cau hinh thuc giao duc

Ke[ Glli hinh lhue gi:io due e6 hie eon g9i la gi:io ducyien cl! Ii va giao d!!c can cl!
Ii, nei ehll ye'u chi moi quan he ti l~ giila cae hinh thue ma t~uCmg.h9Ckhac nhau tTOngc:i
he thong gi{lOduc,lue la moi quan he Ii I~ giila hinh thue gi:io d!!e 'chinh qui voi gi:io
due phi ehinh qui. Cu th~ cOlh~ phfm thanh gi:io dlJc ehinhqui nhilt che, giao d!!e nghiep
clLl.hal duong tr.onfthai gian ngan, d:,ly 11.9Cham th!! qua dai ph:it-thanh, d:;tyh9C biing
va lll~'e'n ve tinh ... Hien nay hinh [hue gi:io dlJc tu xa va gi:io d!!e phi chinh qui dang eo
.\u the phal lrien \6i qUI rna Ion.

7. Ket eau b6 cuc giao d!!c

Kel c,iu bo cuc giao duc chit yeu ehi ke't cau philn bo khu Yl!ctruang h9c chinh qui
phi,i hop I)' hi,i hoa. Thong thuang eho ding, ti~u h9C, trung h9C phil thong nen dua vao
mal do (h,n so vi, ban kinh khu vue M xem xet xay dl,!llg mang luoi truang h9C, ba cuc
a
l[lfang hoc cac \'ung nui xa x6i heo lanh va cac vung th'!o nguyen chan nuoi nen tap
trung rnql c{,ch thich hop. ma nhi.:u cac Jrubng hge noi tnL 51! phan bo cae truang trung
hoc ehuyen nghiep, lrung hoe ki thu*t va trung hge ehuyen nganh 1':I5.i deu d(in hqp Iy,
a
eae hoc vien chuyen nganh Ion nen tap trung nhieu cae thanh pholon va ¥ira va eae a
khu vuc co khoa II(.'e,'f,n h6a wong doi phat tri~Jl. Vi vay, 110eo Iqi eho viee tnlo dili hge
thual Ian nhau. c6 Ioi cho viec nflllg cao chat lLl<,lllg
day hQ~ va trlnh <19nghien euu khoa
hoc. mi, lai phll hop ,oi qui Iuf'l gi:1o due.

H. Ket cau C(J ehe giao dl,le

Ket c.lu cO chl:' giao due chit yeu ehi co ehe quan ly hanh chinh giao due, co ehe ma
Inrimg hoc '" cO ehl:' qui'll I)' n9i b9 truang hge. Hi~n nay du6i sIr clay manh eua viee
ho,ul thiell eel che killh \C. lhl trui:Jng xii h9i ehu nghl<lTrllng Quac chAe chan se thue day
\'i~c cii nkh CO che' giJo Ol;1C dfiu tien.

V'IY lhl the n,1OglH t'l ke[ c,iu gi,io due hqp Iy? Cai gQi Iii ket eau gi:io due hqp Iy
Chll ,eu bao h,"n hai ~.I\ghia eo lien quail lill1nhau: Mill Iaxay dl!ng Ioai hlnh va ehuyen
ng'''lh (lla gi:lO due ciing nhu quan he ti Ie giila eap b~e v6i eap bae, Ioai hinh voi ioai
hinh. ph:',i eli In<iiquan he llWllg llllg \'(ji ket cau san nghi~p ella nganh kinh Ie xu h91.
ki'[ e'lu ng'lI1h ngh.: ",I Ii k Clla no. 11"i 1:1quan he ti Ie giila ket cau efip bac eua giao
due. kcl (,ill lr,nh da gl:tO dlle ,il giLfa({ICc,ip giao due phil hop voi 'luan he ti Ie eita ket
call ki th".lt !du ,icing trung I\g'lllh kinh k' \,t hoi.

147
 1970 34 62 1971 -i 3
[------ 1952 5
_. _.
I
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I Nude
_.. .._----- ..
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i
6 ~9
:\nh 1960 4 , ,0:,' i ~ ~1

Lien
1970

1950
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is
,~
i
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4f
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61

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;.

bang
Dire
1960 ,
14
I
49 37 1963 5 --------,
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1970
~
9 49
i
42 1971 3
J 41
Nude
Pilap
1950

1960
28

21
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.10
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39
1959

1963
15 ~s T-'-7
8 ~7
1970 13' 38 49 1970 6 48
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--- --------
~8

1950
4'1
, 37 1970 9
j ,I ~6
2) 29 1952 23 I
I
31
,
I ~6
1960 32 28 40 1963 I 12 37 57
! I
1970 19 34 47 1970 I 7 46
J
I I
J
Chit [hrch: Bang hieilnh lei can C/( [eli li~1I bi,;n so(}n [rrJng 1'11';11
slich "Sir Iho\' IIri!
kinh [e' va [6c 119lang [rurYng Clla cac l1I(rc II( h,ill cllIi IIghia" clio CN !JIIOll1"ti'i!Jonglil.
Tmllg ballg [ren: (I i baD g6ill "ngclnh qlldn 1:\'xci hoi" IlIgo(li ail' ng'llIh s,ill xliii; I, gioo
Ih6ng, IJI(1/di~lI, [11/(r1!1/?
IIglziifp, ligan h'llIg, ngelnh 1)(;0 hie/lI, 11/ sl(a kim chllng cu. ng(inl1
<ijch 1'{1 gia dinh; {2i 16n8 sail phdin q1/lic d,ill. !Jar grim 1111/1I1i,ip '1l1ri;' drill (rllll nl1,itJ
llgOnh djch 1'~ligi6,lrj IIl1ip kha'1I1'a cliie; ph611gill ;ri c(; dillli,
~! .< '.
Nhfrng bien d6i l6'n niiv cua kct cau san nghicp uii han che' qr ph([t trlen th"y cli;i
el'a ket cau chuyen ng?mh giao due va dc Ioai kft du khiic, no YCt, du kir \hili ':,n;:!
wimg cac tnrang'hoc v6 eac Joai h)nh vii de !:;"":l chuycn ngilf1h. IJng clr'\n~ ,ii >;::1\
d~ng tnr_ang h~c va
chuyen ~gan~ tlIcr~g tI~g voi ".,in n?hicp. ~i,i.m b6! nJ:lrng t,,:img Loc
'-a chuyen nganh khong tuqng lIng VCfI san nghlcp, ';hu cr "hat Ban "ao khnang n'-"~l
a
)95:' dell n:1m 1970, nganh ~6ng nghi~p d~i hoc tJng IiI 73 ngilllh kn J 3-1 nganh. IfOPg
ilhih1£ nganh hoc eong nghi~p nay may moe. dien khL cung nghicp hoa chSt. chu\"~n
•
ngimh kien truc th6 m9c tiing v6'i s6luQ'ng lan, Nam 1970. Nh:n B,in Chi co :\ tnrirng u;li
h9c thiet lap cac khoa nhu khoa hoc may tfnh "a khoa hoc tinh h:io, J\'lnrng dell 'n'-"'1
•

\
154
1')77. ce, nu6c cia e6 33 IrUang clai hoc mo cac chuyen nglmh khoa hQc nhu the. Hoac v[
du nhu nuoe t\15'. can i:livilO SUthay cl6i to Ion cua ket c1lu san nghiep, cae mon chuyen
ngi,nh gi"o due ki lhi),il nghe nghiep ciing phat trien nhanh ch6ng, theo thong k2 n,"nJ
jlJ7S c;u II ehuyen ngilllh Ion va 250 ngimh nha. Nhilng con'so n6i trcn oJ nui 10 srt thay
dl~i \:, phe,[ trien eua kd cau sr'lllnghiep ehuyen ngimh giao ~llC va ket cr1Ucr',,:loa; lhac
\1mol [rinh cll) Ion [hi n6 ehiu su han ehe eua ket diu san nghi~p.

2. Tinh thich ling eua ket cau ehuyen ngfmh giuo dlle va cae 10ai ket cau kh,ie
cloi ,oi het cau san nghiep
Kc[ e:iu san nghiep nganh kinh te.khong chi hl,ln che ket cau sim nghiep chuyen
ngi,nh gi"o due vi, cae lo,.'i ket cau khac, rna con yeu cllu sl1 thfch ling Hin nhau gifra ket
ce;u ehuyen ngiulh gi,iocluc voi cac 10l,lik~t cau khac, phllc v~ cho n6.
" ' I

Ket cau chuyen ngimh giao duc va cac 10l,liket cau khat chu yeula chi ti I~ cac 10l,li
gi CrlltrUang lrung hQc chuyen 'nghiep va truang d'li hGG,-;cling-nhu-ketcau-ti I~ ciIa
chuyen ngilllh khoa. Cric trUang trung hQCchuyen nghiep, trung hQc dll.YngM, trung hQc
ki [hU"l \el dc khoa ehuyen ngimh cua truang clai hoc, yeu d.u hoan toan, thl1c sl1 thfch
Ceng v('ii nhu c:lu eua ke't diu s,in nghi~p cua ngilllh kinil te lil rat kh6. Nguyen nhan cua
n6 chu yc'u gam c6 hai: M (i/ la ngilnh klllh [e IIOa.C he thong san nghi~p bao gam rat
nhi2u ng'll1h nghc .. dan vi s,in xuat vi, ehlic Vllcong tac, mamoi nganh nghe va moi clan
\ i san xual lai c6 n:ilnhicu ehlie Vll nghc nghj~p Cll thi, muon lam cho cac loai hlnh va
ehuyen ngilllh rna he thong giao cllIc thiet l~p hoan toan lam duqc nhu cau doi kh~u hoan
lOan lhich ling la khong sal Ihl1CIe; Hui la dll.YhQc 0 dc lruang !rung hQc chuyen nghi~p
vil (,ie Iru0ng dai hoc lit c:ln ph,ii day tot man ca ban, man chuyen ngimh co ban, M kien
IhCre1y luan co sO cua hQc sinh xac thifc, dieu nay yeu cau k:et cau san nghi~p cua nganh
kinh, te' phe,i e6 kha nang th[ch ling mang t[nh dim hOl, Nhung phai giai quyet gifra hai
v,in de nhu the nilOmoi la ke't cau Ii Ie tOI nhal, dieu nay cling va cung kh6 kha\l. VI vay,
kill XU I) gi:li quyet rn(lt (aeh cll lh~ moi quan h~ kCl cau san nghi~p cua ke'[ cau loai
h,nh giao due. ke't c:iu (huyen ngimh voi nganh kinh te can co g~ng hetstrc hqp ly h6a
rnoi quan he ke'l cau. kha nang lhich ling mang t[nh dan hoi m<)nh. Nhung 0 Trung Quoc
khi XU I)' moi quan he gifra hai cai lren van ton t'.li rat nhi~u van M, yeu cau lung buoc
t,en hilllh gi<iiq uye't theo eai each the che kinh te, khoa hQc ki thu~'. va giao dllc. Viin M
lilll lai chinh (ua n6 nhtr sau.
+ Cilua trinh IUsilp xe'p ket cau san nghi~p cua nganh kinh te voi trlnh tI! s~p xep ket
du dlUyen ng:lllh ella he thong giao duc ton tll.i mau thui!.n. Ket cau si'm nghiep nganh
kinh ll: Iii dlla v"o nong nghiep. cong nghiep nh<;,cang nghi~p nang cling nhu dc ngilllh
nghc kh,ie de [0 hop lrinh tLCsAp xep, con h~ thong giao dllc lai c1ua VilOloai hlnh ,a
lhuyen nginlh nhu khoa \ ':1[ I)'. khoa nang nghi~p, khoa hQc cang trinh, khou brn nghiep.
khoa y. khoa sU pham. t:,i (hinh. tht due, ngh~ thu~t lam t6 hqp thu m silp xep. Nhu va)
UH")Jlg nhCrng co the t~.l0 ra dLlq'C ~lJthfch ung tuang ho rna y~can h~'q-,con ph~tj-j'){.'i l:,'i'

lhilh Llilg(lla 1cJcu hinh glao due \" ke[ l:iU chuyen ngimh doi vai ket e,\:.\ sCll!nghiep,

ISS
 ': :-.
+ Ket cau chuyen nganh nbi hi:? he thong gi,io duc kh6ng hqp I)', Ii Ie Ihie'l Iflp
chuyen nganh mat 'can Mng, :anh huO'ng nghiem trong I(\,ikh<inang thieh trng ella kb du
sannghi~p ngo\li bq. Dicu nay phan anh Ci! th~ 0' hai phl!(1I1gdi~n:
T/r(r I1MI, ti I~ :;iiia kh6a hQc xii Mi'~'~khoa h9c tl! nhicn, m,lt tMng hfmg, khoa
hQc tl! nhien phat tji~n mlit each rna mit. ti 19qll<iJ6'n. Han nua Irong do lai dac hftt coi
tr9ng xay dl)'ng ch~yen nga$ cong nghi~p nang. coi nhe xfl)' d\rng chu)'cn ngimh C{\ng
~.
nghi~TP/n.he/". 'IAf h'
l1r WI, tI '?ic uyen ngan
h ' J 'h' h h' I, h" I' - I" "I -I'i
va 0\11 III n I! nong ng I~p. am ng HCp. l,an 1 C llnl
va phap lu~t, thuartg nghi~p,!tai chinh, quan Iy it, khong chi m\lng Il!l\'itnrrrng hoc ~ nJ"
m,.mg lucri chuyen! ngilOh curg it. Thco thong kc. narn 1990 kcl dux;l)' (hrng chu)'c'n
nganh ~hoa 0' c~.c fru~g trung hQc chuycn nghi9p la:. khoa C()~g nghicp ehic~m ~S.l_ :~;.
khoa nong nghlepl chiem 6.6%, khoa lam nghlcp chlcm I,Y,. khn,i y chlcm 1.'\.6:>'-;.
khoa su ph\lm chi€m , 30, I7~,, khoa kinh tif tai chinh ehic'm I 6,RY';, khoa himh chfnh \'il
phap luat chiem 1,95%, kho~ tM d\lc chiem 1,52%, khoa n'ghc thll~t chiC'rn 1.6Sr,;,.de
khoa khac chiem 1',86%, Xem bang 7.2.

Bang 7-2: S6hl?C:si~h

, va ti I~
phan khoa <'rtrubng trung hl?Cehuyennghicp
,
niirn 1990 ./'
- . -- .
so chieu sinh
I so
i
i
;

S6h9C ;inh Tinh t~ng so h9C sinh 161 so hoc sinh 161 ! h<;>c,inh . Oli(Ym Ii
!
16t nghl~p (nguoi) nghiep ?Tn I ngh ;er TJ ICS :I .. ,
.t'(1).trul'1Jlf! I 10 (C( I
(ngubi' -! (nguai I (nguoi, ) (nc.ui1j 1
I T6ng '~-'------
I 66126~~J0097
, 183350 r'T'
cqng
,
I 5-167-17 '
i
I
1'~..
. _I.. f
.'.' :

i I
I I
Khoa 128829 168786 39407 , 129379 i 5651:;0 I
i 25.17
c6ng :
,, I I ":"N.
i
nghi~p
i IJ_. ___ I
Khoa 29989 ,
,
nang:
I
• ,
43026 8436 3-1590'
i
1393-11 I ('.00 1
nghiep ~;
Khoa lam' 6257 ,733,2 108-1
i
, .-----'------~--
,
I
I, j
, ()~~s
, 27059 1 .~(J
nghiep ,
I _1 I •
Khoa y

]
94024 9J818 10099 I
,
I
, 81719 40-":-105
I hQc !-
,I
I
13,65
i
1
, J I
Khoa su 233689 227295 32562 194733 677282 i, :;0,17
ph~m 1, , ! I
i
I i,
•
Khoa 126070 14100: 68834 72171 ,! 3~7S06 16.S.'
kinh Ie I
:, I
lai chfnh ; i I ,.._~ ________
._. __L ... __ . __
I
Khoa 20318, 20743 18309 2.B.i ~~38:,R
, I-
1.95
Mnh
chfnh va
, I I I •
,
phap lu~t I -,----
I I _I
; --
•

\
156
 ---_.
KhoJ. th~ 6152 103-\1 , 362 9979' 34313 1.52
;
dl;h.:
i
KhO~t I
I
7517 I IOSI5 , 9S0 9835 37134 1.651
." ngh":'
!

Th<:ll theing ke. n,nn 1990 ke't cau khoa chuyen ngilIlh truang dm hoc iJ Trung Quoc
lit: Khoa Cling righiep chkm 35.Yk. khoa nong nghi~p chiem 4Yio. khoa lam Ilghi0p
l"hi~m fl,')';. khoa y hoc ehi~'m 9,6%, khoa su phum chiem 25,6%, khoa kinh te lili chillh
ehil:lll lIJ,5';, khllath<i duc chiem 0,7'70, khoa 'ngh~ Ihu~t chiem 0,9% (xem b'II1~'7-3).
t\lot Sl) li.;u lheing kJ ml1i khac: Nam 1999, Ii I~ s6 hqc sinh den IrUang cila cac khoa
chuYl:n ngilllh chinh '-lui cita lrllang d~i hqc pho thong 6 Trung Qu6c cau Ihanh Ii Ie Ia:
I;¥;c-, .'-inh te hqc chiem. l~i03%i pha.p lual-hqc chiem 4,27%, giao due
Tti,,'t h,.,,,.c41i"!H,-o,
hoc "hi.:m -1,09';" "'lll h,?c chiem 13,08'k, iich Slr lwc chiem 1,36%, 19 hqc chiem 10,3%,
cong nghi"p hllC chiem 39,-l8~Lnong nghi~p hQc chiem 3,49%, y hqc chiem 8,06%.
Ngoi,i ra. twong lrung hqc chuyen nghi~p vi, Iruang d'o\ihqc vlin con Ion t~i van de:
Chuy"n ngimh qu,i Ii mi va qua nho. khoa hqc chuyen ngilllh cii, ehuyen ngimh va khoa
h,-,<:kithu'll ml'li ncli con qui, y.:u.
, D,'ii m(ll "oi linh hinh COilIon t~i ~ac van de va s\f mat clln bAng Ii I~, trang qua
trinh Cili deh "il dieu chinh kel cau giao d\lc nen tien Mnh nay c6ng vi~c sau: Thl? nluil,
C'lIlcu Villlqui ho~ch phaltri~nlau dai n~n kinh te Mt nUGc,m\lc tieu cai each co che the
ch,,' kinh ll: thi truong xii h9i chit nghia, xu the cai cach ket (.au sa i nghi~p ciing nhu
phul1ng huong phal tri~n khoa hqc ki thu~t lien hanh d\f doan khoa hqc ket ciu h~ th6ng
khoa hoc chuy"n ngimh, nhanh chong xiI)' d\fng h~ thong cac khoa chuyen nganh phu
hllp ',ii y"u du cai cach kit c:iu s,ln nghi.;p va th6 che kinh te thi trliong; Th(( hai, can
cu VilUtrong Ji~JIl chi,,'n hroc cita s\r phat tri6n kinh Ie Trung Qu6c ve saunity. la yeu d.u
ci,a nc'>ngnghi"p, nang IlCc,ng.giao th6ng, giao d\lc va khoa ~qc,tung buoc dieu chinh va .,
c:,i ","eh kl:'l c,iu loai hlnh gi,iu Jue. kel cUu cltuycn ngitnh va ket cau khoa hqc hi~n nay,
tung bUlle lhii'l I"p thich Lrng,'oi k,,'t c,iu ,,-'n nghi?p ngitnh n6ng nghi~p, c6ng nghi~p
n':lIlg,." cemg nghil:p nl1<;.tr9ng di~m, hlCong vc he lhong khoa h9c chuyen ngitnh va ket .
diu clla ban ngilnh lrong Ji~m chien 1({(;lC chuy6n nhu(,1ng nhan Iili; Tlll( ba, pha va hlnh
thlk chuy"n ngitl1hlruycn th6ng. t'lng thl:m khoa h()c chuyen nganh moi, de dna ket cau
khlla hoc, n<,i dung chmlllg trJnh ph,it tri~n theo plwang h\!ong hien d~i hoa han. Cung
voi sU bi,,'n doi ella k,,'tc,iu s,in nghi"p "i\ "r phat tri6n clm khoa h9C ki thU(lt, ket cau
chuycn ngilnh cu vi, h~ thong khoa hqc cung noi dung chllOng trlnh dii kh6ng con phtl
hap Vlli Y"u e'lu moi, bunc phiti tic'n h'lnh c,li "'lcll. ,in phai nhilub chong to ch(lc m91
IO~1d<: nhil khoa hQc "il nh,\ giao duc. bien {'!p I"i lieu m6'i, ra s(rc dua thanh t\fll mo;
nh,it cila khoa he.,ckithuat hi.;n dai "ilO trong h" Ihling khQa hoc va n9i dung day h9c,
•

157
 .\
• •

Bang 7-3: So hoc \':'1 Ii Ii' sinh ph:ll' khoa Inrang dai hoc IIHing Iinrimg n:im 1990

I Tm"l
_ s.."l h\l~' !\Jtlh 101

1 Chiult qlll
J;-}!~=:]
I Ch\lY~lI I 'l"llIh
St,
I
hue

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'lllh ILJ~':';;-'"
"Ill rc'hllYl\1l
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'J"llh ('tHlih qUI 1 ('/IlIY!'1l I Tl h' h"l' T. II' hill /.,(.1
r;l\l t ....:•. 1(.;'111 i
khu;. kllo;1
I I.hll;! I ,inh dl,i.llh "1ll11 lllllll I Illt'll II".. I
61:\(11.1 }07Sh:'\ "f---:m:'i7.j;-) .f.t.IS-X5{1~ -__
(Jill 1;11

lntilll!-'
dlll,!'11

kllll:.' l;u
~.!£ __ ..~1~1I_._.....
Illw

r.:l!ilill II dlll\"('11

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317181 2lJI6hX
. Ttil1).:. \"I~\Jl~

'["IUI1t! ill'.
----'--
20l.2htl 1.\2(112-1

---------i--- _-----j ~-~l,J~J--\(~~--~"_'_

7-1:!.)71
_~~__ .~:-i,Xf,
j

--I '()S{ti~~-I-I2~7jf;'
-1-~7(HIHll--r :!OS:!1\5 -+-7~~;;;1-
Klmal'i'lll,-, 1:\:';(,24 12M,l -~J(~iiilh."I' ..- '1~.'-2.(:.7(~
-IAJ~~.I.-7~C~~ --:T"I>,. -1--" ."'7'
.~
llJ;hit!~
__ ,__
27679 1(,723 I (l1)5(1 2.P)20 14%4 1)1)5(,
Kim;! Iltill~ H7615 h.'2n 2-1.\.U .72:2Z--"!2i"ix'" .'-I-'~}iJ'l-.'(),c;."j"".
r----.!:E.~'j (0 fl
~
I
574.1 - ..._----
Khn:II:"1I11
nghi~'fI
362{1 2101:\ 5692 3545 2147 I f){)42 14219 4S:!.\ 7,V,7 -.1-2~",.U--I-,~i71--(::T.j"-'-
--
Y IIt.le
4281\1 .10177 12704 46772 30025 I Ci7-l7 20-l7X9 1~26tW 4f)109 20,17 ~, 7"-.S\ I I 1.51> I <0,70

Slt ph •.lIn
1909/4 52XYX 138016 182467 53429 129068 I--~
519637 21S2.:16 J0229 4l,S2
'~~X I 16,41> I .1,45

j
---
33652 19286 14366 27756 17617
Kho:\ van ' 10439 98804 7.1160 2~644 74,04 25.W, I 5.54 I 1.27
--- 28937 23125 5812 24034 1992 4072
Kho."ly --- 95156 ~571<
L66380 ---
9442

1--~'
--- ..... - _.- ..- .". ._.,~:.(.I~ I ~_. 1__ 6~~~__ 1 13,80
25305 41075 67446 29676 37770
I Kinh Ie'lui chfnh 220494
,
117999 1O~495 5.1,51 -I ~6,4~ 1.75

Hanh chfnh phap

lu~l.
12094 6467
'-
5qn
,.._- ~-".-
J 1675
------_._- --- .. -_.-.
6925 4750
-,
41634
..... _.- -
28627
. - - .- ,
13007
- ,. _ .. . ...
68,75
- -'-- . -- I,
31,25
-
'.I -,
2,16
'-'-
0,41

2630 1(,30 4142 2904

Th~dl;lC 1238 13975 10869 3160 77,77 22,23
4260 0,82 1.81
--- 5242 1867
Ngh~Ihu~(
337:'\ 5661 2511 3150 18936 10442 6794 53,55 46,45 0,76 1,28

-.-J
CO
tn
III. Ket cau ghio dl,lc ,,61 ket caukl thu~t lao dQng
K0't eau giao duc vai ket cau ki thuat lao d9ng cung la mot phuong di0n q llell1
lrong lrong moi quan he giiia ket ciiu gi~o dllc vai ket cauikinh te ....Giii:a chung deu co
mal quan he thuc d<iy Ian nhau, ,inh huang Ian nhau. I

L. 1

1. Ke't C,IU ki thu*t lao dong cua nganh kinh te co Hnh h::1I1ehe dol vm ke't
e,iu cap hac, trinh do khae nh'lu eua th~ thong giao dlclel

Bell k5' ngimh kinh tc nilo lien hilllh SilO xuiit cteuiiiy Sl! ket hqp e~a tai li~u silO
xu:it vii lIfe !uong lao dong lam lien de. Trong qua tdnh SilO xuiit, giiia tai li~u sim xuiit
vii luc luong lao dong sir dung nhiing tU li~u san xuiit do khong chi ton t<ii moi quan he
Sl) Iuong nhSl dlnh. rna con ton tai rnoi quan h~ ve chiit luqng nhiit d\nh, Nhiing ngimh
kinh k kh,\c nhau hoae cllllg m9t nganh kinh te, do no sir dung so luqng va chal luqng
eila nhung lU lieu stin !lUat rna no sir dung khong giong nh3tl, VI vay rna yeu cau doi vai
lrlnh do gi'IO oue va (rlnh d9 van hoa cua nguoi lao-dong, cung se khonggiong nh'lu.
Thong lhulJng rna noi, so luqng tlI li~u san xuat cang lan, chat lu<;mg cang cao, yeu ciiu
ve trlnh dl) giao due va trlnh d9 van hoa cua ngllai lao d9ng cimg cao. Xet ve tong the
.\ii hlH. so luang va chiit luqng euatai li~u sim xuiit ma nhfrng nganh kinh te va dCln vi
Slm ,\Uat khac nhau sir dung cung khac nhau, va ve khach quan hlnh thanh moi quan h~
ti k nhat <.Iinh. giiia cac nhan vien ki thu~t cac cap lam ngbe lao d9ng san xuat phai co
mOL moi quan he li Ie lUClng lIng. Dieu nay chlIng to kit ciiu lao d9ng ki thu~t eua
nganh kinh (e' dii h~n che ket diu lo~i hlnh va ket ciiu trlnh d9 CUfl giao dl!c. HCln nil'a
eung vai sU phal trien ella san xuat, Sl! bien doi clla ket cau'san nghi~p ket cau lao d9ng
ki (hU'I( eung bU9C phai phat sinh slJ' thay doi tUClng IIng~ Cung vai sl! khong ngiing
nang eau ella CCIgiai hoa, tl! d9ng hoa va trlnh d9 trang thiet bi ki thu~t cua san xuat xii
hoi, da yeu du B9 giao dlle khong chi eo pho c~p giao ~lIC trung h<;>cCCIso rna con
ph~i rna rong va tang wang giao dllc trung hoc pho thong va phat lri6n giao dl!e d<ii
hoc, D:,e bier la may ehllc nam gan day san xuat hi~n d<ii dang phattri6n theo phuClng
hU(Jng "'()\,i !til/II {tIp {rul/g liJ'1/ \'Iji," va "'O(li lIil/ll I(ip lrul/g kr rl!luj{". VI v~y, yeu cau
giaD due phlli phil( lri~n njng. SlI' thuc ella nhil'ng quoe gia phat trien tren the giai dii
chL'rng minh Jicu nay.

2, Kel diu loai hinh va ke't cau trlnh d(l giao due nen co Hnh thieh lIng d6i vai
ket cau lau dong ki thu*t eua ngimh kinh te,
Ke'l eiiu loai hlnh giao dllc nhat dinh, kel cau trlnh d9 eung nhu tlnh hlnh ph,lt
lri~n l'ill! (rinh do giao due cae eap phai thfch lIng vai ket eau lao d9ng ki thuilt va trtnh
do pillit lrien ella ngilnh kinh Ie, phuc vu eho kct c:iu'ki (hu~l. Dt noi 1'6 van de nilY Ul'.l
li~n phan lieh mot ehlll hien lrang ella ket cau cap bile giao duc, ket cau tr1nh lit', V'I kCi
du !tto dong ki (huilt a Trung Quoc hi~n nay.
+ Hi~n tr~.l.!lgk~t cau ccip b(lC giao ClL.1C V~lk.(,'tc[lu tr1nll clQ.
CSp bae gi'lo dlle I'a trlnh do giao duc a Trung Quoe eu the khllO stil ti:r ba phlr,'ng
dien. uk la so hoc sinh Mn truong. Ii Ie nhap hQe va nien han dU0C gi,io duc blnh qu,'n
,!:tn so ,\a hoi. SO hQc sinh (!Cn truong: Theo thong ke nam 1999, nghien elm sinh (;Ii
lillong Ii! 233.500 nglroi. so nguoi a truong dai hQC va chuyen khoa truong dai hoc lil

159
 7.189.000, twong trung hoc ph6 thong lil 3.963.200 nguoi. trHong Irung hoc das nghc 1:,
1.603.700 nguoi, trung hoc chuyen nghiep Iii 1.'i28.500 hoc sinh~'lrung hoc CCi >e:'Ii,
58.117.000 hoc sinh. ti~u hoc Iii 135.480.000 cm. Ii Ie eli hoc ella Irc em tUDIIIC:Uhoc a
e:i I1lfae Iii 99,1 %. tl Ie hoc sinh eli hoc cfip hai Iii 88.'i<;(. Ii Ie hoc sinh hoc c,ip ha Iii
3-1.4%. Ii ICh,K ,inh trung hoc ehuyen nghiep IiI-lO.7"~. ti Ie dc em hoc elai hoc I:, 9r;.
Nicn han binh quim dan so xa hQi chroe gi;\o duc lit: Theo Ihong ke nillTI 1999.
niC'nhan hi"', .~Il:"" d:in so xii hoi toim Trung Quoc cl,roc gi,\o due 1,,6 n,"n. Tmh h"lIh
a
hoc sinh 0 de C;)P cac lo<)itruong hgc Trung Quoc xem b,ing 7--1. 7-5. 7-6.
Tom I;,i. kct cal: cap b~c gino d\,c cua Trung Qu6c c6 Slf elicu chinh nh,it cllnh. C;;C
cap giao due cung d~u phat trien, ti I~ hgc sinh eli hoc v" nien han ellrae gi,\o due blnh
quim mbi nglfoi cung duqc nang cao, nhung \',In co khming dch nh,it el,nh elC)i"6i nhu
cau phat trien kinh te quac dbn va ket cau lao d(mg ki thu"t.
I I
i Bang 7-4: S6 truang h",c thong thuimg cae cap
dan "i: n~()i
: Nam 1949 I Nilm 1978 Ni,m 1998 ~
Truong dai hgc thong thuimg 205 i 598 I ()7~_
Truong cao elang thong thuang 52191 1671181 965~)9S
Truong trung hgc chuyen nghi~p 117! i ~~~
Truong trung hgc ki thu~t 'i61 ! 171.• 1~~ J.2U
Truong trung cap su pham ' 610 i . 2013 I ~_: '
Truong cong nh,in ki Ihuil! 3, 10.•6 i .• y -,,
Truimg trung hgc thong thuimg 40 .•5 '_1_<2.23-12.1~_. __7?~,~S 1
Trung hgc ph6 thOng 1597 , .•9215 i 1.'9.1S.1
Trung hgc co S0 1,,(,,(8i I I3130 : 6."940 :
Truong trung hgc clay ngh~ i ... I 10m I :
__ J
Truong vila hgc vit.\ !:\In ! __ ... I I ~~
TruOng lieu hoc , .;-!1i769 949323 ! 6096'1i i
Truong hoc giao d~c d~c-bii:I-" -~~~~----~~--- u-.u ... I ~92 J 15~~j
M,IUgiao
_ .._~-- .-..
'~I("J9'i-~
- ---~._-_._ .. ------_._----_ .. _--,.---
i~--JRj'~r;-~
---------
1

Bang7.S: 56 hoc sinh cJe'nlnrimg a cae tru/cmg thong thuimg ,i cae e:'ip

Dc.1n vi : Tl11Jc)'i n~hjn IH!tri-ri

~. .~------,-----,-----
--.
Nam 1949: ~:tm J978 :-i,'llll]?9~
---------------~ ~
. Nghie_n_c_u_"l_l
_~:_i_l1_h ~ ~2_~ 1~934ul_=-~~9~R~'l-

!;-~;f~n~~nhchfnh qui tnrimg dai hoc Ih\~ng i 1~~-) ~''i.63 L ~:::'.'

.
iTrnong cao d;mg {h()ni' thuon!!. 127.f)'i (,675.37 753';,':0
. Tnran~ trlln~ hoc chllven nohiL 22.88i---=--=~S8.9~l-===:J2_~g,
,-Trub;;;;-;ru-ng h~c kfih~,at 7.71 52.93 : 4r,'lS7
Trllon lnl~g ca SLI ham 15.17 i --35~-:--92:Ji-
TruOn con~ nhan ki thuat
, .2.27_
.._' --.:~s..:20J__ -=~-J~]~~-:
160
 ---- 6548,25 6301,03
Trung hue lhong lhuCm~ 103,90
20,72 1553,08 938,00
T ruan" can ba
83,18 4995,17 5363,03
Tnran" can hai .

... 541,62
. Twong lrun~ hoc day n~he
454,92
I TnllJO)! cap ba ,
.'.0

86,70
! •
.. ...
i Cio haL 0,61
~T.':-L(_il~l~~:~~~ vua lam 13953,80
2439,10 ! 14624
~.X~:~.£~~1~.~ll'l~,_~()C
___~--:.___ ._
... ,
,
3,09 35,84
i TnfiJIl!! !2.do due due bid
... 787,70 2403,03
i\_--_
Nh:1.. Ir.:
-----

Ihing 7.6: S6 hoc sinh chieu sinh van cae truang b~nh thuang 0 cae cap
Dan vi: mubi nghln hgubi
I-~~ Nam 1949- Naml976 Nam 1998
,
242 10708 72508
i~~hi~;l cuu sinh (nguai)
3,06 40,15 108,36
[T1,,,-';;nh h~ chinh qUI tWang dai hc;>c
i
.

thong thuang
50,97 2769,29 2764,71
l.Tnlcmg trung hoc binh thuang
\ Twong trung hoc chuy~n nghi~p
I, 9,74 44,70 166,83

l
4,28 26,79 134,89
i Truong
.
trung c,ip ki thuilt
5.46 , 17,91 31,94
i Tnrang trung cap su pham
... ,
25,70 59,40
T ,,',,' ki ,h",' ,',' "hiep 41,23 2698,89 2320,91
Tnrcmg trung hoc blnh thuang ,I 359,55
7,11 692,91
Trung hoc pho lhong
34,12 2005,98 1961,39
I Trung hoc ea sa I
, ... 217,57
r TrLrcmg trun)! hoc day nghe
0,30
I-T~u(jn;' ,ua Iwc vira iill1; 3315,36 2201,38
680,00
\ T!:erg~lglieu ~oc 4,91
0,59
lTnrcmg gi,io duc dlle bid
--- ---- -----~--------
+ lli~n trang ket cau lao d9ng ki thuat ngill1h kinh te cua Trupg Quoc.
K.:'I cau lao d9ng ki thu~t ngll11h kinh te chu yeu la chi qU"lnhe Ii I~ giiia khoa hc;>c
bil'n lhilnh trinh d9 ella ki thu~t san xuat v~t chat va nhan ~ien khoa hc;>cki thu~t nganh
S:lll XU:Ilvat ch,it. Tit goe d(') khoa h9c tra thanh trlnh d(> lao d(>ng ki thuM ma n6i, ket
"iu lall dong ki thu'Ll iiI chi lao <.long ki thuat mui nh9n b~c cao, lao d9ng ki thuat trung
,lllng, lao dong ki thu'll b'IC thap. Hi~n nay xet ve trlnh d(> trang thie! bi kithuat ngill1h
"ill xlI,it "'It ch:ll ella Trung Quoc ma n6i, lao d(>ng ki thu~l b~c cao, miii nh9n, tL!dong
h6a "i IUtmg ,on it. lao dong ki thuil! trung gian, ban tu dong h6a, cel khl h6a vi, biin co
khl h"" ,ii ILcong 16n. Ltong thai ,:\n ton tai cong ngh~ thu cong viI ki thuat lhll cong vai
sLi ILrung nh:it dinh. ,e
C(1 b,'tn C'I kl't Uiu Iii mot trang thiii hlnh lang. Xet tic gt"l LIC,kct

"iu Ii Ie nh'1I1 ,'i~n ki thu,1t ng'lIlh ,,'tn XU'lt vat chril mil n6i. hien nay theo thoI',
72 U')\lg lY tr-:n c;,'\ ntr6c. ti l~ gitra nh;'i[1 \'il~iJ l10'1)1 kien trli"_~ ~:u' \'~I chCrc danh tli, ;:,2 JI ~"'

(J tfeU It'll nh'lll ,i~n ki lhu'lt '" chuc danh luang ung la: 1: 0,67, e0 khi II Ie gLllc, niL",
'len ki lhll'tt "I kic'n true su Clla mot doanh nghiep lai dao ngu:ac hO'ln (o,\n, Ii Ie iiI 7: \
161
hoac 9: I. Trong khi dO' ti Ie nhan vien ki thuat c(mg trlnh cila quae gia ph';1 Iri0n
thuang la 1:3 den 1:10, Ngoai ra, trong so 40,000,000 nh:m ,'ien kl thu:lI Iren c<i Jllrac,
dang e:ip kl thU:lt cung thfip, trong dO' so c6ng nhan khong Ihimh rhue lay nghc lai
chiem II lrong rfit 100, so eong nhan cO' lay nghc gioi lai chiem Ii trong r:il nho, Thco
thong ke nalTI j 990, trong dan so xa hi)i, cu 1000 ngtrai thl co 10.13 nh;lIl ,ien kl Ihuat.

+ f)ieu chlnh va d.i each ket cau cfip bae "a ke'l eautrlnh de) eua gi,;o due,

Tir hien trang ket cau e~p b(ic giao dllc vai ke't e:iu lao d6ng kl thu~t D(\i tren dii
noi 1'0 ket cau cap ~ac giao ~lIC va ket cau trlnh do giao duc cila Trung Quoc ,an dn
],1 :11lien hanh die:] rhlnh va d.i each hO't1nua,

Ddu rit'n, mu':n i:tm eho kel e:iu giao duc. eLic bid la kel e:iu e:ip hile "0' kCI C,ill
lrinh d(j Ihich ung vai yeu cau clla ket C'IU trang thie't bi lao dong kl Ihu;1t "a khi1ng
11':[ln,' ',h,'c d,~yph61 11':,-", 1';Jng Ihi,"1 hi lao dong ki thu:lt. ph,ii lam t(it c()ng t<ic phi; e:,p
!,),io due lrun," hoc co ,0 cho loiln the nh:m dim, Ha quyct 1:1m \0'; mu ehu. han mi, chu
nwl (":,'1: "\;'.:111 I,h:lt va sam nh:it, nen doc hel slrc hrc thuc hi en mue tieu phi) e:lp gi;;o
due nghia vu chin nam va CCI ban xoa mu ehu, ban mu chi'r. tir dO' n:mg cao trlnh d6
kien thlre khoa hoc, hi~n ,1ai va t1nh eli) kl thuat eim toan d,in t6e, Tren co sa nay ph'li
ph,it tricn m~nh dc lo~i hlnh giao d,IC trung dip, VI hien trang ket criu trang Ihic-'t hi
lao di)ng kl thuilt cua Trung Quoc da n6i 1'6. chung ta dn soluqng Ian nhan ti,i e6 Irlnh
di) ki thuat blnh thuimg, trung dJng, cho n(~n ph,ii ph at tritn 'manh gi,\o due trung hoc.
eEte biet Ia giao duc trung hoc Cihuyen nghiep, \rung hoc day nghc va trung hoc k, lhu:ll,
Do ki thuilt b~e cao, tinh xao va mui nhon ella Trung Quoc hien nay ""n la r:il it. Ilhung
day l~i la phuO't1g huang pMt tricn ket C:iu lao dong k, lhuill. VI v['y. de hinh Ihuc gi;,"
duc d"i h9C cung nen pMt tricn thfeh hqp, Chung ta con nen biet dmg. hien n,,,' hier
trang cua ket cau trang thiet bf lao d(>ng kllhui't,nity ella Trung Quae sc khong ngirng
thay d6i, cung vaj .s,! phat tricn el,a dch mang ki thuilt m(\,i n<\ se kh6ng ngirng phat
tricn va nang cao len trlnh di) cap cao,

TI", hai, muon lam cho ket cau gi;\o dt,le. dac biet Iii ke't c:iu e:ip b:le v" k(t c:iu
trlnh di) giao dllc thich ung vai nhu cau ei,a ket e'lu lao d6ng ki thu:ll Ihi ph,ii kh,k
phue su mat can b;'rng hi~n trang kel c;\u kh(lng hqp I~' gilra c:ip h:\( gi,io oue ";1 k(1 c:iu
trlnh d(> giao duc, Hien nay ti Ii' gii\O duc trung hge "Iii giao due dai hoc (I Trung Q1l6c
khong can bang, d~c biet la giao duc trung hoc do \)'In th:ln kel c:iu kh,)ng ho'p 1\. t6e
do phat tri~n eh(im, lam cho ban nganh san xuat v:,t ch:it m(ll milt \'ira Ihib, rhein nh:rn
vien kj' lhu~t trung cap, mi)t m~t lang phf nghiem trong nh:rn ,'ien ki thU:ll b:;c cw,
Dicu dO' kh6ng cO' Iqi ,doi vai su phat tritn kinh te, d;,c biet Iii sl1 phat IIi0n Cllil kct e:iu
lao dong. Muon thay d6i hi~n trang kh6ng thfch ung. kh6ng hqp l~' nay ph,ii hap I~' JH~a
kel cau giao due trung cap va da tang h6a giao dllc dai hge. Giao due IrlIn~ dimg chi IiI
giao duc giua d~i h9C va ti~u h9C. NO' chu yeu bao g6m ba hinh Ihuc. t(le 101 gi,io c1uc
lrung hoc thong thuang, giao dllc tru~g hoc ehuyen nghiep ,'il giao due trung hoc ki
:~lI;'l'ghiep \11, Cai g9i lit ket cau giao due Irung c:ip Iii chi moi quan he ti; hap '" II Ie

~i:~r;1Ilnng cap, trung h9C chuyen nghiep, Irung hoc day nghe, INang lrung hoc ki Ihu,il
'_L;j:g n]n[ lrung hQc nang n.~:1i~p. Kelt cfill gl;\(1 dl.1C trung c[ip hop J~'C<1)' ngh!il (L)c hi~l
qua:i doi \6J '/i~'c
~n.Jllg d,'I~." "'a;-;h sl.rrh~it ill(n eLla ,~I<IU dl,JC lrung c[ip. Vi \"(1:•.. !1l\.I!\n
Ihw' d6i hien lr:llE 'hi,:u ]HlI nll:lI; ,Ill, k'i lhJ::'! trllng:'ip iJ Trung Quoe I1kit Ihll:1 ph'li
1,1 ..~,'~C::~I~:i~;orl~IC lrung C'lq" d,iy nh?tnh t6c do ph<it triell gi.io dl..Jc l.rtJrig c;'lr.
 K.:'l criu tang lap giao due dai hQe phai hqp ly, lhl!c,hi~n da tang h6a. Oii goi la
lang kIp giao due dai hge hqp I)', da tang h6a la chi Ii I~gi~a nghien CUll sinh, sinh vien
chinh 4ui va sinh vlen ehuyen nganh, phai phat tri~n nhip :nh1mg, Mot thai gian dai, do
I -
w m,iL C'"1 b'll1g Ii Ie nghiem trang gilla sinh vien ehfnh qui va sinh vien chuyen nganh
Lrung ~cl ceiu nhieu tang giao due dai h9C, dan den hi~n tllqng ehi dlla vao hge sinh
ehinh qUI de dap ling nhu du eua ke'l cau kinh te, sir dt,mg mot so Illqng 100 sinh vien
ehinh qUI bm nhllng vi2c m:l sinh vien ehuyen nganh !iUlI, dan den Sllliing phi nghiern
Lrung IllOL loal smh ,'ien chinh qui. tlr do lam eho ket cau Ii l~ nhan vien ki thu~t
chu)cn khoa kh()[]g tbleh ting voi kc"t cau lao dong ki thu~t. Muon lhay doi tlnh trang
nay nhat thid phai tiin hanh eai cach ket cau tang lap gi~o duc dii-i hoc, cu th~ c6 th~
lIcn ll:mll theo may phLlong dicn sau,
filiiIlhJI, lanh dao cac eap va ban nganh chu quan phai nh~n thuc duqc giao due
chuy0n ng:lnh dai h,)C la lang lUOng doi doc I~p cua toan B(> giao dl,lc dii-ih9C, no c6 lac
dung nrc ~)' quan tr9ng doi voi kel cau ti I~ hqp Iy nhAn vien ki lhu~t trong llnh vlfc
"HI ,'""il 1"11 chal, lhay doi quan di~m-sailam v6 vi~c_coi nht; ho~c b6 qua giao d\jc
ehuy2n ng:mh dai hoe,xoay ehuy~n phuong h1lOOg I~ch cUa tfuang h9c chuyen doi voi
dai hoc thong lhuang, nghiern cam eaeh lam tuy Y len cap thanh h9c vicn eila dIe
lrLlimg ehuyennganh,
FIlii h"i, ngill1h gi:lo due I'a dc ban nganh chil quim yeu cau cac dia phuong kill
xay dung tWang moi "a d<).tfa ehe do luyen sinh lhl phai tien hanh mot each chat che
theo k2t cau ti Ie hqp 15' cila h9C sinh chinh qui va h9c sinh chuyen nganh, ra suc co
g:.ng dleu llct can bang gilla ti Ie chinh qui va chuyen ngimh noi tn~n, c6 th~ dung cac
~h'IU di.:'u ttCI thi trLlong d~ tie'n hanh dieu tiel ti l~ cua n6.
r1l1i hu, e'li deh tmyen thong chi tuy6n sinh h9c sinh chinh qui ma khong tuyen
sillh huc sinh chuy~n khoa cua cac lrLlang dai hoc thong thuang, c6 the me> iJ cac
truang dai hoe thong thuang cac lap chuyenhai ho,'\c ba n'I111,
FIlii huy dong lOall bo tinh tfeh clfc clld 'lice mer \rUang h9C a cac phllong dien
/Ii,

xc, hoi, scI dung de con duang dai hoc cong nh'\I\ "'Il ch{rc, dai hoc phat thanh tmyen
hloil, U~.U hqc h~\m lhl,l Jc
1110 rQng solu,(Jng C<1.Ci.; iJCJng c!l'.l);:n lh~ihQC, tang cuang dicu
kien 1110trLlang eua eac lruang chuyen khoa dai h9C, lam ehu giao duc chuyen khua (tc:
hoc ph,it trilin manh,

IV. Su phat trhin cua ket cau giao dlJ.cv6i ket cau kinh te khu v,!c
t-.16i quan h~ gilla ket cau bo c\jcgiao dl,lc voi ket cau kinh te khu Vlfc cung la mot
pl1lfcmg e1i2n khong the b6 qua trong moi quan h~ tllongh6 giua ket diu giao duc voi
k2't e,iu ~inh te, Ke't diu khu vLlCkinh te quoc dan co anhhllang Ian doi voi kct du bo
cue khu I'UC gi,1O duc, I'a kc't cau bo C\jC trllang h9c cac dip nen c6 tinh thfeh ung doi
veri SLf ph,it trien ella ke't c,iu kinh te khu wc, '
i'-:hill tlr gac do k.:'t diu kinh te' khu v\rc ma n6i thl kinh te quoe dflll Trung Quoe
ph,itlri21l ~hong 61ll b!lllg, c6 giilU c6 nghco, c6 nhanh c6 ch~m, c6 trLloc co sau, Chinh
"jeh killh Le ella Trung Quoc cUllg chu truong khu vlJ'c co ti6m nang lhl phat trien
trLll1e, tir d6 ~eo theo vii khuye'n khich khu vUC kh6ng phat tri~n bfrt dau phat trien, Do
kini1 t.:' cCJekhu \lrc phat trien khong dong Mu nen ket cau va cach thuc giao duc phat

163
tri~n khong dong Mu. Khu vue kinh te phat tritn thl dicu kicn \'~t eh'lt tot. su nghicp
giao due phat tri~n nhanh, U) ellc giao due dc capeae loai hlnh ,ling hap I>"han: khu
vlIc kinh te lac h~u dieu kien v~t chat kern. su nghicp giao due c~ng phal tritn eh,1n:.
b6 clIc tnrang hQc cac cap cling rat kho co tht hqp I>".Dong thai rn(li khu vuc Ihl kft
cau kinh te cila no Mu co d~c diem rieng. dicu nay guye't dinh kei du b6 cue gi'lo due
cac khu vue cung co d~c slic rieng cila minh. Vi vfly. khi khilO "it m6t each eu the kt't
cau b6 cuc truong hQc cae cap co tM can cuvilO tinh th'ln ella c<ii each Ihteht' kinh It'
de ph an chia thanh ba loai ket eau phfln b6 khu vtre.

1. Cae khu vVe kinh te' phat tri~n nhtr th~l1h pho. duyen hai ,11 sii il khu 'lIe
phat tri~n trang n(li dia

Loai khu \OTC kinh te ph at trien nay thong thuong eo nhll::u lit mang Ilrai tnrimg
hoc giao due sa dJng va trung dang, b6 cuc co b,in eung h0p I>".dong thai \C «1 h,;n Jil
phei cap giao dlIe so dang, ti l~ ph6 c~p giao due e,ip hai eung khc)ng ngung c!troe n'tng
cao, co khu vue dang ph6 cap giao dlIe efip ba. Vi v'IY loai kinh tCkhu \'ue n"v ne'n eht!
lrang xem xct den ket efiu va b6 cue mang truang hQe giao due e,ip hai. tung blr{K' phl)
cflp giao due cap ba va I,\m eho ket efiu giao due trung e,ip hap I>,'han. &i cue mang
luoi cae twang hoc f.l~O dlIc trung cap can thieh ung "oi nhu du phat trien kinh k' khl'
vue, dap (mg duae nhu du ph at trien kinh Ie. Cae loai hinh tnrong hoc. h6 cue tnrimg
hoc va mang luoi thiet I~p cac khoa ehuycn ngitllh dn ph,ii ra Stre kitn toilll d(;ng bil.
hop ly ket eau va co buoe phat trien to Ion. vtt91 h,1c.

2. Khu vue co tdnh d(l pMt tri~n kinh te trung dang

Loai khu We kinh Ie phal trien nay dau licn dn ph;ii nam eh{le b6 cue Illang !troi
lruong hoc eua giao due nghia vu ph6 C<ll' chin nam. lam eho kt't c1u bei cue truang
ti~u hoc hqp Iy. co Iai eho vi~c ph6 cap giao d\le 'so dAng va lung btroe hOlln thanh I'he>
cap giao dlIe so dAng, d6ng thai blit lay suy nghi dcn giao due trung dflllg. d;le hid 'il
trung hoc thong thuang, trung hQe d~y nghc va ",in dc kel eau b6 cue Sir ph,i! trt(n cae
loai twang ki thuM ehuycn nganh trung dilllg, tung buoc ticn theq huang phei e"p gi;lo
due lrung dang.

3. Khu vue kinh tel~e h~u

Nhling khu vue nay pkii dile hid n{1111vling kt't efiu bei cuc:truf'rng hoc cila gi,io
due ti~u hoc, ttmg ~'16c Ih're hi"n l:h,jp moi thon det co ti6u hQe 'ho;1e lOp dav hoc. ra
suc va !'hanh eh6n,'. P:'",,' 'eng h)' tirng de'l ticn hilIlh phO e(lp gi;io due SO df1l1g. h":111
thilnh :-,,-,eic~p gi:io 'JLle nghia \'u chin nilm. D6i \'oi nhling khu \'ue nilY. ngo:,i Lju(je gia
va nhUng khu vlIe kinh te ph,t tri~n cung c:ip chi "i~n \'e m(lt kinh teo. nh'lIl lue ra. h,in
than khu vlre d6 cung phai co' g<\ng nam eh;\e vice thict lap mang luCri ti6u hoc. 1:\111 cho
ket 6u bri cue tieu hoc h9Jlly, d;1y eung la mot phuong dicn \'i, bicn ph,ip quan trong_

T6111lai, hit cau the che,giao dlIc, kc't cau efip bae. ket e,iu loai hlnh. kc't C'IU Irinh
do. kct 6u chuyen nganh va ca ket eau b6 cue khu nrc can ph<ii thieh ung \'OJ veu dll
cua eac loai ket eau ngilllh kinh te, dap trng nhu du CLl~kc't 6u kinh It' da ehilllg Ina;.
ket criu kinh Ie da I,in'" IU do thue dav St! e,ii dch \'it hOllll thicn kcle,iu kinh 1(;. Ihlll
day viee thfll11 nhap .', pMt tri~n citi ~aeh the ehc' kinh Ie Ihi tnrllng xa hoi chi, ngilia.
lhue di;y su phat tri~n l:J"h teva tang truang san Xl,,'ll
164 \
 Bai 3: Ke't eau giao due vai vi~e lam mang Hnh ket call sue
lao d(lng

.~ Seli Irua" chung la d:i phan [feh mqt each ti mi moi quan he v~ de phuong dien
giCrak0'1",iu giuo due 'el k~'t du kinh Ie. V~y thl eai gila huoe ngo\il ehuyen h6a etta
.,
su li0n k0l gifra hai k01 cau nay'? D6 la"suc lao dqng, la ket cau suc lao dong, H, viec
lam mang tinh k~'l du sue lao d(lt\g. VI v~y, chuyen man trluh ba~'va phan tich moi
Llu;lllh0 cua k0l cau giao duc ,oi kel cau suc lao dqng la nghien cuu, I',m toi va Ira cuu
khau lrung gian trang moi quan h~ lUang h6 giua ket cau giao d\!c va ket eau kinh te, la
ehice cau noi ,'a Iii s(li d'IY noi lien, cling la mql buoc lien sau sk va buoe phat tri~n
tmng mal q uan h0 lUong h6 giua ket cau kinh te voi kel cilu giao d\!c. Kel.cuu suc lao
dong 1" moi quanhe ti I~ gifra cac nganh kinh te quoc dan~ soluqng va ch[ft luong dlil
I,!e IWIng 1;lll Lhing tra}l~de nganh nghe cling nhu su phan bo khu v,rc, Vi~c bm ""H'g
tinh kc't du sue lao Jqng-l~ "c-actfilS1 luangdoi cua vi~clam suc raa dqlfg njang,tnl1
th{lIlg thuong. Vi.;e HU11 mang tfnh ket cau suc lao dqng I~i la do sl! phat trien m~nh me
eua k1l0a hl)e ki lhu~t, tU d6 khong ngung xuiit hi~n ngimh nghe moi, sim nghi~p moi
V'I linh VLIChoat dqilg kinh te mol. Vi v\iy, yeu cAu vi~c li\m suc lao dqng phiii c6 kien
thue ,an h6a khoa hqc va trinh dq ki thu~l sim xuiil nhat !linh, c6 khii nang thich ung
lao uqng eua san xuat hi~n d~i. '

I. Tmh hlnh ket eau sue lao dQng ella Trung Quoc
• Tfing SO nguai lao dong ph;in anh so luq1'lg suc lao dqng tren mqt trinh dq nhal
dinh. Tong dan so Trung QuOc khoang 1,3 ti nguoi, trang d6 so nguoi lao dqng g1in
900.000.000 nguai. chiem 69cf. Ket e;lu ngu6n lao dqng cila Trung Quoc c6' nhiIng
(ElC di~m salt.

1. ell 50 lan, loe dq tang truti'ng nhanh

SO ILrongnguoi lao dong d Trung Quoe chiem vi Irf so mqt ln~n the gioi, va m6i
nCnn ["ng tnrong ,'Critlie de) 10,000.000 nguoi tra len. Hicn tuqng nay mql m~t cung
dip ngu(ll] lai nguy0n nh'lll lue "" ngu6n t'li nguycn s(rc lao dqng voi soluqng Ion cho
vicc :\"IY JLrng hi~n dai h6a u,it nUGe"" phat tritn kinh te, nhung m(lt khac 1\lidem lai
up lLtCLulCmeho \'i~c 1'1111 xa hQi, drill Mn tlnh trang suc lao dqng qua thua. Thea thong
a
k0. nglll>ll lao uc)ng du thira nong thon khoiing trcn duoi 150.000.000 nguoi, ngu6n
lao dC'l\gdll Lhila6 thill1h th! khoang 10,000.000 ngllai, Nhu v[IYrat kh6 c6 thi n6i Mn
,i0c lellllIllang t(nh k~'t ,cill.

2, Trc h6a kel c,iu do tuoi lao dqng

TheO th6ng kt:. li l~ c~lu thanh <.h)tlloi :au (;~H1g l1 (rulLg QUL)C li.. :"ISllUli lao d<lllg
lrung dl) tu6i 15--+-+ luoi ehic'm 80,.+~1c" dQ lll0i C[i~l ll~li\'\'j I~~) lkl11~ llr l)-20 tu6i chit~m
.+gj2',{,. DC1C di~1l1tr~ h6a k~'t c>lUd(,Jllloi !all dqng 0' TrUll:,'.l2uoc ttl illul phUl"'; d','11
n6 rh~'lI1~inh st! nghi~p giao dl.1c kh6ng plult tri~n, d~lC bi~t l~l g.i{lll l.h,l'.. '.: ~i.,,:: l}ji.: I~i',ll

• tri~l\ qua eh,u11,

165
 3. Ket cau nght' nghi~p lao di?ng khong hap I)'
D\la V110 tfnh chlft nganh cua nhiing cong viec ma ngum lao'd(lng thuimg lam dii
phan chia thanh ket cau sim nghi~p khac nhau. Thco thong ke. nam 2000. nguoi lao
d(lng lam 6 nganh sim nghi~p thu nhat chiem 47.05%. nguoi lao dong lilIn vicc ngi,n1- a
sim nghi~p thu hai chiem khoimg 27,9%,nguoi lao d<mg lam lrang nganh san nghic!,
thu ba chiem 25,87%, ngUOr lao dqng lam nghe lao dong chan lay trong cii nUGCchicm
khoimg 75%, ti l~ nguai laoid(lng lam nong ~ghiep qua 100.
,
4. Ket cau trinh di? vl'ln bOa clIa ngum lao df?ng thap
, i
Ve m~t trlnh di? van h?a va trlnh dq giao dtlc thl ngu6n laod(lng clla Trung Qu6c
ntlm trang tlnh trang trlnh d(l thap. MqT la; trlnh do glao dtle ,'an hoa co b,ln thap. s6
luqng nguai mil chii: va bal! mil chii: 100. Chi nhin ti! goc d(l trlnh d$ "an 1)6a. can cli
vao dieu tra Ii m! 51! bien d~ng ella dati so
tr6ngnam 1997. nguai col~lnh do tot nghicp
ti~u h9c 6 Trung Quac chiem 40,67%, so nguai co trlnh do dai h9C tra len chi{j11
2,74%. Hai la, trlnh di? giao dtlc van hoa nguai lao d(lng khong can b,1ng. Dicu nay
chu yeu bi~u hi~n 6 hai ph~O'ng di~n, mi?t la ngimh san nghiepphall b6 khong dCu. Vi
du: 6 ngimh san nghi~p nong nghi~p ti"l~ nguai mil tieng Trimg vaoan mil tieng Trung
chiemti I~ cao han 40% v~ ti l~ nhan tai co trinh ~i? ehuyen mon cap cao chi chi{m
2,74%; m~t khae's\l khac bi~t giii:a cac khu v\lc qua 100, VIdll nhu trinh do "an hoa a
cac khu V\lc nhu iThanh Hal, Ta.y T,:mg, Cam TUe, Ninh Ha rat thap. rihim tai chuyen
nganh co trinh di?:cao qcac!nganh nghe lai eang It, ciing kh6ng tMnh ti Ie. can cu vao
tai lieu thong ke dieu tra dan sol:\n thu Itr tfnh toan duerc kel ciiu nghe nghiep theo timg
nganh nhu bang 7-5 da th~ hi~n, trlnh d(l van hoa ella cac nganh khae nhau duClc th0
hi~n trang bang 7-6'-
]

Bang 7.7: Ket C1tit nghe nghi~p so ngum da~g lam trong nhfmg nganh nght' kh3c
, nhau (Nam 1990)
Bern vi: %
Chuc VI! Tcing hqp Nhan vien Nhan "ien Nhim "ien Nghc
ehuyen quan Iy can sU kh;\C
nganh
Nganh
nghe I
____ --.-J
Tlnh tcing

Nganh san
100

100
I,
5,31

0.31
1.75 :

0.20:
, 1.74
0.08
i __
i
:~J
99 ..•1
!

nghi~p thu I
nhiit i I
---- ---1. J

! Nganh sim 100 8.00 4.02 : ).27 I 84.71 i

I
1 nellie thlThai I
Nganh san 100 31.01 7.9-\ I 9.52 I 51.53 1

n hie thu ba I I

166
 Bang7.S: Ket cau trinh do v<in h6a cua nguirl dang lam vi~c 0 cac chuc vu nghe
nghi~p (Nam 1990)
Dan vi: %
_._-~._-~~--_._--_.- Tu clip trung
T(ll1h do Tinh long Giao dl)c d~i Giaoduc
,
, van hqc giai do~n hqc tra xuong
h6~ trung hqc
,, i Dhelthong
ChLrc\u
------~-~--
,;

100 I 1,87 1l,07 87,06

Tinh long i ,
I
I
Nh~u;~T0-;-~-' I 100 21,79 49,47 28,74
I
chuvr.:n <ll1h~- ---_+- .._._-!
-- --" _._"_ ..n ;:;..-~-
l
--'
100 19,64 , 33,90 46,46
Nhan \ len quiul I
1\' ! 45,56
Nh~U1 vi2n Gi.n Sl! I, 100 12,19 .42,25
--_._-------' 7,80 92,02
Ngh~ i-..hi.lC 100 0,17
,-_._-_ ... _--- I ,-

II. Miii 4.uanh~ giiia ket cau giao dlfC va ket cau;uc lao c1(mg
I. Ket diu nghe nghi~p clla ngucri lao dqng i'mh huang trw,tiep tm Slt pilat
trien bie'n doi ket cau giao duc
Trinh dQ ,i~c tiUTImang tinh kct cau cua nguai lao dqng va kha nang thich ling
lao dqng anh huang tfl,rCtiep Mn hi~n tr\lng va SI!phat trien cua ket cau giao dtle. Cung
vai su phal trien cua san xuat hien dai va sl! bien deli cua ket cllu san nghi~p, ket cau
ng:ulh ngh~ cua nguiJi lao dQng Trung Quoc cling se thay deli 16'11,va dan dan se c6 mot
tuon. o0
Ian 1l"uiJi
e lao don"
. e tach Iv tu ngill1h san nohiep
"... O.
nona't> nQhiep
~ •
va chu),en san"0 lam
cac ng:ll1h khac, dac bid ta ng:lI1h cong nghi~p, nganh san xuat ki:thu:1l. nganh thuang
nghi~p ,'a dich vu, Loai ke't cau ngh" nghiep moi nay yeu cau nguai lao dong khong
chi dn ph,ii c6 kic'n thlic van h6a khoa hqc thong thuang, mil han ni!a con phili co kha
n~\ng lhich trng voi khoa h()Cki: thui!-tva lao dqng, tuc Iii ki: thu~t san xullt n6ng nghi~p,
kllhu~1l sim xuat cong nghiep cling nhu kha nang kinh doanh quan 15'nhllt dinh, Tu d6
hu<ic k.'t c~iugiao dyc nong than Trung Quoc phai c6 sI! thay deli to Ion. Ngoili vi~c co
g~lng l'ho cilp giao duc ca SOra, con can phai xay d'!llg giao d,!c nghe nghi~p, ki thuat,
chuy~n ngclllh cua h~so d,lng, trung dang va th~ chi cao dang voi cac hlnh thuc khac
nh,," de thich trng voi nhu cau ciIa sI! thay d6i ket diu nganh ngM lao dqng n6ng thon,
Nhlfng hi~n n"y trinh dQ giao duc nong than va giao dl)c van hoa nang dan cua Trung
QlIae khlmg lhich h,.'p \'oi nhu cau cuahlnh thuc thay deli moi nay. Theo thong ke,
Irung ,6 khoilllg 80()()OO,OOOnguai dan thl c6 khoang 30% la mu chi! va ban mu chi!,
ngLr,Ji!all d<ing c6 ldnh do li~u hqc chiem 40%. Nguyen nhan tdnh dq giao duc van
h6" Clie' nguoi d'lIl Ih~;pco r~ilnhi~lI, trong d6 c6 mot nguyen nhan chinh d6 la do kinh
Ie l'h,illri~n cham, k~1C~;lI"in nghicp co dinh khong thay deli d\lng thuc, di!-cbiet ta ket
C"ll <1I1nghlcp nong nghlcp V:1I1\'(';i hinh thuc dan nhat h6a, cling anh huang den sl!
lllaY dl)i ClICIkcl c~ill giju clue. Sau ki hop thu ba dai hQi Dang toan quoc Ian thu II
nlmg ngll1cp LI"li('n hClnheLi,dlCh, Ii k lao dqng san xullt nang cao, doanh nghi"p 6 xii,
thi Ir,in ph,il lrien manl1, kct call ,an nghiep nong than tung buoc duqc dieu chinh, ket
C"ll "ic l"u dong nong Ihon cung thay doi, Theo thong ke sO bo nam 2000, nhi!ng

167
 nguoi lam viec trong nganh san nghi~p Ihu nhat ella Trung Qu6c chiem 47 .0Sq . giam
13% so voi 60% nam 1990. nnh trang thay d6i moi n,,)' I;il sc dim dc'n SIr Gii Glch 1'"
ditu chinh ket cau giao d~c nang than. .

2. Hc d~ng cua ket cau giao dlJc d6i vm vi~c thay doi ke't cau lao dong

Giai quyet so lao d(mg Trung Quoc Ian. tang truang nhanh, kc't du khemg hap I~',
tdnh di? van h6a giao d~e thap, khong thfch ling I'm
rat nhitu nh,in to trang nhu cau
cua ngh6 nghi~p mang tfbh ket cau, lrong d6 xay d'!J1g kel du giao duc hap I)' Iii mot
nh,in to quan tn;mg. Bai VI khong ehc' so luang lao di?ng, ha thap toc do I,'mg Irm'mg s[re
lao di?ng, nang cao chat ,!UqIlg nguon lao dong. trlnh de) ki thuat ciing nhu kh,i nimg
thfch ung mang tfnh ket cau, ehu yeu b~.! nguon tfr su nghiep gi,io duc. dlra vao kc'1 c;iu
giao duc hqp Iy. Vi val', tit y nghi'a nay rna n6i. ket cau lrinh do nguon lao dong va kha
nang Ihfch ung lao di?ng duqc hlnh thanh bai ket cau gi,io duc, Kct cau gi,io duc cel I,ic '
d~ng tnle tiepioi voi vl~e thay d6i kel ciiu suc lao di?ng. n6; bieu hien cu the a hai
diem sau:""

+ Ket caUlgiao
, d~c ,nle tiep ,lnh hlrang den ket ciiu Irlnh do lao dong,

N6i mi?t ~ach t6ng quat, ngh6 nghi~p mang tfnh ket cau suc lao dong a melt muc
di? Ion nao d6 Quac quyet dinh b6i kc'1 cau trlnh'di? suc lao di?ng, Ket ciiu trlnh do Slrc
Jao di?ng c6 the ph:m Ihanh slrc lao dong Irinh do Ihong thuOn'g, strc lao dong trinh do
trung d~ng va suc lao urlng tl1nh do Cl(l ,L"l\g, Nc'u phan chi a ti mi han con c6 the ph,in
chia Thea Irlnh di? van h6a IhoJ1,~ lhlrong clla slrc lao di?ng. c6 the philO chia thco Irlnh
do kT thuill suc lao dong.cOng c6 the ph<in chia thco muc do pljuc tap ,;, m(rc do thilnh
Thuc ella s(rc lao dong. [)o Truac el<iy ke'\ du gi,io duc Trung Quoc miil cill1 tJ.;lI1g.kc'1
c;lU khang 11O'pI)', cia dan den trlnh di? s(rc lao dong khang Ih~ thfch (rng "ai
nhu clu
ella vi~c lam mang tfnh kgt cau. c~
th~ n6 c1ul1cbioiu hien duoi ba phuong dicn:
I

TllIr ll!lIit, muc di? giao d~c blnh qu,in trlnh di? van h6a Clla luc IU9'ng lao elang 4",i
thap, Thea 56 iieu thong ke cua 26 tinh cho bie't, trang 20.000.000 "ien Chlfc Ihl Ii Ie
nguoi c6 Irlnh eli?van hoa cum
c,ip hai chie'm 40.8% (trong do Ii 19 mil chii'. h,;n mil chfr
chic'm 82%), so nguOi c6 trlnh ell) van h6a cap hai chic'm -+0.2<;[. tdnh do ",in hoa ciip
ba, chuyen ngill1h chiem 15,9%, lrinh eli? vJn h6a dai h9C chuyen nganh chi6n 3.J 'k.
64% cong nhan tre kh6ng dat duqc trlnh d,i hoc sinh so trung "it cao trung dn c(l.

Tlnr !wi, Irlnh di? k1.thu~t trung blnh hIC IUdng lao c10ng cling rat th;ip. On eu ". ,I()

di6u Ira tlnh hlnh phan ho Irlnh do nh;1I1vien ki'lhu;1l cho hie't: cling nh5n corr mot ,kn
cang nhan cap ba chiem 17,01%, cong nhfll1 cap bon M'n cDng nhan c<i'r "iu chic'm
23,38%, cong nhan trlnh di? cap bay Mn trlnh di? ciip tam chie'm 2,04rf. nh,in "ien kT
thuilt cang trlnh chiem 1,98%, cang nhan khac chic'm 55.:Wrr"

Tiur ba, soluqng lao di?ng lam ngh( lao di?ng phuc tap it. Ii 19 Ihiip, ThC() Ih6ng k(.
muc di? phuc t\lP suc lao ~i?ng toan xa hoi dlrqc the hien tren b,ing 7.9,
,

168
 Hang 7-9: Hang phan IOlli mire phue tllp eua sue lao dc)ng loim xli hc)i
-- Nam 1978 Nam 1981
Ph,m loai [inh [rang sue lao dong giim don
\ 53% 44%
" Loai stIe laa dong chill1 tav' wong doi nang nhoe 17%
21%
I
Laai laa dong ehim tav man2 [fnh thong thuoog
~0,2% 8%
I.
Loai lao don
.
g thOinh thue
•...

I 7,4% 15%
l~oai lao dong tuong d6i thimh thue
I !
,
3,8% 7,4%
:-Lv~';-iao J'1ng hoim loan [hanh thuc
I" .
r'.---.~ ...
, Ph~n Ivai [inh hinh lao dong phuc t",p
I

1,6% 2,9%
b~~~~Lda ,<1u;)Cgiao du~ chuycn nolmh trung cap 3.1 %
0,8%
i Luai d" dudc (Iua !!iao duc dai hoc chuyen nglmh 2 6o/r-J
.__,__ ..:2 :lQ'&.L.. 1

['Lo_"i dI.t.lua giao due trung hoc

CllI; lhie": (I) Bimg bitu nay la ean.eu vao cuon "/lien giam ktl1" te'TrtllIg Qw,;'c
va kc'l qua phim tfeh tong hop s61icu tong dicu tra dim so d. nuac cua cuc thong kc, Sll
licu tong di~u tra dim so b() philn thanh thi, so licu Icing dicu tra nong thon va nha may
hiim l1\t); ('2> Ph~n lo:!i tinh hinh lao dqng glim dC1nva lao dong phuc t",p, tuc la ph::m
lhill1h hai IO,li 'ehinh dlla V'1O tinh hinh giao dl,lc khac nhau, lao dQng the IllC, trf tu~,
nhung <:ong nhan liun eong vi~c lao dQng gian'don phan chi a dua vao tam d~ng dip ki
lhuilt hien himh thong nhat, nang dan phan chia dVa vao lam vi~c ki thu~t nong su; (3)
Bang nilY la ph:in ifeh can bang 16ng hqp eua nguai lao dQng trang toan xa IiQi.
Til bang bi~u tren la c6 th.! thay r6 tinh tr",ng ket cau cua muc lao dqng ph(rc tap
vi, mu<: lao dqng thanh thue. lao dqng eh~n tay mang'tfnh thong thuang chiem han
Ii I ,; . Iau d6ng thanh thuc va wang d6i thanh thl,lc chiem 30,4%, hai loai tong cqng lai
ehi.:'m ,k'n hon 90';. lao dong ehllyen nganh va phuc lap chi chiem 8,6%.
1\ lu6n thay doi linh lrang mue phuc tap cua lao d9ng va trinh dq van hoa ki lhuflt
lhiip el'" nguoi lao dong. d.! n6 thfeh ung vai yeu cau cua yi~c lam mang tlnh ket cau,
ngo"i vice li~n hanh c;ii c;ich V'l di€:u chinh han nua ket cau giao dl,lc, can phai fa stre
pheit [ri~n boi duong nghiep \'~ va giao dl,lc ki thu~l, han nua quan tr9ng Iii phai lam lot
<:ong lei<:hai liin phftn nheinh. Un phiin nhanh thu nhatla sau khi hge sinh tot nghiep
c:ip hai. 111<1t bo ph~n thitiep tuc h9C lap 10, mqt bq pMn khac thilam viec; lan phan
chi" thll h"i 1:1sall khi ho<: sinh tot nghicp cap ba, mqt bq philn tiep Il,lC h9c len de
tru<1ng J,u hoc. mot bo ph,m khac thi bat dau lam vi~c. Hai Ian ph an ehia nay d€:u yell
<::ill ti~'n hilnh chi daD tim vi~c. b6i duong lim vi~c, d€:u yeu cau lien hanh dao tao lim
v'i~e "Ill. Nhu V'IV. ,<,
milt khaeh quan sc yeu cau giao .duc nhan vien ki thuM cae dp
phai ,,', str pheit t[l~n manh. ph,ii ap dung nhi€:u tang, nhi€:u hinh thuc, nhicu loai hinh
nghe' nghiep. tic'n h:mh lEw tall trUo;; tim vicc sau doi vai h9C sinh lim viee lrong xci
hoi. de [hich lrng "tii nhu eilll ell" ,icc I:lln l11ang lfnh kct cau. D:lY lil bien phap mall.

linh lhen dwt lhich lrn~...,'61 "ie<: _ '.[nil ket e:ll! ,.uc lao dcmo.
. 1'111111\.1111'
. . c

-:- K0t c~\u ~i~l.()due con .111h hlr0n!.! den ket cau tri thuc va k{<;-cau trf
.....,.....
hie
.
CL\:.l wrU(fi
C'

lau dql1g.

169
 Ket cau tri thue va ket eau trf Itre. eua nguon
~ lao dong . ~
I" nen «ing~ cua \ICC.
thtre
h,en viee lam mang tfnh ket eau sue lao d(>ng. bai vi toc do ph'l! trien khoa hoc ki thuat
nganh kinh te cang nhanh, mue do. van .
dung
. '-'
canac:........
rong cang sau !hl tdnh do. _ veu du
doi voi viee . Jam mang'- tfnh ket eau sue lao dong..... cang'-'--ngaV cang.....eao. "cu du kt'( ca'u
-

k,en tillie eua nguon lao d<;mg Limg hap Jy. trl'nh dQ phat trien trf tuc caog eao, Xct tir "
ngh]a tren rna n6i. viee lam mang tfnh ket c,iu'lrc lao dong voi kcl eau kie'n thlle Clla
nguon leo dong va mue d(> pMt trien trf lU~ e6 moi quan he tnre tic'p, NhlIng hien nav
"c'lIon 1:10 c!.')ng ma de tmoog trung h<;Jcehuyen nghi~p vii tmang dai hoc a Trung
QlI6c dao [:'0 cleu Ion tai tlnh tr<:ing chung d6 Ja Iri there hoc dtroe qua cung nh;\c. qua
'lin \ Cit, ~u5 c0 k7. nang Itre'thao taco kha n"lng erng dung. kh,i n<\ng sang lilO, n;lng IlIe
nghien euu khoa hoc va kh;i nang xii Iy lhu thap lai lieu tinh b:lo eOng khong I)' ttrang
eho Him, Nguyen nh;ln euano ehu yeu Iii VI kcl cau 00 mon. keYtefiu chtrcrng trlnh trong
n6i b9 k(;'t criu gi,lo due khong hqp Iy, Vf d\I: Ti Ie va kc't c,iu sip xc'p m(m \",n hoa C(j
sa, mon co sa ehuyen nganh, mon ehuyen ngimh eua lmong trung h<;Jcchuyen nghicp
khong hop Iy lim; dac bi~lla Ii I~ sip xep cac mon ca sa I)' luil11. mon thtrc tien k]
thuill, mon thlIC ti~n xii. h(>i khong hili hoa, e6 Juc eoi tr<;JngI)' lLl~lnma xcm nhc tlllIe
lien. c6 luc lai coi In;>ng lhl!t lien xemnrl,: ly Iu~n. dao dong lan, Dong thai. khi xay
dung cac khoa va sap xep n(>i dung ehtrerng trlnh h<;Jc.phan ;\nh toc 0(> lhilnh ltnt nghicn
cuu khoa h<;Jcmai ral ch~m,; khong the dam bao dng h<;Jcsinh kip thai n,lm b,lt kic'n
l , '.

I _ _'.
lhue khoa h<;Jcki'lhu*t mai' va ki lhu~t san xu[i! maio cOng nh~ qua cal trang \'1(',
truy6n th\l kien lhuc lrong qda trJnhgiao duc cu lhe. coi nh,: \'iccdao tao \a boi duang
kha nang cua h<;Jcsinh .. , Nh~ v~y, c6 m(>t so h9c sinh sau khi tol nghicp di lam. kha
nang v*n d\lng nguyen ly sari xuat va ki lhual san xual mai khong oU. c6 hoc sinh tham
chf con yeu du boi dtrang l<:ii.Giaod\lc nhu v,ly la khong th~ dap ung day du ycu du
cua vi~c lam mang lfnh kel cau sue lao dong, cho nen nhat lhiel phai tien h"nh cai dch
va di6u chinh kel cau giao duc,
"

170
 , , -~ {

CHVONG VIII: NGUON DAU TV GIAO Dl)C,PHAN PHOI VA

QUANLY

DelU lU giao d~~ la bo phim to thanh quan trqng cua kinh te giao dt,Jc hqc. N6 bao
gom noi dung nhieu phuong dien, vi dt,J nhutinh chilt, d,!-cdiem, nguon goc, ti l~, phan
phoi. ,if dung ,.:, 'luan I)'.

i
Bai 1: Tinh chat va d~c di~m daultu giao dl,lc
, I
,

I. J:',h<'li ni~m duull! giao duc

"f),iu 1/(" von Ii, kh<ii niem cila kinh te hqc, tuc la chi sotien dau tu VaG c6the tao
!a gi,i tn moi, tuc Ii, tao ra loi lch kinh te. Dau III dUq'e phiin chi a d,!a vao nganh si,n
witl. cc'>lh~ phim lhi'nh dau It! mang tfnh sim .xuat, dau tu phi san xuat. Phiin tfch trong
pham v, the' gio!. tiI nhung nam 30 CUelthe' k)' XX belt diiu dua dilu It! viw linh v,!c gi,io
d"e vi, gqi ta dilu tU gi,io d~c. Cling voi sU thay doi khai ni~m giao dt,Jc, Trung Quae dfr
tllra kh,ii niem d,IU It! giao due vi,o trong l'inh vuc giao dt,Jc.
Dilu IU giao due, cling goi la nguan von giao dt,Jc, dieu kien kinh te giao d~c, tai
ehfnh gi,io due, la.chi mot quae gia ho<).cmqt khu vl!c can cu VaG nhu cau phiit trien s,!
nghiep giao due. SU long hoa nhim l,!e. v<).tl,!c, tai luc dau tu VaG l'inh we giao duc,
hoi,c n6i la chi dung cho giao duc, boi duong nguon nhan Iuc hau bi va nhan tai chuyen
man. cling nhu nimg eao bii!u hi~n tien t~ cua nhiin ll!e va vat lue cua lrlnh do tri IllC
ngllt1n lelo dong. Xd ,." g6c do dai It!q'ng dau It! rna n6i thl chu yeu do hai b9ph~n Ion
ciill thilflh: ,\1,il la d~u tU cho Gic cap cac lo~i truang hqc giao dt,Jc, b9 ph1in ehu yeu lao
hoi dl(,-mg nguan lao
.
dong hilU bi va nhan ti,i chuyen mono, Hai la dgu III eho giao dt,Jc
thilnh nien de nang ~ao trlnh d9 tri tu~ cua nguon lao d9ng dang lam vi~e, bao gom
gi:llf due eong ehuc; giao duc nong dan, giao dt,Jc can b9, giao dt,Jd gioi tri thuc cling
Ilhu ,bu It! eho giao due d •.li hoc ham thu va cae hlnh thue giao dt,Jc khac. Xet ve m~t
IlgUili diiu tU IUC ti, chu the dilu tu rna n6i, dau tU giao dt,JCchu yeu bao gam dau tu
'lucie gla. tbu ttr danvi sU nghiep tap the va dau tu giao dt,Jc ca nhan.'
Gitra di;u III gi:lo duc viI dilu III tri tu~ c6 moi quan h~ voi nhau, cling c6 diem
phew hid. Dilu tIl gi:ll) due ehu yeu la chi chi phi dung ch~ giao dt,Jd truang hqe va c,ic
hluh litue gi,iu duc kb,ie. n6 Ii, m(ll bo ph~n to thanh cua dau tutri tu~; dau tu tri tue
Lho dil Ii, ,I(li hilln hay ngoai dien deu rat rqng, chi tat cii i1au tu dung cho khai thac va
nang cao trf lue cua COil nguoi. chu yc'u baa gom dati tu cho cae phuong di~n nhu giao
due, kit,)a hoc kl thu,\l. van h6". y Ie, the dt,Jc va hoat dong.vui choi o)ili tri ...

II. Tinh chiit dau tl! giau dllc

Lei) Trung Quoe lilm I'f duo nhiing nitm 50 eua the ky XX moi nguoi thuang cho
rC,ng ,bll tlf gi,io dUL,I" ,Liu llr mang tinh "h{1O phi Ihlll:111 IIi)''', tham chi c6 nguai con

171
goi la d~u ttf "mang Ifnh pillic 10", ding nlt ft sir dllng khai nitro d~u tll gi,lo due nay.
Den euoi thap ky 70, eung vai nhlln thue giao dlle mang tfnh san xuat eua eon nguai su
thay deli eua khai ni~m giao dlle truyen thong, bat d,lU sir dung eaeh goi "(Mil Ilf gll;o
J,.tC" nay. Nhung trong nhan thue tfnh ehat eua dau tlI giao due thi dn c6 su I~' gi<ii va
eaeh nhin khae nhau, chua d<).tduqe sl! hi~u biet ehung.

Mot y kien ello rang, d~u tu giao dlle Ia dau tu mang tfnh s,\n xuat ella tfnh ehi;t
tieu dung. Con e6 y kien I<).ileho rang, dau tu giao due la "I)' tfnh san xuat Jam chfnh.
dong thai I<).ic6 d~u tll mang tfnh song trung ella tfnh titu dung. hoae trai lai. tlau tu
giao due lay tfnh tieu dung la.m chu yeu, dong thai e6 tfnh san xua!.
Nglrai gii1 nhi1ng )' kien d6 cling e6 I)' do ritng ella minh. L~'do eho r;'tog (Jiiu III
giao due ia d~u tu mang tfnh ,san xuat ehu yeu Iii: . ,
,
Th,; nM!, giao due e6 lh~n,ing eao ehiit InClng nguon lao oClng. thay o<ii hioh Ih,ii
nguon lao dong va kha nang lao dong eua nguai bit't s,ln xuii!.
Till; hal, giad due e6 th~ san xuat hOlle tai san xuat lue IUClng san xuat elb hlnh
thai tri thue khoa hoc, c6 lht Jilin eho phat minh khoa hQc ehuyein h6a thanh ki thu{11
san xuat, hinh thilllh icre lLr9ng s,\n xuat xii hoi trl!c tjep thl!c hi~n.
TM ba, giao 'dllc e6 th~ thue dAy' deli ni6i eua tu lieu lao dong san xua!. ph,lt huy
day du tac dung
. e~a tu lieu
. lao
I dong
. san xua!.
Till; 11(, giao dlle .c6 th~ 'ma rOng doi ttlqng va ph am \'i "io dong. khai quilt vii ph,lt
tri~n nguon lao dong va dieukien lao dong.

Nguyen nhM chfnh cho rang d~u ttl giao due ia d{lu tu mang tfnh phi s,\n xu{i!. 1:\
d~u tu mang tfnh tieu dung: :
r

TM nllli!, mot bo phan d~u tu giao dlle dung M boi duf1ng nh,in tai ella ngilnh san
xuat phi vllt chat,nhan tai trong linh Vl!e thuqng tang kien truc. VI v,iy nen Iii chi phf
mang tfnh phi san x ua!.

TM !wi, phfgilodlle dau tu vao phuong dien khoa hoc l.l! nhien Iii (Jiiu III m~ng
tfnh san xuat, con ehi phf dau tu vao p,huong dien khoa hoe xii hoi; nhan v{to Jai 1:1 chi
phf mang tfnh phi san xuat.

TM ba, kinh phf giao dllc bilt ngu6n tll Sl! tai phan phoi trang Ibtl nhap qu6e dan.
phan tfeh ve mat t6ng nguon, dau tu giao d\IC thuoc vao d,iu tu mangtfnh tieu dung.
Tilll "(, phf giao dlle ddng trong Ilnh vl!e giao due sau khi tieu hao h61 mil khimg
dnCle bu V:1O, VI vay cling la mot nguyen nhan eua d{iu lU mang lfnh tieu dilllg.
Tom l(li, tfnh ehat eua "dall Ilf giao dllc" lUong doi phuc tap. e6 lhei tit'n h;{n!'
phan tfeh tll nhieu t~ng, nhi~u g6e d9 khae nhau. N6i mot each kh,ii qu;it cc\ Ihe olelJ
o(lt nhu sau: DAu tu giao d\,.c la dau tu mang tfnh tieu thu true lic'p. tl'lu 1\1J11~ng Ifnh
san xuat gian tiep; dAu tu m~ng tfnh tieu thu hi1u hlnh. dau tu mang tfnh ,;in \ uilt tiem
tang:... dftu tu man~... tfnh tieu ihu
'.. hi en nay. d'lu tu mang Ifnh
~.... san xu;'it clla n~:l\
•... - mai: d:iu
tIl mang tfnh tieu th\' hi1u h<).n,dau lU mang tfnh san xu,it ma rang.

177
 Ill. D,h: diem cua dau tL! giao dl;lC
Dc) (hiu tlI giCloduc c6 mal so linh chal d~c thu, VI v~y dau tlI girro due c6 c1~c
dl~m ri0ng ella n6.

"..1 1. I:)ac diem rilang tinh chu ky clla dau til giao dl!c
Dciu III giao due bi~'n Ihimh nang IllC giao d\lc phat huy lqi feh kinh te cita gi,io
due can mOl kho~ing lhoi gian va qua Irlnh dai, Suc lao dQng va nhil.n lui chuyen nganh
do giac) due (Etu lao r~1e6 mQl nang IICckien thuc chuy~n hoa thanh chu ki "(n! !E,i,,",
khong Ihe ngay lilp lue phal huy tac dl,tng lrong qua trlnh s1m xuat v~t chat, can c6 mol
ehu k)' quen lhuoc va Ihich ung voi nhu du san xual V~lch1ft. Xet tu rnQt y nghla nh,il
d!nh, dilu LUgiatl due' ciin mOl ehu ky dai han so voi qua trlnh giao d\lc,

2. Dac diem tinh dim hoi IOn cila dau til giao dl!c
Giao dl,lc dn phai lhich (eng voi nhu cliu phat trien san xua', v~t chat, lam the nao
m(,i e6 lh~ thich (eng, dieu nay quyel dinh s6luqng dau til giao d\lc va phan ph6i. Th6ng
lhllimg ma nlJi eo ban nen ph6i hqp nhip nhang Ian nhau, nhung do nhan t6 anh hllang
a
(k'n sCm:wal viiI chal da d~ng nhicu chung lo~i, rnQts6 tmh hu6ng l~i kh6ng the phan
anh c!:iuLU gi~iodl,lc nhal dinh si: thlCh ung voi nhu ciiu san xuat v~t chat, dau til giao d\lc
vii qu~iIrinh "in xual "'11 chal c6 d~c Irung mang t[nh co gianva tinh dan hoi.

3. Dau tv gido dl,lCco d~c diem mang tinh gian tiep

Dilu LUgi,io dl,lckhong th~ Iruc liep kel hqp voi III li~u san xual v~t chat, vi v~y se
• klll)ng lnre li.:p "in xuiil cLlaeai v~t chal xii hQi, b,iu III giao d\lc co m6i quan h~ tr",c
li.:p I'lli boi ouong ngu6n lao oQng va nhail I~i ehuyen m6n, co m6i quan h~ voi phat
minh, mC1rol1g "il ph,it lrien khoa hoc, Chi co thong qua ngu6n lao dQng va dQi ngii
nh'ln li,i cllLly~n mon d(i diiu tlI giOtllduc dao lao, cling nhu khoa hqc kl thu~t tai sim
.\Uill.di "10 liilh \'lie san xuiil. k.:1 hUi)voi san xuiil v:h ',11.\[ 11,imoi co the t<;tortl d,,\ ciii
v~\leh,il eho xa hoi. rnoi co clUCKIqi ieh kinh v' 'X~,lv~ y nghla nay, dau tli giao dl,lcco
tinh gi:l11ti~'p ho~t n6i tl~lCtrung nlang tfnh lienl tang.

-+, V,iu tli gino duc co d~c di~11lmang tinh hi~u qua hiu dili
Ngu6n lao dQng xa hQi va nhan lai chuyen nganh do gi,io d\lc dao t':\o, chi dn lum
if ngill\h s'ln ;[u,il viiI chill lhi co lh~ phat huy tac dung hiu oai, cho du la dUQ'ctai dao
1,10 Irong cHung vi c6ng lac, eong nang giao dl,lc ciing van IiI e0 so, van phal huy lac
dung. Dll ICtcdung cLl~iviee chuyen hoa phat minh khoa hqc Ihunh kl thuat san xuat el,a
gi~iu due Ct) hi~u qua l~tll dili. Xet v~ y nghTa tren Ina n6i, ufiu tLCgiClU (h..i~'c6 ((~\(~r~'Hng
mang linh hieu qu,i lilu dai, ho~c la n6i d~c lrung co lfnh hieu quil cil<im
Ngll'li ra, diiu IICgiClUduc con co tinh nhi~u hi~u qua, hieu qua cuo va hieu qu:,
,be bid,

173
 Bai 2: Nguon dau tu gino dl;lC va cauthanh

Nguan dAutu giao d~e e6 rat nhi6u phuang dien. ral nhieu con dUOng. chu )'e'u bao
gam dau IU qu6c gia, dllu tll xii h9i Vll'dAu tit ca nhan hoae gia dlnh nguiri dUC1Cgiao due.
Th6 ehe" dau tu giao d~e Trung Quae thi hlmh cae phuang cham nhu kmh phi tai ehinh
quae gia, t~p trung nhi6u can dUOng euadolm th6 xii hoi va quiin chung lao dong.

I. Kinh phi tili ehinh quae gia

Tai ehfnh quae gia, tue la kinh phf tai ehfnh quae gia la nguon gae ehil vc"u eil~
dau IU giao d~e; can gqi Ia can duang ehfnh. Kinh rhf eila tlli ehinh quoe gia cJ6i v0i
giao due baa gam cae noi dung ehu yeu sau:

+ Kinh phf SII nghi~pgiao d\le trang ngan saeh tlli ehinh quoe gia.
+ Ngulln von xay dung co ban giao due trang ng,1n sach tai ehinh quae gi~.
+ Nguon von ella cae ban ngimh Chfnh phu quae gia dung trang kinh phi SII
nghiep giao d\leclJa tlU",'Jnglrung hoc ehu)'cn nghi~p k, thuat va nguon "on Xi,)' dlIng
co b,in giao due.,

., ( :,cu(\n ti,'!! qUJe gia dung M chi Ira eho giao due

;'," (j uoc gia hOlm tra khoan lien vay d'lu III eho giao due.
+ K);(, " lien trang ngiin sach tai ehfnh qu6e gia khac dung M chi tr,i eho gi,io due.
+ Kho,in l<n co c1Qngella Chinh phil trung uO'ng 1'1\dia phtTO'ng dung ,'110kinh rhi
SII nghiep gi'10 ,hie I'll phf xay dung CO'him gi,\o due.

Nguan vondau tII eho gi'lo due quae gi" tlTe Ii, kinh phi tili chinh qu6e gi~. qlll
tdnh CO'ban nhu sau:

T6ng san phitm xii hQi (gia trf .dn phiim) dimg '1'0 hal plwO'ng dien: Till; 1111,;i. hi,
vao tiflJ dung, dung vao nguyen V~l li~u tieu thu va chi phf ehic"t phiin tai Siin co dinh
trang qua trlnh san xuat, euai eung hlnh lhanh qU)' boi thuang quoe gia: thli hai. thu
nMp quae dan, dung vao hai phuO'ng di~n. MQt m\ll dfmg eho lhu nhap ella d nhilll
nguoi lao c1Qng, hlnh tMnh 1i6n luang nguoi lao c19ng, dung vao lieu dung ea nhim: mat
khae dung vao thu nhAp xii h<;>i,hlnh thanh tai eh'fnh quae gia. Trang t6ng chi tieu liii
ehinh quae gia ehu yeu g6m ba b9 ph~n 16'n: (l) chi phf xii hoi nhu cae kinh phi su
nghi~p nhu kinh phf quae phong va kinh phf quan 1)' hllllh ehinh. khoa hoc gi,io due
van h6a y te; (2) nguan von XAy dl!ng CO'ban mang tfnh phi s,in xuiit nhL! ngu6n von
xAy dung.CO' ban sI! nghi~p khoa hqe, nguan von xay dung co han su nghicp gi'lo clue.
nguan von xAy dung CO'ban Sl! nghiep van h6a: (3) nguan \'on xii)' dung U1 h,in mang
tfnh san xu,.!. Trang d6 b9 '1h~n tieu thu ea nhilll va bo ph(1ll tieu thu xa h,ii hinh thitnh
quy tieu lhu 4uae gia. Nguan Van xay dl!ng CO'b,\n mang tfnh phi san xlIiil v,, nglH'
von xay dung CO'ban mang tfnh S;'lll xuat hlnh lhanh ng,1n sach tich Iuy 4116c gia. 0g0'11
ra quae gia can e6 mot quy ell! IrQ nh,.! dinh.

Ti:r qui tdnh kinh phi tai ehinh qu6e gia c6 lh6 th,ry r6 bon "iin de nhL! "Ill:
]~
/-+
'
 [Jut IlJiJI. kinrl phi giao due tai ehinh quoe gia Trung Quoe, euoi eung b~t ngu6n
III lhu nhap 'luoe d,m, lLrbb ph~n thu nhaPxii hQi.
[Jut IlUi. kinh phi giao due lai ehinh'quoe gia Trung Quoe do hai b~ ph~n IOn cau
lh"nil, uJc l:, kinil phi Sl1righiep giao d,!e va ngu6n von xay d1!llg eo ban giao d,!e.
Tlut hu. kinh phi SUnghiep giao due 'ham ehua trong hl!-ngm\le kiph phi sl! nghi~p
kiloa hoc' '"' hOJ gi,io due I' 12',Ihube "ao bo phan tieu th\l xii h~i, eueii eung cau thllnh
lJUY lieu thu xCihbL Ngu6n I'on xily dung co bim sl! nghi~p .giao dl!e thuge ngu6n von
x"y dung co bim mung tfnh phi san xuat, euoi eung tl!-0thlm~ quy tieh liiy xa h9i.
fIut Ill. kinh phi gi";o due do ngim hlmg nhan dan eun.g tlip,. ear kinh phi xay dung
co ,,'r ha t'lIlg gi,to due do ngim hang xay dl!ng eung dip.
Cling 'oi Sli phat tri~n eua ehinh saeh d.i eaeh rna clr~ va sl! hlnh thiinh eua ehe
do kinh [e [lli lruong, ehe db dau lU eua Nhil nuoe vao giao d\le eiing thay d6i, se e6
nilCiIl'gpilun pho; 1'; di~u ehinh rnoi nhu: Ngan saeh dau tu eho giao d\lc ...

, ,.'
II. Gop ,,<'in xa hQi i
Gop ,on giao due xa h(>ie6 n(>idung va hlnh thue va eung phong phd, trong d6
chu y2u hao gam: Thue xa hoi dung eho giao due va ehi phi giao due b6 sung; Tien va
cong !all dong dll lap lht! xCihoi, co quan, don "! himh ehinh sl! nghi~p va cae ca nhan
cung dp: VLrUhoe 'LrUl;m. phue vu huang eong xa h~i hay trfeh ffi(>tphlln thu nhap
eua Ilh~llrUlJllg lhi tfa cho giao dl.ll.:.

1. Thue' xii h(li dilllh eho giuo due

Thue' xa IH)i dimh eho gi,to d,!e bao gam hui phan. M(>tphan la cae loai thue do xa
. iloi lrung lhu. true tiep dlmh eho giao due, nhu m(>tphan ho~e toan b(>thue gia tri gia
l:lIlg eua ea nhill! dong gop eho giao due; mqt phan ho~e 101mb(>thue phao, thue fUOU,
lhue' lem lhu dU'.le dong gop eho giao due. Thue danh eho giao d,!e a cae dia phuong
kh()ng hO:ln 10:ll!nhu, nhau, M(>t phein khac la eae hlnh thue mien giam thue eua Nhil
nu(lC ":, xii hClid,mh ehu e:,e dun ,i giau due. Day la ngu6n dau lU giao dl!e gian tiep
eua xii hCli, nhll mien th1l2''a gi.im lhlle eho nhling doanh nghi~p giao d,!e theo qui
dlllh CLIO' Nh" Illr6e, mien hO:le giam thue xay dung truang so theo qui dinh eua Nha
Ill{lJl; v(jn .\~lY dl!ng giao thong. n~U1g1U'Q11gtrQng di~nl~ von dieu tiet trong ngan s,lch

qulic gia ... Thlle giao dlle se eo nhling dieu ehinh moi phu hqp voi sl! lhay d6i ella
ehinh Sitch lhue moi ella Nha nUoe.

2. PhlI thu giuu due

Phu lhll gi,iu due 1:,gi.ii phap ehinh eho vi~e rna r(>ngngu6n von dau til' giao d\le
iJ d,a phlrong Ng;y 20-4-1986, 'llloe hoi dii ra thong tll "Qui djnh 1(1111 (hili vi vi~e ';6p
fiJii p/w r/w gi'l" due ", Qui dinh ehi r6, bat kl ca nhail hoac [6 ehue nao, khi n(>pthue
nong nghi2p. lhue Sitn pham, Ihue gia lri gia lung, lhue doanh nghiep deu phai nap
lhem phu lhll giao due, phu thu giao d,!e btmg 2C/o mue thue thue te eua eae loai thue
lr2n, du,!C 1I0P clmg Ide ,oi chung, va duqe ban thue vu thu giao eho ban giao dl!e sir
dllng. cM y~u dlroe dilllg lao sU nghi~p giao dl!e a dia phuong, d~e biet la e6ng tae
ph6 c"p gi.io dlle, Can ell "'0 tinh hinh phat tri<1nkinh te hi~n nay eua Trung Quoe va

175
 nhu cau pMt tri~n sl! nghi~p giaodl)c, kienngl)! Chinh phu nang ~ao phu thu giao duc
cho phil hqp, ph\l thu giao dl)c cua th1m\l'thl,neI) tang tiI 2'k-3C;C. philn 1611la dlIac dung
vao viec cai thi~n dieu ki~ri giang day.TI~h hi;h a cae dia phuong tuong doi phlic tap.
do kinh te pMt tri~n khang dong deu nen phl) thu giao dl)e nen thu theo thu nhap binh
quan cua nang d~n, khang ~uai 1%, ehu y(u danh cho su nghi~p giao dl)e e[ip xa. huy~n.
Thang 6-19'89, Quoc h<Jira s<i.el.;nh sri 60 phe ehu&n nang cao ~lie ph~I thu gilo
., .
duc len 2%. May nam tra l~i day, phl) thu giao duc ngay cang ta'ng. nam 1989. phl)thu
a
giao dl)c trong d. mrac d'!-t:5,18 llnhi\n dan te, trang do phl) thu giao dilC nang than
a
la 3,54 tl nh,in dan t~, thanh phola 1,6411 nhan dan t~, Theo de Cllang so 39 [1994]
do ljuoe hoi banhimh ngay; 3-7-1994 ve van de "Cdi nich WIpMllnilI gi{io dZ'c hung
Quoc" qui djnh "Ph~l '1m giao dZ'c rJ Ihonh Ihi \'a n(jng 11I.onIh;, /;'Jng 3% Ihue'gici Iri
gia lallg, Ihue' doaJIh Ilghi~p, Ihue'lieu 1hZ'". Theo qui dinh nay: so von danh eho gia~
dl)e cac cap nam 1999 la ~8.174 tri~u nhlin dan I';, trang do ph~lhu giao dl)C thanh a
pho d'!-t9.561 tri~u nban dAn te, nhieu han nam 1998 1a 71 g tri.;u nhiln nhan Ie. I,ill~
8,12%; phl) thu giao dl)c a n6ng th6n la 16.246 tri.;u nhan diln t~~ it hon nam 19% I"
256 tri~u nhiin dlin t~, giam di 1,55%; cac nguon von khae cua cac cap chinh quyen dia
phuong thu duqq danh cho' giao dl)c la 2.368 Iri~u nhlin dan teo it 'hon nilm 1998 la 194
tri~u t~, giam 7,57%.
, .
Ngoai ra, <;ac dja phuang co th~ tuy theo tlnh hinh phat trien kinh Ie' cua dia
phuong minh deithu them cac lo,!-iphl) thu khac danh cho gi,io duc nhiim kh6ng ngiIng
rna r<Jngnguon yon xii hgi dilu tu cho giao duc.
i .

3. G6p va quyen g6pv6n xii h(li

•
Gop va quyen g6p von xa hgi nen tuan theo nguyen t<i.cIUnguy.;n. kh;i n,ing va lai
feh cua m<;lingubi de huy dgng rgng rai von dau tu xii hgi cho gi,io dl)c. Day la phuang
phap huy dgng ~on chU yeu cua Trung Quoc. phuang phap nay co nhiing hinh thue
chinh nhu sau: I
!: .'
Cac qu~n Iiuy.;n keug9i, c6 vii cae doanh nghi.;p. dan \'j hiinh chinh 51!nghiep.
doan the xa hgi ~op va quSen gop von'-gido dl)c, giup do vc von.ho trq vc nhan luc. vat
Il!c va tai chinhcho giao dl)c b~c ti~u hoc cua dia phuong minh: lrang d6 von <lau It!
cua cae doanh nghi~p duq~ trfch ra IiI nguon von tl! co. von dau IU cua cac dan vi hlmh
chinh sl! nghi~p: va cac doan the xa h<Ji duqc tri!=h ra tiI ngti6n \'on ngoai ng,in sach.
Chinh quyen xaihuy~n dj~ phuong ngoai phl) thu ~iao dl)c theo qui dinh ra. co Iht ;;~n
cli vao nhu cau ~hat trien giao dl,ic cila dja phuang minh, huy d(mg von <lautu cho giao
duc iiI cac 16 chac kinh te pia phuong, hi? san xuat ca th~ \'~ cac d nhan. Cic bi~n ph,ip
huy d(lllg von eu the do cae dja phuong tl1 quyet dinh,

Du6i su chi dao ella tac ban hanh chinh giao cluc ella chinh quyen dc c[ip. l,ip ra
cac loai quy giao due nhn: Quy gi<in clue. qu,' gi<io clue c1iuyen nghiep. quy phal Iritn
giao duc ...

Keu g9i cae vj liinh dao Nha mrae, c6ng nhan vien chuc. nh[1I1d,ill. h6 kinh cloanh
cit the', nhan 51e'<lcgi6i, ... quyen gop, ho trQ cho giao dl)c: hoan nghenh Hoa kicu. d.l •
a
bao Hong Kong, Ma Cab, Da.i Loan, cac 16 ch(rc va b?n be nu6c ngoai .... quyen gop
von hO trq cho giao dl)c. Ren nay, Chinh phu Trung QU0C co ba phl/Clng phap tranh •

176 \
lhu va kcu gOl v6~ d,iu tu nu6e ngoai vao giao d\le ehinh~ Tizu nh~l, tranh thu, keu g9i
• .'_.' c. I

von eua cae [0 ehue tHin Ie nu6e ngoai, ehu yeu la vay cluJ.ngAn hang the gi61; TMe hal,
hap [.Ie vi~n Ira \'61 ca, to ehue quae te, nhu: vay von cUa Chuang trinh phat tri~n eua
Li.:n hap quae (UNOP), Qu5' nhi dong Lien hqpquoe (UNICEP), Quy dan so Lien hap
quae: Till(/"J. m<?tphan von phallrien do co cau hap tae doi ilgo~i etta Chinhphu nu6e
ngoili eung eSp. N.hil nu6e phai eo vii tU nhan bo von dAu tu eho giao due theo nhiing
qui dmh eua minh,'
Chinh quyen nhan d,m uie e,ip e6 th~ dl!'a VaGnhu diu giao due di)e bi~t etta dia
phmJng. Wan thea [rinh [ll xct duyet eua Nha nu6e M phat hanh e6 phieu, trai phieu
gl"" due [hieh h\lp.,quyen g6p gi,io due, lung bu6e xay dl!'ng ngan hang giao d\le.

III. Tt,r d,IU ttt'eua nlla trttemg

Thang 7 nam 1982, Nhi. nu6e e6ng b6 "Chinh sach qudn IS' fili clzinlz (\lI1lfhiti do;'
,'Iii ,(i, m{(JlIg "I(~~ h('e \'1((/ liJiIl bt)c frtllig va filu hqc Trung Quae", ehinh saeh nay
qui d,nh thu llh'I[i,sua cae truang vua hye vua lam kh6ng ,can n<?plen tren, eiing kh6ng
c"n n(,p thu.: lhu nh':lp, so lien thu duae ngoili ngan sach tra lhanh quy rieng do nha
IWlJllg tu qU:1llIi: v6n quay \'ong S:1llxual ella cae tnrang loai nay rat kh6 khan, de nghi
ban tid ehinh, ngan hilllg giao due eae cap eho hy yay kh6im von thieh hqp, Vi~e phan
ph6i vi, su dung hi~u qu,i san xuiit etta de truang vua hge v'la lam ngoai dAu tu vao
nhu e"u l,ii ,an xu,it ra, ehu ye'u duae dung vao viee cai thi~n dieu ki~n giang day, giup
del sinh hoat phi eho giao vien va hye sinh trang thai gian lao d(mg va nang eao phue
lai tap the. Trang ehinh sach thue, ean eu vao tinh hI~h el! th~ M eo bi~n phap uu diii
mi~n hO:lCgi,im thu~' eho cae twang vila hoc vua lam. MA'ynam gAil day, Nhil nu6e dii
uu d'li lI1i~nlhu~' eho de e6ng [rinh X'IY dung ea sa h~ tang tr9ng di~m, Theo thong ke,
trong n,im 1989,lhu nh~p ella cae lr~Ong ~ua~9c vila I~m b~e t~ung, _ti~u,hy~toiln
Trung Quae dung eho \lee ea, thlen dlCUkl~n glang d~y ya nang cao phuc Iql, dal ng(>
eho cl1ng nh,\n viel) uoe dat 1,8 Ii nhan dan I~. i '
eic [nlang eao ding da ap d\lng quy truang va quy'khen thuc1ng. Thang 6-1980,
Nha nuae han hilllh "C!linll saell IIlIt Ilglzi~"; (hdllh lq,p quy IrU07Jgva quy khen IhuJllg
Irung e,ie (ru,ing coo "dng ", eho phep cae truang duqe thllnh I~p quy rieng etta truOng.
Thu nh:lp eua doanh nghi~p twang va thu nh~p til vi~e eung clip cae phue VI! nhu giang
day. khoa hoe kl thuat, hau can la ngu6n thu ehinh etta nha truOng. V61 each lam nay,
khong nhiing eo th~ n'lng eao thu nh~p ella nha truOng m~ can co th~ t~o ra ngu6n von
ri~ng. bo sung ehonhiing ehi phi khac eon thieu eua nha t~uOng,

IV, D<lu ttt giao d~e eua cae doanh nghi~p

,
Dau ILrgiao due eua doanh nghi~p ehu yeu bao g6rr).:DAu tu giao due ella doanh
nghi~p. d:iu tu giao d,le eho e6ng nhan nha may, kinh phi giao dl!e eho c6ng nhiin.

I. D:iu lu giaa d tiC eua doanh nghiep

tXiu III giaodue eua doanh ngilii'p Iii cHiutu eho vlee phil [rl~n tri thCre,n:mg eao
trinh do v:m h6a, ki tiluat, kic'n lillic ciluycn mon elll] cong nh[\l1vien trang e6ng ty. N6
\'lra hao gam \.i~c (Hiu tv gicto due c!lo Long nhan dang lam viec cho cong. ty, vtra baa

177
 gam viec Miu ttf giao d~c cho the he cang nh,m vien tuang lai ella cling tv. nhtr: Dai
hoc chuyen dClo tao cang nhan vien, twang trung hoc chuycn nghicp vi! ki thu'll do
cang ty th311h lap, ... C:ic twang nay tuytin sinh rOng rai trang xahQi hoae lie"n himh dao
l;,c,:h: nhif>1" ,inh vi en da tot nghi~p (; nm khac. duae ph,in eang vc d'IY cang lac.
Nhir:;~ p., lil!\gC\l thti eua dilu llr giao d~c eua doanh nghiep bao gam:

; ) Chi phi dao tao eang:nhan vien dang. sc lam vice eho cang Iy do eang ty eung e,ip:
2) Chi phi e~o eang nhan tham gia de lap gi,io due liT xa. lap hge ngoili girt. lap
ham Ihu;

3) Chi phi c~o viec dilO t~o cae sinh vien h.; ehinh qui. chu)'cn nghicp. nghien CI'"

sinh tai de tnrong d~i hoc va.eao dang do eang ty ehu c,IP:

4) Chi phi gi'rio duc
h6 cang nhan vien trang
,
(5) Chi phf cl0 eang
kilhuat, tiep thu kithu~t
nuac ngoai;
bac trung - titiu hoc va ki thu'll chuyen nghiep cho can em Lin
cOng ty:
ty b6 ra dau IU vilO vi~e sang tao ra s,ln ph~m m(li. ph,ll trien
mai, citi lien kilhuat, trang d6 baa gam ea chi phf dao lao tei

(6) Chi phf ~ay dlfng trung tam dao tao clla doanh nghicp ian hoae trung t;UTIdilO
tao eang nhan ehq cae c6ng!ty vita va nhc. eua Ihanh pho.

Hang rn~e d<lu tu nay bua doanh nghi~p nham nang eao ki thuat ella can b6 c6ng
nhan trang eang ty, tang cuang the h~ ke can eho eang ty. n,mg eao hieu qua kinh te" vi!
sue c~nh tranh ell:a e6ng ty ..Trong eUQe each mang khoa hge ki thuat ngay nay. dau IU
giao due tuyet doi va tuang doi ella cae doanh nghiep dang ehic'lll tm thc'.

2. Dau hI giao dl,1c can be? c6ng nhan vi en eho c6ng ty

Dau tu giao 'due eang nhan vien' hay con goi kinh phi d,lu ttl dao tao can ba c(lIlg
nhan vi en la toim bQ von va chi phf dung M dao t~o can b6 eang nhan vien va toi!n ba
nguan nhan !ue, \;at life, tai life dungcho vi~c dilO tao nay.
Driu tu giaodue can b(l e6ng nh,\n vien eha e6ng Iy e6 the gi,ii thkh thea nghia
rang va nghia ht;p. Theo nghia r(lng, n6 baogom:
I) Thu lao day hge eho can b6 cang nhan vic~ eita cae ehuyen vien:
.2) Luang eho nhan vien di hge;
3) Tien thue nha, sinh hoat phi eho eong "h,m vi en di hoc:
4) Tien hge va cae chi 'phi giao dl!c khdc.
lllCO nghia hep, dilu Itt giao dl,lc cang nMn "ien cht'le. hay con goi lit ~inh ,.'
2lCio (I". ':"1 '}a eang nhan Vlen chi kinh phi thllang xuyen thong tllllrtng di!nh chn gl.Il'
due (:ill b6 cang nhJn vien. Ngoai ra, con e6 rnQt each gi,li thich kh<ic dung hoa hai
each gilli thieh tren, du chfnh la chi rne?1so n6i dung thco nghia rang ella el,iu tll gi,io
due can ba eang :npan viell cho doanh nghicp nhtt: Thu lao da\' hQC ehn dn b6 cang
nhan vien clla cae etiuyen vien, !ttang eho nhilIl "ien eli hoc. lien thue nhil. sinh hoat phi
eho eang nhan vien di hoc ...

178
 Su phan hi~t ella ba loai dinh nghia Iren chll yeu d~a v~o s~ khac nhau ve xual xu
Ilguoll kinh phi giao due can bo eong nhim vien cua Nh~ nuac va s~ khac nhau ve
pham vi su dung, quao Iy
nguan kinh phi do quyet dinh. T~ong "Quy dinh u}m IhOi ve'
f'hi/111,'i '/1Idll 1.\',51t tll,II,~ killil phi giao d',ICcan b(i cong nMn v;,in" (so 212) eua BI) tai
chinh vi, Ihong IUb(l'Sullg (so 37) chi r6: Ve ngu6n kinh phi. "doallh nghi~p va cOllg Iy
hudl lI"ill Ilu'illg lIidil (1"'0 gnlll cd dml Vilh,ic hi~n) co lOan ql/ye'n SIt dlmg so" tiill
ll"OlIg f'h\1II1 ,'i 1,51< ){i'II,~,I<ill 1If, II'I/c lilp cho vao gia thanh san Xl/at (phi hal lhOllg),
Ih,,"h I("ill Ih~o 1111'((: eh';', khimg nil qllj. Ho{lc co thl trich ra m(it pluill IIr vall doanlJ
""hief', Illi IIhll~ill, 'lit'''' dlf .... de'dUu tlf cho giao dl.lf call b(i cOllg IIluill viell ".
111lIe'
"Killh 1,Iti gi,io dllc call h6 c611gIIh61l "ien trong cac d(J/l ~i xdy d,mg co ban dltqc My
IIr \'Ii;, d,ill fI{ 'xliy dlplg (1/ b'III ". "Killh phi giao d,!c call ib(i cong Illzdn viell Clia cac
((illg IY dtl gi'Ii lizI': ho~ie <I,m "f .niy dl.fIlg co ban dii Ilg1mg xay dl.fIlg dltqc /{[y Ilr tie'll
h,IO hi,;ill gi'Ii Ih/ Cli~JdOllllh IIglli~p va dC{nvi. bdng 1.5% ~6ng 1'611dal/ lit", "Killiz plzi
,ho e,ill lui ((illg Ill1li'l \'i£'ll 1I,)c ((if' Ilgoai gii! co llzllric1l1r 25% kinh phi Clia cOllg
d(Jllll uitl!-: 1y", .

['ham vi kinh phf chi dung cho giao dl,le ciing nhan vien eua c0ng Iy bao gam:
1) Phi ebQg vu., hao gam phi giallg day, lien di eeng lac, lien sua chua Irang Ihiet
b~giang d':lY:
2) Phi nghiep vl,l~bao gam ehi phi eho giuo viC:ndaylhi nghiem va d~t mua giao
eu, tl! li\:u...
3) Tien diiYthem. chi tien thue giao vien ve d\lYnangcao;
-I) Phi nghii:n eUu [hue l('p. chi chi phi dung eho vi~c th~c t~p t\li ceng ty hay a
c6ng lY khae va chi phi can dung cho 111mlot nghi~p;
5) Phi dat mua lhiel b\, chi chi phi dung cho vi~c mua giao cl,l. s'ach va n6i chung;
6) Kinh phi miJi c6ng ty khae bai dlicmg kien thuc Ithem eho .can be eeng nhan
vien e6ng ty mlnh; . ! .
I
'.
7) cae chi phi khae. '
Bay loai kinhphi ;ren deu theo nghia htepcua dilJtu gi~Odl,lcea~ bl) cClngnhan vicn
ella doanh nghi~p va nam trong phiim vi chi dung cua dilu tu giao dl,l~can bl) ceng nhim
vien el,a doanh nghi~p. COn nhling lo':likinh phi dUDiday tuy van nmntrong nl)i dung dau
lU giuo due nhung trang van ki~n tren coquy dinh r6 dmg la kinh phi nay kheng dUQc
lrich ra llz 1,5% tbng dau IU,ma dUQechi dung Iheo nhling qui
, .
d\nh co lien
i
quan,
l) Ti~n luang eua eeng nhan dang Iham gia hQc t~p va eae 10\l~tien khac nhu tien
lhuimg. phi phue lQi, bao hicm lao dl')ng dUQetra theo dun~ qui dinh;
.
2) Ticn ' t~p nhu:Compa,
mua sath hQe, saeh tham khao, do dung 1:19c thuDe ke,
giilY,btll, ... May tinh eua hQe vien se do hQe vien t~ tra; ,
3) Cae lhiet bi dn mua eho vi~c d\lY hQe la tai san co dinh se do von dau tu xay
dung e0 bi,n. von Cili tao ella doanh nghi~p, von hanh chlnh s~ nghi~p eua ceng ty chi
tra lilCOqui dinh; cae eeng lY m6i lhilIlh lap can khao xet each lam dau tu tat yeu eho
gil'? duc c6ng ehue, kinh phi can lhiet ella vi~c nay dUQcgiai quyet trong t6ng mue dau
tu c~ichang f1ll,lCxtl)' dl!ng.
179
 3. Kinh phi gi:1o due '''i'1 ba cang nh'lI1 ':in

'ih " ,a,) due C<lnb6 c6ng nhan \'jcn chi Ioim b6 kinh phi dung eho dn bll
!.' :!'O lh')llg Ill' so 37 (1982) ella BOlai chinh qUI dinh. ngo,'u kinh phi
'I,if) dtk Ci.lrl ""1"'Cl\ng nh,lJ1 vi en Cl":l c()ng ty fa. con baa g{)Jll ca kinh phi gi:lo dt.JC cin
[jl) eong llhim vi ell cua cac dan V! himh chinh SLl nghicp. b:mg I.src Itmng Iil'll ehu'ln.
00 phi hanh chinh ~u nghi~p chi Ira. Kinh phi giao duc can b6 e6ng nh"1l1\'Il'n (lla c;ic
ball ng~nh giao d\ic Ia kinh ~hi ciin eho (\;Ii hoc tiI xa. dai hoc ham Ihu. d"i hoc [;11
ehuc. Io-p hoc ngoi" gia. lrifrl khai giao dlJc tiI xa hc sa \'a trung dp. lo-p xo,i mil chff.
1"1]"O'ng h<)1 dtr6J1g Ij:"lng eBG r"'~la giao vien. c<lC rap gi,io dt.IC han1 tht.l. c;k Ic'rp day hoc
'<1'") >'-.''> nghi do gJ:'tl "",i"n li~21Jrc" do B6 gj~lo due Ctc cf\p qu:m If. \'~l thLr0ng do qU)'
': 1\) r!1J;.~ lUOC f2i:l chi lri

v. n" tlr Cl'ta gia dlnh va ca nhiin hoc sinh

t ,'U l\I cu" gla dlnh va'ca nhan nguai di h9c eung Ii, melt phan eu" clim III gi,io
duc. Nha nuae mien hoc phi cho giao due bile phd cap giao due. "i, chi Ihu mill phiin
phu phi; lhu hoc phi va phu phi doi vai cae bae hoe'kh,\c vi, mIre phi nay sc ngi\\ eimg
1f\l1g len; triI nhung twang dae biN do Nhi, mI(k qui dinh nhu: Nong liun nghil'~. Sll
pham, ma dia chat, dau rna, ... Nhung twang dai hoc. eao dfmg khae ocu ph'li nop hoc
phi va tien a,dong thai luyfn sinh d nhfrng sinh vien he mtl. Doi \'l'1i nhilng hoc sinh
c6 ho;m canh kh6 khan, Nha nuae giup do thong qua dc hlnh thile nhu: He,'e h,;ng. ti,'n
tro cap •...

lllang 4 n'lm 1986, Trune Quoe dii thc'>ng qua lu,,! "Gi,io due nghirl I'll ... lui,l nil\'
qui dinh nhung Vllng phai ap dung giao due nghia vu. mien hoc phi eho hf,c ti(u hoc vii
trung hoc co sa. lhu hoc phi va phu phi doi vai hoc sinh bile trung hoc ph6 thilng. Cae
vlIng can cu vao tlnh hlnh cu the eua dia phlIang minh de: dieu ehinh inue thu phu phi
eho thieh hqp.

TlI nam 1989, Trung Quoc bt,t dfiu tic'n himh thu hoe phi va phu phi hOle hoc ,I'
hoc va cao dang. Thang 8 nam 1989. Nha I1lI(le ra "Qui "inh 1'(;' "i,'c (hu hoc phi. I"~"~
a
phi \'J ,it'n eri" sillh "ien dai hoc l'() ('(10 "rillg"'. thea qui (linh na~'. htll (liiu til nilm
1989, sinh vien he ehinh qui va sinh vien chuyen k110a (hao g')m can bo Iham gia h,\j
duang nang cao, sinh vien sau dai hoe) mai nh"lp twin;g sf ph"i dong lien hoe rhi. phu
phi. v6i nhung hoc sinh a
lrang kf tuc s2 rb:; ,1"":' lhem lien ii Doi v(ii nhfrng sinh
vien nhan hoc b6ng ehuyen nghiep ClI" c:1e " . 'If rham sf ,1trc.'e mien h"l phi. phu
phi va licn a. doi vai nhung hoc sinh (!"o- : ~. ho;)" chuycn nghicp hay hOl hung dinh
'wong khac se duac mien hoc rhi. ~hlfng van ph~1 d6ng tic" phu phi \i, Ill'n 'I. I)(;i ,,',i
:'birtc£ hoc sinh co hoilil ("nh :"" ,!':nh kh6 khc'ln. til' Iher) hoiln clnh cu the' 'C c1troe
I:licn giam hoc phi va ph\[ phi. nhung van ph'li dong tlcn O. Tit 'ilU khi ,ip dung chinh
sach nay. so lien h9c sinh phai nop hge phi va phu phi ngi,y cilJ1g Ung. nill'l 1%9 trung
biI1h moi hoc sinh mai nh~p hoc ph"i nop kho.lng J 00 nh'ln (L"lnk licn hr-( ,." rhu I'hi.
ciC" n;un 1992 da tilng len lhanh 300-400 nhiln dim ie;. "il them kho,lng ~(j(I.~(j() nhi:n
,::'" it ,i,',\. Ngoili ra, tiI nam 1992 den nay. s6luC1ng hoc sinh he m('! ngilv ci,ng I:,ng.
trung binh m0i n'un. moi h()c sinh nay ph,ii niJp kho:ing 2r)oo-~oOO nh:m dim k. Ti.r
llJl11 1994 se tiIng bllac xoa bo ehe" d~ baa ciip gi,io due (tril nhfrng ngill1h d:,c 1<[ \ chn
180
 ,
h~ dai h,K. cao ding ila)'. Trang nam 1992. t6ng so ti~n thu duqc til nganh hoc nay
lULIngdULlngvoi 3\:53% 16ng so tien ch~ dung cho toan b~ b~c d,!-i ~oc va cao dfing.
CUng \oi SUphal lri~rt cua ch~ do co ch~ thi truangva chidhsach cal each rna cira. so
t,~n phai nap cua sino vicn h~ rna se con tang len niia.! i

B:lt dau ((r nam '1999. cae lruang d<ilh9Cva cao dfing4 dl,!ng chinh sach rna [(?ng
qLlirna ILlycn sinh. S9 IUI;mghoc sinh lrangd.c truang d,!-ih?c va cao fl&ng d1itang 480
llghin. III 1080 nghill,sillh vicn nam 1998 dii tang len 1560nghln sin~ vien nam 1999,
liulg 44';. c,'c lrucmg b6 !lic da luyen lhem 100 nghln sinh vicn, c~ng them s6 sinh
"ien Irong C'l~ lruang diu! lilp. b"n cong, tclng s6 sinh vie~ d1i len tm 2700 nghln va
3900 nghien Cl!LIsinh.Gmg vai vicc rna rQng tuyen sinh. Nha nuac cling d1inAng cao
l,~n hoc phi cllo rhu hap nhilm huy dQng ti~m h!,c kinh tc: trong dAn, ti~n hOCphi d1i
li,ng kn 3000-5000 rrhan dan t~. Phim tfeh llnh hlnh lucd6. nhu du giao dl,!ccua dAn
cao nhung :-:ha nuoUai khang du kha nang dap ung yeu hu nay, day chinh la diem
mau .lhuan. Vi'y lhl [jen dlang tang chi tieu tuyen sinh? C6! ba van de d~t ra: ThL'(Ilhat.
dau III vi,o gi"o d~~<;lang la nhu du buc thi'et cua nhAn ~An, voi tai san trung blnh
khoang 6 t[ilm Ii nhan dan t~ thl dieu nay hoan toan hqp If; Tille lzai, giao dl,!c b~c d,!-i
hoc vi, C\IOding hi~ll cO'.d~c bict la nguon von rna cac trUbng nay cO'hoan toan co the
lhoa man duqcnhu ciiu c~a nhan dan; Tlut bu, tinh tfeh c~c trang vi~c t6 chuc giang
day cua .\a hoi da duoc nang cao. Dong thai cling con phai giai quyet nhiing vuOng
mic vc mi,1 IUILlang. nn(llllhlIC. nhu: Vi~c giao dl,!cb~c d~i hoc, cao d&ng cO'tac dl,!ng
tich cue hay t:hi Ii, .iae dung tuang doi lrang vi~c thuc d:1YnMn dan dilu tu cho giao
due? Gi,io due bile d"i hoe. eao ding ncn chang ap dung h,1nhthuc thuang mai hoa de
huy dong \on trangdan') n se nhln nh~n the naQ v~ m6i quan h~ giiia toc dQ va Iqi feh
cua vice phal lrien giao. d~c bac dai hoc va cao dfing? Sau khi phAn tfeh nhiing diem
lrcn nhilll thilY rang.lang chi ticu luycn sinh va nang cao hQc phi la each giai quyet hqp
Ii nhilnhu: T'Lng chi lieu tuycn sinh cO'the thuc dlly nhAn d:\n 1ilulU .cho giao dl,!c.huy
dong dU<;lcnguon \tln lrang dan. thu~ day kinh te tiel' tuc ph at trien; rna fQng qui mo
IUYCU,inh ,e giain bm dU<Jcap luc cua van de vi~c lam trang xa h<)i, giai quyet duoc
nhling vuong mie tf(jng giao duc; tang chi tieu tuyen sinh cung se giam bOt ap hrc cua
c,ie ki thi vao dai hqc. c6 l<;Iicho vicc giao duc v~ that. Nang cao hQc phi c6 ba 19 do
chinh: rill; II/"il. lr,ich nhicm kinh lC giao duc va Ii luan b9 sung, chI phi cho giao duc
ncn do Nhi, llllllC,gia dinh. nguai n<)pthue va ca nhilll cu~g nhau dam nhi).n; Tilu hai,
he so .-\ngks. llIC Ii Ie chi phi dilllh cho nhu cau an uong; Thu ba. Iqi feh giao duc cua
ca ilhcin. Th~o kct qUil dieu Ira lrang muai truang d<ii hQCva cao d&ng cua tlnh Son
O(H1g -Trung Qu6c tll thang 10-1997 denthang 1-1998 chi:>thay tlnh hlnh thuc te sau
khillncc hicn cliinhs<ich lang chi tieu tuyen sinh va nAng cao hoc phI. Trang 3630 ban
dicu Ira. ell I~~6 b'ln dicu Ira a vung nang thon. Ket qua di~u tra cho thay: Moi nam
hoc slnh ph,ii nap 2000-2500 t~ lien hoc va phl,! phi, neu ,them 500-1000 te tien (; va
licn saeh 1"0.3 500 It licn sinh hoal phi nlia thl tclng cangln0i nam mQt sinh vien phai
dn den 6000-6500 k" Kha n'lllg cho can em hoc dai hoc; cao d&ng cua cae gia dlnh:
8.01':; gia dinh c6 Ihe chi cluqc wan bo so tien.,15,69% chiu duqc philn Ian. 22,43%
chiu d,coc 111,il nua, 43.68 chiu dllOC l/3 va 10.2% hoantoan khong chiu duqc muc
d6ng llcn Thea kC"1qua nay lhi Ii k chiu duqc toan bQ va khong chiu duac loim bQ chi
phi hoc dai hac cua can em deu la 10%. con l,!-i80% la phai vay tien cua quy giao duc.

181
VI. S,! thay d6i cua nguon von dau tu gino d1,lc .'.
Cung vai vi~c ap d\lpg chinh sach cai cach rna clla va su hinh thanh co ehc thi
truOng, cac nguon dilu tu giao d\lc cung cO n~frng lhay d6i rnm, hlnh thanh nen kCI du
da nguyen clla nguon von! dilu tu giao;i1~c: '!\g'UOnvon dug<: tflp trung btmg eac con
dUOng:tai chinh"thue,
, l~ phi, kinh doanh, xii h(>i,quy. nghien cuu. yay von. Ivi tuc.
?uOng tai, crinh: DaYI'la ngu6n kinh phf Chll yeu ella cac lo~i InrOng kq6ng t~uoc
*~~~r*' '.
DuO'ng Ihue:: Day la nkuon von duqc Ihu duai hlnh tht're thue hb~e rnang tfnh' eh.lt
thue dung cho g!ao d\lc thea qui dinh Clla Nha nu<k trong dObao gam ea hlnh thuc
rni~n giam thue quqcap d\lng cho cac truOng, .

,a
. , DuO'n¥ thu ~hi: Phi h~ct~p ~a phf do. hQc sinh n(lp eho cue inlOng kh6ng Ihu(>e
glao duc bat bu(>~theo quyjd! nh cua Nha nuO'c. ,'.'

, Dum:g kin~ doanh: ~a nguan von thu duqc til sl! phan' ehia lqi nhu(m elm de
cang Iy, co d6ng; c6ng Iy lien doanh cung gOp von rna truOng. " '
., I" I ' :.
DuOng xii h9i: La ngupn von do xii h(>ihoac fioa kieu, 16 ch:uc mroc ngo~i. ban be
nuac ngoai quyeiJ. gOp dugo. .
II
DuOng quy! La ngu611 von huy d(>ng dtrqc nhO' dc rnoiijiJan ~~ fQng rai clla
lruOng, quy nay (lugc IMnh l~p bai cae cong Iy trong va ngoai nuqc. ea nhan hay de
doan Ihe xa h(>iclOnggOp, i' .' .: .
DuO'ng nghien cuu: C 1so tien thu duqc qua dc nghiim cuu'ella truO'ng.
DuO'ng vay;von: La's ' tien lhu duqc nhO' vay von clla c.acco quan tai ehfnh. liii
suat cua so tien nay do caf; cO' qilan' ehuquan quyet dinh. dugc eung vao vi~e giang
dl!-Y,nghien ClIu,kinh doan~, h~u dn, ... clla nha truOng.

. D~On~ !qi I~C: Chi s~ tien. l<;ri,tu~ nha t:u~g :hu duqc nl1O',\'i,~t .ehu c1Hl~~6nrn(>t
phan van cua truong theo nguyen tac all {oall. 11nil roo h(fPpllllp \'a theo nhung qlll
djnh ve qlll!n Ii tai ehfnh.

I '1 .

•~ 1

182
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Bai 3: Si'r dl:mg va philo ph6i dau ttr gilio dl;lC

"
: 'j'
. .
.,
. I .
I
'.,.1 '

1. Su dung va p~*n ph6i dau tu xay dl!Ilg co bin 'giao dl:lc

r::, ~ :'
Diu llJ giao duc bao gam dau IU 51!nghi~p giao dl,lciva dau tu.xiiy dl!ng co ban

.-nlC() he thong phaH phoi tai chinh Nha nuoc, d!\u IU xay d,!"g glao dl,lc thuqc loai
giao due. D,iu llJ xiWdung co ban giao duc duqc sir dl,lng trong cac truang hqp sau:
' ,\ ' , .'

dau llJ xay dung caban phi san xuiit niirn trong ph\lffi vi d~u tu xiiy dl!ng co bim quoc
gia. la loai Lluy tietkiem phi san xuiit, n6 thuang do llYban\k€ ho~ch va xiiy d,!"g quoc
gia Gil' eho ngi,nh ¥i~odl!c Sledl!ng vao vi~c xiiy dl!ng truap.g sa. :
so tien ma de ca nhan, do an th~ xa Mi, nha may,! xi nghi~pi d6ng g6p nhung
khong nql' chI') quy dautu xay dung co.ban quoc gia dUqclgQi la vorl xiiy d,!"g cO ban
giao due tU nguy~iL H\hh thuc g6p von nay dl!a theo nguyen tk tllu Iqi, ai g6p von
nguai do huang loi, do d6 c6 ltic n6 con duqc gQi la von d:iu tu xiiy dl!ng cO ban ngoai
ngim sach va chll yeu duqe Sledl!ng vaovi~c cai thi~n di6tt kien d~y ,hQC,a n6ng th6n,
von nay chll yeu dung d~cai t~o nhung truang hQc bi xuong cap.
Nhi, nUGcva chinh quyen dia phuong c6 th~ trich ra t~m thai von dau tu xay dl!ng
ea b:m giao dl!c chuyen dung, nguan von nay duqc sir d~ng Vi10nhung ffil,lCdich san
eo, co u!nh, khongduqc
:
phep dung vao ml!c dich khac.
, ' , .
Nha nuoe qui'd\nh nhung thiet b!, giao cl,l dung choi giang d~y c6 tr! gia hon 50
nghin nhan dan te thllhuqc vao ph~ffi vi qulm !ida von xay d,!"g co ban giao dl,lc.

II. Phan ph6i vaslr dl:lng kinh phi giao dl:lc

Kinh phi giaodl!c la bo phim chinh trong dau IU giao dl,lc. Vi~c phim p~oi va sir
dung kinh phi giao dl!c uU<Jcehia ra liun hai lo~i chinh: fv1qt la d,!a vao ml,lc dich sir
dUllg kinh phi giao due u~ phim phoi, ffiqlloai nua la dl!a vao 56 ti6nduqc phiin ph6i de
Sledung.

I. Phim phoi kinh phi giao dl,lc theo ffil,lCdich Slr dl,lng
I
Phim phoi kinh phi giao dl!c theo ffil,lCdich sir dl,lng clla cac cap cac nganh giao
cluc nUGe ta co the chia thanh ba lo~i chinh: Kinh phi nhiin 51!,kinh phi c6ng cqng,
kinh phi nghien cleu khoa hQc. I.
1.1. Killh phi iziJ(ill sit
"J Luang dahh eho giao vien va can bq, nnan vien nganh giao dl,lc, diiy lit b6 ph an
ehinh ella kinh phinhilll s,! giao Ul!c, trang d6, luong co ban Iii thu nhl1-pchinh ciIa giao
vien Vilcan bo, nhan vien nganh giao dl,lc. Luang co ban duqc tinh d,!a theo timg khu
vlie, chuc vu va chuc danh, bao gam: Luong clla can bq. giao vien trang bien che,
ILrangelLa can bq, giao vicn thle vicc, luong clla can bq giao vien dang cha viec, luong
Cl"l C:lLlh(1.giao vien dang cti hoc nang cao ngoai bien ch€.

183
 , . "'"
b) Tii:n tn;l c{ip cho can bQ, giao vien. chu 'ycu la tien thuemg do Nha nU(lc ph,it.
licn day thay. tii:n day them, tii:n cong day ngoai nhfrng gia qui c1inh. ticn luang thlfe.
rii:n tra gia thuc phAm. giao thong, tien bao hi~m va cac lo~i tien phu cap khk

c) Phi pht'ic lqi. bao gom .\0 tien hbp cho c'o.ng doim the~ qui dinh va phi phuc ini
nt)P [h('o ticu chuan, thOng thuang cac lrtlbng trich 2%-2.5% tir lien IUClngclla can hei.
gi,io vien. Phi phuc.lqi co~ bao gam cii tii:n chuc vu cua can bQ giao vien dii nghi hun.
tien rna chav, lien tau xe cho can bo giao vien ve tham gia dinh. bao hicm cho can doc
nh;;l trang iia c1J'nhva cac bhi phi kha~. . .
,
d) Chi phi cho can bQ; giao vien nghll1),rt suc. nghi hun bao gam: tien nghi mat suc.
tien nght hun va lien trq gialuClng thl!c thl!c ph,1m, ckloai tien khac thea qui dinh.

e) Tien h9c being va tlen trg cap cho sinh vien baa gam: Tien hoc h6ng ,." tien tm
ca? ch? sin~ vien chinh quI. va sinh vie? chu~en ng~nh. tien h9~ bei?g. tlq cap cho sin~1
Vlen cac truang chuyen nghl~p, h9C bong va trq cap cho nghlen cun sllIh bac thac .II.
tien si va trq cap cho lun h9c sinhtrong nuoc va nuoc ngoai theo cam ke't. d chi)' I" .can
n6i r6 hCln ve cac I~i tien ~oc being va tien Irq clip, tir thang 7-1983. nuC1cla ojt c1iiuap
dung ehe do hoc being va ttq cap cho sinh vien d~i,h9c va cao dang, trang d6 ngoal melt
s6 chuyen nganh d~c bi~t sinh vien duqc hrfemg 80%-100% h9C b6ng ra thl hiiu hct cae
chuyen nganh khUe chi duqc 60% h9c b6ng; h9C b6ng chi phat, cho J 0-15% .16 hoc
sinh cac truang. 'I'ir nam 1?87, cae tnlang d~i h9C va cao dang chi ap dung che' do hoc
being, xoa b6 che dQ trq cap. Doi voi nhfrng sinh vien c6 hoan dnh gia dlnh kh6 kh'"llI.
Nha nuoc ap d\llIg bi~n phap: ngan hang cong thuang Trung Qu6c cho sinh vien Va','
tien M h9c, bi~n phap nay'duqc ap dung tu thang 9-1986. Ne'n sau khi tot nghiep. de
sinh 'Vien nay t1nh nguy~n lam giao vien tieu hoc. lrung hoc hoac ve dc "ung sill! vung
xa, kinh te kh6 khan thi se duac mi~n khoan vay nay.
1.2. Phi cOllg ct)ng

0) Phi cong: Y\l bao g6m: Chi phi van ph6ng. c1ien bao. dien lIlr6:c. chi phi di e(mg
tac, du Ijch cua kh6i hanh chinh, tien xang va b,10 duong xc. chi phi baa dllflng de
Ihiet bi hanh chirih, tii:n sua chua nha an, tii:n trang c,iy. b,io h6 'lao dong. chi phi luycn
truyi:n va cae loa! ph\! phi kh<ic.
, b'

b) Tien d~t mua thiet i bao gam: Tien mua g4'\0 cu va cac 'thic"t hi tra gi,ing. li~n
I

mua s<ich va,

tu li~u, tien mua d\!ng cu the duc va cac thict hi th6ng thuang (chi phi
duoi 50.000 nhan dan t~). : ,

c) Phi bao duong bao~ gam: Tii:n bao duong. sua chua truo-ng sa. c(mg tr1nh kic'n
truc, thiet bi va n'hflllg cong trinh khong thuoc pham "iquan Ii clla von xii\' dlrng eel ,(I
giao duc.

d) Phi nghiep vu bao gam: Chi phi thuc tilp lhi nghiern. chi phi thue lilP "in xuii!.
11{;ndicnn1l6c trang khi day hoc, phi cong lac du lich. phi nghicp "u clla nghien clTu
sinh, lien seril chfi'J Ihiet bi Ira giang. dc loai chi phi dllllg cho gi,ing day J.;hac.

e) Cae chi phi khac baa g6m: Chi phi danh cho chuycn gia nuc1C ngo;k chi phi
luyC:n sinh. chi phi danh cho can bo. giao vien di cong tae a 11l1C1cngoai. lien chieu dal
khach, kinh phi giao d~c can bo, giao vien. chi phi clla hoi sinh \'i6n. chi phi Illliell CIl;,
tim vien ki thuat chuyen ng'1i~p... \
184
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I) Tlcn bu 10, la tien treJ giup eho nhfrng khoan kh6ng th~ chi tra cua cae nang
twang. cong .wong. nha tre Ihuoc su quan Ii cita cae nganh giao duc va dii c6 Sli phe
chuan ella Nhil nuae.
1.3. Killh phi Ilghiell Cl{U khoa hoc
Kinh phi nghien elfU khoa hoc la mot ph3.n eua kinh phi giao duc, chit yeu ia kinh
phi dung chu "icc nghicn cuu khoa h9c ket hqp vai vi~c giang day tren lap 0 bac trung
hoc vii cau <limg. d"i hoc, hoae quy nghien eUII d9c l~p thu9C ngimh giao dl!e. Kinh phi
nilY bao g(,tn: Chi phi thi~( bi nghien euu, saeh vo tai li~u, ~hi phi eho vice thlnghl~m
"il thll nghictn. tien dien, Illrae. eong tae phi da'nh cho nghien CUll, ti€nsua ehfra thiet bi
I1ghicn clfU. lien ki kc'( h(.1pdong nhfrng nghien CUll kha thi va cac chi phi khae, 0 day
chi chll lrong Mn Idnh. phi nghien CUll khoa hqe bac eao ilii.ng va d<l,ih9C. Kinh phi
nghicn cuu khoa hqe cua b~e d<l,ih<;>eva cao dii.ng von thu9C kinh phLgiao dllc, nhung
Ilf selU khi Nha nuae c6ng bo "Quyei dinh cdi cach rill chI!'khoa hQc ki' rhu{jr" vao nam
ILJ85 thi ((1 che kinh phi nghien euu dii duqc thay d6i, kinh phi nghi~n CUll khoa h<;>e
c!Lroephlll1 loai quem Ii theo nhfrng d(IC di~m nghien CUll khoa hqc khac nhau. Kinh phi
nghi0n ClfU khoa hqe truac ntllntrang kinh phi giao dl!c, nay duqc B9 tai chinh true tiep
chuycn giao ehb ity ban khoa h<;>equoc gia thong nhat quan Ii. Hang nam, uy ban khoa
hoe 'lUCie gia c,m eu \'ao qui dinh M hoach dinh kinh phi nghien CUll \choa h<;>ccho cae
tlUang. kinh phi nay len tai 70 ..•60 nghin nhan dim t~, bao gam 20 tri~u nhan dan t~
dimh eho de eong trinh nghien cUu ehuyen de do cae trUang til' chon, 20 tri~u t~ danh
cho ccic e(lllg trinh nghien euu ehuyen de eita de lien SI, 2840 nghln t~ danh chi eho
nhung klnh phi thong thuang eua de ehuyen vien nghien CUll trong trUong, va 7620
nghln k dilnh cho de loai nghien el!J'djnh hi.rang khac. Den nam 1989, kinh phf
nghi~n elfLl khoa hoc <littilllg kn thanh !l5.860 nghln nhan d.an
, t~.
2. Su dung kinh phi giau duc dua \'au so lien du(j'C phan phoi

2./ Kinh phi eho dc truang d,.'i hqc vit cao dUng: Bao gam kinh phi eh6 cae eO
qu"n nghicn clfLl Irue Ihuoe quoc gia, lhanh rho, eae b9 va cac dia phuong.
22 Klnh phf nghien elfLl kho" hoc baa gam: Kinh phf nghien cuu khoa hoc dUeJe
I,icn kiwi kct hop \'oi I'ice giang day lrang cac IrUang trun'g" h<;>c,d<ii h<;>e,cao dang va
.

kinh pili cho de phong nghien cUu cita b9 nganh giao dlle va cac dia phuong.
23 Kinh phi cho lLlUhoc sinh baa gam: Kinh phi cho sinh vien ra nUGe ngoai du
hoc 11',,' ILfu hoc sinh nuae ngo'li den Trung Quoc hqc tap dit dirac Nhil nuae cho phep.
BO gi,ill dLle thong nh,it quem Ii va kinh phi eha de truang chuyen t6 ehue cho sinh ,ien
Tlung ()U<1C ra nuac ngoi,i du hoe hoae sinh Viell ,,,rUe ngoai den Trung Quoc h<;>etilP,

2~ Kinh phi cho C:IC IrUlJng IfLlng hoc c'",y~n nghiep bao gam: Kinh phi eho de
Iluimg tlung dp w ph"rn do 80 gilo dnc l6 chue, va kinh phi eho cac truang trung hoe
chuycn nghicp do 8(, gi:,o due. 86 tai chlnh, Bo ke hoaeh t6 chue.
2 -' Klnh phi eho ccie tIlfong day nghe, bao gam: Kinh phi eho cac lruang t,ung
hoc d"y nghc. lrung dp nang nghicp, cae lap day nghe eua ca,: truang ph6 thong lfung
hoc. C:IC Ilu<Jng I'll" hoc "ira lilm do phiJng giao dl!C cac cap t6 ,hue. '

185
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2.6. Kinh phi trung hqc:.Chu yeu Iii kinh plii giao duc cua cae tmang pheSthong
trung h9C.
, I •
2.7. Kinh phi tieu h9C1Chu yeu l~,,~inhphi.,giao dliC cho dc tmang tieu h9C.
2.8. Kinh ph' mam non: Chu yeu Iii kinh phi giao dliC cho cal' tmang mau gi.io do
B9 giao dliC quartli.

2.9. Ti~n tr~ cap cho1cae twang d,!-y ngh~ va cac twang kT thuat no'ng nghi~p
dja phuang.' ;
, .
2.10 Kinh phi cho caG tnrang d,!-ih9c va cao dang ngoili gio baa gum: Kinh phi
eho de twang d~i hqe l~i chUc, d:'(ih9C ham rhu, dai hOGttf xa QoB9 giao di)c qllJlOIi.
2.11. Kinh bhi giao d~c cho cae truang trung dp vasa c.tpngoai gio baa gqm:
Kinh phi cho ca4 (rUang v~n h6a ngoai gia, de truang gid.o duc tiI xa. giao duc ham
thl,l, xoa n,!-nmu chil do cac. phong giao dl,lc dc cap quan H. . .
I < •

2.12. Kinh phi b6i duiYng giao vien: Baa g6m kinh phi giao dl,lc cho dc h9c vitn
hanh chinh, h9C ti~~ b6i du6'ng nAng cao dll.lJhcho giao vi'tn. cae lap boi duang. hltm
thJ! cua giao vien'do B9 giao dJ!c quan H. •

2.13. Tien tig c~p chol giao vien cac twang dan I~p: La ti~n ftg cap cho giao vitn
cac truang dan I~pthu9C cap huy~n tfaxu6ng va vung ngo:'(i 6 cac tnann pho.
: I .
2.14. Kinh phi giao d,l,lcd~c bi~t, la kinh phi cho cac lo,!-itruang dilnh cho tn~
khuyet t?t do B9 giao dl,lc quan If.
,
2.15. Kinh phi giao d\lc khae nhu chi phi cho cac nhi~m \'u do IX> giao dl,lc chi'
, tien bien t?P va ki6m tfa la; Ii~u. ti~n iri tai li~u ...
dinh, phi chieu sinh,

,I
I
i
!

186
 Bili 4: Cu che qulm Ii dau tu giao dl;lC

l. Cv che quan If
Til nhCrng n;lm 80 eua the ki 20, dau III giao dl,!c do ben tili chfnh quoc gia dam
.. II jeh Dau nhung n,'un SO, b,tt d;,u tien himh cai each ca che!qu<'m If dau tu giao due, {Ip
dung ((1 chi' qU'lil Ii 'rlich finliJlI "Iii ciJi, him kllOanlimg cap", uy ban tai chfnh trung
Lremg "" helll t'li ehinh cjc dia phuong chia' nhau'qu<'m If c6ng viec. (Jy han t~i chfnh
qll\ic gIC' phu trjeh trUang dai hoc. c'Ie ,Hng, t:'Ul.g h,x "h'-'1'2n
kinh phi eho de
nghi~p, trullg C~lP kl lh:u~t lnrc thuyc cae bQ, V~(LIYbJ.i:, i.e .'.L dang va tien trQ' cftp giao
due u,nh huang ella llia plurong; ban tai chfnh dia phuong )J!lU trach kinh phf cho cac
lrUCJrlg d~.Li hqc. cao c1:mg. cae tnrang tn.ln::: c.;.tp \'~ r:,f)' c''\;) eua d~a phncmg, do d~a

plllwng qU:Ul If.

1. Co che' 4uan Ii tili chinh bac giao duc co sa

Kinh phi gijo dut: CO sa bae trung hQC va ti~u hQc do tinh, thanh pho, khu tl!' tri
lrUe li~'p phjt eho cap huycn; dia phuong co quyen quan Ii giao dl,!c b~c co so, theo
ngu) ~n t;,e dia phuong phI,! trach va quan Ii theo tung cap giao dl,!c bac co so. Nhiim
diun hiw dau 111 giao duc eua dia phuong, ngoai viec Nha IllIOCkh6ng ngung tang luqng
d:ill 111 ra. ban lai ehiilh dia phuong cling phai c6 nhung bi~n philp lfch el!'c han nua,
nllung dling gop lhuoc c:ip huy~n tro xuong va plw thu giao dl,!c cua dia phlwng chu
y~u duoc d,iu tll vao giao dl,!c co so.

2. Co che 4uan Ii Iili chinh bac d~i ht:Jc vii cao dang

'[woc d:,y, kinh phi giao dl,!c bac d~i hQc va cao d~ng nuoc la duqc phan chia
b;lIlg dch cae eo 'IU'1Il ehu '-Iu,in cua Nhil nuoc tien hanh dieu Ira r6i tu kct qua'dieu tfa
tlli s~ quy~'l dinh ngan s,ich hilllg nam cho cac truang, neu cuoi nAm ngAn sach con du
lhi phill nap Iai cho !'Iha nUOc. Sau khi cai each rna cua, co che quan If nay dli duqc
thay d6i. ehlly~n thilllh "chi" kho,;n ng,;n s(lch, Ihil!i, ng,;n sach W bl(, Iluia ngan sach
d,(o," 1'1,,;1' gi'-i lui dl(n,~ ". Day la phuong philp ho~ch dinh ngan sach hang nam cila
kinh phi gICiu dllc b;le dai hQC va cao d~ilg biing cach nang cao chi so. each lam nay de
d,in ,len sai sO ngan sach 100, bai chi so khac nhau Ihl muc tang chi so cling khac nhan.
'l'll,"u n:nl1 1 'Joo. nu6c ta lai tien hanh,cai cach Ian nua, ap dl,!ng phuong phap "dinh
/I/LiC long I/(I!) k(;i hllf! \(ii Ira ceiiJdinh II/{ong". Theo cach lam nay,-n~an sach giao due
ililng nall1 eu" bae dai htle va cao dang duoc ban chi! quan can cu VaG cae nganh hoc
khac nil"u. de e:lp hee kl"ic nh"u viL tlnh hlnh lhue lC eua dia phuong c6 trtrong .Y.
kt hop ,oi hhil nang tili ehinll ella Nha nuC1cva dia phuong do M gtm viec plu\t tri~n str
nghicp gici() due bi,c diu hoc ,a cao dilllg voi ke ho~ch phat Iri~n va so luqng hoc sinh,
nh,elm ,Lnn bel') kinh phi gi{w due b;le dai hoc, cao dang va soluqng hoc sinh ,tong thiJi
t;lIlg kn. etch bill n,,, s~ kich thich tllioc tinh n;ll1g dQng cua Imong. n,', rong qui m6
gl~\ng tLty \.~l n~ing CJ.O dlr9c kinh ttY Cll~l trtrbng.

187
 3. D6i mm co chi qulin Ii dau tit giao d,!c .
,
Cung vai viec xay d~g va hoan thi~n cua che d9 w che.U,j tit;0ng. wehe uau ltr
giao d,!c ntrac tading dii cp nhfrng dOi mai, d~c bi~t la d6i mai tr~ng eo (he e.ap kinh
phi cho giao d,!C.

Cap kinh phi cho giao'd\Ic bao gam: Chinh phu eap kinh phi chocac dp thu9C B9
giao d\Ic, cac cap thu9C Bq giao d\Ic cap kinh phi cho cac lNang IhuQc c;le e{ip nay.
N~m 1996 bill d~u li~n h~1h c.~i cach w che cap~kinh ~hi 'gi~?d\Ic. ~9i I.~ngan S;ic!'
glao d\Ic g9n nhy. Ngan sach glao d\IC g9n nh~ the h](;n et ba diem: TIII( nh'lI. th,iqg cill'
cho ngan sach giao dl!c, g!n li~n kinh phi gia-o duC\'ai uau (li x,iy dung w han giao
dl!c, kinh phi giao d\Ic dang lil cap khoan lang len lhanh cap IQ'.\1.pfmg kinh phi giao
d\Ic lil phan ph6i;b~c hai ler thanh phan.Ph6ib,!c m91lrOlig khoRI1~hi ng;ln sa.h qu6c
gia. Gic h':lng m\Ic lrong ngan saeh qu6c gia nuac ta tNae gay.chrete chia thanh bon
cap: Lo;:!i,khoan, h;:!ng, m~c; kinh phi S\f nghi~p giao duc Ihu9C ca'p, khoan,nflm trang
lo;:!ikinh phi van. h6a, giao: d\Ic, khoa h9c, y Ie, con dfiu tu x.ay ~\!ug cet b,iu gi;i() duc.
lhu9C cap khoan trapg kinli phi khoa h9c giao duc xii h9i tmug 16~j kinh phi x,ly d\fng
cet ban, Ngan saeh qu6c gid duqc ph~u ph6i 0 cap loai tNac. g9i lapMn ph6i bac m(>!.
roi mai phan ph6i b~c hai' q ba dp khoan. h\mg. m'l!c sau. kinh phn~iao duc n,\m trang
phfm phei b~c hai naY: TIII( hoi,"kinh phf giao dl!c g9n nh~ trao'q\ly~n bien che ngaO
sach giao dl!c cho B9 giao: d\Ic, xel v~ g6c d9 tai chfnh. n6 c6 quyen bien chc. ngiiJI
saeh, Ngan sach giao d\Ic puqc bien ch€ tren CC1so dtn bAng giil'a cung va du. Qua
trlnh bien ch€ nay bAI dau til vi~c B9'giao dl!c dlra ra nhu C;)Ung,in sach. saf] u6 B() taj
chinh va k€ ho;:!chsau khi c~n cu V110kha nang tai chfnh. S\fcan bAng gifra cung va du.
se dua ra ki€n nghj cho ngbn saeh qu6c gia M quec h9i phe chu;1n. Till; 1>0.B6 gi;lo
d\Ic c6 quyen phlln phei va qua~ Ii ngan sach giao dl!c. Twac dfly~.kinh phi giao duc do
B9 tai chinh ph an ph6i va quan Ii, con dflU tu xay d\ffig cet so giao duc lai do Be;>kc'
ho;:!chqUlin If, Xet ve trlnh l\f cap kinh phi, B9 giao d\Ic lhanh lap va quan If giao duc
b~c trung h9C cetsC!, trung h9c phil thorig, dai h9C va cao dang. kLnh phf giao dlJc cUa
cac b~c h9C nay do B9 tai ~hinh cap cho B9 giao d\Ic, rai B9 giao .d\IC1)1C~i cfip eho cae
twang tr\fc thu9C cua Nha ?uac va cae b9 nganh. Nhung sau khi 9,rdiIetc &<in n,hc hoa.
duqc s\f thong qua cua d,!i Ih9i d,!i bieu nh~n dan. ngan sa,h gj,i~ ~:uc'da, duqc B<;> tai
chinh trao l;:!icho B9 giao d\Ic, B9 giao duc c6 traer nhi~m phftn :phqi. qu<in If va giam
sat cae twang va c.ic Io;:!i~iao duc, Thu tu, ngim sach gi;iq dlJc phan phCii vii qllan If
den cap huy~n. Cet cau h1I~h chinh nUac ta hi~n nay gam bCiilcap: Trung uang. tlnh.
huy~ri va xii, de phu hqp v~i yeu cau hanh chfnh, ngan saeh giao dlJ, g9n nhc chi qu;ln
If ba cap: Trung uetng, tinh va huy~n,;

II. So sanh cO''che quan Ii dau tu giao dllc cua cac nu6c tren the giOi
Cet ch€ quan If dau IU; giao d\Ic tren thcgiai hi~n nay c6 tht chi a ra lam ha'ioai
hlnh: Lolli IllIt nMlia cet che quan If theo che' d9 ph,in quye~. nh'u: j\Ji'. Due. ,\0 £;>9:
•
LO~7i1M hoi la cet ch€ quah If k€t hqp gifra ch€ d9 phan quytn va chc' de;>t,)p quy~n.
nhu: Nhat Bim, Anh; Lo,li ;'/If ba Iii CCf chc' (juan If theo chc' de;>t~p quytn. nhu: phap.
Lien Xo CU,Bi va m9t sCinlrae Dong All !"loi loai CCf che qUan Ifc)au tiTgiao duc nay •
d~u e6 d;!c diem rieng.
\

188
 1. eli che quan Ii thtu che d6 ph:in quyen
I'
"ll ,ip Jllng co chi qu,in Ii dilu tu gi,io ('U': tbe ,.',':1-.' "h,,1' quyen, trong d6 HlY
I chinh qlly.cn "lc bang Llia phuong lamlrung ti,m, tien hiu,h llHl "" qu~n li dau tl1 giao dl,lc
i
thcu ba dp: l\h'l nu6t lien bang, chinh quyen bang va chinh quyen eac dla phl1ong, N9
dung Cll<lqUlin li Lliiutu giao duc ph an quyen lien bang dl1qc th~ hi~n nhl1 saUl

I) Quan Ii, [Jhiln [Jhcii kinh [Jhi giao dl,lc do Chinh phu cap cho dia phuong.
2) Vi mot Ilhu cau dill' bi~l nao d6, c6 th~ trl!'c liep cap kinh phi giao dl,lc eho dc
lrUc1l1g'",'111<,phUlil\g eo licn quan,
,') C)uilll Ii philn phai de loai tien trq cap cua Nhii nuac lien bang nhu: Tien trq
c~ip 61~il) JL.LCchu llg~njit~lI1 t~\t.
Chinh quycll dc bang thanh hip uy ban'giao dl,lc chuyen phl,l trilch quan Ii dau tlf
gia\) due clla ~ang minh. Noi dung quan Ii bao gam:
"
I) Biell cQc' ciip killh phi giao duc do chinh quyen bang cung cap,
2) Philn ph"i tien ([(.1 ciip gi"o duc cho giao dl,lc sa cap va giao dl,lc trung dp do
chinh '1uycn bling cung efip," "
3) Quill1 Ii v" gi,,,n S,il vi~c cap chi phi giao dl,lCcua chinh quyen bang.
Chinh lluycn dia phuong lhanh 1(lp uy ban giao d\)c, chuyen phl,l trilch quan Ii dau
llf giao due el,a dia phtrtmg minh. N9i dung quan Ii bao gam: '

II Bicn ehe" ngi\I\ s,ach giao due dja phuang,

2) Tnrng lhuthu.: I"i "lncua dlc he':>dan lro~g oia ph'for" mlnh eho (L;,: LLf giao duc,

XcI vc phi\I\ chia trach nhiem oiiu LU giao due <1Mi Ihl trach nhi~m cila chfnh
quy~n bang iii Ian nhat. con Ir<ich nhi~m eua Nha IllrcJe lien bang tuang dOi aha.
Tmng de quac gia ,ip dlUlg che d9 quiin Ii dau tu giao d\)c theu che dt) phan
'1 ycn ci)n n; Nam Ttf elL -n\oi gian ['nai thunh lap, Nam Tu ap d~ll1g ehe <16quill1 II
u
diiu W gi:'\l due thell ki~u llip quycn, nhung sau khi tien hill1h cai each dli d6i lai thanh
ehc' d() w lri "li h<)i ebu ngbia, Chinh phu trung l1ang kh6ng trl!'c tiep quill1 li c6ng tac
gi:lU due, Trung Lfong thlll\h l~p uy ban van h6a giao duc lien bang, chuycn [llu Ir:\ell
gi~H' luu gi:lO ul:lc. gii.lo dl;lc quan s\f giCra C(LCbang, va qu;' /} 11 gi{tO d\lC (5 Uttl' . ; ~;lU.
C~i.c I1Lf{IC cc)ng hoa [rang lien bang trl!c tiep qtl,~ll ;; (:ong t;ic giao d'-:il.:, C{tl: UL,(iC (!'i'j~
h"" I","d\ bp de khL>qulIn Ii tbell eC' Call ",)eO" ell, e,k khu l:;ti tl1"nh lrlp de uy lXII,
\ill1 be"l gll;O dlle pbulr,ich qmin 11'.Lllll<c '""io due. J)~;.ulI1 giao d\)c chu yeu lay quy tu
gi,-,,, due', qu;; gi,io due dl' "crill" ,1<,,,,:::", ,ell itt ir:" el\n~ cap. m6i tinh tLf tri e6 ral
ilhlciJ "\'I.in:.;' Lf(;I1:~ {~Ii iell (If [r! ", ~ll;lC dfch LIla die cQng dung U~l/ i~i..llcu Kel C:LC ngi\nh

Sill\ \uilt \"'1 dIe IIgill\h phi "in xuat I~i'vai nhau nhiim giai quyeu~~c van de kinh phi
eho Ci,L' ngilnh pbi "in .'-uSt lht1ng qua c<ic hoat d9ng giao 1l1u giUa ~Iai ngill1h nay, nlHt:
cOllg dllng lui ieb W Iri gi,io duc. enng dong Iqi ich tI1 tfi van h6a, c9ng dong lqi fch tl!'
Iri kbna h",,,, O\l\g dong loi ich gi,iu due do cae dai bi6u ngill1h san xu,it, oai bi~u dAn
•
ell. ,hi hicu tnr0ng. chi bi~u Cil<lIl) ehue Xc, hyi t,\O thanh, ciJng nhau giiii quyet cac viin

de ,..:: d~tU Llr gi~iu Jl.ll .

•

189
 2. CO'che quan Ii kethgp gifra che d(>pM" quyen va cherl(> llipquyeh
. ,.-.. I'

N~at Ban va,Anh la hai nuac dien hinh ,ap dung CC1 the qUlin If dau tu giaa duc
thea kieu ket ho~ gifra ehe d(>phan quyen vai ehf do tap quyen., ,

Dau tu giaa d\le a N!l~t Ban dO' tinh b(> van hoa trung ltqng .\'a chinh quyen dia
phuong quan Ii. Cac n(>idu~g quan If dau tu giaa due cua tinh b(>trung uong baa gaIT):
1) Phu tnleh dau tu valquan If cae twang quae lap.

2) Phu tnich quan Ii v~ giup d6' dau tu giaa dlle clla cae tncang cOng lap vii d,in lap
a -d!ah" phuong nhu: Tien IUCll1gva trq cap, thief bj daY hac. xay d\fJ1ginrang so. giao duc
xa 91,... !
J

I .••

Cac dia phuang lhanh ,I~p uy ban giaa dlle. ehuyen trach \'i.;c'quan Ii va ph,in ph6i
dau tugiaa dlle. Uy ban gi~a dlle d!a phuong ph an thanh hai cfip: Cap hu)'en va dp thi
xii, uy ban giaa d\le cae cap nay phil tnieh quan Ii nguan von d;lu,lti giaa dut clla e;,p
minh. N(>idung eu the baa 86m: , .,

1) Kinh phi, giaa dlle Ihuy~n tr\fe tiep dau IU eha s\f nghi~p 'giaa dllc cila huy~n
nhu: Chi phi phllc vu eha cac twang huy~n tMnh I~p, tien luang va trq cap giaa \'ien h~
tieu h9c va trung h9C, tien juang, Irq cap daY thea gia ella giaa vien va trq cap chi, phi
trang linh yVe giaa d\le eha ;ehinh quyen thi xii chi tra.
, , ,

2) Kinh phi giaa dlle cap thi xii duqe dau tu vaa s\f nghi~pgiaa due cila thi xii.
nhu: Chi phi eha d.e truang tieu hge va lruiig hge dO'thi xii rna (tiu tien !uOng). chi phi
eha co cau giaa d\le khac cUa thi xii.
3) Tat d kinh phi giaa due cua eac truang d;1n Hip dell danguai dai dien phap If
cua truang phlllraeh quan 1\. '
Tom lai, CC1 ehe quan Ii dau tu giaa d\Ic cUa Nh~t Ban las\f ket hqp gi fra che do
phan quyen va che d<)t~p quyen, tinh b(>van hoa trung uang d6ngthai P)lll teach vi.;c
cung cap trq cap eha cac trucrng dan I~p, trung uang va dia phqCl:Ijgmoi be~ MIl chiu
m(>tmIa trach nhi~m. ' .

Nuac Anh eung ap d\lng che d(>quan Ii dau tu giaa due th~~ki~u ket hqp gifra che
d<)phan quyen va che d(>t~p quyen, trung uong v~ dia phuong cung nhau quan l,fdilu
tu giaa dllc, Trung uang thanh I~p b(>Khaa hac va giaa dllc. d'ia nhiIang Ihanh hip c~e
llYban giaa d\le. N(>idung Jhu traeh eu the clla b(>khaa hge v~ gi;ib'due trung trO'ngla:
• 'j ,

1) Phu trach han 80% ~inh phi giaa due bile dai hac va caa dang trang eil nuoe,
2) Ho trq chi phi al' u6pg eha bile hac mau giaa lrang ca riuac: .
, ". I

3) 60% chi phi hge filing caa cl,a giao vien dO'trung uOflg pl;u -tr;ich,

Uy ban giaa d\le dja phuong phu trach dau tu giaa duc, b~~ SO \'a lrung cap.
kho3ng han 90%, dong thai con phu trach cae b~c hac tie'p sau \rung hac ph6 thong
(tric d(li hge), ]uO'ng giaa vien dO'trung uong tni 60'7<0. phan CiHI lai dO'dia phuong I' I
thong qua hinh thue thu thu€'
I

Kinh phi gi,io dlle eua 'cae truang dan lap a Anh ehu yeu d\fa vaa s6 lien hoc dO'
hge sinh
~. ,dong, tien dong gop cua ea\ nhan va cae t6 chuc xii h(li, ngoai ra cim c6 tien
trQ'cap eua trung trong.
190
 . '
3. Cu che quan Ii thea che d(>lap quyen lrung uang
C" rat nhi~u nuoe ap dung C(I che quanli dau tU giao dl,!c theo kitu t~p quy~n
trung uung. lrung d6 c6 Phap. D,iu lU giao d1,lcPhap do Nha nuac thong nhllt quan Ii,
•J
lrung uung lh:lnh l'IP B6 giao due tjuoe dan, phI,!trach quan Ii, phan phoi dau tu giao
Jue. phu trach hon 80(, to:ln b6 dau tU giao dl,!c trong ca nuac, bao g6rn nhiing nQi
dung Cl.l the Si.lU: i
.t
flo gi:ll1 Jue quOc (ICin n(lm quyen quan 'lidau t~ giao d\lc, ngoai kinh phi
I)
nghi~n ecru khoJ hoc to uk trang cac lruang d\li hoc,cao Mng ra, BQ giao d1,lequoc
(bn cung c:lp to:m b6 chi phi. Can cCrvao cac yeu to v~ tinh chat va qui rna cila truong,
h:lng n'U11Nha nuac eung cap chi phi tron g6i cho cae tI-Uangtruc thuQe.
2) Nh:1mrue lri,luong eho toan bQ nhan vien cac nganh giao d\ICcila Nha nuae.
3) Cr e,iu hanh chinh gia(l d\le dia phuong ph1,ltrach quan Ii cac hang ml,!c dau tu
gi,ill due (ira di~ phuong, chil yeu lit dau tu xily dl!llg co ban vai qui mo nho va cac
thit::"tbi.•..~dn(J0 lh~"\;.
";S-
ClI ch~' quan Ii dau tu giao d\lc eila Trung Quae ve co bim lit thlJ\>e IO\lihlnh nity.

Cung 1'11isU pha.t lrien eua chinh sach ciii each rna elta, co ehe qU3.llIi dau tu gi,io u\le
nuoe ta se lung buae thay doi. ap dl,mg the ehe quan Ii d1 nguyen hOa, ap d\lng nhi~u
phutlng ph,ip qu,in Ii. nhieu nguon 'on dau tu nh,,, Nhil nuo-c, cae bQ nganh, cac dia
phu<Jng. ceie cong ty I'a tLrnhan. Muon tien hanh d.i each co ehe quan Ii dau tu giao
due nuOc ta n~n but dau tU nhiing mat sau:
TI"i Il!l,il. Nh:1 mrac p1Wtnieh va dam bao loan bQ kinh phi giaoduc
eho giao d1,lc
b"C ti1u hoc. trung hoc I'a cic lrUang su ph\lm, Nha nuac thong nhat cap kinh phi, philn
cclP ra .dJ 'I u:,n Ii. sir dung.
Till; !lui, Nh:1 nuac ph~ trach va dam bao kinh phi cho tilt d nhiln vien ng!lllh giao
due, kinh phi nilYmiii n"m mQt tang. ,
t

"{IlliIw, kinh phi cong cQng, dau LUX"Ydl!ng co sa

giao d~c va cac chi phi khac
dCu ap dung co ch.: qu,in Ii d,iu to giao duc da nguyen h6a, da d\lng hoa, trang d6 dau
tlf cua Nil:1mrac Iii chu ye'u,
FIliitling buae X'lYdung co cau ti~n t~ giao dl,lc, nhu: 0y ban cap chi phf giao
1'(,

dt'C Gic dip, ng'll1 hang giao d~e, quy gi~o dl,lc,." _'-_
FIlii Nha nuac ung hQ vi~e tMnh l~p cae truang dan l~p. Kinh phi eila eae
11<;111.

truong lhlll l'lp dll ca nhan hO(lcdai bieu phap If cUa truang dUng ra 10 1i~u, philn phoi,
sir dung 1':' quan If. Nhi, nuac vii dia phuong se c6 nhiing hii trq thfch hqp,

tlr. N6i dung quan If dau tu gLlo dt,lc

t);"IUw gi,io due khong chi ph,;i giai ljuvet niliing van '." "ngu6n von. philn phoi,
su dl.lIlg mil c()n phi.'ti nghicn Clfll e,i ve nhilng J19l dung quan li nrm. <10 :~;~lP
cho vi~c
• qll~'H1 If \'~l gi(lIl1 sat dfiu tlC gicio d~lc. p!l(\t !1uy Jd\\C lli?u q1\:: I~~~t
n6.

191
 1. N(li dung quan Ii vi mo

D~ tUng buoc xay dl!ng va hoan thien che d(>cap chi phi dau tu giao duc. De nghi
trung uang va ct.inh ql1yen cac dja phuang thanh lap uy bandau tU giao duc M phu
trach qU<lnIi, gia!m sat, die~ khi~n i':J tam vi mo, s~p ~ep tien dau IU giao duc. nang cao
hieu qua kinh Ie cua dau IUlgiao dl,lc.
i
Nganh giao dl,lc cac ckp phu trach bien che kinh phi giao dl,lCva ng,in s<\ch diiu'ttf
xay dl!TJgco ban Igiao duc, ~ang nam phai glri bao cao va du loan ngan sach nam sau vc
cho BI?lai chinh .th~m Ira vll xem xel, dl! loan ngan saeh nay se dugc h(>idong d~i hitu
nhan dan cac cap xem xel ~a phe chu~n. Sau khi dl! loan ~gan sach do duoc xcm XC! va
phe chu~n, no SC' co hi~u Il!c phap Ii, kh6ng phai thong qua m(>1lhu tl,lc phap If nao vi,
cilng kh6ng ca nhim nao dtIqc tu ti~n thay deli.
: I •
Thong Ihu~ng dau lui giao dl,lc do ban liii chinh cae ciip can cu va h,in dtf loan
ngan sach d~ cap' ngan sac~ cho ban giao dl,lc cung cap.
. I
c
Ngimh giao dlt cac 1ap phai tang wang quan Ii nguon dati tu ngoai ngan sach
quoc gia. Ngoai nguon voli giao duc trong ngan sach quoc gia ni~ cac nguon von giao
dltc khac deu do chfnh quyen cac cap thu va giao quyen su dltng, qu<in Ii cho nganh
giao dl,lc cac cap. Th6ng I~ucng, B(>giao duc khong Ihe tfl!c liep ra van ki~n Irung thu
von dau hI ngoai ngan sach quoc gia.

Nganh giao duc cac c,ap phai co bi~n phap can biing giua dau tu giao dlt-c va viec '
~hal tri~n giao, dltc:, no :uc1q~i hoac~, danh ~ia qui rna ,va tOF d(>,.Pha: tritn }ia~. dU,C,:
lam cho su phat tnen cua rganh glao dltc va dau tu glap duc ngay cang gan k,ct I'm
nhau cung phat tri~n. :

Nganh giaoduc cacckpdn darn bao phu~g huang sfr dung va trQng lilm cua dau
tu giao dl,lc. Truoc tienphai chu trQng dam bao su chiip hanh cua chin nam giao duc
bat bul?c va phat tri~n giao dl,lcngiinh su ph~m: h~ giao dl,lc trung ciip ph,ii d,im hi;"
duqc 5l! phat tri~n cua giao' dltc ki Ihu~t, day nghc: he giao dl,lc cao dang. dai hoc ph,ii
dam bao duqc su phat tri~n cila xay dung khoa hoc IrQng ditm quoc gia: kinh phf giao
dltc phai nang cao ti trong kinh phi t6ng cQng: d'iu tu xa)' dung, cq b,in gi'lo d~c ph,ii
chtl tr9ng viec xay moi va 'sua chua nhung ngai IrUang dii cil. hong va dc van phong.
thiet bf day hQc, giao cu, tal li~u,... can thieu.
I

.2. Quan Ii vi mo

Cac truang h9C tung ~uoc ap dung ch€ <1(> bao khoan kinh phf.giao duc. Iren co S0
nhiem vl,l,qui m6, bien checo dfnh, tien banh xay dl!TJgd(>ingil can b(>giao vien tnl tu,
Cac truang phai xay dl!TJgva hoan thien che d(>'ai vu va che do kitm 10'ln. lang
wang cang tac quan Ii va: h~ch toan tai vu. cac b(> ngilnh ciip' 'cao can ph,ii Ihllan!!
xuyen giam sat kiem ,ra cac hoal d(>ng cua cac co quan ciip dUGi. dong thai chiu su
ki~m tra giam sat dla dc 0(>nganh cap tren va cua quan chung.
Ban hanh ehinh giao due «Ie cap va cac tlUang hoc phai kitn tr1 phlrang chilm li.:'1
ki~m, lung bUGe xay dung co che clanh gia kitm tra giao duc b,1ng kinh phf gi'lo dllc
m6t each e6 hi~u qua, nang cao hieu qua kinh te cua dau IUgiao due.

192
 Timg bu0c xay <.lung co s0 hau can giao dl,lc xii hqi hoa, vai d(li ngu nhan vien g(;m
nhe nhlrng Uti lLl.gieun bOt chi phi eho can b(l nhan vien, nang ~ao chi phi cong c(lng.

J. XU) dung che dir thuong phat i

•. t •

Khong nhCrng pl,l<!ilang wang quan Ii dau lU giao dl,lc mil con phai xay dl,lIlg che
Jo lhuong ph at vii giam S;lt. '
Chinh l[u,i:n trung ul1ng v~ cae dia phuong neu VI m(lt Ii do d~c hi~l nao d6 mil
khong lh~ ,bt clLwe mue tieu dau lU giao dl,lc dii di!-t ra ho<!c phai thay doi Ii Ie tang
tnrimg 'a s6 lbu lU thl phai e6 sU dong y
cila dai h(li d~i bifLi nhan dfm hoac h(li dong
lhuimg vu cuc ceil'. pheli b;LOeao va c6 sll dong y ciIa cap tr~n, bat kl ea nhan nao eung
khi)ng et) l[uy~n w:: thay d6i.
i
I

Chinh qll\~n cae cap CO nhung khen thuang va bie4 duong thich hqp doi v6i
nhCmg thanh tieh noi bilt ma cap duai dat duoe trang viec quyen g6p dau III giao due,
c'li thi<;n dieu k~n d~y h9c.
Bi! gi~io d~'c yeti cau eac trUang va cac don vi cap iuai sir dl,lng hqp Ii kinh phi
gi;lu due, c6 die:; di! qu.in li eh~lt che de nguon kinh phi. Bieu duong, khen thuang
nhiing cl,m vi c6 lhilOh lich cao trung phuong dien nay.
Ngill1h giuo due "il ehinh quyen eac cap tuyen duong, khen thuang nhfrng don vi
viI cU nhan eli thilllh tich trung vice d6ng g6p va huy d(lng von dau tu eho giao due.

!Nganh gi.io due va ehinh quycn eae'cap can xu Ii nghiem kh~c cae hanh vi tu hfru,
I"m dung, Slf dung sai Olue dich d,lu lU giao due ..
Ngill1h gi.io dl.lc "il ehinh l[uycn cae cap nghiem dm cac tnrang vii eae don vi
gi~i() duc u.) hill1h ,i lhtl phi khong ehinh dang va ph an ehia phi phap, nhung truang e6
,lieu kiLn u> ,0 ,fll chill da hu hong nhung khong kip Ihai sUa chua, de xay ra tai nan,
ph;li h"iln roiln ehiu lrach nhicm lnrae phap IU;It.

~. C,ii c:ieh ehe' dQ quan li tili ehlnh cae truang

Til n.1111I \i\i7. mlclc ta hilt dau lll-:n hanh di each che d(l quan li tai chinh trong
ccie tnilmg, c;le hlnh thuc ngan sach loim b(l, ngan sikh tham hl,ll, n :;an sach tll thu tll
chi tnrc!c clay c1~lld" dlroc thay doi thanh "ho!/ch dinh tillt chi, dinlz ng!/clz Izo(ic 1rI;tcdp
dill/' Ilgutil. IHnl ifllli Ilgdll sdch kh6ng brl, con dlf ngdn sikh dlfl;tc giillt;li "; thay doi
hinh lhtrc c'q) kinh phi thLo ng[1O sach tr9ng diem truac day va cach quilO Ii ngan sach
truyi:n lh'lng theo SU da ngllyen h6a cila cac nguon von dau tn, xac dinh thu nhi!-P chinh
"il kh"'ln chi dlinh Cl"l lnrimg, ;11'dung hlnh thuc thu chi tll cung tll clip va trong m(lt
I'h'IIl1 \"In:lullti. glao quycn qu,ul1i eho cac trllang, giup caf trnang tung buac c6the tu
rhjllwn. tLrhuat dClng. "oi dung c.ii each eu the duqc the pien tren bon phuong dien:

') C<i, "jelL IIL<!',IL/ '11I,ill Ii I,ii chillh. Cae trUong, da~ bi~t la cac truang dai hoc,
cau ,Ltng 'II' dung chi: do phu tr;leh tau dili, xac dinh r6 d~i bieu c6 tu each dai Jien
ph.,p nhan chu twong ph.ii Ii, nguai phu trach cao nhat m9i hoat dong kinh te clla
truong. d(ing lhol 1:1nguai hii'u ra 1;le dung va dia vi ciIa cong tac ke loan, nhil trllong
ap dung hlnh thtlL tanh dao lhong nhi'l, quan Ii tap trung.

19]
 .~'

2) Cdi cach qudn Ii ngdn sach. "Ngdn sach .'.trong co ~hdquan Ii mqi lay toim b(>
thu chi cua truang lani doi ~UI;1ng,xoa b6 ranh giai gifra ti~n tr~ng,va ngoai ngiin sach,
kh6ng phiin bi~t tinhcha't va xua't xu cua nguon kinh phi giap ql!C~tlmg' bH'ac thuc hi~n
vi~c nha truang tl! chu tron~ ul chuc gi~'rlg d,!-Y. ',. .

3) Cdi cachqudn Ii fh~ chi. Trong che d9 mai, ngan slichgiao due do Nha mrac
c.ap ~a thu nh~~ c;ua tr~ang Id~u ?uge.~oi liI~hoii~ th~, d~.u n(>p~'~,6,n:g,an~~ch ~tq~an
h, ~e ~o~ch th6~~a:t; h~lh t?an. thon~ nh~l,. qu~n h ~hong hh,~t. hl,lJhlh,anh tho~g , pc
quan h thu nh~p !nO'!co the phan anh m9t eacH loan du;n thu nh'.lp eua nha truetng: cae
khoan chi kh6ngi con phani bi~t dau Iii khoan chi lronli n~fan sa,ch. eau lit 'lihoan."ehi
ngoai ngiin sach ~fra, cae khoan chi duge ehia,tliilnh de kJioan ehuJ1g Dhu, Sl!,ngbi~p.
kinh doanh, xay dung. rili SIIU d6 mai duO'e p'han thilnh cae khOlln :ehi cutht Irong khi
' I. I . , , , ,, '
SII dl!ng. : : 1 ' "
l
4) Cdi each fai sdn va khod/1 n9' clla 1J'[{(1ng.Tr.onieh~' d(> m,ai. "riii .win" va
"kh.odn /19''' se tr~ ,thanh ygu to quan tr9ng eua nha tmang va phai dugC qU'ln If chat
che. Trong d6, "iai'sdn" b~o gam: Hi san ,co dinh; von llIU IIJ.Ory"g. tai sa)l v6 hlnh va
cae khoan dAu tu'vao nganij kh;\e; "khoan n9''' ball gilm: V6n \'a~','eua ngan' hang: von
vay t~m thai, kh~an ng du~c tra dinh kl, ... khien cho nha truang h)nh thimh )' thue doi
m~t vai rui ro trong quan 11.: '
I
I
I
!

ll.:l

j. I ' .

, I
. J! I.

!.-\.

'.i i.

194
 CHUONG IX: TI L~ DAU TU mAo Dl)C
,
,
i\l.l, niun giin diy. M kh6ng nglIllg tang ngu6n von dllu tu giao dl!c, di Ihi~n
di2u ki2n day hge. lang luang giao vien, phal Irien slI nghi~p gia() d\lc, m9i ngitnh m9i
cap Irung ,xa hoi deu len [ieng yeu cau Chinh phu chu tr9ng VaGgiao d\lc, nling cao dliU
ttr giao due. limg Ii Ie daJ tu giao d~c. Rat nhieu hge gia dii tien Mnh nghien cUu nang
eao ti k d,\u lU giao duc Trong chuang nay se de c~p toi mo.t so vlln de ve ti l~ dau tu
gi~ioUI..1I.':.

Bai t: H~ thong chi tieu ti l~ dau tu giao dl;lC

; . . l

chi lieu li.)~ diiu' I,Ugiao due la li Ie dau tu cho giao duc trang nen kinh Ie quac
dim. no th~ hi2p so lu<,mg va ph am vi duac phim anh lrang moi quan h~ gifra dllu IU
glaD due
. va nell kinh Ie quae dan,
.. ,
'
Chi lieu co ban phan anh tlnh hinh pMt Irien nen kinh Ie quae dan duqc phitn
thimh hai loai: Chi tieu d(Jng va chi lieu tinh. Chi lieu tinh chit yeu la chi so GOP,
NDI', thu nh~p quae dan, 16ng chi ngitn sach, GOP binh quan dllu nguai, 16ng dau tu
~ilY dlrng eo ban, Ihu nhap quac diln linh theo dau nguai. C~i tieu do.ng chu yeu la Ii l~
li,ng IrLCongGOP, Ii k tang trUang thu nhap quac dan, Ii l~ lang Iruang lelng chi ngan
saeh. Ii k li,ng IrLCongtcing dau IU xa)' dung co bim, Ii l~ lang Iruang thu nh~p quoc dan
tinh theo diiu nguai:
TltLing IU. chi tieu phan anh Ii l~ dau tu giao dl!c cung chia Ihanh hai loai: Do.ng
vi, [inh. Chi lieu t'inh chu ye'u bao gam Ii l~ dau tu giao dl!e trong lelng GDP, Ii l~ dliU IU
gi:iu due lrung thu nhap quac dan, Ii l~ dau.tu giao duc trong 16ng chi ngan sabh, ti l~
diill tu e0 bi,n giao due !rong telng dau tU xay dlIng co ban, vadllu tu giao dl!c binh
qui,n lheo diiu nguai. Chi lieu d(Jng bao gam: SlI chenh l~ch giiia ti l~ (tac dO.) lang
lntimg diiu lU gii,u due va Ii l~ (lac d(J) lang Iruang GOP, su chenh l~eh gifra ti l~ tang
[rLCim~diiu tu giau ducva Ii l~ tang Iruang Ihu nh~p quac dan, slI chenh l~ch giiia Ii l~
lilllg [nr<1ng dilu lU giao dl!c va ti l~ tang truang tcing chi ngan sach, slI chenh l~ch gifra
Ii k Icing lruong diiu III xay dlIng CO ban giao dl!c va tl l~ tang truang telng dau tu xay
dLrng C<J bell1. su ehenh lech giiia ti l~ tang truang dllu tu giao d\lc theo dau nguai va Ii
IC lill1g IrLCCH1glhu nhi,p GOP llnh theo dau nguai va cac chi so kinh phi tinh theo dllu
nguin kh:k,
Tlllng khi nghi0n cuu x,k dinh Ii I;; dau LUgiao dl!c, n,hfrng chi so tren deu co th'"
Slr dung. nhCrng chi tieu ne,)' ph,in anh sU lhay deli trang m~i quan h~ gifra dau LUgiao
due \'C' Slt ph:it trien clla nen kinh Ie quae dan Iheo goc dO.,va trinh dO. kMc nhau.Tuy
nhiell, nhCrng nhu cau nil)' can can phai chu y xcm xet nhieJ han nfra.

I. Ti Ie diiu hI giao dl;lCtrong tong san phAm quae dim (GDP)

T6ng se,n ph:im quae dill1 (GOP) I:, lieu chi 16ng help phan anh t1nh h1nh phat lricn
ella n~'ll h:inh t~' quoe d,\n, no ph<.'ll11.1nh 5' nghia quan LrQng trong qui m() \18. teSe do ph:tt
195
 tri~n cua nfn kinh te quoc dan, do d6, chung ta coi Ii 1<;dfiu tugiJ; dllc lrong tbng GDP
Ia chi lieu ITnh va coi slJ' chenh I<;ch gifra Ii Ie lang INang d,iu ttt giao dllc va li Ie tJng
INong GDP la chi tieu d(>ng la difu hoan loan hgp If. Nhfrng ch.i tiep niiy c6 gia Iri kh<ich
quan, Ii)i c6 th~ ph,in anh duQ'c nhfrng thay doi' d(>ng, n6 th~ hie;n milc dfiu .It! gi,\o duc
"
chiin [hnc, Nlllmg sir dung nhung chi tieu nay can phai xem xct hai ditrn: TllIfnillii. ph'li
x,ic dmh chrQ'cchinh xae ph\lrn vi thong ke eua tong san ph,\rn quQc dfm. Tlllf hai. trong
tong san phim quae dan, co m(>1so gia Iri bi milt di lrong qua Irl~h san xuXt: nhfr/lg gi,\
tri nay khong duQ'c tfnh vaQ dau tu giao duc. Chfnh VI Val', n6 se anh huang dC'n viec x,ic
dinh chfnh xac rnoi quan h~ gifra dau IU giao dllc vii s~'phal tritn cua ne; kinh to' 'luCic
d,in, anh huang den viec xat dinh Ii Ie dau IU giao dlle c6 hgp If ha~; khan,!!.
MCii quan he giua li Ie dau tu giao duc vii Icing s'ln phfirn 'luCic dfm c<>nco [hc2xufil
hien chi lieu v~ chi so chi phf blnh quftn Ifnh then d"l! sinh \'ien. c6ng [huc 'Cc= chi phi
blnh quan tinh Iheo dau s(nh vien/GDP Ifnh th,'o dfiu nguoi. dung:<16 so ',\nh chi phi
hinh quan tfnh Iheo dau sinh. vien vaj GDP lfnh .....
(heo d'lu nglriJi. Sir dung
. ...
chi lieu niiv. co
nit nhieu l1U di~111nhu: Kh?ng chiu ,inhhu0ng cua SlJ'thay dcii'gi~ ca. cung khong licn
quan tai sl! cMnh lech gifr~ cae ngo\li'te, e6 IQ'ieho vi<;e so sann nhicu chicu.
,
II. Ti I~dau tlIgiao d~c trong thu nh*p quae dan
Tcing thu nh!lP quoerlan cLIng toe d(> lang INong, va Icing Ihu nhap 'luCie dan Ifnh
theo dau nguoi cLIng tae dd lang'tru6ng la chi lieu co sa
M xae dinh rnuc do phat Irien
va toc d(> lang Iruang 'cUi! Mn kinh Ie quae dfm, do d6, Ii Ie; dfiu IU gi,io duc lrong Ihu
nh!lP quae dan va SlJ' chenh 'ech gifra Ii Ie lang Inrcing dfiu ttr giao d\IC vii ti Ie lang
truong thu nh!lp quae dan 'lhuOng duQ'c coi la chi lieu Ihong clung, chi licu C(J ban dC
xac djnh Ii Ie dau tu giao dlle. Chi tieu, nay c6 gia Iri chfm [huc va y nghTa Imc lic'p, bai
xet eho cLIng thl' d1iu tu giao dllc duQ'c trfch tir Ihu nhap quCic c1fm mil ra. Su lhay doi
trang tcing IUQ'ng thu nh~p quae dan va toe d(> !<ing Imang cua n6 IrlJ'e liep 'lnh hUl1'11g
den slJ' thay dcii ella tcing luqng dau tu giao dlle va toc de) ['ing 1rl10ng cua n6. Tu)'
nhien, khi sir d\mg chi tie~ nay dn phai ltru y rang rai de Ihoi ditm pll<in phoi kh,ic
nhau Ihl CCieifu va each tht\'e ella Ihu nh~p quoc c1fmsc thay doi. $C c6 su dieu chinh ve
ket cifu. Ket eifu Ihu nh!lp quac dan eua nuae la dang eo sl! Ihay 46i theo licn trlnh di
each Ihe che kinh te, phan 11mnh!lP rai chfnh 'luCie gia trang Ihll nh'flp qu6c dfm dii gi,lrn
di, pMn thu nh!lP ella cae doanh nghieP vii ea nhan lai dang tang len. vi~c Ihu nh~p tili
ehinh quae gia bj gia111 di'tat yeu se anh huang den khoan chi cho gi,lo clue. sc anh
huang tai ehi lieu ti Ie dau ttr giao clue lrong thu nhap quac d,in.

III. Ti I~ dau tu giao d~e trong t6ng chi ngan such

Tcing chi ngan sach la tieu chf quan Ir9ng eua ph,it Irien nen kinh tc' qu6c dim. diiu
tu giao c1\IClrong 16ng chi ng,in s,kh Iii 11191phfin tiii chinh quan lrong cua c!iiu lU gi,10
l1
c1 c.Do et6, [i I~ dau Il1 giao c1uc [rang Icing chi ngfm sach \';1 su chenh ICch giua Ii Ie
tang trt!ong d,iu IU giao d\ld va ti I~ tang tmong clla t6ng chi ngilll "ich lit chi lieu quan •
tr9ng trong viee xae dinh Ii Ie dau tu gi'lo due. lit mal loai chi iicu bcn \'Irng. N6 the
hien trlnh d(> vii mile d(> n6 IlJ'c ella Chinh phu trong dfil! Ilr gi,io due. Tu)' nhicn. khi sir
•
clung chi tieu nay can 1l1U y nhfrng Ihay d6i \.6 Ihei chc liii chinh 'luCic gia. 'luyet s,ich
chii quan va )' dinh ~ila eifp tren'trong viee phfm phoi khoan chi tiii chfnh. Chi co lirng
\

196
 blf<Jc I,"n e1111ch~' do phan phoi khoilll ehi 'ngfm sach tra nen khoa hoc ~a6n d[nh mai
,li the ph:,t huy t.luae )! nghla lhue te eua chi tieu nay.

iV. Ti I~ dau tv giao dl;lc co IOn va nho

Khi xilc t.linh la slt dung chi ti~u ti l~ giao dl)e ta thuang bilt g~p mau thuan giCfa
,i"u llf gi,io duc colan ,it co nh6. Tieu chi M phan bi~t hai co nay la ph~\in \'1 dau tu.
IJ" ph,,,n It wIU llf gi~() due kh6ng giang nhau nen khi so s'tnh cae lo~i chi ti'~11phllr
.<
lri0n Cll~l n0n killh t~'quae d:'lI1~2'thu dl!<.1Cnhung ke\ qli~'t Klute nhau. D~lu lU E-i~\od~l~~
u-J niH') tJ lllrae ta bau gOIn c~c ph •.~m vi:
I) Killit phi sLIngltiep giao due lrong ngfm ,"ell quae gia.
21 Kinh phi xClYdung ell bim giao d\lc lrong ngiln skh L!lllJCgia.
:I} Kinh phi xay dung co bim giao dl)e va kinh phi st,r nghiep giao dtlc do cae b"n
ngillih Nh" nUlie ,hiu IU cho cae truang d~i hge, eao d~ng, cae truang kl thu~t va khoa
ht)c. l':u.: tfl{(lng \::hu)'C'11 nghi~p.
,XIU tiCgilio duc cO nha chiem khoang 2,5%-2,9% t6ng thu nh~p quae dan (GDP)
(,ll lieu nilln 19~'J).
lbu tl! gi •.iu Ol.lL' cd llHlL1 nUL1cla bao gatn c{te ph~n1 vi:
I) Kinh phi sU nghi~p gilio dl" "it Jail tu xflY dung CObim giao dl)e do ngan saeh
qulie gi" trLlc tt~P ciip eho 13(>gi:IO d\le.
:2) Kinh phi Sif nghiep gi,io due \'a dau tU xay dt,rng co bim giao dl)e do ngan saeh
quoe gi" ciip eho c:tC tnrbng J"i hoc, cao diing 'chuyen nghi~p, cac truang ki thu~t
lhuoe ":,C b"n ngilllh .
.\) Kinh phi Slf nghi~p gi:w due vii duu lU xay d[lng c,o ban giao dl)c do v6n lULl
dong ella dc Jia plwong ,'Sp eho ngilllh giao dl)e. !
41 Kinh phi ,u nghi~p gi:lo due "it kinh phi xay d[lng e6 ban W e6 tll I'li nhu~n eua
e,ic ban ngilllh chil quiln J,iu tU eho cae truang. ' ,
:i) Kinh phi s\l' nghi~p giao due "i, <Jiiutu xay dl,fIlgco ban giao dl)e d((u lU cho bAc !rung
hue "il lieu hoc c6 tll lqi nhuill1 eua cae doanh nghi~p qu6c doanh va ngoai qu6c doanh.
6) Ki"h phi slf nghiep gi{LOdue "il (hiu lU XflYdt,rng co ban giao dl)c d((u t11eho b~c
Ilung 1I,)e ..il lieu hoc do e:lc doanh nghi~p vii nang than cung dp.
7 I Kinll phi SLf nghi0p giao dl)c va dau lU xay dt,rng ~o' ban giao dl)c tl! c6 du'lc
lrich III lju5' gl:") due eLla de lrUang d\li hoc, cao d~ng va thu nh~p cUa cae t[uang vila
!1\)L' "l(a l:un thU(K h,\c lfllng hqc V~l tieu hQc.
~) Phu phi giao duc "il de chi phi khCtc do sinh vien hay phI) huynh d6ng g6p.

') ) ()u5' gilio due trich tir phu phi giao due hoac thu( g::lc dl,lc.
IO) Qu5' hl) tnt do ngiln hilllg qu6c l~ cho vay hO~lCdo Hoa ki~u d')ng £,ip .
•
11 ) Ti~n quy0n gop cltmc lif nhilll dilll.
Ti k ,!au III giao duc colon trong Long ;lln ph am qu6c dan cua nuac ta co o;,n dli
lL.,lt llllrL: blnh qLl~'l.n CllJ. Ci.lc nUOc dang ph6.l tri~n tfen the gi6'i. Tom h~i, u£lu tlJ gi:lo d\lC

197
 ca l6'n va nh6 a nu6'c ta duqc philn bi~t boi pham vi ngu6n von &iu tu d6 0 trang hay
ngoai ngan sach quac gia, dau tu giao duc co nh6 la b9 philn dau tu trang ng,in .,ach
quac gia, con dau tu giao duc co 16'n l<1ilhu(lc ea trang Ian ngoai ngiln sach quae gia.
C6 hoc gilt cho dng dau tu giao duc ca nh6 nen bao gam ca phlJ phi giao duc. Iii khoan . .
vay tll Ngiln hang the gi6'i hoac thue giao dlJc dung M dau tu cho giao duc.

198
 I3J.i '). NhiJng nhan t6 imh hlIOng den ti l~ dau tlI gilio dllc

\:CC\"C cI,nh ti k uiiu w gi,io duc chiu anh huong cua cac nhan to xa hQi, tfOng
dl) "i" nhiul \0 ;lhv kll1h te, dan so. khoa hoc kl thuM, chinh, tri Mu co th~ kim ham ti Ie
J'IU tv gi;io duc boi \'IY khi nghien cuu d~ xae dinh ti Ie dilu tU giao d\lc c~n phai ph,m
tkh l:..tC nh~ln t() n~tYIl1{)t c:u: tO~lIl Ji~n.

I. [\;hall to kirih Ie
K,nh Ie \:, hOI chi ,u tilng truong ve kinh te, su phat tri~n va muc tieu phat tri~n
kinl, Ie Chi lieU till\g truimg klnh le, lOC de? phth tri~n kinh te v:\ chien Ivgc phat tri~n
kl!1h Le ';~L \e g,',e do n'lu uo e(, linh quyet dinh. h IlhUlig nh,;n to quyel dll1h anh
hLIt'1n,g t(11 ti l~ d~lU tLI gi<.io dl;lc. 0.'0 co imh hUdng Hnl d:lt V21Lll~(Ullgxuyen den ti l~ dUll
lLC ~l~i(l due.
'[",k clau tll gi,io duc cua mot qUGCgin nh;clI hay it trvac tien phu thuQc vaa Irlnh
do \" Ll;e do till\g trLIang kinh Ie".muc dCI"J thve luc l:llIg Iruong kinh te Day la tien de
\'"t chill \'1 cilll eU khaeh quan Je xae dinh Ii l~ dau tv giao d\lc. Muon xac dinh ti l~
Jau tu gi:lll due tnl6c tien khong nen xct uen thlfc lIfc kinh te, VI nhu vi!y se lam mat ca
,,'[ ""t ch,it kh,',eh Ljllall. tao ra mOl ti k khClI1g dll1 bang, Him cha kinh Ie V:I giaa duc
ueu dUll thaI b,u. dn Ir(l SVph,it Irien kinh tc.
Luc llllmg kinh te' cua mill nv6c' chi co th~ cung cap me?t philn tu li~u v~t chat
ci,,, n6 cho diill IV giao duc, chi co tien de n'IY rnai cho phcp xem x,ct den vi~c kh6ng
ngung nilng cao Ii lC diiu tV giao dllc. EOi khi xem xct dau tv giao d\lc, Nha nuac ding
dong Ihili ph,ii xcm .\~t den sv cill1 bang va hai hO:1v6i von dilu LU ,ho cac ban nganh
kh,ic Hong xl hoi. Nhil Ilvac phai xem xct den slf hai hoava ciln biing cua t6ng th~ vi
mo eLlI1 bdi 'I d,iu llJ giao dlle: !rong SIf ph at tri~n cua nen kinh te quoc diln co d~c
llic:,n I~,hii'u qua e:heun. e:hu ki lai dai, lai chiem dllng mQ't phan von kinh te nhu: Khi
tit'n h'"1h g"ill due ,l hoi se mat di me?t so luqng lao dQng dang trong thoikl khoe
manh nhi,t. khit'n cho mot so lao dong phai tfl hoan san xullt, chinh VI the khi xem xct
, ti k dilu IV gi,io due, can phai chd y den suc chiu dJ!ng va trlnh d~ cua nen kinh te, ph:,;
v thlle ulroc niulg llfc eila mlnh khi yeu cau nang cao ti I~ dilu ta giao d\lc.
",luc HeU chien luac phat tri~n kinh te cua mQt quoc gia din yeu cau ti I~ dau tu
g"ill due UJ nhlrng tang truong truac thai d",i, ti I~ dilu ta giao d\lc phai thoa man dagc
nltul\g mue: lieu chie'l\ Ivae phat tri~n kinh te nhllt d[nh, va toc d~ tang traang tnrac thai
dai 1\")" Clla dau tLr gi,i" due can phili cao han nua. Trang do, mlrc t"ng tnlong kinh te
ella mot qUU( g1i.l til chi li0u chfnh eua myc tieu phat tri~n klnh 1(:. Neu ,:\-,1.r r.-,(,t i11.11~(
gia ll~\U do mung InUlJn (L.ti dLftiC mu"c trwg tnrong kinh te
tlJOJlf:' . .JOI Ut(J cl\l !,i ")]l::, fJH>l

thai glan nlt,il dll\h lhl tik \':' mue t:\l'g [lUang clla d~u tu giaa due ph,,; I\ltanh 1]ul\. call
hOll 111l[C t~-ll1gtruong ella kinh t~'.co nhu v~y m6i thich ung l.lUUC v6i ye.u ell! etla Il1~C

tieu pIt,il lJ"lCnkinh te

II. Nhan to dim so

Ti k dau llt gi;,o due truc tit'p chiu anh hvong cua nhan to dan so. Deiu tu gi:1Oduc
dllJlg d~: h()1 dU\.1ng con nguai. l~l !l~L:6n dfiu tv dung clt 11;'\j1'~ COlOch,\l luong ng:uoi lao
[LJ')
 dong, dO' d6 nhan te can nguai Ia nh,ln to tnre tic'p x,ic dinh ti Ic diiu 1lf gi,io due, ..\nh
hLICl'n['rlh dan so xii h(ii doi voi vice x,ie tJinh ti Ic diiu w gi,io due ehiJ ycu the hic~ 0'
nhlfng di":m due), d,ly,

Sri !1j('11!~v~ loe do tang dan so anh hLIang den ti Ic va loe dong tang ,!;,u Itf gi,ia
llue. T"',ng thLIang, doi voi nhung mfoe dong diln thi so nglfai dn dlfoe giao due ,I;
nh,cu. va nillJ V,iy ti Ie dau tu giaa due cling eaa. Khi xae dinh ti Ic d,iu IU gi,ia due eua
nLIO'ela. cilng nen ehu y den anh huang eila nhilO to dim s6, Nuoe ta Iii mot mrae lkmg
d,in, toe do lang dan sow nhicn eaa, Dicu nay sc dan dc'n trong mClt wang lai kha dai.
soltlong nguili can giaa due sc v'ln tiep tue nhicu. nhicm \'U phD eip gl<lOdue h'll hucle
kha n:1: " ",;, ,"f'u C<lll e6 mot luang d'lu tlf gi'lo due r:!t lan,

i,Lit do phan bo d,ln elr Cling (6 ,inh huang loi Ii Ie d,iu ItI giao due, \Ltt d" (tin eLI
thua, phan tan thi qui J110r,ie "[, "'lOe SC nho. h6 cue ele lrtfirng kh6 C(, Ihe hap I, \'il
chi phi giaa due eha moi hac ,,,' 'cao. ti Ie d,iu Ilr gi,lo clue etuang nhien sc ['h,ii l;',ng
thea. Khi nuoe la tie'n hanh ,"1h chi tieu (Liu ll1 gi,lo cluc, dn ph"i Itrtl {, dC'n m
ph,ln bo dan CIt khong clang ekl, f'1 tb thilllh thl '''i, n6ng Ih,jn. dong h"ng \'i, duv('J1 h,ii.
dong b~ng va mien nui, .., Khi ph'ln phoi dau tlf giaa duc cha cae\'ilng dn ['h,li 'Chi) {
den nban to nay.
,

Do tU6i trung blnh elua dan so cling la mClt yeu to ,inh huang de'n Ii Ic a,iu 1Lr gi:\o
due. Thong thucng d9 tU6i trung binh eila d,ln so dng Ire Ihi so luang Ihanh Ihil"u "'1
lrang t6ng so d,111dng nhieu, nhfrng nguaitrang do luoi gi,io due nhicu. II Ie <1". If
gi,ia due sc dng eaa. No' c,ich khae, tl Ie vii 16c a(i I'lng s6 Ilfang ngm'li trong dCIluC;i
giaa due sl; anh huang den ti Ie va toc do tang trtrang cI,iu Ilf gi,lo due. ;-"lot qu6e gia co
so dan trang d9 tu6i giaa ,due dng nhieu. loe, clo t'lllg d,(n so cang nhanh Ih) dng dn
nhieu dau tu giaa d\lc, toe do tang d'lu Itr gi;;a due phai nhanh. ti I~ dau ttl gi,io due
ph,li caa. Thea kel qua dieu tra d,ln so so bo n'lm 1982. l1lfae ta co 33.6r; dan so \rong
d9 tU6i til 0-]4. Ket qua nay cha Ih,iy so !lrang hac sinh trong dc tnr0ng tieu hoc va
mfru giaa 0' l1lfOCta r;{t eaa, muon haan th,tnh 16t nhicm \'U ph,; c,lp gi,io due h'lt hU"e
ph,ii n,lng cao II Ie dau tu gi,io due.

Trinh de) van hoa eua nh,ln dan dae biN la eua nhung nglfilj dang lfOng d,) tu,;i 1,0
dong cling lit m6t phan eilu thanh eua d,ln s6. No chi ti Ie nhi'rng nglfili d5 l(it nghi('[,
haac clang hoc lrang truang hQc cae cap Irang t6ng so dim. e6 Ihe the hi('n qua Ii Ie
nhlrng ngucn ail tung dlfac hae tap trcn Iclng so dan, N6 Ihe hicn trlnh clil ph,;t tricn tri
Ihuc 'cua mot quoc gia, Thong thuang. m(ll fmoe ma dan s6 co trlnh cI" \:m hr'li\ c;lng
th'lp thi Ii 10 (\;iu tlJ giao duc cang caa. Thea so Iicu thong kc d'\ll S(i chlfa (!;'iy ,lti. n'"n
1982 ncr"r: 1:1 cci n,6% ri,ln so dii tot nghicp dai hoc. OAri- d;ln s6 dang Irong (',ie Inrilng
ck hnc, ~78% d'\n s(') e6' tr1nh do lrung hac phD th6ng. 17.S9r; cI,m s(" c6 Irjnh cll)
, ", 'co hoc co so, 35,24% dan so c6 Irlnh do tit'u hac \"1 22.S 1('; (bn ,6IrC'!] J 2 it,,;i
li"'g llnh 'rang 'n'~,,:ilu haae ban mil ehu, Cling lai Ihoi diem d6. ci I1lr6c e,i IS7,9fl2
nghin nguai dang thea hQe trang cal' btlc hoc. trang d6 7-1.-1(; '6 hoc ,inh dang hoe
trang cal' lruang ti~u hoc, 25% dang hoc trong de Irtrilng trllng hoc, n,lir; Irong l';;e
Irllong d,u hoc. Thco so, lieu n'lm 1987. Ii Ie hoc sinh (Li 161 nghic'p ,1;1' h"c ('h'(:m
6.'1%, dang hac lrong cae IrVl'lng dar hac iii O,2Y;. trong ell' Ifw'rng I'hl) th"ng i,', 1i,9';,
lrang•.... de Inrang.•.. Irung'-. hoc J~ 21.227<- vii tran2'-,de tnriln~ l;C'" hoc 1:, '(,,2,"(;, " I:, '"
ngtrai mil ehu, b'ln mi, chi! lren 15111\';;lit 20,37':;,
2r "
 Theu thong kc n:lh11990, ti Ie: sinh vien da tot nghiep la 1,420i:.ti le hoc sinh
llOng c'ic trLLong pho thong lil 8,0.t<k,trang cae truang trung hoc la 23,34'10, trang cae
Irvimg li~u hoc lill7.b6, \'il e6 15,88';f. so nglioi tren 15 tileSimu chii'.

Theo thong )(2 n:lm 1997, trang tong so dan dang a

dl) tueSi giao due trang ca nuo-e
e6 2,-17'; sll1h \'i2n. Ii Ie: hoc sinh trang cae trlIang pheS thong la 10,39%, trang cae
truimg trung hoc la 32,07(i:, trong cae trlIong tieu hQc la 40,67%, co 14,16% kh6ng
bic'l chu hu:re hict rat it.
i
NhCmg con ,6 tfcn ehu thay trlnh dl) van h6a cila dan; s6 nUoc ta, tuy rang ti I~
nguoi co v:rn h6a ngil)' cirng tang nhung nhln chung v!n corl r!t th!p. Chi c6tang ti l~
d,iu llf gi,iu due moi co th~ thay doi duac llnh trang lren.

III. Nhan to khoa''!' hoc kl thuat.

Khua hoc ki thu(it Iii nh<ln to anh hliang khong nho den ti I~ d~u tu giao dl,lc. Khoa
hoc )(i Ihu:lt e6 licnquan mat thiet toi giao d~c, muon phat tri~n khoa hQc ki thu~t phai
du" vilo giio due; muon boi du6'ng nhii'ng nha.n tai ve khoa hQc ki thu~t cling phai d\fa
vi,u gi,;o due. Gi;io due Iii co so phat tri~n khoa hQc ki thu~tva boi du6'ng nhan tai, dau
tLl giio due Iii co SO "(It chat cua viec phat tri~n khoa hQc ki thu~t va dao tao nhan tai.
Chinh vi thc' khi .xae dinh Ii I'; dau lLlgiao dl,le phai xem xet nMn to khba hQc giao dl,lc.
TrInh do phit tricn khoa hoc ki thU:ll imh huang loi lrinh dl) giao dl,lC va co cau
gi,iu due ehuycn nghi.;p. Thong thuong, lrlnh do phat trifn khoa hQc ki lhu~l cang cao
Ihi y~u e:lu \~ trlnh d(l giao due cae nIp Cailg eao, dong thai cling yeu cau kh6ng
ngLrng c6 nhung doi moi trong C(1 cau giao due thuycri nghiep, rna tflldh do giao duc
eau. Ii Irong gl,io due )(i thu(1l chuycn nghicp b:le cao d&ng vi, dai hoc eilng tang !en,
ycu e:lu phili co ti Ic d:iu lLlgiao due eilng ph,ii t:mg len lUang ung. Slr lhay d6i trang co
ceiu gijo due ehuycn nghicp s~ khong ngLrng thay dbi tmng Ihiet bi chuyen nghiep phil
htlp. d,cu nCr)'cilng yeu eau tang ti Ie dau lU giao dl,le.
Su ph;;t tfi~n eua khoa hoc ki thU(1l tat keo theo nhii'ng thay deSi ve ket eau kinh te
.\" hoi vi, ke't C'IU vice JilIn eua nglioi lao dong, vI the yeu cau ve ti Ie dau tu giao due
tinh theo d:iu nglioi kh6ng ngung lang len. MQt quoe gia e6 s\f tap trung lao dl)ng san
\U:II eilllg cao thl toe dQ phat tri~n eang lon, toe dl) phat tri~n khoa hoc ki thuM cang
I1hanh. \ il eung ding ciin nhieu tien dau tu vao vi~c phat tri~n khoa hoc ki thuM, eilng
e6 nghia iii Ii Ie d'lu lU vao giao dl,lc cang cao. Co eau viec lam cho nglrbi lao dong
eung vay, CLIe.iu vice lilm eua mQI qu6c gia cang phat trien ,thl yeu cau ve trll1h do van
h6a. Irinh do ki thual d6i voi ngt!oi lao dong cang eao. Ngt!oi lao dong muon thoat
kh,>! (anh that nghlcp thi hell bu6e ph iii tang Ii I~ dau tu eho giao duc cua minh, 'luae
gia ,k, Illu,;n theo kip dlfoc trinh di) ph at lritn eua nguoi lao d<)ng thi cling chi con each
t~"U1gti I~ lhiu ttl gi,io dt.IC.

<;Ifph;;! tncn ella khoa hoc ki thuat keo theo Sli thay deSi ben trang cua giao due,
neu Ill) I dung grao due dUCIe tung blloe hien dili h6a, tat se thu dUJ;le nhii'ng thimh quA
khoa 1,,)( ki Ihu,\[ m6i. h,,~n d,u: phuong ph,ip giao due va dieu ki~n k"iIhu:tl nht!: Vi
tinh. lluycn I\lnh. e;ic hu phong Ihi nghiem ehuyen nganh khac se tung bUGe duac
hien d"i h6a. G"i Ifi phi dung giao due eilllg eao thlluang dau tt! giao due cang 16n, Ii
Ie ,L"iu lL! gl,'l() dUL' c~lIlg 1611.

201
IV. Nhan to chinh tri
Che d9 ehfnh trL su kicn ehfnh tri va xu the chinh tri dcula nhfrng nhfln 16 ,inh
hlf<lngtai ti Ie dau tu giao due. Vi du:Trong tho-i,ki chicn tranh the' giai thlt hai x,i)' ra.
•
do ek nuac con dang danh nhau nen dau tu cho giao duc hi gi,im bm. cac nu(ic nhll
Mi, Nhat, Duc, Anh .... mai Mn nhCfng nam 50 clla thc ki 20 mai khoi phuc lai dUClC
trinh clo giao dtec truac chien lraflh. Tlnh hlnh nuac ta trong -10 n;lm nay 'cung g;il) nhu
e
V;lY,nhung cling vai nhiingthay d6i clla xu the chfnh trj. ti J dau tu gi~o duc cung: dJ
khong ngtrng thay d6i. Thoi' kl mai giai ph6ng. dac bi~t IiI giai doan thuc hien kc hoach
nam nam Jan thu nhat, tlnh hlnh ehfnh tri nuac ta wang doi 6n dinh. dau tIl giao dw'
luc do chiem 1,31 % t6ng gia trj san xu;it xa h9i: bftt d;iu til nam 1958. chiu ,inh hue',,,:
ella xu the chfnh tri d.nh ta~ dau tu eho giao duc gi,im di. su6t til nam 1958-1965. ti Ie
a
nay chi dung I,!i con s6 1;2b%, con thap han eu tl Ie trong thoi kl tien 111mhkc hoach
nam nam Un thu nhat. Trong SUOlmuoi nam dicn ra cuoc "Do; (',i('h 1I1(lI1g ".ill hcia", Ii
I~ dau tu cho giao dtec gii\m xuong chi con 0,95%-1.02'7c. dcn nam 1976. sau khi !<it Of)
duqc "bi! Iii bOil lell ", d~c \>i~tIa sau CU9Ch9P 1iln thu ba. dai h9i dang toim quoe I;in
thu 11 dicn ra nam 1978, thlh hlnh ehfnh trionuac ta cO'nhiing chuy~n bicn tot d,p, c~c
di~n kinh te 6n dinh nen Ii Ie dilu tu giao dtee trong 16ng gia tri san ph;im xa hQi da d;in
duqc nang cao. Tlr nam 1979-1983, ti I~ dau tu giao d~e dat 1.37%.. den nam 1987 dii
tang len thanh 2,51%, nain, 1991la 3,05%. nam 1992 la 2.99':'c. nam J993 la 2.76%.
nam 1999 1112,5%. Cling v6i Sl! lhayd6i clla the chc ehfnh tri \'il tlnh hlnh chfnh tri 6n
dinh clla nuae ta, ti I~ dilu iu giao d~e trong t6ng gia tri sun xu;it xa h9i kh(ll1g nglrng
duqc nang cao .

202
 Bai 3: Nguyen tae va phuong phap xac d!nh tll~ dati tu giao dl;lC

X,ie tlinh ti k dau lU giao dyc. ngoai viec xem xet h~ thong chi tieu, anh huang
el'" c<ie lo"i nh'll1 to ra. con phai c6 1TIqtso can cll va nguyen tac n:hat d~nh. Do do,
nhting vin ck nlm: X<ieuinh 1~C;mgdau tu giao dyc va ti l~ t*ng truOng' clla n6 mqt each
,au ",e hon. :xac dillh x~m moi n,,,n hoac moi mol thai gian nhflt djnh can co bao nhi,'\!
dau tll gi;,iu d~lC, ph;'li Ct') toe tl() \'j 11l~ l[lIlg lraCing the n~lo r-loi li\ b9lJ 11, t.hlu lil Lan \...
Ii luilll "Ctdau la nguy2n tic CO biul doi vai cae nuac tren the gi6i hien nay v:in (Jan~ i"
nhCrng v,ln d~ kh6. chua dUC1ekhai mo. mQi nguoi van dang tien hilnh xem ,,~L va
nghi2n elru tr2n hai phul1ng dien: Thuc lien l1inlllu~n.

1. Nguycn 1,1exac dinh long dati tu giao dl,lc

V', "H' phai Xl'Cd~nh tong dau giao dyc? De xac dinh duqc ti l~ d:iu lU giao dyc
lU
[rung de Ill"i chi tieu giao dyc, nhiim tIm ra ti l~ dau lU giao dl,lChqp If truac tien phai
,,,ie dillh Iltfl,letong luC;mgdau IU giao dyc. UUIl the nao M xac d~nh dlr9c tong Miu tu
giall due') Nguyen tllc co ban clia viec xae dinh t6ng dau lU giao dyc c6 nguyen tlle gi6i
han tren "i, gioi h,lll duoi. nguyen tllc qui rna va toc dq, nguyen tlle ve chinh s,\ch kinh
l~' v;\ nHk dc> gii.l tr!.

1. Nguyen tlk gi6i hlln tren va gi6i hlln du6i

Nguy2n tllc chung M xac dinh 16ng dau lU gia6 dyc'Ia can cll van moi quan h~
gitia ti Ie phat tri~n kinh te "a phat tti~n giao di)c. Do d6, tlnh hlnh 'phiit trien kinh te
qUGedilil \'i, th\le IVe kinh te clIa l11qtnucrc c6 the dau tu van giao dl,lc duqc bao nhieu
nh'lil lue. "ill luc, tai '\lC dl1qc th~ hi~n ra b~ng tien d:iu tu chinh Hi t6ng dau tl1 tinh
b'lllg ti~n 111"!.Day chinh la nguyen tllc giai h~n tn~n M xae d!nh t6ng dau tu giao dyc.
Mot 'iu6e gia muon th\lc hicn mqt IllYc tieu tang truang kinh te nao d6 can [t nhat bao
nhicu nhi,n tili. til d6 c6 the t[nh dl1qc t6ng so ti~n can thiet M b6i duang so nMn tai d6
I" bao nhicu. Tong so lien can lhiet d6 chinh la nguyen t3.cgi6'i h,!-nduai xac dinh t6ng
diiu llf gillOdue.

2. Nguyen tric qui mo va toc dl?

X,ie Jinh tong d,iu tlf giao duc con can phai tU[lIlthea nhfrng yeu du, m\lc tieu
phC'ttrien gi,ill due. chi lieu v~ toc tlq va 'iui rna pbat tricn giuo duc. Muc lieu phat trien
gil," due call. qui mo 16n. laC dq nhanh can c6 nhi~u dau tu gi,io duc. C6 bon lo,!-ichi
licu o'hlnh philll '11th'iui 1110 vi, toc dq pMttrien giao dyc. '
M,i[ t,i. ti Ie pho dp gil'o dyc va ti l~ tang clla n6. Chi tieu c\lth6 bao g6m: DC)
lUi;i nh"p hl.'e gil'O due bllt buqe. lhai h'.lIl hQc giao dyc bllt bUQc, so lU9ng hQc sinh
lrong de Il'ip b(1C phri dp gi,io d\,c, so dan trong dq tu6i t~am gia ph6 c~p giao dyc, ...
Thi1i han h(.'e giao duc bi,t buqc di,i hay ngilll, Ii Ie phei e"p cao hay thli:p H, chi lieu clla
• qui tnt) phi.l.t tri~n gii.'to Jl.1C: so :\anh so lLrqng hQC ,job L1U1111 gia gicio d~c phe> C~lP lrong
cae lhai ki \'i, ti Ie tang so II1C1ng hQe siilh hang nam lit chi tieu toc do tang trl1ang, Chi
• tieu 'iui 1110ph,illrien gi,io duc dtfoc the h;,'n 01.1<1 dc con,!' ',hl1csau:
DllIlg C" de lh~ hien ti Ie pho (,II' dan ,0:
203
 Tcing s6 dan s6 thue hicn giao due I1ftt
bUQe trang n nam
Co = ---
,
Tcing
..-----------~-
s6 dan
" .
,
Phun anh chi tieu quart h~ tuang d6i gil"fa h<;>esinh a
twang va dQ [U(), tn! em phil
hqp a twang tieu' h<;>e,la ti I~
bat dau vao h<;>etieu hoc thong thuCmg trcn the" gio-i. eang "
thue Ia: I .
i
S6 hge ~inh
, tai twang ticu hge
Rx ----------------x 100'(
S6 tre ~m co dQ lUcii thieh hqp h<;Je
tieu h<;>~

Nhu tinh ti Ie nh~p h9~ chin nam giao dl)e bflt bUQe la:

S6 hoc ;inh tai

". . twang ~ tieu hoc.
" sa
trung
= --------~------ x 100%
S6 dan tit 7- 15 luoi

Hai ta, ti le len lop q cae b(le h<;Jekhong bftt bUQe v~ ti Ic liing eua no. Ti Ie nilY
ehu yeu eho biet qui mo va t6e clQ phat trien giao due b~ie trung hoc_ ti Ic hoc sinh vao
cap ba trcn tcing s6 h<;Jesinh t6t nghi~p cap hai. hay Ii tr<;Jngs6 ltlqng h<;Jesinh clang h9c
trang cae tnrang cap ba trongtcing s6 nglloi co ~ilng dQ tuoi eho th[iy qui mo ph,\t tritn
giao dl)e b~e phci thong trung h~e; s6 h<;Jesinh vao cap ba trang tbng so nguai co do
tucii vao cap ba va ti Ie tang hang n;lin eua so luqng nay eho th[iy toe clQ pMt tritn giao
dl)e b~e trung hqc.

TIu'( !Ja, s6 luqng sinh vientrang cae truang dai hoc. eao cl{lng va Ii I~ tang eila ntl.
, .
S6 luqng sinh vien trang e,ae twang d~i hge. eao clang trang hang ehue nghln. h;lIlg
tram ngh]n nguai phun anh 'qui mo ph,i! trien giao due bk dai hoc. eao d,)ng: ti Ic t;ll1g
s6 sinh vien trang cae truang d~i hge. eao dang the hicn t(ic dl) l;mg tni(rng gi,\o due
bae d~i hge, cao dang. .

1)/I( 1/(, t1 I~ xoa mil ehfr d6i "oi nhiing ngllai tnrang !h;mh \'a Ii Ie lang so Ilrang
cong nhan, nang dan Iham gia cae lop hge ngoai gia.

Khi xae djnh Icing dau IU giao due, dn ehu 5' Mn ml)e tieu phat Iritn gi,\o due.
neu ml)e lieu qua eao. qui rna qua IOn t6e dQ 'lu,1 nhanh sc dn dc'n 6t nhi~u dau tu
gi,\o dl)e, trong khi ntn kinh Ie ,,:in ehlla du kha nang sc diln dbl IlhQ'ng k(1 qua khong
mong mu6n, dii!u 'Jay kh6ng nhung co h~i Mn Sl! ph,\! trien giao due m;, e(1I1 ,inh
huang x,lu den t6e dQ va qui mo phat tricn gi,lo due dii e6. Do d6. khi :de dinh trOng
•
dau tu giao dl)e hi~n nay eua nuoe la dn phui ehtl )' den elitu ni\)'. hal de mue lieu
phal lrii!n giao dl)e eua nuoe ta "iln con e6 khuynh huang thea <1ucii nhung mue ticu
eao, qui mo 16n, 16e 0(> nhanh.

204.
 J. \gu)cn tac y~ chinh such kinh te va rnuc dQ v~t gia
Chinh saeh kinh te va mue d9 v~t gia ella m9t nuoe tIve tiep tac dQng den vi~e
xae dinh tong diiu tu giao due, dae bi~t, anh hUCmgella chi ~6gia ca la r6 net nhat. Boi
the khi ,\de dll1h tong dau tu giao dl,1enhat dinh phili tufln theo nguyep uk mue dQ gia
trio tong diu tu giao ducphai tang truang theo muc tang trllong cllachi so giaca:

.t Nguyen tac lui ich vii nang ll!c

Nguy2n de nilY ep ;ngh'ia nhling nguai tham gia giao f1~c, hUCmgIQ'itit giao due
ph'lI cO' nhCrngdong g6p eho dfiu III giao d~e, pMi bo ra mQtrluQ'ngdihi tu giao d~e nhat
dlnh, nhung dohg thoi cling ph.ii chu y ding t6ng luqng dong gop nay phai phu hQ'pvoi
kh'l nilll~
.•...
ella ea nhan
: do. ' .
Hi~n nay cae nuae tn~n the gioi deu dang mong muoni1tang t6ng:dau tu giao d~c,
ph.Ul tich nguy~n nhim nilY ta thay nhiing diem sau: I : '
T1ut IIhdi, cae tHlae tren the gioi deu dang t\in d~ng di~u ki~n chinh trj 6n djnh de
ti2'n hilllh e.ii deh kinh re, nang eao thl!c luc kinh te, nang eao tdnh dQ phat trifn kinh
\2. I)i~u nilY mang l'.li cho tong dau tu giao d~e moi truang ehinh trj va dieu ki~n kinh
te [('ll.
nut I",i, rit nhi~u IllICle\r~n the gioi dil y thu:e duac ding du tu giao d~c eo gia tri
kinh t~' xa h9i, eo the thue dilY "in xuit phat trien, thue My ki,lh te tang truong, tong
diLUllt gi:lll due ,~ mang lai Iqi ich kinh te Ion.
T1ut h,t. "ii h9i kh6ng ngung phat trien theo xu the, khoa hge va van minh, so
hlt1ng nguiJi cO' nhu du hoe tr~n toim the gioi tang, so nam clla bac hge ph6 e\ip giao
due hilt hu()e ngilY c'lIlg k~a dili, ti lCd6 viI lCn lop eua b.ie trung h9c, dai 11ge,eaa dflllg
ng~\y C~lllg tiing.
Fill( do gia G't tic.:-udung tr0n the" gic)'i ng~tY dlllg t;1ng nell ti~n hqc ('\I.ng ng~\y
f[f,

C~tI1g. L;-lng then, t6c oQ IClI1g gia lr\ ella d[lU Itt V~l ngu6n von d-au tV cho giao cf\lC ngay
C~1I1gl~.ll1g khitYn l()llg d:iu Hr gi •.'io dl.lC CLLi.~ ph ,',i L\l\g dlCO.

Ngo:,i ra eon eo rilt l\hi~u e,ie ng"\ en nl,,\n !Zi\,ickhien eho cae nuoc phai tang
t(ing lli>U Ilf gi:,o due nlur: Diln s6 the gi6i ti\l1g, toe dQ ph(lt tri6n khoa hge k'i thu\it tang
kn lI1anh me. ph.nn vi ap dung khoa hge k'i thu\\t ngiiy cang rna rong, sl! q.nh tranh
manh lid tr~n the glal va vi~e xem xet m~e tieu chien IUQ'cphat trien kinh te the gi6i
trang th2 ki 21,. Tom [.d, I1lraeta can phai ehu lr9ng den nhung , xu the nay.

II. Nguyen tac xac d\nh ti l~ dau ttt giao d1J.c

Tong Ilfllllg diiu \If gi,io due Iil mQt ehi ti~u l'inh, la gia tr! tuy~t doi cua dau tu giao
due. citn ,Lim h:1Oti k vii t6c d9 tang truong eua Ill(ing dau tU giao d~c dong thai eung
can d,un b'lLlti IC timg lI"llllngd,iu \If giao d~e. Boi ti I~ dii,utu giao d~c Iii mQt ehi tieu
dong. thay dol thca SIr ph.it tri~n ella n~n kinh te quoc dan. SI! thay d6i ella ti l~ dau tu
gi:IOdue trlrc ii~'p 'lnh hu<"1ngtoi Sif tbay dcii eua tcing da.! tu giao dl.IC.Do do, vi~e twin
thcLlnhCmg nguyen t!leca dinh, x.ic dinh ti I~ dau tll giao d~c hQ'p Ii eo y ngh'ia vo eung
quan trong. Ti k dan \If gi.io dne pluii tuan thea nhiing nguyen tae sau:

205
 1. Nguyen t:k tang truOng

Nguyen tae tang tnrang: xet ttl mot quae gia clang ph at tritn VI licn h,mh [1:'
tritn kinh Ie muon, nen ti Ie d:lU IU giao due thap. mu6n tang tae do ella licn trinh hlcn
dai hoa, lam eho nen kinhte eo su thay deli VUot h'le thl I1lICred6 bat buoe [1h;ii tang
wong dau lU giao due, ap clung nguyen t,le t:1ng tmang Ii Ie d'lu tu giao due. Elm eho ti
Ie ,hll lU giao due tang thc? mue tang el,a nen kinh IC'.D'ie bicI doi vai nhtrng nll(re co
thu nhap quae dim tinh thcd> dau nguoi IhSp, kinh Ie lai khong ph:i\ Iric'n Ihlloe dr) timg
eua Ii Ie dau tu giao duc cap IJhiii nhanh th'lm chi Iii ph,;,i nhanh han lac dr) I:mg ImCing
cua eae nuae phat tritn, khien cho toc do tang tmang ti Ie d:lU III gi;io due eua nu6e
dang phat tritn trang nam do ph:li eao han toe do eua de 11l16ephat tritn. Ii Ie d,iu III
giao dt,Ie cling phiii eao han: ti l~ eung n:1m ci,a eae nUCrephat tritn. Ve w h,in. nguvcn
lac Ling truill1g dau tu kin!) te tren mil nUae ta :ip dung Iii "h"i pi,,;! Iri,'i,". Ii Ie I:mg
tr:fong dau tu giao dt,Ic eao; han ti Ie tang tmang ella lhu nh'lp t"i ehinh. khicn eho chi
phi eho m6i hQc sinh dang thea hoc ngay cang timg. "B" ',ing Inrimg" E, c1;im h;io
nhiem vu giao due va nang cao chat luqng day hoe. sau do t:mg' lien luO'ng eho gi;io
vien, tang chi phi cong e(lI1k, .
I
2. Nguyen uk tang truOng d6n dau
,

Nguyen tac timg twang don d'lu chi mot quoc gia dang ph at tritn x:ic dinh mue
tieu tang twang kinh te rat cao, doi hoi phai co lr1nh do khoa hoc ki t.hu,H eao. t6e do
phat lritn nhanh, kha nang ling dung vii tiep thu khoa hoe ki thual tot. ti Ie ,Uu HI gi,io
dt,Ic phiii tuan thea nguyen lac don dau, tac de? timg ti I~ dau lUgi,io due [1h,ii nhanh hcm
toc do tang twang kinh te va cao han e<i toc do timg tnrang eua nen kinh te' qu6c d,\n.
i

3. Nguyen tac 6n d,nh va ben vfrng

,

Nguyen tac 6n dinh ~a ben yang chi mot quoc gia e6 trlnh 00 phat lrit'n kinh te
tUcJng doi cao thi ti Ie tang! truang dau tu giao duc "a ti Ie tang trllang don dau nen ,ip
dung nguyen tac 6n dinh vh ben vllng. khien eho ti Ic tang trllang d,iu t,1 gi,io due vii ti
I~ lang twang don dau tung buClc giilln theo ti Ic ph,it tri6n kinh te eho dcn khi c;i I";c'
d(l tang twang dau tu giao 'dt,Ic va toc do t:1ng tmang eua n~n kinh te qu6e dan deu d"1
duqc trang thai 6n dinh nh1ft.
i
4.
,
Nguyen Hie h~ so dan
, hoi

Nguyen t,k he so dim' hoi chi khi mot chi licu kinh IC quCie d,m di! clat (!Lrlle mOL
tri so nao d6 thl ti Ie dau Hi giao due eung ph'li co mot Iri so dim hoi Ilmng (mg. Gi,i Sll
gia tri GDP tfnh Ihw Mu ~gl1CJIm(,j n,-,m t;-IJ1~1<211 100 l'SD thl he 56 t:lIlg d,m htli Iii
I %. ~hl1 V'IY he so !Jng IWa;lg Ii Ie dan 111 gi'i(", clue eung ':10 kho;ing 1 cr. ho;!c eao hO'n
1% lit 1.2% hoae. 1.5%.- Cohoe. c:-"i,i nuac la dlla
••... "i\o nguycn
• 1{le nay• de dtl oo,in Ii Ie dau
III giao duc. nhtr S'Ill. 11"'Ugiil
.-. Iri GDP linh thea ,Uu ngtr0i ~ ella nuae ta iii :100 USD va
l1l(re [Liu tLl guio clue ei,a nUDe la b,\ng m(le d,iu III trunghinh (i,a lhe' gi,i'i Ihi lrong
ILlang lai m6i khi ;6ng sai, ph:,m quo~ dan eua nu6e ta'I'-lOg len I ri thi hc s,\ un~
IrLtang dan hoi eua ti Ie da~ IU giao clue sc la 1.21':i: v" eha 1'1; ,hi gi,i In GDP tinh
thea dau nguoi d~t muc 500-800 USD. m6i khi t0ng s,in ph,im qu6e d:m Clla ntfl"e ta
lang len 1% Ihl he satang tmang dar hoi eua Ii Ie d:iu III gi,io due sc la J .19(i - 1.1 Yi.

206
 III. Phuung phap xac dinh ti l~dau tu giao dl!c
tvlu6n x,ic dinh til~ dau tU giuo dl!c ta khong nhihlg phai nghien cUll h~ thong chi
li0u V'I de nhan to anh hu6ng lai nO',rna con phili xem xet phuong phap xac dinh ti l~
l!uu llf giao dl!c mol dch khoa hqc.
." CO'bau nhieu phuong phap xae dinh ti l~ dau tu giao dl,lq?Vi~c !Ira chqn phuong

-. phap xac dinh Ii 12 dau IU'glao dl!c cu the phili dl,la van nguyen: tfic xae djnh ti Ie dau tu
giao due. Hien nay co nhfrng phuong phup 'phlfbieri sau:
,
'

1. Phu<Iug phap shy doan

Plllrong ph.ip nay,dLla vao nhfrng ml!c"tieu phut trien kin!J.te dii xlkdinh dLlqCcte
ou dmin SOluqng V'I chat luqng nhan tai can thiet, tu d6 suy 40an ra qui rna va toc dQ .
. phal lrien gi{\Oduc, cGng nhu so lLlqng va ti l~ tang twang dftu tu giao dl,lc. Cac buac
eu the nhLlsau: ;
I) can cll vao ml!c tieu phat trien kinh te va xa hQi dii:d\ll. duqc trong thai gian
nh,il elinh de ell,ldoan soluong va chat ILlqngnhan l'li can thiet: M thl,lc hi~n ml!ctieu.
. '.
2) Dl,lavao kCl qua dt!' ddan tren de dl,ldoan qui rna, toc dQ phut trien giao dl!c cac
dip, vi, tinh lOan xc:m de Ih\rc hi~n ml!c tieu pMt trien kinh te dii d~t ra thi can c6 bao
nhieu nguon cung cap nh,m tai. Thong thuang can ell vao so luqng hqc sinh, sinh vien
dang hqc trong de cap truang.
3) Gm cu vao chi tieu chi phi giao dt,tc do Nha nuac qui dinh de dl! doan chi phl
giao dl!c tfnh theo dau ngLlai hilllg nam trong cac cap hqc.
4) can cu so lieu dLldoun hai ml!c (2), (3), xae dinh tcing soluqng dau tu giao dl!c
Vtl loj l~tang lrUang.
C6ng thuc dt!'doan:
M = (S,U, + S2U2+ S,U) + ..... + SoUo)

Tmllg <16:
_ tv! la lLlqng dau lU van giao dl!c hilllg nam.
a
_ 5 la tong so hqc sinh cUa mQt IO\ii hlnh truang hqc mQt cap nao d6, nhu S, lit
so hqc sinh lieu hqc, S2 la so hqc sinh trung hqc, 5) la so hqc sinh d\li hqc.
a
_ U Ii, sO chi phi cho giuo duc blnh quan cua hqc sinh mQt 10\lihlnh truang hoc
iJ mQl dip nao do, nhu U I lit so chi phi giuo dl,lc blnh quan cta hqc sinh tieu hqc, U 2 la
so chi phi giao d\IC blnh quan cua hqc sinh trung hqc, U) l~ so chi phi giao d\lc blnh
qu,m cua hqc sinh dai hoc, ...
Sau khi tinh ra dU(IClong SOduu III cho giuo dl,lc;thi c6 the Hln Im;n linh toan duqc
ty I~ eua llau llf vao giao dl!c lrang chi lieu cae h~ng ml,lc c\\a n6n kinh te quoe dan tuc
la tIm ra chi lieu ve ly l~ dau tu cho giao dl!c .
• Slr dl!ng phuong phap nay can phai chu y may diem sau:

207
 Mqllt:'r: Vi~c xac dinh m~c ti~u phat trien hnh te xa h6i ph,i'tthuc su cau thi. phil
hqp vai thl!C te khach quan,'rn~c ti~u qua cao ho~c quathtip ciing d6u Imh huang tai su
chinh xac cua vi~c dl! doan dAu tu vllOgiao d~c,
Hoi Iii: DI! doan rnuc ~hu cAu nhilri tai eua mue ticu phat tri6n kinh te xii hoi. ph:" •
tien hlmh bang phuang phap khoa hoc khien eho ket qua va s6 lieu dll doan e6 do tin
c~y nhat djnh. i ..
Bo Id: Tinh 'toan lUQ'n~chi phi giao d~e blnh quan diiu ngub'i eua m()t loai hinh
a
trub'ng hoc rnQt cap nao 16 n~nSlr ,dYlJgchi tieu tang truang hang nilm ell,{ chi phi
dAu tu giao due blnh quan theo dau ngub'i. Kh6ng theslr dung chi ticu ma liiy ml)t nam
nao do lam tieu ehu&n, VI hrqng chi phi giao due blnh quan tang Icn theo ha,ng nam.
neu kh6ng suy nghT den di~rn nay thl dl! doan tcing luqng va t~' I'; diiu tu eho giao due
se thieu tinh ehinh xae, xuat hi~n nhung sai s6 lUang d6i Ion,

2. PJ1U'ongphap do t~itoa di)

2.1, Do' Ihi lfio dtj v/i'lo'ng "0' [,wng d{iu lu clIo gitio d~lc

Bitiu thi luang dau tn hqp j~ieho giao due bang phuang phap d6 thi toa dQ la chi
ek d;0111 eao nhiit 61:\ cae dub'ng eong hi~u qu,i kinh,te' (hlnh 9.1),
Khi tcing 56 hTqng dAu tu phu hqp vai nhu cau kinh te xii hQi thi sl! tang tnrang
eua [hu nhap quae dan se tang truang theo sutimg len eua tcing Iuqng d,lu tu gi,io due.
nllllng khi luqng dAu tu cho giao d~c vuot qua nhu cau kinh te xii hQi va thue lue kinh
te thlthu nh~p quac dan kh6ng nhung kh6ng tang len rna eon h(l xuang. •
y

B
luqng
lang
tntang
thu
nh~p
. qu6e
dan
o A x
L1TqngdAu tu giao duc

Hlnh 9.1: Hlrih ve ve quan he giiia luqng dau tu cho gi,\o due villLrO'ng l:ing •
tmu'ng thu nhap quae d:in
(Trang hinh vc M 111 difm eao nhiit eua dtTerngeong hi~lI qu,i kinh Ie gi:io due, 1\ •
EI luang d'lu ItTgiao -duc tat nhiit. B lit !lrang hieu qUi; kinh Ie tlit nh,l!),
 2.2. D6 IIIi load. (i 16'ng 11lf!1zgMu tll cho gitio d(lc tor fMr
y ,
I

Ii Ie tilu nhclp mR,

gioi h<;1!1 diu tv mC,
..:hi phi gi6i h~.m I
.- I

-
Jau Itc
IIi Ie lai suat)
•.....•.•.
/
'
o x Ltcqng dau tu

Binh 9.2: Hlnh ve ve quan he glCra lIlue diiu [u eho glao

, d\!e va ty I~ e61ai ,

Trang hlrh \"~mR Iii duang eong Iqi nhu~n gioi h\ln, mR) la duang eong gim h\ln
khi n:lIlg It,!ceua ca nhitn tot, mR, Iii dllang eong gi6i h\l~ khi nang Il!e eua ca nhan
k~m. mC Iii <.lllangeong lqi nhuitn gioi h\ln, mC, 111duang eong ehi phi gioi h~n khi tai
lllc d,iy cIu. mC, Iii duang cong ehi phi gi6i h\ln khi tai Il!c kh6ng dtiy du; diem E la
Illong
. ...<.l,iutlCeho e.
"iao due tot nha!.
Chqn hai ye'u to h,!n che. ttie Iii nang Il!e ea nMn va :ngu6n dtiu tu giao d\!e. Khi
n'lIlg ILlem'.lllh me thl cILlongeong lqi nhu~n gim h,!n dieh ehuyenlen tren. Neu nang Il!e
manh me Ilk 1,1tiem llle hqc t~p Ian. VI the rna lllqng dau tu eho giao dlte tot nhat rna E)
• hieu Ihi cung Ian: nflllg It,!cye'u (ue 111tie~ Il!e hq~t~p nha, luqng dau tu eho giao dlte tot
nhal Jna E2 hieu thi se [LIangdoi nho. Cung nhu v*y khi ngiJ6n tai Il!Cday du thl ehi phi
giai han di ehuyen xuong dllm. nguqc lai se di chuyen len t~en. De eo the duqe lqi nhu~n
kinh 10: tot nhlit. dieiTlE, khiencho mqi ngubi b6 sung them dau tu eho giao dlte, khi thu
nh;lp hi gieun cIi. yeu diu nllng cao ty I~ Iqi nhu~n dtiu tu eho giao dlte. Diem ~ khuyen
mqi ngl[('1inen dau IU thfch hqp cho giao dlte, kh6ng dllqe Hing phi.
2.3. D6 Ihi tf,Ja d(i I>: l~ dQlI III giao d!/c

Trong hlnh \"e A. A' la duang eong hi~u qua kinh te giao d\!e, t9a dQ ngang m eua .
di.:m E lil Iy' Ie hr;tpI)' dau tu giao dlte.
Khi diem E huang sang tnli eo nghia la ty I~ dtiu tv eho gi~ __dlte qua nha; khi
di.:m E lwong sang phai co nghta la ty I~ dau tu eho giao dlte qua IOn. Khi ty I~ dau tu
cho giao duc El m. thu nh,ip quae dan la n thl ty I~ dtiu tu eho giao ~\!e moi wang doi
haply

209
 y
E (m,n)
lhu
nhap •
quoe
dan
A '.
I
I
.. .1 .,
m x
II 1<;.dau lU gi,lo due
, ,
3. Plnrong::hap SJ s~nh quae t€
Khi ',le dinh ly 1<;.dilt! tu eho giao d~e d6i voi cae loai hlnh lj,ulic gia tfl:n the gilli
trang nhii'ng thai k)!'lieh s« khae nhau. lien hanh so s,lnh nghicn eiru t~. I~ chi tieu dc
Il<)ng mue kinh te quoe da~. eGng la phuelng phap Ihuang dung X<lc dinh t~', Ie d.au tu
eho giau d~e. .
3.1. So sell/i, p/uin tiC;II1l(jt cat Ilgang
Ticn hanh nghien eUu :eung nh6m doi voi tcing gi,1 tri 5,in xual qu6e d,in d:iu nguiJi
khae nhau hoae Ihu nh~p quoe dill1 binh quill1 dau nguai pMn Ihill1h mol ,'ai nh6m,
Loai so sanh nghien eUu n~y. (; m91 mue d9 nhiil dinh co Ih~ phan ,Inh dU(lc ql1an he
gifra trinh d(> ph,11 trien ki,ih te viI ty Ie d:lu til eho giao due ei,adc n1ll1e, phan ,Inh
dlIele mlre d9 eoi tr9ng dilu; tu eho gino due'cila quoc gia d6 ,'i.
I,le dung Cll til':: x,iy ra
ella no trong viee phat lrien kinh Ie quoe diln, Tien hanh so sanh mat dt ngang trcn
quoe Ie, do ehtl y m<?t so diem:
. ,
M'll /0: TriJih d(> phat lri~n kinh Ie eim cae nuoe eung nhom "~ c1ai the' Iii ,:ip xi
ho~e tlIelng d6ng.
Hoi hi: Khi so sanh dii sir d~ng ehi licu cae hang mIle kinh tc' qnlic d:lI1 \'il CII

thong kc chiu tu eho giao dU,e phai nhat lrf vai nhau"
Ba /0: Su khae nhau v~ ehe' c1cixii h(>i. eel e:iu kin~ te, e:iu s,ln xlI:it eila de
CCI
nuoe sc eo tae d~ng rang bu6e nhiit dinh doi voi 50 s,inh mill dt ngang gii'" LJulie tc',
3.2. So sall!z p!zdll ticll [fch scrtrell miit cat d(lC
Khi lien hanh so s:lnh t)~ It' diiu lU eho gi,io due "oi trinh d() pb,it Iric'n kinh 1(,
quoe d,in hicn lhai eila m(>t'nuoe vOi I)' I'; dilu lU gi,lo due eila mlll mrcre k il,ic trong 111lJl
giai doan lieh sir khi trlnh d(> ph,lt tri~n kinh Ie' qu6e dill1 lue1l1g ,hfO'ng, II du nhu t)', Ie
d,iu tlI eho giao due eila I1lrae kinh te kh6ng ph,il lri'::n eo the gi6ng nlm t<. J(-,liiu Ilr cilo
giao due ella nhii'ng nlIoe kinh Ie phal tri6n a
\'ilo thai di'::m khl'tlg ph,it InCil trong lieh •
sir. Lo,)i h,nh so s,\nh nghien elru nay a mot Irlnh dc) nh,it dinh cli th.: I'h,;n ,'<nh(!lrnc ,lI
h,rang bien d(>ng va guy luiu ella ly Ie d:iu tu eho gdo due. Khi lic'n 'l1imh I'h,m Ifch '0 •
snnh trcn mat cal doe Iieh slr giira de nune Ircn thc. gic1i. ngoili ,'icc ph,ii c11l; \' ,k'n c,i':
yeu tonhu s\r khc\c nhau giu" eill:' "I~xii hl)i, ell e:iu kinh tl' ,.ii elf th'.;ng KC LI Cilll ph,ii
ehli y hai ditm sau:

210
 !ll,,{ hi. Ti.:n hilllh so sanh lieh sir giua cae nuae, phiii ket hqp vai phan t[eh so
<,nh giib m:n dl ngang. VI so sanh gil"ramqt nUDedang pMt trien-'-u mqt nh6m eae
I1lrvcph,it tri<il1.m(Jt nh6m cae nUDedang phat Ir;0n va mqt nh6m eae nuae phat trien
m<Jl c6 th<in6i
. 1'0 ,'an d~. I I
•• 11,,/ Iii: Khi li,Ynh'l1lh so sanh lieh str giua cae nUDe,p\Hli ehu y den trlnh dq phat
tri2nkhoa hoc k"ithu(lt ella de nuOc trong nhung giai dO'!lJ.ljehsirkhiienhau. Vi n6i t6m
., Jai. dVlii Slf phat tri<inmanh me eua khoa hc:ieki lhu~t the giai, yeu cau ve s61uqng cling
Illn! ch:il IUlHlgnguai t"i trong dilO 1'.\0 gi,io d~c ng1lYcang nhieu, ngay eang eao. hall nua
serhi~n da; h,\a. ki thu:,t hlla d;~u kien giao due se khien eho giii tr! chi phi eho giao d~e e6
Xilinrl'1Ilglc,ng kn. y~u du \'c t~. Ii: d:,,, lU eho giao d~e tat nhien cling tang truemg.

211
 CHUONG X: DAll TU CRO GL~O Dl)C R~ T BlJ()C

Gi,\o due btll buoe I" $i,io due co' b'ln ella eae nuCie Iren the' gi&i. Trung QuCie rh"
c<lp gi,\o due btlt buoe dJ !lllre hlen (hroe nhicu "'"11. rich IllY cllftJe nhicll ~inh ngh: i
phong phu. Vi VClY,viee (Ie::;ra ehuOl1g nil)' nghien etru Yil Ih,io lu,ln YC(tiu III eho gl,ill
• I

due b"lt buoe e6 gia Iri Ii lu~n vii y nghla tfme te' ella n{,.

mli 1: Li Juan ve dau tu cho giao dllc hilt buoc

L Klu1i niem dau tu c1~ogiao dlJ.C bat bu(Jc

1. Kh:ii niem gino du~ b:it IJU(>c va s\r thay aoi ella n6
i ,i. Klllii Jli<!mgiao d~lc bdt brt(ic

Giao due btlt bu(>e lit,chi ella Nhit nuCie ei\l1 etr theo quy dinh ella ph,ip III,H. IiI
time hi en gi,io d\le Iwong 'hge doi v&i nhi dong thie'll nien a mOL Itra tUlii thfch 1101'
trong mot the,.i han va me)t tr1nh de) nhfit dinh. M d,ip lIng nhu du s'tn xuii! hien (Iai I'il
euoe song hi9n dai, lit me)t tieu chI ella viln minh hien dai. Gi,io due bi,! bU(l( elm (hloe
goi lit giao due wang btie,'giao d\le mi~n phI hoilc gi,io due b,,! bu(,e ph(; eilr. Nci I<'t
mot bo philn hor> thilnh quan lrong ella gi,io due quoe d,ln Gi,io due b"1 hu,'e cci hai
d,lc di~m n6i bilt lit tfnh wang ehe vit tfnh ph6 eilp.
i.2, S,r tlla)' (16'i theo lic" sir clia giao dllc bdt brt6c

Giao due b"t 'JUe)e Iii s'ln phiim ella nen s'ln xu,'it eong nghiep I,'rn hien dal yi, >II
ph,11 Iri~n elIa euoe song xii he)i hien dai, lieh sll rh,it trien ella n6 clJ Ire,i qua ha gia;
doan. Giai doan thtr nhiit lil'tir the k)' J 6 den the k\' 19. gi(IO due b~,t hu()e tirng bll"le ra
doi. NglrO'i theo ehlI nghla xii he)i khang tlrang clla Anh \locr \'il "lflf"1 lilnb d"o eUlle
a
Vl\n dong di each ton giao Due M"e1unglude hlnh nlm cling ,!tra ra tIl IUC'J1~gi'lo due
ph6 (;\p, tra thitnh nguai tie~ phong eho ttr Wang giao due h"l buoe phe:; e"p. Gi"i (loan
tl1l1hai lit tit the ky 19 cJen idai ehien the gi&i lfin thtl 2. co ehe' gi'lo due kll bu,:'e h',nh
thilnh.'Thoi k)' nil'. clmg ,,&i s\r phat trien ella nen 'lin xuiil dl.li el)ng ngbi,'p Clla CI,',
nghla tlr 11<ln,cae nu&e IU blln ehll nghla ,y Au 1\'11 dJ lien tiep Ihl)rigqua lrinh IU phlip Ill,"
M lIme hien rcing riii gi,io d\le bilt buac. llnre bien gi,io clue b"lt huoe ell!" lrl'tl hinh lhlle
phllP 1t"'11eho thiiy s\r ph cit tricin ella gicio clue btit buoe Iwoe l'ilO m,)\ gill; ,h'n n1<'",,1cinh
d,lu r,'tng cO' che' gi;io dlle bt,t bu6e e1l6i eung dl; (!t'oe .de IClp\'" dlme ph:il In,'n (1 e:ie
Iw6e Ilr l1iln ehll nghia Au MI, Gilli ,loan Ihtr ba li\ til 'au clai ehi,,'n the' gi')-I !:in 2. I" ~Il"
,loan ph:lllrit'n ella gi:lo clue b"11buoe, Do sau dal ehie'n Ihe' giCii I,in 2. linh h',nh Ih,' gil'"
XUCilhien hai cl,k dit'm 16'11.M';'/,i: Xuiit hic'n [,he eae I11I(iex,; hl'; ehil n)'hiil !I,ll /Ii. SIr
tn',i e1(1yella eaeh mang kl thutlt eOng nghiep Ian Illl'r [,a, lir d" ~hie'n cho gilio due hi'l
huoc Iw6e "ilo m(;l giai doan ph'll tril"n meri, l-licn nav gi"'i h"n ,1(, lu(,i gi:io due h"'1 huilc
ella de nuo-e. lu'c Ii, lhai ban mue tieu. clang e1"n dUClekeo dili h('J1.

212
 2, \gUl:>Il, ti Ie vii ell cau duu Iu cL .. :!'") Ol": i.l,it bUll,
!Jiu IU ehu gi'lo due b:11bu6e Iii m"l b6 ph~n to thanil dau tu giao due, la sl! bao
diun \'0 n"H "CItchit eho vice thue hi2n va phat tri~n giao dl,le bit buoe, DaLl IU eho giao
duc @:,tbULK I:t chi licu dau tll V,tO trong 11nh vue giao dl,le bit bUQe bi~u hi~n bftng tien
!c, nhan Ilfc, \ ,n luc de dao t~o to chiit co bim eua e6ng dAn,
2,1, Sguoll dd'u luella gido due bdl bu(ie
•• Cic ngucin (.!lIUlu ehu gi,;o due b:,l bu()e noi chung Ia pilai phu hop \'01 n,,,,";:' d.':..
llf chung cho gi~i.ocJl.1C. "it thong nhal v~ co ban vai \'i~c ct:u thanh nglt6n :{:.,

d1<l gi,'<o duc. nhung do tlnh khae biN giua sl! phat trien kinh te xa hoi ella co ,J

linh d'le thl! clla gi'I" duc b:ll bUQe khiin eho vi~e dau tu giao due bt,t buoe vi, .'. , ..\1
lhanh ngucin ttlng dau tll eho gi,lo dl,le e6 sl! khac bi~t nhJ:t cJinil, hel'll nua dau tu cho
gi,;" duc b:ll bUQc cling xuiit hi~n cae 10(ii hlnh khac nhau, tue la loai hlnh nguon dau tlf
cila "IC quoc gia theu the ehc' t~p quyen. 10\li hlnh nguon dau tu ell;;'eac quae gia theo
th.: eh0' ph:in lluycn. va 10~i hlnh nguon dau tu eua cae quae gia theo th~ ehe kel hgp
gilfa IiII' quycn va phan quyen, Nguon dau tu ehu yeu ehb giao dl,lc bit bUQe elta ctle
qUl)C !:"a thea ehe dQ t~p quyen ia Nha nuaeNha nuae ho~e ehfnh phu Trung uong.
Nguon diiu LLfehu yc'u eho giao dl,le bit bUQe eua cae quae gia theo ehe dQ.phan quyen
ii, L'hinh phu lien bang, ehfnh quyen bang va ehfnh quyena dia phuong. Nguon dilu ttr
eho giao due bat bu(>e eua cae qUDe gia theo th~ ehe ket hqp giua t~p quyen va phan
quyen Iii ehfnh quyen Trung lfong vii ehfnh quyen dia phuong, ve co ban m6i ben
chiem 1/2.
2.2. Ti l~ ddu IIfC/zo giao d!IC bdl bu(ic
Nguon dau Ilf eho gi,;o dl,lc btu bu<;>ceuoi cling la lhu nh~p quae dan, Ia ket qua SI!
ph:in pil6i \'e t,li phan phDi thu nhilp quae dan. Ducri dieu ki~n rna mQt nucre dii xae
dinil tong IV'lng dilu lU elm gi~lo duc thl lrang nQi b(> nganh giao dl,le phai lien hanh
ph~in phDi I<.•i, de eli the tho,! man du,!c nhu eftu ph at trien giao dlfe eua caecal', cae
ngilnh. Slf philn ph6i tong lUq'ng uilu lli eho giao dl,lc ph an anh duge phuong huang sa
dung "inil phi giao due elta mot nuae. N6i chung. CO' eau phan phai dau IU eho giao due
LI lili ti k c;iu Ihilllh ncn kinh phi giao dye trong chi phf giao dl,le eong eQng iliu giao
','Ul" I.",; li,::u hoc. (fUllg IhlL' Ib"o glim giao due b:11bUQe), dai il('~ viI cae phllcmg di~1l

,~j~t()lIt.le h.hi'le.

tX\ll tlt d1u gi~i() tiL,lC c{) the: dlln~

. .;1;11(. ',f!::Ul. ,.:L.' th(; IlI11t :'lau:
. Ti k I'li chinl1 \ilil nlft'" dllng \'ilo chi phi eho giuo due cl1it'm (mng tllu nh~p
L1llllCdan iluC,c Icing >1111phCim 'IliaC dan, eili ticu nil)' ph:in anh JUuc d6 CO bAng ung hQ
lk)i \ L'ri ,gli.lU JL.1C eLla \h~l nUll-c.

. '1', k till chinh .\il'l nlflk llllllg "'10

cili phf eilo giao dl,le va tfeh liiy tai ,im co
",,,It Il1u nh,,!, quoc dim, chI ti2u nilY ph'ln anil Sll ltng h9 vai mue dQ Uti tien eho ~iao
d u '_ h ~l J ll(l')\, ..
l' ~,,( \
•
_TI k tilng lnrt'rng Lhi dlmg dlO gi.io duc eua tai ehfnh Nilli. nucre dai I~f- ,..6i he sa
m,"1~•...
;,'nil ell dan cl"" II Ie. t,in~•... Iweill!'.
-- tren danh ngh'ia lhu nhap. quae dan, nhung chi
•
licu n,,, pl1all 'Inil diJue mlre dc) tiell Ihl ella giuo due Nhll nucre.
 - Ti Ie kinh phi himh ehinh SlI nghiep binh qu;m hoc sinh eho g"-'o due '" dfmg ,:,
t6ng san ph~m quae dan blnh quan d;lu ngllal, chi ticu nay ph,in ,;nh dll0C d'd "I elid gi,io
due w ban (bao gam ca giao d~e bAt bUDe) trang to:m hD SlI ph,;! lrien Sli nghicp giilo due,
T6ng luang dau tlI eho giao due hit bUDe nhieu hO;le it trlIe ll!"p iinh hll,rng dc'n
viee ph6 C"P va phat trie:n gi,io due bat bUge, Gm nh,lc dc'n ti Ic diu ttT eho giilO due h,)t
buoe eila mot quae gia, chi, yeu co hai chi lieu sau:
Kinh phi g'i,io d\le blnh qu;m hoc sinh, ffui hi. ti Icu;iu til eho gI<IOdue
- M(Jr i'l:
bi\t bue)e trong long luong dau tIl eho giao due, Cii tnlae phiin ,lnh linh hinh elld (bu I~I
cho g;:"o due bilt hucK trang Sli phan phoi kinh tc' quo, d;m. eiii SdU ph,in ilnh tinh hi"h
ph;,n phoi d'lu tlI trong eho giao due hilt hUI:lClbng d;lu III eho gliio due,
2.3. Co' e{fu dd'u Iu clIO gino dl/e hdl hl/(Jc

Ca du benngoai euaidau ttl eho giao due hi',I hUCll' I:, ehi \'i tri ":, li;e dung ('
d;lu III eho giao due bat bu4e trong ca du ph;m phoi d;iu ttr giiio clue, Ti IC (1;;u til Ci,'
gill') due btlt bUDe tuar.g dqi eao han ti I~ t6ng duu tlI gi,io due eho cae (;ip gii;O due
I ,
khae; trang ca eau philn phoi dilu tu giao cl~e, ti I? dfiu tu eho gian due hi)t hucK thav
d6i theo Sll thay d0i eua mue d9 ph6 cap gi,io clue' htlt bUge: dilU tu ehn gii'" due hilt
bUDe Imh huang toi sl! thay ~6i eua ca du ph,in phoi dfiu tlI eho giao clue ntii chung.
Phan tieh tren phuongl clien r9ng Ion. ca efiu nDi bD eila d;lu tu eho gI<io due bilt
bUDe co the: phan thanh 2 b9 phfm: Kinh phi h:mh ehinh su nghicp ehn gi,io due bi)t
bUDe va d'lu tu xay dung cd ban gi,io clue,bilt bUDe. Trong do kinh phi h:mh ehfnh sU
nghiep eho giao due bat bUge lai phfm thanh: Kinh phi nhfm ,'ien ":, kinh phi cllng e(lIlg
(sir dung chung). Co cfiu philn phoi hai h6 phfm n'IY nlHr thc' n:,o eho herp 1< IiI m()t ";In
de quan lrong trang Ii luiln diiu tu eho giao due bat buoe. Ouai tien de <Iii,de dinh I(;ng
luong dilU tu cho giao d\le bat bUDe, nc'u nhll kinh phi eung eDng I:'in ,it kinh phi nh:1I1
vien. se lam t6n hai den tfnh tfeh cue el,a giao vicn. eong nhilll \'ien nh:l trLflm!!. iinh
huang den su phal'lri~n eua: gi,io du~ bat bu~oe. ne'u nhu kinh phi nhim "ien I;in ii~ kinh
phi eDng e9ng thi se Imh h«ang toi vice tie'n himh binh thuang ,.:, duO' Iri Slf ph,;t tri('n
doi voi hoat dong giao dllq, dilY hoc ella nha tlUang. khong e6 lai ehO' ,'icc I;,ng sli
luong. nang eao ehSt luang cu<i giao due hi,t buoe.
SIr phan phoi trang nol bD gi,io due h{11buoe ella dc mlae n6i ehung I" kinh phi
eho nhan vlen cao han kinh phi eong C(\I1~~:(LYv1:, m')1 hicn wO'ng hinh llwirng, >-:hung
rot euoe thi Ii Ie ,cilia hai dieu de) bile, lIiJ,,'u co the eai 1:1h0p le, Cie ml,"e khlll1g c()
mot lieu ehu:\n thl)ng nh,;\. Iheo thong ke elill \b ehtle Uneseo eha th:iv trang diill III eh"
giao due bAt bUge, kinh phfeho nhi1l1 ,'icn eua de nuae ehic'm kho,ing 7W; I:i,nh ~ui1l1
dau tu eho giao duc bat bU9C:,kinh phf cDng eDng binh qui1l1 ehic'm kh()iing .,W;,
I

3. Nguyen t:le dau tu cho giao due hat hu6e

3.1. Nguyell Ide mQllglilllz rail!? bilGe killil Ie'drill luella girio dlle /)(11 hllrie

T6ng IUClngdilu tu eho giao due bAt buOc eila mot mlae 1:\bao nhi('u. Ch'c'lll II k h,
nhicu. chi, yeu Ja do trinh do ph at tritn kinh Ic'V:I II)LtcIile kinh Ie' Clld '1Ul)Cglil ,Ii',, Il're i"
do Ilk';"" hup ella 11116,d6 quy!"! dinh, Trinh ,\0 ph ,"1 trien kinh te' 1:1ml'" In[ir,,~ hc'n
ngo:li eua d,lu tll piJO d~c hAt bUDe Clill dc mll'le. 1:1co SC1<Ie,Liu tll eho gi"n duc k'l hUllc,
,
214
 3.2 .. \'guyen Icle quae giu hod eh,; the'driu Itf eho giaD d!le btl- buoe

Ctl gu, I" ehu thc J,w lLf giao due la chi nglloi duu tU tai ehinh hO'!t d(mg giao
due. f),le d,em ClU gicio due bitt bUGe SC ljuyet dinh viee q~ae gia ho<i ehu the duu tll
eitt> g"iu due hi,[ huc)c. (Julie gia hoa ehtl the duu tll Iii chi theo 51! ph at trien eua kinh
lC. trong J'IU [ll eho gicio duc bat bUGC. quae gia (ehinh qpyen Trung lIang hoae dia
phuung) til' th:lnh nha diiu tll ehu yeu nhat, quan trf?ng nhat, chiem vi tri trung tam
[rung litl' [hc JilU tll eho giao due bitt bUGe. Nhiing ehu the khae eua di!u lLf eho giao
due h,H huue chi Ii, Sll bo sung dai voi duu tll eua quae gia, chiem ty trang riit nh6 lrang
d:lU tLI chu gl<.'l\.) dL).c b<.h hU(K.

3.3. Sguyenldc lIlie-n phi hoe sinh drillilfeho giao dl~C betl bll{k

T'el> nit"n g,ao Jue bC,t bUlK Ii, qUYCD loi c.o ban el'" thieu nicn nhi dong, thl!e
Illen gi,it> Jue b"t bUGe I" nghia \U el,a Nhil mlac doi voi nh:1n d:1n. De d,lm bao tre em
u., the dUlle hlrlmg quycn gi,io due, riit nhieu lju(;, ,.ia de ra nguyen tite mii'n phi giao
dl.IC b;-ll hu()c Gl.'i l;l rni~n phi. ngh'ia la nlien n1l)l ~.,~~;imdftu tl! dl nh[ll1 trong dau tu
ell<' gi,iu due bal hUlle. 11" phCln dciu lLf ni,y Iii Jo nl,irng chi, the khcie chiu tr:teh nhicll1.
Chll YL;U LL do Nha nU0c gi.inh \',le.
3.-1. SKuyell Ide mUllg tillh ldp phdp quiie gia drill Ill. gido dlle bal bl/l?e
C;"it> due b,u bUGe IhGng qua I~p phap tien hanh quy ph~ phap lu~t dai voi ehtl the
,tiu [u. eu thc quy dinh nghia vll phiii thl!e hien va trach nhi~m phai dam nhan n6 trang
c1Clu[lr eitu gi,il) duc b:lt bUGe, khien eho giao due bat bu<?e e6 ngu6n g6c dang tin cay 6n
dlnh ~i'.l/n tinh t1l5.ti~n \.il tinh khGng 6n d[nh eua dau tll. D6ng thm dua ra nhiing qllY
I'",,,n I'klp luC't <.loi\\'ii ,ice phim phoi va sir dllng ihlu tll giao due bat bll<?e, baa dilm tinh
L'iP I:: ,i, [inh qllY ph am lrong \.icc phim phai duu tu eha giao,dlle bat bUGe, nang eao hicu
suiil ,ir du"g dciu tlf gi,io due b:1t bUGe, khic.n eho xu hll6ng Slr ~ung ti~n b<:J.etai un hoa.

II. 1'!l~111 ticll Ii luan dau tl1 eho giao due bat bu(>c Trung Quoc
V;- nghicll eliU gi,iu due b:1t bUGe vi, nghicn etIu Ii Iu\in diiu tll eua Trung Quae e6
the pr"ln [himh h"i giai d,".'n Ion. Lay b(> lu(1t giao dlle bilt bu<?e eua nlloe e<?ng hoa
nh,,,, ,Lm Trung Hua dc, b"n beiliul1 ranh gilli, tu- lhang 4 n:1m 1986 tra ve truoe la giai
lhln lit '.1 ,,1,,1[. "'" d,i li, gtai <.lodn thlf hai. Vice ban bo va Ihl!C hi~n b<?lu~t giao dlle
b'\1 !JU"c CUd lllflie cong hue, llhim ,Lin Trung II"" ,Iii <.lanh diiu sl! xae l\ip ehe do giao
,~h'l l~~\lhu.:)( (lLa Tr'ung Qu6c. l1(lllg t!lc)"i ph •.'u) i.inh r:lt nhicu di~m m6i tren phuong (lit~n
lllu;Ul ll~lllL'l1 n'ru. \'i dl.1 nllLt: Li JU:"1llflh,)n thue m6i vc <-IUi-lIlll~ giua ph6 c~p gi{IO dye
"I In"e lic.U chic." Ilftie ph,it tricn kinh k .. xii hoi. danh diiu vi~c h~ thong hoa Ii luiu1
ngillLoIl nfLI ~I:lll due h::lt bU(K. lll(') n)ng pl1',u11 vi nghicn CI1'.1 If lu~n gii.\o d~lC btll bUQc,
c()i pllli ~::IPgl~i\l Lil.LI.:l<lt hU(h: 0 JlUlj~ th(')[l 1:\ doi tuq'ng nghien cuu trQng diem V~lso
sjIlh Jl~hl,-'1\ ,:L'ru gi •.iu dL.l\..' h;~lt hUl.lc tl"t:ll the' gl,,')j.
'\glllc'n u.ru Ii lu'.'n d'll1 tlf cilll g"io Jue b:ll bUGe eill,!! e6 nh[j-nic hlrtJe ph,i[ triel1
kill. ,Ltc hie! h phllung cilClnl [lr llrc ccinh sinh, Ii lu:111"Ian!! In(;ng eli lid; .', nghicn cuu
If luall "/)/11.1 ,II/( fJ!zi gi(l(J dl.t'" ", nghicn cuu If lu~n "/lild [rtr/fllg SUII X/l(if, nlILl [n(()ng
h/1II (/odl/il 1I,,-:/!i~;jJ" \'~l li lll~l!l n,ghl(.'ll l.'l'llI llia)' d6i che d() quiiIl I)' d{iLl tLI' cho gi:to d~tl'

b~\l hUlK .... d~~lI I~lIlhCrng th~l!lh tLru (bc ",'Il' nghi(:n cu:u If lu~\n dau tli chu giao dl.IC b•.lt
OU(lC l'll~l TIling (Ju()l'.

215
 Bai 2: PMo tIch l~ch sir va hi~n tr'.lng dau tu giao dl,lc bat buoc

1. Ph an tlch lieh
.
str dau tu giao due
'. bat buoe
1. SIt tang truiing thea ki~u buae s6ng mang tinh lieh sir Clla diiu tu giao due
b::it bu(le

Tu thai ky dau xay dung dat nuae den "d"i c<lch mang \'tin hOi! ". ,hiu t,r eho ;1.\"
duc bat bU9C tuy e6 51! len xuang, nhung xu huang chung la dang ph,\! trien. <.lang t"ng
tru6'ng. Trong gii\r: due kIt bUge, dau tu cha giaa clucsa dimg n'lm, 1952 IiI '-'.72 t'-lcu
nhan dim tc, nam 1957 tang den 930 tricu dong. nam 1962 ti'mg clc'n ~06~ tril'u cliing.
n'lll1 1965 dat 1379 ty don;; tang 2,7 Ilin so vCli n,im 1952. Kinh phi himh ehinh slf
nghicp giaa clue blnh quan hQe sinh eung tang Icn, Kinh phi him\lrchinh SIf nghiep hinh
quan hQc sinh ti~u hQc na~ 1952 la 7,4 nhan clan te. nam 1957 iii 15.n c1{ing. n'lm
1962 Iii 18,70 dong, n3.m 1965 la 19,96 dong tang gap 2,7 Ian so \','1i nam 1952,
Muoi nam 1966~1976 thO'i ky "dai cach mang win hO<l". giila clue bal buiK h'lll
nhu 6' vaa tr\lng thai dlnh trf Trong thai gian d6 cluai su quan tam ella thll tlr6ng Chu.
vi du nhu thu tuang Chu d~ 'ra ph6 clIp gi,\a due titiu hoe "dtiy It) m~jl cring "i<;c !rin ".
"phdi c6' djnh l(1i kill/z pili tilu lu?c ", "killh pili gi<io rille lie;, hoc phdf Iring Ir;n il,)ng
nam ". gino duc ti~u hQe dil eo nhfrng ehuytn bien tat uep nhung dling thai lai xuilt hien
khuynh huang "ph6' c,ip" trung titiu hoe phu phicm xa roi thue te'. nhu lu nal111971 den
1977 salu<;!ng trLfang hQe ph6 thong, eaa trung 6' nang than trong ca mr6e t;mg tir llS
nghln tn.rangden 509 ~ghln:truong, tnlong SO' trung tu 722 nghln twang t,ing len I ~ I.'
nghln truong. Theb d6 dau ttt eha giaa d\IC cung ph,li tang len. trang do u,iu tlf gi'lo due
SO' dang trang giaa due bat bUge tu n'll11 1973.1975 cung Ilin IlI01 tang len ,ten 2.1-11 t)'
dong, 2,261 ty dong, 2,233 ty dong. Nhung vi do gi,\o duc CO'11.ln\'a phii e"p giao due
b{)l buac thea du6i ehi lieu tao, tae dii caa. phal Iri6n mu qU'lng khong d<i \' 16i diC:ll
"-i~n. tuy t6ng lu<;!ngdau tu eha giaa due cling t.'mg kn nhllng kinh phi himh ehinh su
nghiep gii\O due blnh quan h9C sinh phD ih[Jn~ tnlIl" tieu hoe lai gi.ITTIxu6ng mang tinh
ile11'11'.Trong d6.kinh phi blnh quan hoc sinh !leu hoc giam 20.-11 cr so\'6i n.,m IYF
chi (0 15,87 d6n~; kinh phi binh quan hQe sinh lrung hoc ha xu6ng 51.-17'; ehi co
4~,14 don£,~ Ph,i! Tri~n den nam 19761ai. ha. 9.0r; '(tieu hoc).. 15.5Sc; (trun~~ hoc) . so . .

voi n.lrn 1973, kinh phi blnl1 qu<in hQe sinh trung tieu hoe I,in 1'101lil ~(j-l2 dc"ing. l-l-l~
dong. Sau ky h9P Ian thu ba' dai h9i taim quae kha'l 11. gi'lo duc Tiline C)lll"Cdon mi,t
J1\Llaxu<in mai, narn 1980 Dang e9ng "In Trung lrang. qu(ic \U \'ien nLf,'''' «"ng i](",
niJ'lJ1 d<in Trung Haa ban hanh quyct dinh \'e mt)t s6 \';"in de c(, lien qu"n ,kn phi; e;,p
,,'80 due ti~u hoc. n~TTI19S2 dai h9i nh,\n dan toan quiic kho.1 thCf .'i eEl thc"lng 'Ilia 'hi,'il
/.:':j ,11l(rJ'rq)n,~ Iuxl n'l/'n rlrin Trt{J)? J rio ", ][111d:tu 11en .'\:lc dl1lh rhl'~ eli"l .cij() due h{11
. ,';0' ding dl;LH' ..i ,1~ ,"'>-, (I:::n. nam 1()g5 Cling h6 "qll.Y(" c1ln!l n~"\"1/(" ih(ty
",j'i l/U/ ch(J'~~ir)I:) dl./( ,"j.~. I"./i:;' O,/ng c(;ng s(in Trllll: ' Qur"'('
... ,"(I. !I(llll /486 hr.','; h(-:
(lucJ' giao dlJC bal buoc /ij((I'[' ('~jllg hor) n/uill drin Trunt! l/ulI) .". khil.'"n c!lo u'mg Lk ; h:)
eap giaa due bat olli;', '''' Trung Quoe buae sang eon dlrimg ph"p ehe' hoci I'h,il lrj(n
limh manh. eLllIg va-i \'iCC thue hicn phD cap gino duc bilt bULK chin n'-llll. c!.IU tLI ~:J"()
due b~t bUGe eling dl1~je eoi trang. Vi du d[iu IU eha giaa due sO u{)ng n'llll 197~ Ii,
2,359 ty dong gap 6,43 Ian eita nitm\ 1952, u,iu llf eho gi'lo due c0 hiln (b"" giim Cii
216
giao duc cao trung) dat 5.6-+3 t)' dong gap 6,38 Ian nam Ip52; dau tu cho giao dl,!c sO
dimg nilln [985, diiu III giao d\Jc phe>thong Jan luqt tang le\lla 6,154 ,ty dong va 14,899
ty dC)J]g.tang 1.61Lan vel 1.6-l1iin so voi nam 1978; sau narp 1985, giao d\Jc crJ ban bao
gom d,iu w cho gia0 d\Jc bit bu6e tiep tl,!clang truemg, naln 1988 giao d\Jc so diing va
giio due W bih la 9.-1:22IY'dong va 19,033 ty dong, Ian luqt tang truang so vai nam
1%5 IiI 53.1'< \a 27.75S,. Kinh phf blnh quan hqc sinh t7ng ti~u hqc (kinh phf hanh
chinh ser nghicp) wong Lrngcling lang truang hang nam, kinh phi blnh quan hqc sinh
trung tieu hoc 1978 la 39.81 dong, kinh phf blnh quAn hqcisinh tieu h<;>cla 16,53 dong,
d~n nilln 1985 Ian llCOl tang Iii 128,54 dong va 47[,30 dong. Trang ba nam
1986,1%7.1988 kinh phi blnh quan hqc sinh trung hqc'la 13,49 ty dong; 141.5 t5'
dong: 17.880 t5 dong. blnh quan hang nam tang 11,63% kint phi binh quan hqc sinh
tieu hoc I:l-\8.30 dong; 59,60 dong; 44,41 dong, bInh quAnih~ng niim tang 17,85%.
Tinh Itch s-iidau III giao d\Jc btLtbU9Ctl'lnt,!-i nhi6u v~n d6. S,! tang truemg dau tu
gi:,o d,lc btlt bUCfckh6ng 6h djnh. Thai ky lich sir khac nhau vi~c kh6ng 6n dinh cling
wong Jcii Ian. Jaulu chogiao duc btLtbU9C chiem ti I~ t~ng dau tJ cho toan b9 giao
due, tuy cd Slf kh6ng 6n dinh nhung xu huang chfnh la gi~m xuong, :nhung tfnh kh6ng
(in Jinh eli thai gi,in \'" nilin ih,ing ca biet Ih~m chi giam xiong voi toc d9 Ion.

2. (;iai duan phat lri~n the che quan ly dail tu giad dl,!c bilt buqc '
The ch~ 'luim I)' diiu w cho giao due balbuoc Irai qua may giai doan phat tri~n
nhu sall:
+ 1950-1953 lhue hi~n giai dm.lU"Tnmg /l(mg (hOilg Il//lii /iillhd(lO, ba Cal) (juall/Y.
i
+ 195-\-1957 lhlre hicn giai Jm.lil 'Trulll! I(UIll! IhOill! Ilhdi liillh d(l0, phdll cap
i
'I1I,ill lie'.
.' I .
+ 1958-1971. !hue hi~n giai dO;,ln 'TrlIlig lrong wi ¥ia
phuollg ket hl1P;, My dia
,

I'ill{(lll.~ "illl chillh ",

+ 1972-1979Ihue hi~n giai do",n "(,ii chill!z /rIlIlg !fong pht.in khoang cllllyell
"lillg ", N;u11 1985, -[rung uong Dil1lg eqng san Trung Quoc I~p ra b9 lu~t cai cach th~
chli gi,i<ldue, de ra ngllyen ItLethl!C hi~n dja phuong phl,!ttach giao dl,!cco ban, quan lSi
philn c;ip, 'IllY Jjnh ljuyen qu,ln lSi giao d\Je co biin thu9~ v6 dja phuong, trir phucmg
ehiull chinh saeh Idn "il ljUYho",ch VI mo do Trung uapg'iDang cqng sim Trung Quoe
ljuy dlnh rcl. \i~c dilt fa \'il thl!c hicn cac ehfnh sach, ch~ d9, ke hoach e\J lhe, trach
nhicll1 .'clljuyen luc 1:\nh Jao. qmln I)' va kiem tra Mu giap ehodia phuong, nam 1986
han b" "Ill'.;! gi,i(l "IIC lidr /JII(ic 11I1(ICc(illg hoa IIh611 dcJlI Tumg !loa" quy dinh su
I • •

nghicp gi<iodue btlt huoc duai SlI \Cinhdao cua quoc Y\l vi~n, th,!c hien dja phuong phu
a
l1"\eh. phan eiil) (I"'ln l~'.The ehli giao due btLIbU9C n6ng[th6n dan hlnh Ihanh nen cue
dien.ba dp huycn. xCi.ih6n x;')' dlrng lruong hqc, quan lSihai cap huy~n, xa. Th~ ehe
ljuem I~ nilYciiitlIng Jieu d6[lg Juae linh IIChcuc cua chfnh quy6n cae tang lop co SO va
d(lng ,b" ljuiin chung [ihim dim xii)' dl!ng lruong hqc, thuc day su phat lrien ella giao
due bill bUlle. Nhung the ehe nil)' khong hoan thien, viin can phiii lhay deSi. 1'11\(" Elm
gi,ml efi'trach nhicl11xii)' dl!ng truong hoc ella Trung uong, t'inh, thimh phCi.l:illlng lh~
hi~n eby dCIduclCqlloe gia ho,i viI tinh ehal ehu the eua giao due brlt bucl(, ncn tic'p tue
l'~li ti'::"n.
217
 II. Phan t1ch Ijj~n tr::Ing dau tu cho giao dl;lC bat bu6c
1. Thanh IUU rna 5(J righiep giao duc bal bu6c dal duO{'
j" ,
Theo thong ke nam 2QOOve C(J bahTrung Quae dii hoim thimh xong vice rho e:'1l
giao due b5t buoe chin narlJ dung thai h~n, thue hien duge mue tieu xoa mu ehlr eho
thanh thie'u nien. Cuoi nam 1998 thong qua danh gia nghiem thu "h'/I C(r sr;" eua
huyen (th~n~ p~o., ~h~ vyej ~6ng so ~~t 2,242 nguai. dat 7~r;,c.~i Ie d:m so. N,'1m ~99:
d:1t 80% tl Ie dan so, 1I I~ npap hoc eua tre em trang d9 tUOI tleu hQe trong ea nUCle tt!
98,93% tang uen99,1% natj11998. Ti Ie nh:!p hQe trang giai doan d5u \'il gilra n,1m d6
Iii 88,5%. Xem bang 10.1; r;o.2. •

Bang 10,1:Th6ng k~ phar Irit'n giao d,!c bal bUf!<:loan quoc 1997.1999
I
Nam 1997
I Nam 1998 N<1m 1999 ;'\f,im I C)9R so N,lm 1()f)C) so
n'1j n,iin 1997 II \,('ri n;'lm [)QR
I )
Ti~u hoc (van) I J
I
SO tuy~n sinh 2 462.0~ I I
2201.4 2029.5
SO h')c sinh tai Giam 1O..\8 C;
Cii,im 7.81 ~(
t[uang
13995.41 13 953.8 IJ 548 Gi~m 0.3 C';.
J
I
I T;'ln~ ~.91 ,;. I
I ,
SO hoc sinh 101
1960.1j 2117.4
I
nghieo 2313.7 Tang 803 '1 Trlllf: 8.02 f";'
--c
i
So trung (van) I
! SO tuven sinh I 836.5; 1996.3 2 183.~ , Tang 8.7 c;
S6 hQc sinh t~i 5248.7 T;lng 9.:"7 "(- ~
5449.7 5811.7
lruang , Tang .'~.SJ("( T,ing 6.6~ 0i-
SO h')c sinh tot 1463.3 1603.1 1613.9 Tang 9.55Cf
nghi~p f T'IIl~ 0.67 c;
I
--l
Ngu6n goe ttf li~u: Cuon"nietl gidm rhrjil,~I:e gi'l{) <I'lehllng QII(i('" (J 998) nhit
xuat ban giao d,!c nh,1n dan, xuat ban nam 1999. euon "rinh hinh ,it /if(l(' ,," ,hri;lg k,'
pl,,]r 'riel 1 Sif nghiep giao dl.'~ hung Qur5C" (1999). .

Bang 10,2: Tinh hinh Ii I~ lIen lop va Ii I~ b6 hoc Irong giai doan giao duc b:i! buoc
i Iren loan quoc n,1m 1994
!
N,m N,lm Nam i .";101 X;im 01:";111
1994 1995 1996, I 1997 1998 19')9 J

Ti Ie h')c sinh t6t nghirp 186.6 90.8 92.6 I 93.7 J , 9~.~ ! ~~.~ if
li.!u hoc len I . I I I.
Tile hoG sinh bo hoc
tieu hoc
a : 1.85 1.49 I. I I 1.01 j
I
0.93 i---- 9
: J

Ti Ie h')c sinh tot nghieP

sa trun len I .
i 47.8 50.3 ~9.8 I
I
51.5 I. 511.7 " 500 II
~~~ehOCSinhbOhOC'''''~_1 :5/11 39Si 301 11~i 3~3-1 1lSJ 1

Ngu6n goc tIl lieu: "Cirri rlubt denl gicin rhi>/,gk,' ph'l' rri,'ii Sit nghit'/, .~i'I" rlue
hung Quoe-" (1994-1999) I

Xem hang 10. I, 10.2 c6 th~ th,iy rr\ng. do dan s6 dinh eao nh,:,p hoc trong u,) lu(;i
tic'u hoc sap ljua cli, hai nam 1998 va 1999 ~6 ILrgng luy.:'n sinh trang e,i nuae r6 rang
giiun xuong, Ii Ie nhap hQc a d9 tUeli nhi d6ng tie'p tt1Ctang. D6ng thai. dinh caQ urin <6
trong do tu6i hoc sa trung dii ufn, nghfnh d6n dinh cao nh:,p hoc scrtrung nity cling Ii,
I
218
 1Ihi'-:,rn \ U qU~U1trong cua chung Dong thbi chung la cling phai tb,'~y r~i.ng, Ll l'~ kn
tao
!l'JP (', ::;:,tl Jl}~li1 -;lJ lfung Lfong n~lm 1999 l~t gi,\m xu6ng. ti 1e bo hoc i(u L~mg Lefl.. dJCLl
n~tY l..'nC:n::; Ll L'll «:in ph~li chu ~'.

2. Tang truling dau tu eho giao due bat buoe

i\by nc,m giin dc,y, dau tu eho giao due bat bUge a ,nuac ta e6 su t;lt1g them rc,
r"ng. hal luc,n 1" trong khi thue hicn trcn phuong di~n ti I~ tang tnrang hay thue hien
"[,illg 1i'I{,i".~ J <'ill [[('11" thl deu e6 nhiing bu(!C tien dilL Chi can Illy nam 1996 va nam
I~~,) I"m vi du
NCUll 1')96 tong "in ph am thu nh~.p lju,Sc n0i la 6779,5 ty dong, cung nam d6 kinh
phi gi:,() due mang linh hi,nh ehinh 'luGe gia bao gam cap kinh phi tili ehinh Chinh phil,
trLlng thu ticn thui' gi;io due. chi kinh ph, 'c')' dlrng truemg ciia doanh nghi~p va b9
phclt1 mi~n giilln thuc nhi, wrong san xucil. ~6ng chi Iii '676,7 ty dong, chiem ti I~
kho;lt1g 2 ..•6% lrang long san phiim thu nhap quac n9i. Tilt; chi kinh phi ch~ giao due
du lo;in Ii, ehii'm 13, l~S, trong chi tni tai chinh. Trong d6 dau tu cho giao dllc bfit bUge
ci, nUl'/e I" 6:),.\91 t). &iI1g, chii'm 54,04% t6ng dau tu cho giao dllc, Chi kinh phi sll'
nghi0p binh qUClt1hoc sinh lieu hoc la 302,54 dong tang 1;3,42% so vai nam 1995. Chi
kinh phi sU nghi~p blnh <juim hoc sinh sa trung Iii 549,24 dong, tang 10,89% so vDi
n;llll 1')\>5 Chi kinh phi Slt dung chung blnh <juan hoc sin"h ti~u hoc Iii 28,46 dong, tang
.,1,5.1' ( Sl) \(li n"m 1995. Chi kinh phi Slt dung chung blnh quan hoc sinh sa trung la'
S 1.').1 dong l"ng 23.:'i' i SD\oi n"m 1995.
Tinh tling eong kinh phi giaD dlle lOan quac nam 1995 la 334,904 ty dong, tang
.19.9\>f; ty dong so \'(li n;\111tnroe, tang 13,56ck,. Trang d6 I..inh phi mang tinh hanh
.' ehinh ql;()C gia Ii, nf;.718 t)' deing, till1g 25,473 ty dong so Val nam truae, tang truang
12.5.1';. Niun 1999, kinh phi giao due tai ehinh ljUae gia chiem ti Ie 2,79% t6ng sim
phiil11 quoc noi. tCll\g O.24c, so vai nam truac. Chi kinh phi giao due trang du toan
cI,i0m t, IC \~i chinh I:t 14.55', giilln 0,77% so vai nam twae. TInhhlnh chi dung eho
glaO due b,\[ bUDe I:" Dung eho hoc sinh trung hoc Iii 44,890 ty dong, trang d6 dung
clw kip ,,1 llUllg U nOllg than Ii, 16,386 ty dong, dung eho ti~u hoc 54,646 lY d6ng. la
Tlllh h,"h thlre hi~n'[(illg Irlililig 3 I1lI,lClit'll" nam 1999: Oip kinh phi trang du tlnh tai
chillh t""n qUi), nC1I111999 1:\ 81,576 ty dong, tang 15,98% so voi nam truDe. Thu nhc,p
L"l chillh ci, I1lr6c I:t 0,7.700 I)' dong, t'lIlg J 5,20% so vol nam twac, elii'u d6 eho thiiy
It)( dc} l~-Ulg c~lPklnh phi gl,io d~IC trong duo l(1811 dw c;l nu6c va cao hon t6c de> Ulng
ltlrlllig cite, till' Ilhc,p I).nc;. nam 1999 chi ch:, !i~'lh eh(nh Slf nghicp b,nh qu"n hoc
\lnh llL;u hl,)c (.<1 Inr,J\: Ll ..+1.-1-78 t~' J6ng, L:"i.ng 11, 86(JO $0 v6i n2'un lrvac, cht phi ~u
nghll.;';) b'ltlh qu,'1I1hu...: "lnll so' trung W 63.963 l5' dong, thng 4~75ck so v6'i n[1Il1 lrLl'(~c.
UJ"::U ll\') IH)i r0 kinh phi h~ll1h chlnh st.f :1ghicp binh quart hQc sinh trong gi:io (!UI..: b;:\'l

buoe IClIlgkn theo t(fIlg nC'I11.klllh phi sLrclung chung b1nr qtti'm hoc sinh lieu II'.', IlClm
1l)9~ I:t 35. T2 dilllg. Ic'"g 370,79 dong so voi nam trUDe, lang truang 11,86%, ki Ilh phi
sir dung chullg hlllh qUClilh"c sinh so lrung la 639,63 dong, tang 4,75% so 1'1')1 !lCIIlI
ngu;ii I" 610.65 c1illlg. dieu d6 eho Linh phi sit dllng chung blnh quan hoc sinh trung
giilu due be"t bu()e dang tClI1gkn h'\Ilg I1ClIn.Tuy kinh phi eho giao due bt,t bUl)C kkll1g
ngung lang kll. ntHrng hJ~1l nay \.tln ll)/1 t~~ij'~ltnhieu vfln dc. chu yeu the hicn 6:

219
 - M(Jf 10: Tl Ie kinh phi giao duc bilt bU9c trong tong s6 kiri'Jiphi gi,io d\IC mang
tinh tai chinh qu6c gia giiuh di, nhu so sanh gifra mim 1991 va nan; 1997 tu 58.2% ha
, xu6ng 53,9%, trang do kin~ phi sa trung da giam xu6ng kh,ming 49<;;',.
- Hai Ill.' Sll khac bi~t trang khu vuc dau tu kinh phi gi,io duc h,\! buoc co xu
huang tang len, bao g6m bon phuO'ng dien tong s6 luqng dau tu,. CO'cau nguon g6c. CO'
C<lUchi tfa va kinh phi blnh ql!An h9c sinh. d~c bi~t la dau IU giao .dt.Jcbill bU9c 0 n(lI r
l
ll1(lnton t~i SI! mat cAn d6i rang tinh khu vuc. VI "~y kie'n nghi:
"
. + Tlu'r nl1lk Tang Cli9ng.sl! dau tu tai chinh cua Chinh phu Tru~g l!(Jng,va chinh
a
quyen tinh d6i vai giao dt.Jcbat bU9C nang than. chi co tang them 16ng s6 luqng dilU
tu cho giao dt.Jcbilt bU9C mai co tM giai quyct duqc "'In dc,
I

+ TllI( hai: Dicu chinh pO'cau kinh phi gino due. tallg t)', tf9ng dfiu tu cho gi,io duc hjl
bU9C,d6ng thOidieu' a
chinhs,! . mat cAnd6i gifra de khu vuc. dc truang h9C n(mg Ih(m.
+ Tilli: ba: PhuO'l1gdi~n ca(-cach cd chcthuc a nang
thon.liing kh,; nang chi tni .,
chuy~n dai, giiii quyct nhutig kho khan do giao dt.Jcbat bU9C0119ng 1hon mang lai.

.r.

2:20 -r ..-
 Bai 3: So sunil quoc te dau tu giao d~c bilt bUQc

. , . /

1. Tieu chuim dat ra ella cae quoc gia kh6ng cim'g \o';li hinh
Clfl eu '-:\0 he thCing plL'lJ1 loal quae gia eua ngan hang the gioi va tieu chu.ln phat

Illen I"nh k ,a,il hoi eua cae quae gia do sa phat tri~n nuOc ngoai M ra, dua V'1Otrinh
dl' ph,il lilen kinh t~' ph,in 172 ntiOe hoae khu We tren the gioi thanh bon 10'.li sau:
. (jucle gi" ,.:, khu VL!ee6 thu nhap th:ip; Gt"I) hinh quito dau ngu0i thap han 400
do I" 1\15, «',.j() ljuae gia hoae khu vile.'

. Quoc gia "" khu vile e6 lhu nhap trung billh lrliip, GNP: ,l,:
lnmg kho:,ng tlr -100.999 dG la My, e6 38 quoe gia ho<)e khu \'Lie .

. (June gia va khu VilC c6 thu nhap trung binh cao, GNP binh quandau ngL!0i
trung khu,ing 1000 - 3499 do la My, c6 40 quac gia hoac khu vilc.
,

_ Qune gia va khu v,!c c6 thu nh<)p cao, GNP binh quan elfiu ngu0i la tlr 3499 do la
1\[)' In'f I~n, e6 5-1 quac gia ho<)c khu v,!c.

[3a loai [WOC n6i chung la nhiing nu6c hoac khu v'!G elang phat lri~n, loai sau la
nhung quoe gia hoac khu v,!c phallri~n. Balluan lit qlloc gia hone khll VU': e6 "" IJhap
lh;ip hay LjUae gia hoac khu v,!e e6 lhu nh'.ip cao ve Co' ban Mu thue hien giao due bat
bUGe. Theo thong ki: cua ngan hllOg ihe gioi c6 lien quan den phan nh6m lrinh dQ phat
lrien kinh 12',nhung 'luoc gia hoac khu V,!Cc6 mQt trii;u dan tra len, trong 118 quac gia
ho;te khll \'lte trlr Trung Quae ra, tuyen ba th,!c hii;n giao dl,lC bat bUQC c6 103 nuoc,
ehi2'm ~7';. ciCInso el,.,t 97'.;;, 16ng so dan clld 118 quac gia, hoii-c khu vt;c trang d6 quoc
gia hO:'C khu \'lIe, c6 lhu nh'.ip thap, trung binh, cao tuy~n ba th,!c, hii;n giao dl,lc bih
bUGe !:in Ilf01 1" 780;. 86';(., 91 r;~.Do s,! khac bii;t ve trinh dQ pMt tri~n kinh te cac
nULle, \'1 Ihe Ihoi han gi,io due bat bUQC khong giang n~au, tlr 5 nam ho'.ic 9 nam a
nhung quac gia [wac khu v,!c e6 thu nh~p thap, den 9 narh tra len cua nhting quac gia
va khu 'ltc c6 Ihu nh:,p cao. '

II. Phau tich dau tIX eho ghio dl;lC bat bUQe el13 nhfrllg quoe gia ho~e
khu nrc khong cung lo~i

1. l'han tieh dau It! eho giao dl,lC bat buoc cua 6 nt!6c eo thu nhi;lp eao: My,
Lien Xi> eu, Vue, .-\nh, Phap, Nh:H
S,iu quoe gia n:,,' l:t nhtrng micle phat trien, trt!Oc sau nhting nam 60 elld the ky
2U. elo glio duc ph,it tlien. Ilinh eli>ph6 eap giao d\IC bar bu<?c khong nglrng c1uoc n,ing
cau. n\'" chung toe do l:lng lwong CUllc1'IU\U eha ph6 cap'giao duc bat bllGe d211nhanh
hun IllC eli) l:lIlg tWlrng ella G,X:P. C<Jc:ill ti:lU III .,han phai giao dl,lc el,a 6 nu6c n'IY deu
tu~-1I1tllL'U nguyen t~llb~'lO(.L'Lnltrong dl~lrj. In)I-'~' c1iem can phat tricn, trQng diem biia
J~'Hn tbu LL! pho C:lP giao due b,;tt buqc. ~);tU ,:u';(lc n~l>' dtu up dl;lng nguyen tile nhii'ng
khu ..erc cll di~u ki~n Ihi ticn \ell li L:, i~".1 "i', Jo phal tri0n kinh te khong dong deu
gllra eje vung lfong cac mr6c l1;lY \:t mu'~' JQ cui tr9ng giJ.o cl~lC bat bUQC khac nhau.
"en iL[\l!lg va ti Ie d:iu \U cho giao due kh6ng giong nhau, cae mrac deu ap dung phwinc

22]
 elLim co dieu kien lh, ph:'t tritn tnrac. S'lu mr't,: nav b:il iU':lIl I:lquac gia co che" dci I:,p
quyen trung ltong, quac gia co che do ph'in gi!\,5n hav ]il qu6c gia co che' do kC"1hap
lap quyen Irung llong va ph<in qnyen elia phllo2g thi mlre ctiu Itr hoac Ii Ie diiu tll eha
::'30' duc bill iJUC)Cella ha ]uon Iil: Ti I~ ma quae gia ganh \'<Ie Juan cao hUn Ii Ie dia
phuong ph,;i g'lnh vac, Irong ban th<in sau mrac n:,y eung ]uon IOn lai Sll phi'n bid g':!ll
nghca glua cae vung, nhtI11g lren phuong dien mCrc ha,ic Ii Ie diww cha gi,io clue "
buoc cae nllac nay luon a~ dung C<\cbicn philp luong Crng. mang e6 Ihe Ihu nh,) sIr k,,,,,
biet giiia cae vilng. :
i

2. Phan tich dau tir eha gina due bar buoe eua nhirng nu6e e6 thu nhi,p
tru'ng, eaa: Braxin va M~hico

Hai nuae nay la nhdng quae gia e6 thu nhap trung ,1 Ch,iu :-15' La Tinh. 1:, hai
quae gia e6 dan so dong nhat trang nhiingquae gia e6 thu nh"p trung. cao. co tinh clai
bitu. Tnrac sau nhfrng nam 60 eila the ky 20 dO' vice d'lnh gi'l cao \'iee d'llI tl1 eho gi'lo
dye bat bUQCnen llnh hlnh pMI tritn ph6 cap giaa due bat bu6e r:il 161. Sau do. do qU'1
nhan manh clCn giaa ouc dl!-i hQC va eaa d~ng, tang them mQt Ciich mu ljuang \'iec d:iu
tu eho giaa due dai h9C va eao dang, tif d6 dun clCn vic;c ph6 e"p giao duc hit bu()e bi
anh huang, d6ng lnai nq niln a khu vuc nay ral nghiem trang. dieu nay I,il yC'u se ,;nh
huang clCn dilu tu eha gia6 dye bat bUQe. anh huang tai su phat lrien blnh Ihuimg ci,a
vic;e ph6 e~p giaa dye bat bUge. Bai hae nay can phili duoe tie'p thu.

3. Phan tieh dau tu giaa due bat bUQe eua Ai Cap, ,,",'iregia nhfrng nuac co
thu nhap trung blnh, thap

Ti Ie kinh phi el,a giaa dye bat buoe rna nhfrng mrae c6 thu nh'lp Irung binh. Ihiip
bo ra ngay cang eo xu huang hl!-xuang. Trang nhfrng nam 1965 dc'n 1985 Ii Ie d,iu III
eho giao dye bat bUQe rna ,Chinh phil bo ra blnh quan h~ xuang 3'!r. dae biet iii ltie dQ
ha xuang eila Ii I~ dilu tu eha giaa dye so dang eang Ian. blnh qu,m ha xu6ng ]r{, Nhu
vay 5C anh huang den 5\1' pMt tri6n khoe m~nh eila giaa due b,11 buae. Ngo:,i ra. hai
nu6e nay con e6 mQt Ilnh hlnh, ehinh Iii ngaili giao due ra Ii Ie chi dllng eho nhii'ng vice
khae qua Jan. Kinh phi gi~a dye blnh qufm d,iu ngu(li ei,a nhiing qu6c gia c() Ihu nhf,p
trung va Ihap ph6 bien la thap,

4. Phan tich dau tu eha giaa dye bar bUllc cua an [)6, Paskixtan nhii'ng quoe
gia eo thu nhap thap

Nhiem vu Co"~, c:; :',( h:11h,,: :" :'!~lr"g '1liiic gill eOlhu nh:lp Ih:Yp I" \'i) lllIJg
kh6 kh",::, J'iu ',", ha g, ,'::c bit bUll(" l:hong UlI, }1I("1Iqu;i gi,io due h,11bUll( 1MI'. chi,
\,'U hIt, hi";1 " II Jc h, '"h to hac, Ii Ie "xcJi })Irill" trang gi;io due 0;1t hucl( r"l cao.
, 'i~h giio VI('!)- h"c "n'1 ral Ih,ip. D"y lil hien Ilrong t(in lai m(l! c,ieh phi; hien a
nl~Lrng qu6c gl<1 ,~:() thu nh~p lhip trcn the' gi6i c{in duqc sl! chll ~'. 4uan 1<-1111.

5. Phan tfeh dau tu giaa dye bilt buoe eua nhirng quae gia "iI kh u \ue co nen
eQng nghiep m6i troi day iJ khu vue Chau A- Thai Binh DuO"ng

Nhfrng quae gia va khu vue nay ehil yc'u bao gam: H(ing K(mg. Dai Loan \"1 I ;'In
Quae, Thii Lan ... Nhu'ng quae gia va khu vue nil)' 1ll\' thai gian thtre hi("n gi"o d,uc h:'n
buoe mUI)n han nhii'ng nuoe ;)h:ll tri6,1. nhlrng lac da phallric'n Irong Ih"i gilln g:" del"
222
 I
i
I

(ll" nhCrng Illr"1enay rat nhanh. Dieu nay chil yeu la do bon q~oc gia va khu vl,l'c nay co
gemg he'l 'U( fi1',nh ,Hiu tU giao duc lao \'i~c thl!c hi~n phO c~p giao dl!c biil bUQc, dong
lhi!i di)i IH',; hi0u qu:, dau tU, uu hoc, phim phoi bo trl tai nguyilE giao dl!C, uu tien dau tU
gi"o due ,;(1 dil!lg. V I du nhu Th:,i Lan, tuy Iii nuac n6ng nphi~p, di~n tfeh liinh th6
rung. ",'", lung Ul,j kh,\n nhieu, nhung M lien hanh phO c~p giao dl!C ti6u h<;Jc,d~c biet
1:, gi:,u due hen buoc () khu vue nong thon va vung xa x6i) Chlnh phil da quy dinh
nhCrng ehinh .,jeh co li0n ljllan, eiip nhieu nhfrng khoan ti6n C0 b1m rieng biet cho
nhCrng khu \lr( n:,y, eung e:ip mi~ll phi gi,io trlnh, dung cu ~oc lap, dong phuc va bCr"
tl'll" eho lr~ em il khu we kho khan ni,y, dong thai co nhfrn~ dai ng6 vu etai cho giao
l'i0n (1 nhCmg khu Ilic n:lY.

lIt SI! gui 5 doi v6i Trung Quoc

So "inh I'()i quoe t.: I'C d'IU tU giao dl!c bit bUQc, co ratl nhieu sl! gqi Y cho quyet
"ieh, ehinh ,jeh ella giao di,1c bin bUQc cila Trung Quoc, Trung Quoc qua dQ til: mQt
nVlle e6 thu nhi,p thiip len mQt quoe gia co thu nh~p a rriu~ dQ trungblnh, phai thl,l'c
hi~n ,ltrde ph(i dp gi,io due bill bUQc 9 nam trang mQt lhoi glan dii dl,l'dinh, diic bi~t Iii
lhue hi0n dUtIC nhi~m vu nay (; khilP n6ng lh6n rQng lan, I&qng tuy~i d6i dlJ.u lU can
thi0lla lUlliig d6i kh,i 'luan. Phan lieh so sanhquac lelhe gi4i co lh6 thay mQl so nuac
." !
Ion nhlr An D(\ Bangladd, Nir~gia, Braxin, Nh~l, My, LienX6 crr,dan so deu la 100
tri~u nguiJ, lrif kn, lieh ,ir thue hi~n gi,io di,1c bit bUQe deu dili hon Trung Quac, til: ral
sum dii luy0n b6 th\re hi0n gi:,o duc bitl bu(>c, 1110i h<)n,giao dlJc bit bu(>c khae nhau til:
5 1\;"11lkn 1~ nam, trang do thai hi,ln blnh quan giao dl!c b~t bu(>c cila nhfrng nuac co
lhu nh,\p lh;ip la 5,-4 nam. Nam 2000 ve co ban Trl.ll1g Quoc 4a thl,l'c hi~n duqc ml!c tieu
gi:,o due bi,t bune l) naill, li 10 phD e<ip giao dlJC bat bu(>c la ~3%, vfin con 27% dan SO
, , • • r i

ehlra lhue hi0nph() cap gi,io duc boll bunc Iii: nay ve sau a,nh~ng vung n6ng th6n, vung
sau vlLng xa ... Tr<;Jng di~m giao duc bill bUQc ph6 c~p cila [[rung Quoc ph6 cap giao
due hill bunc eung kh,)ng th~ hD qua van M phD c~p giao dl!4 luu d(>ng'dlln s6. Nen noi
Ii, eung e6 lh'lflh qua gi:,o due hill bu,?c, thVc hi~n ph6 c~p ~iao di,1c bit bu(>c 9 nllm a.
lrlnh dll can lo"n dien th\rc SL'- nhiem Vi,1vfin con rat n~ng ne~ Neu chlnh quyen cac cap
quoe gia thLJ~ hi0n vice lhue sl! coi lr<;Jng giao dlJc bit bu(>c tren cae phuong di~n bat
diiu lif h"y giiJ, dn lhi0n vc va uu diii doi vai cac phuong chllm, chfnh sach dilu tu giao
due. dae bid I" huy d(>ng llnh tfeh cuc cila d6ng dilO cac vung n6ng th6n, n6ng dlln va
l:un eUllg l:tc giao duc, kien trl phuong chllm ra suc phat tri6h giao dlJc bit bu(>c, VI the
ll':,i qua nhCmg el'; gimg V" ph[in dfiu gian khO, co lh6 den 2005 thl,l'c hi~n a
lrlnh d(> cao
mue
. tku ~i"o due hi'l buoe
- _. . 9 n'lm. '

223
 CHUONG XI: LICE ';1]', HIE7\[ TT? \.~G vA SO S..\NH D.~U TV
GIAO DLC

B;]i j: 1'lnh hinh ljch SUo \'a phan lich chlu tl1 gi{1O dllc Trung Quoc
..
,
1. Tinh hlnh I!eh sir eua dau tu gi:io dl!c Trung Quae (tlr nam 1953 den
nam 1977)
DuO'i SIt 15n!i...d<;lO
<::uaDimg eQng s,ln Trung Qu6e "il ehinh quycn cae efip. dfiu III
giuo dt.le Trung Quo'e kh6n1g ngtrng tang tnrc'mg. Iili nguycn gi,\o due khllIlg ngirng 1110
rQng, su. nghil:p giao due cO' nhi:lng thay etbi to Ian. Dae hi~t lit Iii khi Mit nll(rc Trung
Quoe m6i thimh tIP, dau tlr giao dye eo nhi:lng thay etbi to I(m. ~au k~. hnp Ihl! ha. dai
hQi Dang lfin thu 11, 51! thay dbi cang r6 r~t~ tuy so sanh \'O'i the' gic\'i \'<in e6 khniing
eaeh tl!o'ng doi 16n, nhung xu huang phat tri~n van huang \'c phia Inl6e.
:'.
Trinh dQ kinh te eua iltroe Trung Quoe eli eUG k5' thfip. Sll nghicj1 gi,lo due rfil be
hfm, dflu tu eho giao dye thieu tram tn;mg. thict bi giao due qw\ n,\t eli. ;-'!(n lunng I(m
eae twang hoe kho eo th~ 1uy tri dU<;fetrftt II! day hoe hinh thulmg. Sau khi Jlliac Trung
Quoe "m6i" thanh Iftp, trong khi Dang va Chinh phil hftt tay \'ilo kh()i phue bnh Ie.
eling battay vao kh6i phue's\1 nghiep giuo due. bat dfiu til nflm 1953. Trung Quiil' h :
vao thai ky xfty dl!ng ehll pghia xa hoi eo ke hoaeh. Clmg \,(li str ehuy0n hien tiit dep
•
ella nen kinh te va pMt trien vi~e xflv dung kinh Ie. d'IU tu \'ilO gi,io duc tfmg dfin len
hang nam.

Kinh phi giao d\le trdn!! ngfm s,\el1 quae gia t,lng til 1.15 t)', etling nam 1952 ,lc'n
3,242 ty dong, 13 nam tang gap l.8 hl. Thai k5' 10 nam "r,ich n711ng ",in ho,i ". Ii J,;
,!fiu tu gi,\o dt.le ha xuong, S\I nghi~p gi"" ".Ie g':\j1 ph'li nhung t6n hai nghiclll tTOng.
Sau khi dftp ph,i ,Iu<;fe "be:W, Mil fell" diie biel 1:1sau ki hQj1 thli ha etai h<)i D'lng liin
thti 13 tam [rung toan xa hQi, D'lng va Chinh j1hil r:it eoi trong Slf nghicj1 gi,io due. ,hili
[U eho giao dye tang trtran~ voi toe etQ Ian. Ti Ie; ,hlu ttr (ho gi,io dllc ehic'J11ng:lI1 sach
Nha nuoe nam 1988 la J 2,1 'Yo. Toe dQ tang tnrang kinh phi gl,io due \'lIm qUJ 16c et()
tang twang kinh te quo'e (Lin va thu nMlp tili ehinh Khit nlf<J'c.
Xenl hillh 1 : . L

1. Tn lie;u si; lic;u lich slr ltr(rl1l~tuyc;t d6i (I'll) I,; gino due Trung Qu6e
P~l:m t:rh I,r"'lg tUY91 cl61 kinh phi hanh ehinh Sll nghiej1 gi,io due. tI{'lI III X:IV
,hI',," eO' hI;!;. \.:':' ':i' h~ng I J. J. J 1.2: Ih"li gian IOltil n:1111J 950 ,kn nf,m 19};:,.

\
 Tlllh hinh lang Iruung kinh phi ghio dl!c (dO'll vi: Tram tri~u dong)
323.56 . ,

..
.'
l ••lI" tru:1n:; I.X Ian
11.5

~alll 1952 Nam 1965 Nam 1988

Hinh 11.1: Toc dl) tangt~uUng kinh phi giao r1l!c
Ngllon g6c lLlli~u: "Kinil phi giao dl.lc lang Ir!fOng hallg Ilam, diliu kifli xuy ellplg
lntr"liIg k1u;llg Ilg1illg 1/11(/1'celi l"i~Il" eua Vuong HiEn Mil1h dang Iren h,io "Ciao ell.le
Tl"llllg Ql/(j(."'. ilgilY 28 Ihang 9 nam 1989.
ti,ing 11.1: Tinh hinh chi kinh phi cho hanh chinh s~n'ghi~p giao dl!c hang nam
cua Trung Quae (Iir naID 1950 den na'm
, 1985)
Chi kinh phi
lN~II:n'I'i'~ng'~hi {"i chinh
(Iram (n~u lUmg ) ,
SOchi cho kinh phi cha h,mh chinh ~\f nghi~p gi:\o
due \tram tfieu d6nv): cho hanh chinh
5\f nghi~p
Gi:1o d\fc dei hoc i Gi:\o d\fc ph6
:, T6ng CQl1g thOng chi€m Ii !rong
i

~_\f
1'150
68.08 i
I
I

3.76
7.42
,
!
t6ng chi lai
chinh (0/0)
5.25
6.06
1'151 l22..lI.J I
1.40 7.55 • 5.09
~.:i-r--- 175.99 : 8.95
5.81
12.80 2.27 10.53
1953 220.12 :
2.92 ! 10.85 5.59
1954 246.32 ! 13.77 ,
--_._.- .----.----269.291 14.0H 3.01 11.07 5.22
1955 ..---- 305.74 16.47 3.69 12.78 5.39
1956 ~ 4.21 15. 31 6.42
1'157 - 304.21 19.52
~.--.. 4.73 'SIO 4.84
-~G~&'
- ------ 409.40
552.86
19.83
24.09 6.88 17.21 4.36
4.86
IWJo--rr....-- 65.U4 31.78 10.43 ; 21.35
--'='--
1'j(, I I 367.02 26.78 7.25 ! 19.35 7.30
-'-'-r-' 305.25 24.07 5.80 , 18.27 7.89
1962

+..__. _. 5.82 , 7.33

I
24.91 19.09
_~'J(i3 .1___ . _ 33963
27.80 6.23 , 21.57 6.97
1-.!.lJ6~ 339.02 I 22.81 6.24
\')65 466.3.1 , 29.12 6.31
6.21 28.22 6.36
~!,6_l_=-~-'-' 54156i 34.43
5.23 27A7 7.40
.. ---_._--_.
32.70
..J.'!0.7. __~_..._. 441.S5 ~
~~ . .1 .. ___ 359~4 . 27.50 !
,
.--."--- --}q+.!
-t-07iJ-rr .-...--
I
196') 525.86 ' 27.04 '--'-'-'--~-:-i~"1
64-9-11 2756
-----'-,.-T .. . ..----...---""----"' , 4.56 , 28.44 --- 4:i.L'
~J.:. ___ __7 .l .. ~?._..__._ '300+ -c- 33.17 5.03
1972 l._____ 766.36. 3S54 5.37
35.91 5.20
1973 I 809.28 , 4":()7 I, 6.16
, 6.65 3913 581 ,
45.98
~7/--i
19i~-- r'
-- 79075 :
820.88 , 48.26 I 7.16 4\.10 _~.~\).J
~~_. __ . _ .•.... ,. .--_ ..-_._---
225
 I 1976 i
80620 I 50.49 I
I , J _____
1977 84353 --.~-~-
>---
1978
5304 826 , 4,178 i
1110.95 6560 -
1979 I 1163 )~.97 ~-
1237.94 76.96
1980 '.
J6-;o ((1'6.
1212.73 94.18 --~-----.
l:j J.; ''iriS:
1981 1114.97 102.48 72. 'S .,t:JJ) I
1982 1153.31 ---- -- ----
115.68 2.1S6
1983 91.~;~
1292.45 127.85 ._-._-:

1984 -- 27.84 10/1.;7

1546.40 148.76 --._------
1985 32.72 115.-1": ,
1844.78 184.16
I
Ngnon gDe tu lieu:

I. Trang 371 cuon "IiI /iii, 11'6"g kl' 19.!q-I'.J83 Ih'l"h if(1I gi'l() rille II;" 1""'11..,
Qllri(''', nhit XU'll b'ln giCio clue 111>:\'1 (!::I'l. \lliYI i"lin n'lm 19B.+ \'~ IranI' 10.+ cu6n "lIrli,'1I
Ih6ilg ke 1980-1985 I/wil/i 1i.(11gldr.,j, : ('}I" Tl'1IlIg Qlllir' ". nh'l XUiil h'ln gi,;o due nh,in
d,in. xUill l)iln n'lm 1986.

2. Th"", "h'lo CUD" "pli<ill lieh Ii I~ hr;p Ii Cli" d,ill 1/{ gill() rille 11"1111:':
III/( IIh,ip
qllO( dUll \'Ii iiiI'll qllQ killh le'd(ill Il( gir;(1 ,Jw" do Li 01 Ninh chtl b,cn \'1 Ii! IranI' 23-
62 dang lap 1-2 nam 1987 Iten bao "gh;" d,,1c d(li hpc ".

Bang 11.2: Tlnh hlnh dau'tu xay d.,ng co ban gi:io due hang nam eua Trung QUDe
. (tlr nam 1950 den nam 1985)

I Dau tu .'lay dVng co ban gi,io dl,lc (tri'lm ---

f)Au IU xay dung
[ricu dune) I fXiu 111 x:\.',' dung co
h,.m ~i;lo due <:hic'm
co bi1n tofm quac Tong cQng
Nam Glao due I CiJ;io duc Ii Irnng (\;1(1ItT xiiy
(rrJm lri~u d6ng) I
.
dai hoe ,I ph() thong dlrn~ ((T h:!ll Inan
Tong c(~mg 8969.53
I -l-_. ___. __ ,"'y'~~~_~_r( )
162.88 83.19 I
1950 11.34 0.29
?2e_~.lJ..L__ , ____ ~
1951 0.15 I 0.14 2.56
23.46 0.93 0.56 i 0 ..17
1--__.1952 43.56 2.55 - 396
1953 127 128
90.44 585
1954
1955
1956
99.07
100.36
3.38

~~
2.49
196
2.08
127
,
142 I
182
122 -T---
L------=Iili 394
2.483 I
155.28 3.44 I 1.82 ,
,
1957 143.22 162 :
._---~-_._---- 2'NJ
3.01 I 151 1.5(j~ 1.10
••

1958
1959
26900 2.56 I 106 ,
I .."in ! 0.95 i
34972 I .1. !'} 2.15 2.i;:j-~------------ J .371
1960 '--
388.6,)
'--_._---.S."'
.' 19
----J.6(1 ---_._--2:Q2l 2.0~
1961 127.72 ,I _ .._- .. _-----
i

- :.37 1.28 109

1962 71.26 1861
1.00 i 0.53 0 ..17 i
1963 98.16 I ~::...~-- lAO!
205 I CUI J1~ ,
1964 14412 I .__ 2.09!
3.53 , 116 .. ~._~7 , :~ .
1965 17961 ...__ .._--- UO i --_._-- .._- ---.

1966 209.42 ,
110
._---_._- .~_l.~(I l___
__ - ..- ---- ._- --
199 I 0 ..; 1 ----
1967 J.~S ._______ ~
140.17 1.03 I 0.06 •
1968 097 _c.' ____________ .____ ~ 073 i
113.06 078 om
1969 076' ______ 0.691
2n83 056 I 002 CI_5~
1970 ••

._- 21255 063 I 005

.._ _--------- .. o is'
1971
1---- -.------ --
--
----
>-.

140,8:'. ,_____ 112 o 19

().)~
---_._-._--.- - .••. 0101
" , ,- 0.9."' .- _ -
-._-- ---- (j i'1 I
..;~ I
......
--
1973 - _'~7.98L_ .._ .. c__, O.~R .. _._G...:
0'...
0.,"+
L 1974
------
.\,;S.IO' -'-'-"...L.. ..
."'.!. , l_nn .___________.
1.-i3 __ .. ... ---TOil
- "1771'
--~-.:--:_:_~
L __\ .182: .1.11 . .271 _
- -. -_._------
. 1.01 :

226
 1.14 2.53 0.90l
3.67
1.10 2.70 1.0 I I
3.80
3.82 1.15 2.67
3.12 L?9 :
6.46 3.34 •
6.84 .. 4.28 2.11
11.12
9.00 5.04 2.51
14.04
15.14 9.82 I 5.32 3.421
10.58 I 6.96 3.16l
.J 7.54
I • 15.18 8.89 4.05
24.07
•• 31.60 19.48 12.12 4.25
26.63 17.14 4.07
43.77

i\gu6n goe IU Ii~u: Nhu bang 11.1

2. Tu lieu so Ii~u lieh sir luqng tUOIlg doi dau tu gili~ d~e Trung Quoe
Tien hitllh phlln tfch dqng lhai lich su dtlu IU giaodl)c euaTrung Qu6e,eo th~ tu
<16ph'lll lkh qllY IU(1l VilcaC van de!phat tri~n [[ch su dau tuigia o dl)c.
. I

2.1. 'fl' l?d{il/ III giao d!/c cllie'1II liing san p!uIm xii hri
Bang 11.3: Ti l~ duu III giao due chiem Ibng san phfim!xa hQi (tit nam 1953 den
nam 1985)
- Luqng llIang d6i blnh
"I hdl kl 1,..:11''If

\l..~hl)',\,:IIII;1111 n.unl
i
d6i binh
\ l.UlJ1I2 tuvd d6i blnh
'iu~n' Icing' ;an ph~m xit
hQi (tram (ri~udong)
LLIqng
quail
IU)'~I
dau IU
(triull Iri~ud6ng)
giao d~c quan (%)

94.59 L31
7247
•
Thai ki kc: II
I\,\ln 1•.\1\ ttll! nhat
0.d, ""1\\"\
11953. 1
1').'):: J I _._- .

142.95 1.28
1\143
1 k~ h"",h
lhJi •...
It.lm bll ttll! h.li t
1\311\
1958.
\
I,
I(J(J2 J
! __ 1_____ --c-
•
---1 08.76 1.28
linh {( 963.
"'hli kl dii:u •..1- I
6919
PJ651 ,
I
._- !
157.46 1.02
!lalll 15468
"Iltui kI l..~ Il'h.t-.:h
l\•.
llli I,Ul tllu b. 11966. ,
(1)7(ll
224.5 0.95
23613
IlLlli t...l ho.: IIU-;1dl n:\m
,
I ..- -."'" ------T--
n'-llll

IlJ7.'))
Lin Ihl! IU 11971-

r 329.32 l.l,~
Thl1i \..:1 kL'- h ,).l.:11 H.IIlI .
34420
• Il,un LUI tilt/ 11.1111
I I'):() .
-
II \);;tIJ -----_.-------
I
, .--' 1 .>,
629.95
,
\ S;1l1 hI h". I' 1.11I ,I
) I 11.):')- 46132
:
\ II)j.l J ____
._J._.
I lAO
G:~.~~;~l~~~~'_'~~,.i
- .---- ----_ ..
,--

•
"iguon goc tu lieu: I':hll b,illg 11.1.
 :..

2.2. Ti Ie dd'u tIt gitiod~c

,
chie;1I Ii Ie..tllll nhrip quoe drill (gilj lri sa" . xudi tinh)

Bang 1I.4: Ti I~ dau III gilip d~c chiem Ii I~Ihu nhap q~oc dan (gili Iri san xual
(irlll lic nam 1953 den mim 1985)
Thai ki Ijch Slz
(ke hoach nam Mm va cae nam) Ti I~ dau IU giao duc chiem t>inh quan
thu nhap quOc dan
Thai kl k€ hoach ni\m namlan thl! nMI (1953-1957)
TI,ai kl k€ hoach ni\m nam Ian thl! hai (1958-1962). 2..WJf, ;.
Thai ki dieu chlnh (1963-1965); 2.61%
Thai ki k€ hoach nam nam Jan tM ba(l966-1970) 2,50%
Thai ki k€hoach nam nam Ian ~ IU (1971-1975) 1.96%
Thai k) k€ hoach niim ni\m Ian Ihl! nam (1976-1980) 1.97%
Ni\m 1979 den nam; 1983, nam 1980 den ni\m 1985 260%
I
Niim 1980 )
.
3.71%
Nam 1981
~.
-'-
., 2.93%
Nam 1982 2.99%
! , .
Niim 1983 , I 3:13%
Niim 1984 .:' 3.21%
Niim 1985
l
i 3.19%
, 3.34%
,
.t

!
Nguon goc III li~u: Nhu bang 11.1:
Hlnh 11.2: Chi phi cua lai chinhNhanlIO'c dung cho giao d~c chiem Ii Ie Ihu nluip
quocdiin nam 1952.1985

(%) 5,0

4.5 I
I.
4.0 I
3.5

3.0

2,5
I
2.0 ,
1.5

1.0 L

0.5

o
19,2 1960 1970 1980 In,
•

228
',.
 :\guon g& lU lieu: Trung 146 cuon "giao dt.le co ban va phdt triell quoi.: gia" do
vlcn nghi~n CllU tri lui: Thuqng Hai bien s0<:tn,nha xuat ban d<:tihqc su ph\lffi Hoa
Dong. "ual ban n"m 1991.
IJ,ing 11.5: Ti Ie qu& gia chi dung vao tai ehinh giao d~e va mlrc tieh liiy tai san
co dinh gifra cac ke hOl).chniim niim
,- ._"---'--'
(I) lai ehinh qu6e gia Mue dung 'vao tieh lUy (3) ti I~ (2)/ (I)
lh~Ji g Ii.Ul k~'hu~~ch ,I
.' I
dung vao chi phi eho tai san e6 d\nh lrong lhu
nh~p qu6c dan (tram
I! I
giao d~e (tram tri~u
. dono) trieu dOno)
I 112.8 622 5.5%
[iiI ~~~~\
1\) )2 <.kn nam 1957
7.1%
i Tu 1l~'t'.l1 105S d~'n nam IlJ62 181.2 1295
5.3%
I~:~~~:W
rl:~anli-V-
(13 (10"0 (lalll 196:'
60 chYnmi.m 1970
71 den n"n\ 1975
110.5
160.9
260.6 I
589
1372
2650
8.5%
10.2%
fThn;11Il1-0" 7 5 de'n n;im 1980 500.2 , 3787 7.6%
S l'dl."'ll !lam 1985
[n'.[I.:!~.I~T0 1086.3 I 6323 5.8"/0

Nguon goc ttlli~u: euon "nien giam tMng k€ Trun

lh<ing k~ Trung Quoc, xuat ban nam 1989.
1I Qu6e 198.9",
;
nha xuat ban

. .
2.3. Ti ledtlll tll giao d~lc chieln t6ng chi tai chinh (tit .u'im 1953 den nam 1985) .'

Ihng 11.6: Ti l~ duu Iu ghio dl1c chiem t6ng chi tlii chinh (tlr ni\m 1953 den nam 1985)
Ti l~ daiJ til giao d\lc chiem t6ng chi
~Th0i ki lieh ,if
tai chlnh
(%)
(k~'h0~;:hnam nam d. d.C naml
Thili ki ke'ilOa"h num nam Ian ,hli nh,,', tl953-1957~ ; 7.03%
•
6.25%
~ ki k" hu;,eh n"m n,im Ian ,ilLihai \ 19~)8-IX,2) __ "'_'_. - _.
Th"i ki die" chinh ( 1963-'1965) _ I 7.37%
Thai ki ke' h"ach nam n<iJntan thli ba (1966-i970) 6.25%
Thai ki k"Il<.l,,,,h n"m n"m!,in IhUlU (!V71-1975) 6.73%
~,-_ ..... ' 7.48%
lh0i ki ." ho~eh n"m n"m Ian thli n"m ( IV76-(980)
--
N'\1ll1V7' )' d.;nn;lIlL .
19S3,n"IllI9S0dennam 1985 10.51%
--_._-_._--- --- . 8.92%
N'lIn
-'-'-cc __. Ina
___ .___
10.80%
J'i ~illl ~9~}__ i
1 Naill 19:)2
11.85%
lt~Ltll~'GJS~;- L
I 12.16%
~;;;;~I9.'8_-_.__ ! 11.97%
i 12.21%
L~I.a.IY~'l.~
.." ___ 0 •• _____

Nguon g& Itl lieu: Nhu bang ILL

_~:~?
1...!.2:_ ~:hi phi tili chinh dung cho giao dl1c trong thoo kl cae lie hoaeh nilm nilm
TOng lai i Ti l~ lai Ti l~ lai
i To ng :-.0 thu
nh (tp quoe
I! TOng chi tai
chinh quoe ehinh qu6<; chinh quoe chinh qu6c
d an oinh i gia (tram gia dung vao gJa dung vao gia dung
, tri~u dong)
I
chi lieu giao chi tieu giao vao chi lieu
"{hiJi gi.t11 K~' IIv',lel1 th cO gi<.i. ca
lam do) i d~e (tram d~c chiem giao d~e
\ t falll tri~u I tri~u dOng) thu nh~p chiem chi
dong) I qu6c dan (%) rai chinh
! (%)
,L--_. . _

229
----- _._--------- -----

Til mlm 1953 den nam 4035

1957
1345.7 112.8 2.7
8.8 !
Til nam 1958 den nam , 5840 •. <
2288.7 181.2 3.3 7.') ,
1962 i I ~ ~ ,!.~.cj

Til nam 1963 den nam 3553 1205.0 110.5 3.1 9.2
1965
i
...
.

Til nam 1966 den nam I

1970 , . I 8031 2510.5 160.9, 2.0 6.4

Tlt nam 1971 den nam

I I
111382 '39'19.4 2609
1975 , :t.3 66
I
:
1
Til nam 1976 den nam
1980 ,
!, 15024 5247.4 -(0)
.). .- I 3.3 9.5
! I
I
"'[& nam 1981 den Mm 25908 6591.9 1086..3 I 4.2
l1985 ' . 15.6

, , !
Nguon goc hr Ii~u: Cuon '''/lie/l giam tho/lg ke TrU/lg Qufic 1990", nh" xu,it ban
thong ke Trung Quae, xua! ban nam 1990. .
200 ..--~: --------.,-- ,

175
I
!
150

125

100

75

50

25

lim
, 1960 . 1970 1980 1985
ffinh 11.3: Chi so ~o sanh xung quanh tai chinh quoc gia dung ,ilO chi phi
giao due tir nam 1952 den nam 1985
. ,
Nguon goc tai Ii~u: Nhu hlnh 11.2.

230
••

I
I
o
I

2..1. Ti II! dclu tlf xciy dlfng ca ban: gitio due ellie/II ti l~ t611gdii"u tit xdy d,!ng ed
bdn (xem bdng U.S rei U.9) . I
Hang ILli: Ti Irong dau lu xay dl.mg.co ban ghio dl,lc chiem ti t~9ng dan tu xay
dlrng co ban lo:m quoc (tu- nam 1952 deJ un m 19R9)
__._ _.._ . I.
.I:i.i~,
tV"'" dllng C(J Dau xily dt.rngeo
III Ti l~dau III xay Ti I~dau III xay
[ bim qu&
tt)J.1l {tram ban giao dl.lc (tram dlJTlgcO ban giao dl!I1g co ban gino
1._. Ifi.::udOM) IflCUdonu) d\,o'ehi€m Ii dye qu6c gia
'I Tong , T rong Tong Trang tfQ!lg dau tu xay chiem ti l~ dau tu
eong d6: Dau eong d6: Dau d\fng eo bim roan xay d\fllg co ban
i 1lI Nhil III Nhil 'l.quoe(%) quoe gia (%)

N,,~;J~T<2---~
-I356! n~~ell 2.56 nllg~93 I 5.87 2.51
N'"11 I'H,5 1-"-~7').iJl, 16},09, }.30 2.91 1.84 1.18
Na", I'J7~ r' 5Wi)9:--:li 7.37 6.46 5.63 I
,
1.29 1.35
J...-i~"89
Wll;-;'i~~(L. ~ 3~9"7 1._ 14.04 10.56 2.51 3.02
Nilm~'~~.I. r
.,._ ..i~_"_9_1_._".1_-1_.5_6 15.14 11.05 i
I
3.42
3.16
4.40
4.47
N,hn l?ii.~__. J 555.53 276.671 17.54 12.36
Nam Il)S3 : 594.13' 3.+5.76 I 2.\.07 17.21 i 4.10 4.98
• Nil'" 1-9~-'~--'-;' ~ 7-1315, ~O}.9n }j.61! "0.57 ,-
2.77 5.10
N"nl j')SS I 1074.37' ~2U~.L_.4}:7:7..L_~.L19 4.07.. ,---~_.- 6.45

231
 Nguon gac tai lieu: Trang 109 cUon "kill/; phi gilln due ni I/rmlg gilln l"iI'lI" do
nh611lnghien elm thao lu~n ve
kinh phi giao due uy ban giao due quae gia bien soan.
nha xuar bAn khoa hoc giao due. xuat l;nlnnam 1988.

B:ln£ 11.9: Ti l{~(Lill tu xay (ilrng CO" ban ghio due ehie'm tbng dau III xay dlIng ea •
ban (til nam 1953 Mn nam 1985)
, ii

\'a cae niimJ

j Ti. ~~ d.:~u ru ..:qy dlmg C(f hall gi;io dl,Ic
'1\,.':
L.r:1" ....
.. ";.'1;j1

c~C"~~;;l;;jm nam Ian thtr nhflt (1953-1957)

I
" chIem [on~ dau I{T

TI"Ji ,,' ;:,:' I,,'aeh miin nam Un tbu hai (1958-1962)

I 2.Sr;,
Th,j; ki ;Ji0u ehinh (l963-1Y65j' I '__ I.Y'i
110i ki lie hoaeh nam nam Ian thu ba (1966-1970) I 1J5"
Thaiki kc hoaeh nam nam Ian tbu tII (l971-1975)
I '-c.;:-S'i'T
Thai ki ke hOjleh narn narn Ian thu nam (1976-1980)
I 0.80',
Nan; 1979 iknnaml983
I 1.5So,
Nam 1984 -j 3.7SS.c.
,
Nam 1985 I 4.25Q
I ~.Oy(

Nguon gac tai li~u: Tham khao euon "phall lich Ii I~ h9/) Ii Clia ,MII fir gi<io due
Il{)llg Ihu IIluJp quae dall va hi~u qua killiz Ie'ddu Ilr gilln dW:" do Li OT Ninh ehtl bien.
, .
trang 23-62 dang t~p 1-2 nam 1987 tren bao "gian dl.ICde,i hoc ".

2.5. Tli~ tallg trltong billh quail killh tl qllliCdan I'd ddu (If eho giao due (rang
cae thOiki itch sri (xem bdllg 11.10,11.11)
Bang 11.10: Til~ tang trm'mg binh quan kinh Ie' quoc dan va diiu tlI cho gino duc
Irongcnc thOi kll!chsir(%)(lirnam 1953 Mn nam ]983) •
Thai ki k€ Thai ki k€ Thai ki lljai ki ke' Thai ki kc' 11'lri ki ko Sau hop
hoaeh ho~ch dieu chinh hoach ho~eh hoach th,) ba
nam mlm nam"nam ( 1963- mlm nam nam nam nam nam (1981-
Ian thu Ian tM hai 1965) Ii1nlhtt ba Ian thu ltT lfin lhti' 198,'
nh«t (l958- (1966- ( 1971- nam
(l95:.- 1962) 1970) 19761 (J 976.
1957)
1980,
TOng san
philm x1\ 9.61 2.31 14.40 7.11 10.05
h6i '. 7~
Thu nhap 9.04 0.35 . 14.42
quae dan
6.79 I 5..18/ 8n61 9.21)
• i
Chi tai
chfnh.
11.57 .0.07 15.16 6.85
I
i UOI '.11
J
i HI7
TOng dau
III xay 26.85 I -13.04 I:
36.091 11.72 5.5~ 6.4.1 3.47
dlfng co'
ban
Kinh ~~hf
I
I
!
---i.--- .--.-----1'----- ___ ...
__
1______-i-'-- ;
I
: ~;\.I nghj~p
i I
,
!
hanh
chfnh !~ii~O, ,I
16.85 -1.28
! °I
6.55 I -1.1 11.86 I~.,I
I
IJ.18
rill':
'--"'---'-"
i
_.'- ------_._----
L- I
I ,I ; •
j d;iL llr ~.:l'. i I
I
clt.rngw'
bangiao
nue .. '-.-
-._._----_
L
I

--
16~ 57.55
,I
I _.
-t(1,~2
i
I -_._--
,2t)~ •
J

Nguon gac til; Ii~u : Gi6ng bang 11.9.

212
 Bang Il.ll: Ti l~diiu Ilf giao due Irong 16ng gia trj san phl1m quoe dan, thu nh~p
. qu6c dim vil ehi phi tili ehinh I

I, Dvll I 19i7
I 1978
I 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985
, \'Vn.Ull I I
(-
.. Tt illg gi;'i Ir! i T~;lln I
11ph;illl
qu 6..: djn I
. {neu
don!:!
I ,
i

Th u nh:.ip
'IlJOCtt:ill
CI Ii (;Ii
~ Tr;.tl~l
[ri~u
dong
I
j ~.+66 :
I

j
3010
,
3350 3688 3940 4216 4673 5630
,
7007

ch lnh
IJ ;IU tlI gUt}
Tr ..un
Irieu
8.+3.1
,I 1111.0 1273,1 1212.7 1115.0 1153.3 ' 1292.5
-!-
1546.4 1844.8

til. ,;; I ~h);l" 63.6~ ~ 79.36 ' 95'.92 11('.6 126.6 141.8 160.8 191.1 241.0
I. K:illh phi
h~IIlh I.:hlnh
;io dLJI.:"L!
I Tr.I'~1
I
!n~u
~IOllg
5;;.0 I 65.6 77.0 94.2 102.5 115.7
,
127.9 148.2 184.2
~
hi~p Tr .1111
Kinh phi fri~u ,,
}' dvug l:a d6ng 3.82 6.46 11.l2 14.0 IS.1. '17.5 .24.1 .31.6 43.8
11 gi;io Tram ,
lri~u
Chi gi,io dong
.Ie (mug 6.8 7.3 7.8 8.4 9.0 8.6 8.8 11.3 13.0
IIh phi ,
\llh t:hinh Trjlll 1
nghi~p (ci~u II
.I uy
Ti l~d..1l1
doug ,
phl,llhem i . 2.90
u kinh phi
gl ;io d~ll.: Tram
,
cl li~'111
It'lIg tri~u ,
j tC! !I:ln
dill tIU()\:
thing
.
.m
I 1
,
i 1i:= ~tillIU ,
gl ..lllllL,t..: c, I I
dli~ll1 tllu
"I 1::IP qUI)\,."
d.in
I
I
2.5g I 5.64 2.86 3.16 3.21 3.33 3.44 3.39 3.11

T i 11; d"ttl IU I i ,
gl ;i~1 lil.I":
I I
<:1 li":lll ..:hi
(~I i chillh I 7.5~ I 7.14 7.53 9.61 11.35 . 12.30 12.44 12.36 13.06

I
,
C'

,
I
I ,; i
.
- - - ~~_._L_..___

I
i\gllon goc lili li~lI: Trang !01-II0 euon "kinlz phi giao due vel II(O'lIg giao \'ien"
du nh"lI1] nghi~n elfU (h,io luiln I'e
kinh phi giao dye uy qan giao due quae gia bien
soan. nilil .\u,'ll b,in khoa hQc giao ,!'ue. xlIat ban nam 1988 .
•

233
 :' l.

2.6. Da"u fu giao d!IC binh quan dan so"cac thOi ki rfch sl{(xem bdng ll.I2)

Bang 11.12: Chi phi giao dl,lc binh quan theo dan 56 (tit mim 1952 Mn nam 19R5)

Nam Don \'i: D6ng

Thu nh~p quoe Kinh phi hilnh ',
D:iu tlI .xflY dl!Tlf! I
T6ng m(rc driu Itf
d,in blnh q Ian
thea dan so
~hinh qr nghi~p
gi;io fl)c 1.1lllh
I co ban gi<.!o dl,lc I
~j;1-0 dl.JC h"mh
r binh lju{m thea qu;ln then d[m "6
1952 104
Llan thea d,1n so
i
d,in ~6 !
I
1957 142
156 0.'14 200 I
1962 3,02 I 0.'17 3.491
139 0,14
19c>, 3,58 1 372
194 .1.01 '
1976 0.'15 4.461
261 539
1980 0,41 5,80
1985
,, 376 9,541 1,42 10,<)6
., . 652 17.'19 4,19 21.GJ
Nguon goc tai lieu: Bien $o~n can Clr vaa cuon "1I;,;n g;,im I!ui;lg k,' hung QU(i('
1983" (nhit xuat b"n thong ke Trung Quae, xual b"n nilm 1983), cutin "IIi/'ll g;,im
IhrJ;7g ke; hllng QIIOe 1986" (nh~ xuat bim thong ke Trung Qu6c. xuiit b,'n n,im 1986).
cu6n "117,71117 11(11 g;C1o d(lc;Tl'lIng QI(rJe.'.' (tu li~ll thong ke 19-19-'1983) (nhil XlI'lt b"n
giao dyc nhan dim, xllat bin nam 1984) . cuon "1'Iu/n17U(U g;,io dllc hUllg Q'lli('" (tll
lieu thong ke 1980-1985) (~hit xlIiit b"n giao due nhim dim. xuiit b"n Il,im 19Sn),
I
2.7. Kinh ph[ giao d(IC binh quan hoc sinh (xem bdng 11.13, II,N)
.:

B"ng 11.13: Kinh phi gj~o d\Jc binh quan dau ngum thea nam chu y«,'u giao d\Jc
'd~i h<;lc,cao d~ng Trung Qu6e
•
Don vi: Dong
! Nam Nam Nflm Ni\m ! :\ilJn Nam Nam
1952 : 1957
Kinh phi h,\nh 732,9g
1965 1976 i 19RO 1983 1985
954,65 936.26 1598,23 I 1672.2
chinh s\f 2~O6"5 2 J 2:': I

nghj~p giao
;
!
d~e blnh quan I,
moi hqc sinh
Kinh phi xay I;
d\rng CO ban
I I
664.9 , 342.4 163.2 194.7 i 7367 J 257,7
,.,
, 1503. 7
giao d~e blnh
quan m6i hqc . ,
,
,

sinh ,
;
TOng rp(rc dau i i

lU giao d~c I
<
, !
I
blnh quilll mOi 1397,9 : 1297,1 1099.4 1792,9/ 2~5S.9 I ,<6SS,R
~)6-L2
hoc sinh
; I
-_._-, -~.__ -_.-."

Nguon g6c tlr 'itu: Dtr do,in dua ";10 clIr)n "IJujn17 nOI gil/II duc rl"/(l1,~ QUi'I'" (ttr
li~u thong ke 1949-1983) (nhil XU<ltb'ln giao dlle nh,m d'm XU,,'!h,in n[j11l 19:;-1), l'lI<in
"1!u/l1h Ilill g;ao due hllng QII6C" (tu lieu thong kc ] 980-1 ';is) I (nhit .\ U,il hin gi,io due •
nhan d'ln, xu,i! b'ln n,1m J 986),
•

23-1
 I3ang 11.1.+: Kinh phi giao due binh ({Uan dau nguai tll,eo nam ehu yeu gi:'lo due
pho thong Trung Quoe (tir nam 1952 den nam 1~85)
Don vi: Dong
Nam 1980 Nam 1981 Nftm 198j "
i t\~l.m ! Nam 1957\ Nam 1965 Nam 1976
ll)52 , I 47,30
14.43 23.19 25.94
, Killh phi 7-10 I 15.28 '
I
19.96
i h:lI1h chinh I i
i
., : :'Il.r lIghit,:p
i
,
i Ii
binh l/U~ll.l \,
I
\I h~,( :-.inhti~u I

; h\l~ \,
\,
,, ..

I Killh phi I
\
1 h~lllh l:hiHh I I \
I
! ~'!nghl~p \ I ,
\ I I 69.58 128.54
1binh ~lu.:m
hl}~ ..•lnh
I 110 ..\8 53.91 88,89 36.42' ,60,13
\ i
{rung hq('
Kinh phi
hJuh dlinli
:-.~rllghi~p
binh qll~\n
sinh vi~n sU
I 671.13 750
340.9 397.0 ~78,09
plWm Hung 205.8 215.6 ,,
lh~C . .. _._~-- ----
Nguoll goe tai li~u: Bien so~n dl,ta vao cuon "tillh Ih/Ilh
!
CIJ ball hallh chillh sif
1978" va cuon "Ilghiell CUu quall/i giao d¥c"
Ilghi~fJ gi,lu "(Ie cif Il,illl 1950 <1Jil ll<im
so ki I n'1l111987. Trang kinh phi sl! nghi~p git\.o dllc, trung ti~u hQc bao g6m cii.chi
•
phi hl) In.' giau "ten dan l~p,
• 3. Tu li~u so li~u l!eh str co cau phan phoi dau tu g1ao d,!c Trung Quoc
ell c,iu phin phoi dau tu giao dl!c chu yeu baa g6ml Mr)c la, ti Ii; phan 'phot cua

\ling ,Hu tlf Irong ba dp giao duc nhtt giao duc so d~ng, grao dllc trung cap va giao dtlc
dili hoc, cao cling: Hai hi. Ii k kinh phi hanh chfnh 51!nghiep va ph~n phoi dall tlCxay
dung Cll b:in gi.io dllc \lOng giao dllc C{,C cap dc bilc; ba la ti Ii; diu thanh kinh phi
nhan vidl (b9 ph~n d nhiln) va kinh pili slT d\l"g d,ung (b9 phfUl kinh ph[ :ill dUJl~
,:hungJ Irung kinh phi h,mh thinh stt nghiep gi{,c .Juc, ti 1(' nhi<n p!loi ebu Ill' h" .;,ic
dLlC deli hoc, eao drlllg va giao dl!c ph6 lhong,
Ph'''1 phoi d,iu ll! giao duc ba cap' nhtt giao dllc sa ~finp;, trllu~_.hOc, d:)i hoc cao
t1!ulg. "em h.ing I t .l :;. i
I3.ing 11.15: So s:\nh ti I~ va xu huang bien dQng dilu giao dt'c cap ba Trung iu
Quae (tir n3m 1952 den nam 19:85)
, ,
,
I
...

1----_. ._-
N:U11 I
I
Gicio dl;lC s(J dftng Giao d~1C Irung hoc
chuy~n nohicp
! Gil d:~ih,)(;. (';\0
:~.lC

dang

r-'--- 1957
Il)52 I
I
43.7%
.\9.1%
39.2%
29.7%
.. 17.1%
21.2%
14.7%
!
r----_ .. -- 55.1 Sic ,30.2%
•
f- ..
1%5
108U I 38.5c/c, 38,7% 22.8%

235
 1981
1982
]983
J9S-t
------'- --_._----
.~_._-_
1985
.... -

~gU6i! hr Ji~u: Tillh l(j,;n JI,ra V~IO1lr Jl~lI c6 lien quan cu6n ",!I,inh fI/1{ gi/in.
g&C •
jllc [m~'g Qllae" thong ke 1980-1985. nha xu,il h'ln ,£i,io due .
Trung .Qu6c. xu,ft h,in
n'1I11 I~86, dong thai tham khao cuon ",le/II /i( gi,io dlle l',i e,ii c,ieh ("ring \'i,'c l,ii '.
chinh" do Vuong Thi~n M~i chll bien. nha xu,it h,in hoc \'ien kinh !C. 8<1c Kinh. xu,it
ban !lam 1988.

Thuyet Olinh: Ti I~ e,fu lhanh ba c,ip <I,iu tu gi,io due hinh qU'\Il n'll11 I qR() clia
cae nuae tren the giai la: Giito due SCI efip la 3-l.3C(. gi'lo due lrung e,ir Jj 27."c(. gi,\o
due d'.li hge, eno clJng Iii 19.4%, ngoai ra de c:ip o':le \"1 lo"i hinh gi,in due kh'le cl1i{m
II Ie nl1o.

Bang 11.16: Cau tMnh chi phi hanh ehinh su nghicp giau due trung ngill1 s,ieh
Nha' Olr6e hang MOl ellll Trung Quae
.-:.- ..

Loai gi,io due Dctn vi 1952 1957 I 1965 1980

TOng chi phi h"nh Chl.le Ii
Ii
j ':]
i
ehinh s~ nghi~p giao . d6ng
d~lctrang ngan s<lch ~'- ! I

Nhil l1lTaC 8.% '19.521 !,

29.12 94.18
Trang do: MlCc cac
I
tnrano dai hoc chiem % 15.6 2161 11.7 J 19.1 I
1--1g.1
19.7
Mlle cae twang trung •
!
hge chiem % . 16.6 ,22.5 i 2-t.8 1 )4.0
Mue cae twang ti~ll .- .J ~ ~

hoc chiem
Truong d~i h9C.cao
% 54.2 4641 4.5.6 I
i
L__
.14..1.. ~~_6
~!!.:Ti~uhoe 1:3A~ I 1:2.161 1:2.10 ; d
I: 1.79 114'iJ

NguCi" goe tu li~u:

1. Trang 98,99 cuon ,"nien gi,illl gillO due T,;""g Qu"'-c" do nh'\~ll,it o"n h,ich
khoa loan Ihu xu:!t b5n nam 1984.

2. Trang 98 ellon "giao r/"c TI"IIIJ:: Q""i ///{I)'''g Irii Ih,;' ki J /: Ti"h hi"h 'I'u'" gi,,_
yeu edu_quy hO!JCh_dai sach .i() (,i',;',. i'''-I Long ehll bi~n. do nh,\ XU,,! \;,in gi:'o duc
d~i hge eao dfmg, xuat bim nam 1990.

3. Tu lieu thong ke e6 )ien quan ella \'\1 t'li chinh U)' han gi,\odue qu{\c f'ia.

236
 . I .
Hinh 11.5: So do du(mg eong bien dQng Ii l~ duu lu giao I~e ba dip\ciia Trung Qu6e

,.. .
., 7(j

6U

50

'-,
JU

20
----------- -
-
----
-
I
i~
'- ../"......f
~
sactang
lrung cap
cao dang, d,.li

10

II
.'
1952 1957 1965 1980 .. 1985 nam

B,ing 11.17: Ti Irling kinh phi himh ehinh sI! nghi~p va dau tu xay dl!ng co bim
ghio due pho Ihong Trung Qu6c (% (nam 1981 den m'im 1985) i
iI
• -----Nam I
II Chi phi h'lI1h ehinh s~ nghi~p I Dati lU xay d\ffig eo ban giao
eiao due i duc
19~1 ! 93.8 I 6.2
-

-
1%2
-~--_.
19S3
1984
II 93.0 !
91.9
.90.5
, 7.0
8.1
9.5
-_._ ...- 1')85 I 89.4 10.6

Nguon g6c lu lieu: Chinh Ii dlfa In~n lIhfrng lU li~u co lien quan eua be? giao d,le,
u1' ban ,,~. ho,.\eh Nh:l nucre.
I

Ring 11.H: Ti lr~lIlgella duu lit xay dlfng co ban glao d~e ~O',Irung, d~ihqc cao diing
Trung Quae Irung long duu lit xay d\fllg CO' ban giao d~e (til nam 1952 den nam 1985)
-- - - - ---r ---.--.
. "

[
IXiu III .\;1)' (Il.II1g co ban 1', tr"ng giao d~c d~i 1'i lr,?ng giao dye so
1'\,1111 j glao lit.1e hoc caD dJ1n~chiem .d~ng va {rung C"P
-- - --- .- _. __
... _--
1l)5~ __ ~_.-";' :__ .M.
1 (lr;ull lri~l1 don")
2.55
. (%) I
.. 49.8
,
chiem (%)
50.2
----- ---- -_.-
1965 __
1r--- ..------- ..
___ l 2.91 36.1 63.9.
;
I 1'.j~(J 1056 76.2 23.8
1--'- 'Iei's,- ----!--
• ---,- 110(j., 78.2 21.8
-----

F~=~::~t_
--f--------
I

1
12.36 i

7 ~lL
- 78.5
784
21.5
2U~_j
E 1')~4
1\)8:'
--------_ ... ~
2,).)
27.19
7 '
I
81.0
81.7
[9.0
is.3 I

237
 Nguon goc tu lieu:. Chinh If dua . tren euon "kinh phi gicio lIur 1'(i ilfrfllg girio
dell" (phu lue I) do nhom nghien etIu thao luan kinh phI giao due ci,a U)', han giao due
quae gia bien s0<'in,nha xuat ban khoa hqe giao due. xual ban nam 1988.
Bang 11.19; Ti trc;mg kinh phi nhan vien va kinh phi sir dung chung trong kinh phi
hanh ehinh su nghi~p gia'o dlJe lieu hc;x:,trung hoc va dai hoc ella Trung QuO<:(r;., I
(tlr nam 1980 c1e'nnam 1985)

I Tntdng d;>i hoc. C30 I

.
Trllng lH?c T,c'u h~c
i dang j
Nam
I I
I
Kinh ph,
nhan Vlcn
! Kinh phi
:- Lr dl)ng
I Kinh phi Kinh phi
'. nh:m vi en ,, "tf dun~
, Kinh I'hi Kinh pi,i
nh;ln ,'jL'n
I
/"._- _. chuno ,, chLJn~ , \If dl~ng
!980 chung
43.04 56.96 6692 i 33.08 I
1981 7im 22.07
41.21 58.79 66.82 33.18 I
1982 76.9~ 23g2.
41.28 58.72 68.85 31.16 I
1983 7gn I 21 2,
42.56 57.44 65.86
1984
3~.1 ~ I 75.91 I 2~O9
38.15 61.85 64.69 I 353 I I
, 1985 3783 62.117
7527 I n73
68)8 : 31.62 I 8089 I 191 ]
Nguon goc tu Ii~u; Trang IDS cuon "killh phi girio dur \'ci itrcrng gilin \it;n" (phu
lue I) do nhom nghien emi thao luan kinh phI gi,io due cua U)'. han giao due quae gia
bien soan, nhi! xuat bim kh?a hoe gia~ d~e. xual b,in n,im 1988
Bang 11.20; Ca du phan phoi tong mue dau tu gi:\o due Trung Quae
' I " '
,

Tcing muc da~ Ti t'\lng kinh Ti trang kinh Ti tn;mg tong Ti Irt';mg lllng
lu giao d~c ; phi himh chinh phi "'1)' d'!l1g mtk d,1U tu rnlic dalJ 111
su nghiep giao C(J ban glao giao due dai
Nam I giao due pho
J d~c trang Icing dl;lc trong t6ng hqc eilO ?img lh(mg lwng
I rnuc dau tu mtrc dati III lrong l(mg l(lng muc dau
muc d{ill III 111
1952 100 77.80 2220 23.22 76.78
1957 100 86.64 13.36 2539 7~.61
1962 100 90.01 3.99 2525 7~.75
1965 100 89.82 10.18 2286 7714
1976 100 93.00 7.00 16821 8318
1980 1(\0 87.03 12.93 I 25.99 7~.n!
1981 100 87.13
19,82 12.87/ 27.29 7~ / I i
100 8683 13.17
1983 25.85 7~.! 5
100 84.16 15.8-l l,
1984 2832 7L29
1985
100
100
82.42 17.58 i 29.0~ 70.96
80.80 1920 I 27.56 7244
.
i !
Nguon gae tu lieu; Giang bang 11.13.

238
 --_
...
_.[
Bang 11.21: Tong mue kinh phi hanh ehinh 51!nghi~p 'giao d\!c ya t6ng mue xay
dl!ng C<Jbim giao due Trung Quoc (%)
Tong mile Ti Ie lfOng Ti I~ trong Ti I~ !ropg Ti l~ !rong Ti I~ trong ,

1 ;f;,~~~r~~
d~u [ll xAy dOu [ll xAy
I honh chinh kinh phi kinh phi d~u til x~y
dl!Og giao dl!Og giao
himh chinh dl!Og gi~o

t"
L_~lliJ_gi~~~~Cp su I 51!nghi~p
giao d,!c
d,!c co \:lim d,!C cO bim
dai hoc cao
. aa'no
duc co ban
ph6 thong
J _
., ohOthOn2 .. __._._A .~

,
!
19Oi)
Inl
I
I
100
100
I 10.13
10.74
79.69
78.26
100
100
64.1
64.86
j . 35.8'! I
35.14 \
1%1 100 ! 10.63 79.37 100 .60.32 39.68 \'
78.22 100 63.07 3693
1~~.1: 100 ' 2178
61.65 38.35 i
1~~4 i loo! 22.08 77.00
80.35
100
100 60.84 3916
f--l205 ---f loot 1965
78.97 100 .62.48 37.52
,--' I 100.1 21.03
~gu6n goc ll! Ii~u: Giang bang 11.20
l.I,itig 11.22: Tong mue dau II! xay dl!ng C<Jban giao dp.c 5<1,trung, dl)i hqe eao
diingTrung Qu6e .:. .

Del'llvi: Chue trieu dOng

--~--'-I. \ [lre dau tll xiiy dl!Og cO ban gia" d,!c sa lrung cua cac ban nganh giao d,!c va giao d,!C
N~lm I
doi hoc cao diM tom auric .
I
I Tong tinh i Giao due dai huc. cao danO'
Tong linh Trong do: Dau
Giao duc SO,trun2
TO'1g tinh .. - Trong do: Dau

i I l.27
lU eua Nha nucre
1.27
til cua NM nllac
1.28 1.28
1952 1 2.55 I
1.10 1.05 2.20 1.86
1965 i nO I
_._--_.- -.-- 6A61 3.34 3.17 3.12 2.46
---l'm I 9.00 8.05 5.04 2.51
I'1S0 14.06 ..
8.65 , 5.32 2.41
1981 • 15.1 9.82
10.58 9.70
, 6.96 2.66
1~~2 17.54
13.49 8.89 2.72
1983 24.07 15.18
19A9 16.67 12.12 2.91
198-1 31.60
22.22 17.14 4.97
L.J')~5 -1377 2-1.63
I'guon g6c tl! Ii~u: Trang 108 euan "'kin" phi giao dl./c va /L((flig giao viell"' (ph\!
!l,e I) do nhom nghien eu-u thuo lu~n kinh phi giao d\!e eva uy ban giao d\!e quoe gia
bien soan, nh1, xuat bun khoa hQe gil\O d1!e, xual ban nam 1',988.

II. Phau Heh Hnh hjnh lich Slr dau tu giao dl,lc Trung Quoc
a
Dua \"'0 cae so lieu, IU li~u dii noi lren, tu goe di? phat Irien lieh sir phan tieh xu
hU(Jl1gell h,itl \'i, nhfrng \',in de ton l<Iiehu yeu eua quan M, cila vii;e phat trien II l~ chi
Lieu gilra ,hu tll giao due \'i\ kinh k quae dan til kh; Trung Quoe dl!ng nuae den nay.
Chung ta hoe h6i Lillich sir. tim ra quy lu~t, phal hi~n van d6 va tien hanh phan tieh.
I
1. Llryng tuyet diii dau tll giao due \'8 ti l~ trong chi tiell chI', \'ell CUll nell
kinh te quuc dill! Iii tang dlin theo SI! ph:!1 'ri&n ella n"11 kinh t(; ql' ';;\n,l:, mot
loai :xu the' tang trl!cftlg I!eh Slr
Vi Ju nhu Lhu nhilp quae (!:til "",,; ..',,>,,:), ke' ho;.,,\'; ,':IIn n'I'.1 "In LhlinilI]], con
so blllh qU'lIl h"n1' n;1111I" 1:;11.9 I:: dlli.~."kil trifn Mil "am 1970 dell 1983 blnh
 qu<in Iii 1989,8 ty dong, dilu tu giao due t'lJlg llr 12.9 t~.d(lJlg nam 1980 den 18 t~' dring
nam 1984, dii th~ hien duoc xu huang t[mg tnrang.

2. LlIqng tlIOTIg doi dau tlI ghio d\lc so v6i t:ing trueing chi tieu kinh te'la mot
lo~i xu hlIang pMt tri~n tang trueing toc d(J "mat truo-c"

Vi du nhu ti Ie tang tmang blnh qu[m tirng hang mue ch,' ticu kinh !C. l)u6c (Un
trang 30 nam 1953-1983:: T6ng s,\n ph,im xa h~li Iii 7.56c;. thu nh:,p l)u6e dim Iii
6,49%. t6ng ehi p~,i tili chinh Iii 6.08%. Ti Ic tang trl!C'lng blnh l)uim hilJlg 11'\111diiu Itr
eho gi,io dllc: Kinh phi hanh chinh su nghiep gi,in due 7.9,;. diiu Itr xilY clttng CO b:'1n
giao duc Iii 7,63%. Ti Ie tang tnIang blnh qU'1Jl himg niun d,iu ttf eho gi:io due nhanh
han ti I~ tang tmang blnh quan hil;lg <'m "k ILlllg mue chi licu kioh ti: l)uCic dim.

3. Ti I~ dau tlI giao duc theo blnh quan dan so t:ing tnr6ng nj'j t6c d6 cno

Dilu Itr giao duc d\ra \:i,o blnh quan t6ng d[m s6 xa h(!i cila Trung Qu6c t:ing lir hai
dong nam 1952 ctCn 21,61, dong nam 1985, tang len 9.8 ];in. twng d6 kinh phi hilnh
chinh Stf nghiep giao d\lc tinh theo binh quan d[m s6 tang ttr 1.56 dong n[m1 J 952 den
17,49 dong nam 1985, tang len 10,2 l[in, ti Ie tang d[in len binh qu[m himg n'lm lit
7,6%, dilu tu xay dl!ng CO' ban giao d\lc theo binh cjwin d,in so tir 0.44 dong n,im 1952
lil1lg len 4,19 dong nam 1985, tang len 8,52 liln. tl I'; tang d[in blnh qU[\11bi\11g n'lIn Iii
7,1 %. eho thay trang giai do~n [jch 5lr nily, d[iu tl! giao d\lc cila Trung Qu6c b,it luan Iii
kinh phi hilnh chinh 51!nghi~p giao due ho~c la ti I~ t[mg hilng n,-Irn d[iu tu x,ly dun!, '
b,\n gi,io d\lc ctCu cao han ti Ie tang len himg nam 5. YC ella tllll nh,ip qu6e (I;in thl'll
blnh quan dilu nguoi, day Iii mot lo~i xu the tang Irtr(1ng "UCllIrm'1c.

4. Bau tlI giuo due theo blnh quan dan so giuo d\lc eung th~ hien xu hlIang
tang tru6ng

Dilu tu giao duc theo blnh qu[m d~n so gi,io dye iii chi mtre diiu IU gi:io due hinh
qu[m m6i hoc sinh. Liy vi d\l h<;>csinh tieu h<;>c.hoc sinh trung hoc ph(i th(mg. hoc sinh
dai iJ()C ph6 thong, kinh phi hilnh ehinh su nghiep gi,lo d,IC binh l)uim hoc ,inh lieu hoc
niim 1952 IiI 7,4 dong, Mn n[lm 1985 I[mg den .•7.3 dong. timg len giin 5 ..J liin. kinh
phi hanh chfnh sl! nghi~p giao duc b\nh qu,-'n hoc sinh trung hoc pheS th(mg nilln J 952
Iii 110,48 d6ng ctCn nam 1985 tang 'en ,k"n 128.5 .• clong. lililg ~0.16Iiin. kinh phi himh
chinh gi,lo duc binh quan sinh vien dai hoc ph6 thong ninn I 952. Iii 7."12.28 dling. (len
n,-'m 1985 tang den 2125, I d6ng. tling len 1.9 I,in Diiu Itf xilY dtH1g C0 h:\n gi:,o due gi,i
tri tuytt cloi villtf<;lng luang doi milc binh quim cung limg !Cu. Vi du nhtr cLiu t'tc Xi,)'
dung co bim giao due binh quim sluh vien dai hoc n,im 1952 Iii 66".9 cUing ck"n nill11
1985 tang len 1563,7 dong, tang gap 1,31iln. T6ng diiu IU gi,io clue binh ljuiln eung c6
t,ing them r6 rang, van lay d~i h<;>clilm vi d\l. t6ng cliiu IU blnh quim hoc sinh gl:i() due
dai.. hoc cao clang'- nam 1952 Iii 13972'...citing. dCn n'lill 19~5 tim~.... len 1:1.'1i88.~ drin~.
. "-
tang len han 1,6 liln.

Qua ph,ln tich. c1<luttr gi:io duc Trung Qu6e [(in I'li nhCrng ",in lk SilU.

M(j( hI. l()ng Jnn'llg d:ill .~i:io 11111.: khong

11.1' eLi:: ';:1. khl"illg [hleh hop \"(\j L]Ll: !I',e) \-;1
toe d9 ph.If fric'n ';tr ;',:_~hi(~p
h:ll:h chfnh ~_:i~lo
due. c1!,':)n~ Ihr1i trong nhCrng ~l;\i dn;m llch

240
 I
I .

kh,ic nhau muc giao dcjng qua lan, muc d(>giao d(>ngigiua hai may nam tll niun
I'
Sif
1958-1987 Ii, Ian nhiit.
11a; l,i, tong luqng dau lU giao duc va t6c d(>tang truqng trong ljch sir qua ft, qua
cham, tao nen cuc di~nn9niin dau ttl cho giao dl!c hi~n nay, lam cho vi~c pMt trien sl!'
., nghicp giav tlllc fCiivao hoan canh "Iou diti kh6 sua ".
Ba hi, chi phf gi'ao dllc blnh quan nguai duqc giao d\lc trong ffi(>tthai gian kh6ng
., (in dinh, nhic:u ft kh6ng gi6ng nh1u trong nhfrng giai dO\J.nlich su
k'ulc nhau, , c6 nhieu
thai kS' COl) xuat hi~n xu huang h\l xu6ng. i, .
Chung t6i cho ritilg. nguyen nhan chu yeu t\lo nen ~an de tre~ xuat phat tu rfit
nhicu phuong di~n. vf dl! nhu. do q~y m~ va...:6c ~(>pMt t~i~.1IS.Y
ng~i;;f h1m~ chfn~. gi~o
duc, knu lUng vlf91 qua th,!,c ll!'c kmh te q\lOCgla, do ,nhleUnamb! aith huang bOi trao
luu IU tuung "cdirJrw", coi nhe th~m ch(bO s6t sl!'nghi~p illito dl!c, lcan d6i t6ng hqp
quan h~ gilia giao P\lC va kinh te kh6ng t6t, do ban than s~ nghi~p giao dl!C chi theo

I
duoi toc d(>cao trong m(>t thai gian, kh6ng chu tr9ng ciiit~i~n 'dieu ki~n v~t chllt xay
dl!'ng truimg h9c,...

!
I
:'

241
 Bai 2: Hi~n trang. va phan rich dau tl1 giao due Trung Quae

1. Hi~n trilng dau tu ghio dl:Ic (1978' 1999)

Tit dai hoi toim qu6c khoa ky II eua D,lng c9ng s,ln Trung Qu6c d{n n,{\'. D,ing
va Chinh phu va cung coi tr<;mg giao duc. coi gi,io due Iii lrang die'm ph'lt Iricn chic"n
luqc, coi la g6e cua vi~c xay dung dilt nuoe. lit mim 1978 Mn nay. dau IU giao due
Trung QuC;,. tang truang voi t6e do lUang d6i Ian. UIY Ii Ie kinh phi giao due .Irang chi
phi tai chinl, quac gia lam vi du: N:lm 1978 Iii 6,68':;': nam 1980 Iii 9.33c,: n[un J'
la 10,99%; n"rr, I'}:,? la 11,85%; nam 1983 Iii 11.91'7,: n[lm 198-1 iii 11.6-1',,: n[H11
J985 la 12,16(,,: nam 1986 la 12,37%; nam 1987 lit I 1..'lc,: n':lm 1989 lit J2.18'7;,.
Thitnh lfeh 16n nhat cua dau lU giao dl!c nhfrng nam gan dil)' lit ph,; \'0 \'iee Ii Ie diiu III
gi,\o due trang t6ng chi phi tai chinh qu6c gia. Miii quanh qu,'in limITe (,C,. r,
trang
Iho'j gian dai, nang cao d€n'trlnh d91a 12,18%,

Do dau tu giao dl!c tang truang voi 16e d(> lan, may I1iim g;ln dilY dicu kien xit)'
dl!ng inrang lap ella cac cap cac lo~i Inrang a
Trung Qu6c c6 nhfrng Ihay d{;i r'II h\'n,
su nghiep giao dl!c co nhfrng blroc phat trien Ilrang d6i Ian. Can elr theo Ih6ng k(' dUla
d'IY du, dien tich cong trinn kien truc truang sa
hoan thimh tinh 16ng e6ng a
de truimg
dai hoc. cao dang ph6 thong nam 1987 lit 2637 m~ . dien tfeh cong lrinh kie'n Iruc
truang sa hoan thanh tfnh t6ng c(>ng a de tnrang trung tiell hoc lit 5966m~. ly', Irong
di~n tieh nha sap sup la 13% n,lm 1980 ha xu6ng 7"+"" Tcing s6 Iili s,ln e6 dinh ella
cac lruang dai hge cao dang khoang 20,8 ty dong, trang do tcing gi<i Iri eua cae Ahiel hi
m'll' moc eo gi<i Iri 20 nghtn dong Ira len lit 2..+8 t); dong, gi,; Iri thic't hi m,iy mae eua
eae truang trung cap, sa dang Iii 1,38 ty dong. C,ie Ihia bi may moe. tili lieu "kh \'(} c6
Sl! b6 sung vii d6i m6i.

Lai j;1'y tlnh hlnh may nam gan day litm vi d~l. Tinh tong chi phi gi,io due (rang
ngan s<ich Nhit nu6e nam 1~87 lit 27,462 ty dCing, chiem Ii I~ Iii I J ,y, trang t6ng chi phi
titi ehinh qu6c gia. tang 4,7% .so vai mim 1978. Trang khi I,-mg driu ttl gi,io due lrang
ngfm s,kh Nhil nU6e, eae dia phlrang cfii ,ip dung moi nguon, moi bien ph,ip de d,iu III
cho giao d~le, T6ng s6 ti6n ngoiti ng,in s<ieh Nhil nlloe n,im 1987 lit 10,7 I ; dong, lrong
y
do 16ng s6 ti6n lap th~ quan chung lao dong. ,ii hr); "il Cii nhim d6n~ vii qu\cn g6p Iii
1,624 ty dong, lhitnh ph6 va nong than lhu thcm dlloe kinh phi gi,io due Ii, 2.(,-1 1\', d6ng.
T6ng ,Mu tu xay dl!llg co ban giao due ngoiti ng'ln s,kh Nhi, mrae iii 2.gS5 Iy' eking. Ir\ng
thu nhap tcing hoc phi hge sinh IrLing ti6u hoe Iii 1,09 Iy'.dong, Ihu nhap kh,ic iii 500 Iricl!
dong, Tong s6 dau III giao d\lc nam 1987 Iii 27.46 ly; d6ng. lrang d6 kinh phi nh,in ,icn
Ii, 15.4 ly dong, kinh phi sir d\lng chung lil 7,23 t); dong. dilu IU ,il\' dung co b,in Iii 2 '
t)' dong, chi phi hanh ehfnh sl! nghi~p ella dc ban ngitnh Iii 2 Iy',dr'ing.

T6ng chi phi dau tu giao dl!c trang ng,in s<ieh Nhi, mrere n,il1l 1988 iii ~?I 1\;
dong, tang 3,2 Ian so voi nam 1987, Ii Ie tang tnreJng binh quill1 Iii 15.-1(,(;. C;t(l hrYn
6,88% so voi Ii Ie tang truang Ihu nhap Iili chinh qu6c gia cling IbiJigian. cling CdO hrrn
(,,4-1% so v6i Ii Ie lling Inrang 9,20% eua chi phi lili ehi"h qur'ic gia CLing Ihi" ~";t,., elilv
Ii, mOllrang Ih,ii tang lruang Vl!ollnrt1e. Tlong khi qu6c gia tilng diillllI ,ho g,,;o due.
e,ic dia plmang tap Iwp ti6n cun biing de nguon kh<ic nhau, cling e6 nhlfllg Ihi'nh lieh
10 rang, d'lu III' gi;io due ngoilj ngill1 s,i~h 'lucic gin khr'mg nglrng timg len. 111eo nghicn
=:.J 2
 eleu "J h", huy dimg "6n \rang .\ii hili nam 1988 d~t toi 10 ty dong, trong d6 kinh phi
gi.iu du, ell! lhimh ph6 "il nong thon Irung thu tang themi khoang 3 ty dong; chi phi
kinh phi lrung tieu h<,Jci:I cae xi nghiep nhil may khoang ~ ty dong, huy dC;mgvon xa
hoi qu\'cil g'''p kho.ing 1,5 I)' dong: di,h v~ xii hili truang h9C vil thu 'nh~p vita hoc vira
1'\I11,lLltlg "ilu e'li thi~n dciu tLr dieu kien xay dung truang lop lil 1.4 t:i c1ong: hoc phi.

I '"
lap phi h,!C sinh trung ti<:uhQc kho'lng 1,I I)' dong. ,
., f:XLUtLr giiiu d~e nC'll11988 (l[nh thea kich clio11"., ,,\11gS0 lil 30,08 I) d5ni.:. In',,::.
kinh phi nhCItl,i~n ta 18,[1 I~' c.l6ng.kinh l'h'. ,', :" ':. chung ~\ 7,19 (i dong, lUU 11.1':,~/
d~(JJgt:u h~'Ulb) t~'u(mg. chi phi h~U1h;:\~!;lL:-y (lghj~p c11(J (ac ~qI1 ng~lJlh la 2,5 t)/ dong.

f:XlUtU gi.iu duc nam 1988 (tinh theo kich ca Ian): Tong so lit 38,91 ty dOng, Irong
kinh phi trung ngCmsuch Nh" nuoc lit 32,36 ty d6ng, cac 10\liIhue giao dllC, chi phi phu
ell)
a
1,11.35 I)' di)ng. chi phi kinh phi giuo d~c. trung tieu h9C cac nhil may doanh nghiep lil
1.}; I~di)ng. R9 phan gii'll1mic,1 thuelhu nh~p trUang h9C lil 1,4 t~,d6ng:-
. . ,
Tling "In ph,im thu nh~p quoc dan nam 1988 lil 138~,3 ty d6ng. Ti tr9ng dau tu
,lLa qUI;e gia c.l6i\'oi dau tu giuo d~c trong tong gia tri san phfun quoc dan lil 2,81 'Yo,
II':U hau g6m eit huy c.lilngvon cua quan chung, khoan tien nhil truang thu them Ihl ty
lrong ella c.l.iuIUgiao duc lrang long gia tr! san ph~m quoc dAnlil 3,07%
tXiu lU gi.io due nC,m1989: Tcing solil 42,43 ty dong, trong d6 k;inh phi nMn vien
Ii, 25,1 I)' dong, kinh phi SLrd~ng chung lil 10,83 ty dong, diiu tu xAy dl,lng co ban lil
II • 3,5 IY dong, chi phi h'lIIh chinh sl! nghi~p cac cap Iil 3 ty dong, giai quyet cac nhil s~p
I sup. Ihiel b! Ihi nghiem, b'lII ghe I" 5,3 ty dong, .
n,ing 11.23: Th6ng ke chi phi himh chinh slf nghi~p giao dl!c trong ngan sach
trung uong va di3 phuong nlim 19l19
I
Don vj: V l!n dong
136 nhanIru;;ouang : BO nhandia nhuang
Mlic CauIhanh; Mlic lien Caulhanh
lien
303 100.00 2869679.6 100.00
71~.6
19.52 296-' 9772 322710.1 11.25
799.8

35.49 4974.6 1.64 121407.1 39.08

3.63 4372 1.44 110833.2 3.86

243
 4. Giao d~e I/O 671.5' ,
3.49 I 660.3 0.55 I.
danh eho nguai 10901121 3.80
tmang thanh
.. ,
# giao vien tien 67712.4 2.13. .,' 0 0.00 '
ru va dao t~o , 67712.4 2.36
can b<:> •
5. Giao due
mall giao
6. Giao due dae
396010.7
iI
; 1.25 ..
.
2.1
0.00 I 39598.6 1.38 ; .
9598.7 : 0.30 25
bi~t
,
0.01
I 9573.7 0.33
7. i\hO'ng celi
khae
171830.4 :
!
5.42 0 000 I 171 S30.~ --~-=
5.98
i
Nguon got tu lieu: Vi~n nghien ClIUph,it tric"n trf Iuc Ihimh ph61111l()'ng H,ii.. I'U
tai chinh U)' ban giao d"c !quoc gia bien so~n cuon "Mo CGO I'hcil Iric;;, kif.l!' phi gicJn
chic dia I'!U(o)Jg hung Qu6c nom 1989 ", nlja xuiit ban gi,io d"c df.li,h9c. cao (ting. xu;il
ban nam 1989. ;
, .

..~.
Nam 1991 1a nam dlu lien m\lc tieu chie'n lugc phal lric"n xa ht;>1kinh Ie Trung "'

Quoc hllang tai bllac phan difu thu hai, cung la nam dau lien lhl!c hien kc hoach nam
nam hin thi1 tam, VI. v~y, .cac h\lng m\lc sl! nghi~p dcu c6 51! lang lwang voi {-licdt;>
11l0'ngdoi cao. Dau III giao;d\lC cung c6 SI!lang lwang rat IOn.

Dau III giao d\lc nam 1991: T6ng s6 Iii 73,15 t~; dong. trang d6 ehie'm 62.8Y,f,
ngan saeh cac cap chinh quycn Nhil nllac Trung Quoc. cac chi phi phu them. hilnh
a
chfnh giao d\lc sl! nghi~p lhanh pho nang thon Iii 10.30':f. huy dt;>ngvon xay dl!ng
IWOng h9c, quyen g6p liell cua quan chUng Ii'! 8.59'7c. h9c sinh vua h9C vira lam lrang
IrtrOng h9C, dich V"
bao hi~m xii ht;>iIi'! 5,09%,' kinh phi nha trllOng thu them Iii 4,42c,;-,.
cae cai khac chiem 8,75%. Xem ky bang 11.24, 11.25. 11.26.

Bang 11.24: Nguon va cau th3nh diiu tu gi;io duc nam 1991

TOng eOng
so tien (lram trieu dong) I
731.50 j IQO
1. Dau tu giao d~e trong ngAn saeh
tai ehfnh Nha nuae . . 459.73 I 62.85
j
2. Chi phf thue giao o~e do cae cap
chfnh ouven trung l~.u ; 75.16 i, 10 ..10
3. Thu,nh~p huy dQng tien xAy •
d,!ng truang, quyen gop glup de:
62:82 i R.5S
hoc sinh j I
i
4. 11m nh~p h<;>esinh vlra h<;>cvlra
37.22 i 509
lam, djch v~ xii h<:>ichi dung eho
dau tLl vao ,giao due: 1
i
5. Chi phf nha tnrong thu them I ---------"C~
6. Chi phf khae I
.12.:15 I ~A2
6~.22 ! 8.75
Nguon g6c tu Ii~u: Trang 24 cuon "nghien CI(U gido duc" (1993). •

24~
 ..-
Bang 11.25: Tinh hinh thu nh:).p tien clla ngoai ngan sach
Ddn vi: Trlim trieu dong
-_.~-~------- : j\am Nam Nam Nam
\987 1990 1991
: 1986
---_.-._.
89.11 lO541 199.00 235.05
Ton2 coni2 I
\6.07
7.35 7.77 13.58
i 1. Thu nh~p tlU). nha truang Hung hqc .
: chuv~n n\.lhi~o. cao dAng dai hoc 22.68
r 14.80 19.00 20.43
I ~. Thu nhjp hoc sinh vua hoc \'ua lam 36.10
lO:99 30.57
i 3.Thu nh~tp th~m trU0rH! so, trUlH! hoc lO.56
26:40 59.82 70.66
i-I-. thu I1h:"\p phu oia chi Dh( 2\:i.o due 17.15
4.40 8:18
.
18.64 22.45
I Trong do: Chi phithu [hem giao dl;lC a
I th~tnh plh.j thi [ran , 41.18 48.21
~.h~hu lh~m giao due 116n~thon u i 1275..1. ____ '8.22
1(,,24 54.88 63.40
i
5 lhu IIh:IP huy dqng \"on. 4uy~n gop xa I i 5.0)

! h()i 1
2.22
\ Trong J6: TrQ giup ella ca.c don \"i ha~lh 208
'I chinh sl! ng.hi~p doanh nghi~p \'a ca nh<!n
i iJ th'"lh nho thi trail . -
1130 11.51 I
! trl! giup ella cae dan vi himh chinh sl!
\ nghi~p doanh nghi~p \'a ca, nhan n6ng a
lh('I1"
1.09 1.31
Tien In!" giup l:ua dong bao Ho,l kieu,
Hono K6n2. Ma Cao
1.46 1.20
i Ti~n ln1 uiUD kh:ic
18.00 2Q.00
6" doanh nghi~p nha may dung \'aO giao
due \
5.01 16.93 21.37
I 5.30
7. Thu IIh,w kh,ic

Nguon g6c tu Ii~u:

1. Trang 107 lrang cuon "killh phi giao II,./e l'J /t((fllg giao viell .., do nhom nghien
cLrukiuh phi clla u)' ban giao d1!e Nhi\ nu6c,nha xua:t ban khoa hQc giao d1!c, 1988.
2. Trang 128 trong euon "lIih, gicim (hoi'g ke giao III/e" (1991-1992), nra xuiit
ban gi"" due nhilOdilO, nam 1992.
Bang 11.26: Chi lieu kinh Ie
quOc dim va dau lti-giao dt,Jc nlim 1990, 1991
- -----
Nilln 1990 Nam 10~i
17686.00 19 85500
1. Tong, ~ii\tri s;:moh.im auae dim (tram lrieu dOllo) [0 [ 17.00
14429.00
~_"-"I!"n quoe dan (tram tricu d6l1g) 3610.90 ,
3312.60
~~~~lh~.lI) t~lichloh (tram tri~u dono) 3813.60 '
[3452.20
-+. T61l~chi tJ.i ehinh (tr~imIri~u dong) 731.50
659.36
if":l'6-;;--mlr-: cl:lU tv gijo due (tr;101 lrieu done:) 45973
426.14 .
Ilron~ 'dll: Tron'! nean sach lU:l.ln trieu dong) 3.G3
- 6. Ti \I.; d~i.u{U"gi:io dl,u.: trong tong g.i:i Ir! S:"lllph~illl qUDe 3.72
I
~~_t~._--~-- 241 ..-_ ..,
":'
-- _.J_
""')

! lrull~ ~:ich (f.C)

(h): Trul1\.!.ng:lll
1909 I 191~\
! 7, TI \~-':l~;~~l_r_~ijo due trong chi phi tai chinh (S;-} ---"-
12.06
12.34T
lliOrl!2. l1l"): TrOll!! n'2an s:leh ({.c)

l'.gU(Hl goc lU lieu: Trang 2-1trang Luon "lIghien Ct(llgiao dllC ", l1iun 1993 (2).
Tong d:tu llt giao due quae gia nam I'.)92 lit 86,705 ty dong, tang 18,53% so v6i
73.15li l\ Jong nam1991, trong d6 cht phi kinll phi glao due t,ti ehinh quae gia lit
7CJj-l-U l\' Jong. tang 17,66'1c so "01 1ll11C 55-')5 1\' don~, "',Ill 1991. Nam 19921a 1119t

245
 •...
nam ma mUe lang IrUang v~ dau tu giao due v:, ehi phi giao due I:li ehinh qu6c gia 1'lng
nhanh nhSI trang may nam gan day

Tao nguon dau IU giao due Trung Quae nam 1992: Cung e,fp kinh phi gi,io due
lrang ngan saeh Nhil nu6'q Iii 62,] 3%. hge sinh vlId hoc \lla Jam. dieh \'U xa hoi Ja
5,39%, hoe phi va lap phi fil 5.07%. huy dong. quyen gop \'an xa hoi Ira gilip hoc sinh
Ja 8,03%, cae eap ehinh qGy~n trung Ihu Ihue dllng eho giao due la 10.1 YL chi phi
kinh phi giao dlle eae doanh , nghi~p ma tnrang hoe la 5.59'7'<0. de eji kh<ic 1:1 3.66r'r.

Ti Ie dau IU giao due ~ai ehinh quae gia Trung Quae n,lm 1992 trang Ili gi;i In
ng
san ph,1m quae dan Iii 2,94% Ii l~ kinh phi giao due trang 16ng ehi phi lai ehinh lrong
ngJ.n s,kh quoe gia Iii ]2,] '(%.

Chi phi giao dlle liti ehinh quae gia nam 1993 lit 86.776 t)'. dong. lrang d6 chi phi
kinh phi giao due trang ngan saeh Nhit nu6'e la 67.675 I); dong. Ii III kinh phi gi;io due
tai ehinh quae gia lrang Icing gia Iri san pham quae dan la 2.76r;. Ii I~ ehi phi gi;lo due II
lrang ehi phi lai ehinh Ia ] 3~58'70. .

Bang 11.27: Thongke d:d III kinh phi giao dl,lc toim quOc
,
t.u 113m 199-t- nam 1999
Thong kc kinh phi gi<io due 1O,1n
.
Niim
S6li.!n (lram
quae
Tang [wemg "0
I Kinh phi giao due mang. linh lai
chinh q u('e gia
SO li~n (tram
(ritu dong) Tang Inremg so
,
'"oi n~mtruck triclI cf6ng)
(r.r ) \'01 niim !rtrek
1994 ( r{j
J 488,78 , .
-1046 I
1995 117-1.7-1
1 877.95 :<.1.38
1996 26.14 I 1-111.52
2 262.3-1 20.16
1997 20-17 I 1 671.70
2531.73 18A3
1998 11.91 1 ~62 ..'i-1
2949.06 1142
1999
3349.04
J 6A8 2 032A.1 L____ 9.12
1.1.56 22R7.IJ~J 12.53
Nguon goc III li~u: :'860 nhanh Ih6ilg ke kinh phi gi,io duc lo{in <{wi'" /uim
/999", dang tren "'in life nghien Clfu gian d(IC", 2000 (5).

Bang 11.28: Quan h~ ti I~ ve da~III kinh phi giao dl,lc yiJ tong gia !ri san pham
quoc dan, chi phi lai chinh
I Nam
! 1994
Nam
1995
Nam
I "'-'m Nam Ni\m
I. T6ng gia Ir; san ph!im I
1996 1997 1998 I 1999
qu6e nOi, (tram Iri~u d6ng)

: 44918 57600 ,I 67 .15'1.71 _4 J_ ..)

I I
2. T6ng giJ tn <an ph.-im --- 71 "'/ 7S 0 I R '"
I
quae n(>i (tram trieu d6ng)
45006
577331 68.1938 I
I 7-1 772.41 79396 82 05-1 I
]. TIlt! nh~ip l;\i dJinh (lr:im
- .. _-- I
!
------', ..J
lri~u d6ng)
.5 218.1 6 2-12.20 740799 i
I

8 6511-1
I
: 9876 II 377
4. Chi phi lili ehinh (!ram -.J I
Iri~lI d6ng)
5792.62 '-
6823.72/ 7937.55! 92.1.1.56
) 3 I .10
10 79~.

246
f
 [5. Dau lU kinh phi giao duc
mang tinh lai chlnh quo~ gia , I ,

I 174.74 1 411.52 1671.70 If 862.54 i 032.45 2287.18

\ (tram tri~u dong) ,
I
I l i
I
,
., fb-, Dati kinh phi gi<io dl.;lc
lU
I
"
llrong. ng~\n ~:ich (baa gem :
fe'-' I k~l\h p~li.gijo ~I,!C thu tl~7l? 10'92.94
' '

1288.08 1l441.27 J-D54.02 1911.37

.<
I (~a thanh pho) (tram tn~u \
931.13
I
dong) I

I Trong du: Cit kho:m cap

: kinh'phi giao dl,1c 1rong ngari
sach Nh~l I1l(C7c
~
I 883.98 I 028.39 1211.91
t
Ii 357.73 1565.59 1815.76
,
Cic kh'o,1Othu them chi phi
l-"i,~(~d:1Cc~" Ihilnh ?h~ •.. '
i 47.15 64.55 76.17 I 83.54. 88043 95.61

\ 7. 1il,~ dau ttl bnh phl glaQ '

I ' ' I
d~tC~.lang ~.inhl~~ch},n.?qu?c I
g.1i.\trang tong gla If! san . Ir
2.45 2.47
I, 2.54 2.61 •
ohfll11 quOl.: daq l"~~i t 2.62
I
8. Ti I~ dau lti}inh phigiiQ " 2.55
2.51 2.41 2.46
dl,lC i11al1g linh.[~\i ~11inh quoe (2.56) 2.79
(2.61 ) (2.44) (2.44) 2.49
gi~l tflmg long gi,i Id sim :
pham UliOCnoi (%) ,
9. ti Ie dau ttl kinh plii giio
dl;lC lrong ngan sikh (bao 15.32 14.55
16.17 16.05 16.23 , 15.61
gam ca d.c kho;,in phl;11hern
I
kinh phI giao d~c cua lhanh
phei) lfOng .chi phi lai chinh 1
(C::d ,
,

10. ti Ie cap kinh phi glab d~c ,!

trong ngan sach trong crn phi ! ,
13.82
15.26 15.07 15.27 , 14.70 i 14.50
lai chinh «(;~)

Ngu6n gOc tu Ii~u: , '

t. 56 li~u chi thu tlii chinh, GNP, GDP til nam 1992-n~ 199~ trle?
til cuqn "nien
gium rhilJlg ke hUJlg QUDe lIalll 1999 ", nM xuat bim thong k9 Trung ,Qu,oc,nam 1999.
2. 56 li~u chi thu liti chfnh nam 1999 trlch til bao cao ~rong hl?i Jghi d'.li bit\u nhlln
dan toilll quoc. ' iI

Bang 11.29:Cau thill\h d.:!u tu kinh phi giao dl)c tit clic ngiIon trong ca nuoc

1-- Nam
1998
Na.n 1999
(triim lri~u
ca:u thanh
niim 1998
cau th,mh
n,iim 1999
Tang
giam %
I (tram dong) . ,(%) (%) cau
thanh so
lri~u
voi nam
dong)
tnroc
------ 29-19.06 3349.Q4 ;1'00.00 . 100.00
! 'l\)n~n)n~ 54.22 l.f3
!" l. Kinh ph[ gi~io dl,l-='tr01~g ngio
'2~ch
1 565.59 1815.76
I 53.09 i
,
8.41 -1.05
2. Thu~ dlinh quyen cat dip [hu 279.07 281.74
i, 9.46

~_cho !!i;iodue 4.37 3.95 -0.42

• 3. Ki~~ dl;lC doanh nghi~p 128.75 132.33 ,
I

xiiv dUll\! tru(Jl1g lap 1.71 -0.29

59.0-1 57.35 2.00
\ -I. Kinh phi do nh" lrnang sill1XU[il,
• hqc sinh vir" hqc "ira lam va Ihllnh~p
, diCh \'U X~lh6i dung eho diao due I --
247
 480, --~-
.6290 I 1.63 I. SS i

141.85
125.871 4.81 I - j (

369.75 463.61 I J 2.54 13.84 I

356.98 409.48 1210 I 12.23
I\'guon gac!lI Ii~u: Giang bang 11.27.
I •
1
Bang 11.10: 50 srinh hoc phi va chi phi mang Iinh thuang xuyen elta cric lrui1ng d<)i
-- .. pho thong, lrung h,)(' d1Uyen nghiep, trung h9C ph6 thong, trung hocnghe nghiep
hue
Chi phi nhi! truang thu

-
Nhfrng chi phi mong linh Ti Ie hoc phi \rong chi
them binh quan h9C sinh [huang ngay binh'qu'in
Looi hinh phi thuimg nga\' ciJa hoc
j£!o¥) hoc sinh (dong\
truong 119c Nam' Nam ~inh (d6n )
Tang Nom N;im Hng
1998 1999 Nam N;lm Timg
giom. .J 998 1999 !!I<im 1998 1999 giam
(%) (Cd
I. Truang dai h9C 1974 2769 (C, )
40.3 11020 11854 76
coo dit~6 th611R 17.9 2:14 ,0.7
2. Truang trung h9C 1279 : 1468 14.8 3469 3727 7.4
chuyen~i~ , 36.91 ,9.~ 6.8
3. Truang coo trung 411 513 24.8 2273 2548
ph6th6ng , j 12.1 18.1 20.1 II~I
4. Truang trung h9c 508
, 561 10.4 2042 2244 9.9 24.9
d'!.l'nghe ! 250 0.4

Nguon goc tu Ii~u: Giang b<lng 11.27.

Bang 11.31: So sanh chi phi thu them ciia trtrang ti~u hoc, so trung ~ho thong "oi
chi phi Slr dung chung trong ca nu6c nam 1999
Chi phi nh. truang thu
them bln~ quan hoc
Chi phi su dung chung
binh quan h9C sinh
I
Ti 1~kinh phi thu them trqpg
Lo~i hinh I chi phi phi su dung chung
truang h9C Nam
sinh (dong)
Nom Tang
I (danK! I
, (C,)
;'\ ;lm i N:\nl T;1n~ :\am Nam 'Ling
1998 1999 gi;]m 1998 1,1')9 giar:n 1998 i 1999 g;;irn (I",)
I. Truang 5(1 122 135
(%)
10.7
(ci) i
[rung ph6 thOng 357 375
501 H2 36.0 .'~'~
Trang do: NOng 96 )02 6.3 268
[han
2. Tieu hoc
264 .15 I, ,5.8
386 i -,-;;--
78
66 70 6.1 173 184 ' 0.4 38.2 ,8.0~
Trang do: NOng 58 62 6.9 137 141 2.9 ~~
Ih6n 42.3 ~231 40

Nguon goc tu lieu: Giang bang 11.27.

248
 Bang 11.32: Cau thilnh sir dl,mg kinh phi hanh chinh 51! nghi~p trong ngan s3ch
tai chinh qu6c gia
i icing c()fig ~ phAn eli nhAn I ~ ph~n sir d\lng chung
!
I I
I
(tfilm tri~u
dong)
SO lien
(tram tri~u
(bifm ti ,I SO lien
I~(%) , (lram
r
, Chiem
i
[i Ie
Ti Ie tang
giam % so I
!
I dong) I tri~u (%) v6i nam
,I I
,
,
d6ng) trucre
: Ton!! c\'}Jl~ I 594.52 I 266.38
I 79.42' 328.14 20.58 I .0.46 :
i Tro~g. d6:~Tr.ulJng d~l hqc 314.09 184.88 58.86 129.21 4Ll4 r--'1.56 .
I Cao d'ing phD thong I

I Truong Irung: ht;>c phD 44890 38789

!
,
th6nu0 I'
86.41 61.00 13.59 -0.84 I
i Trollg do: .so lrung a 163.86 149.64 91.321 14.23 8.68 -Ll5
, nong tholl

r Ti~u h9L" .. 546.41 499.36 91.39, 47.06 I. 8.61 .065

I Trang do: Tieu hoc a 340.61 316.96 93.06' 23.65 6.94 .0.59
IHing them
L____ . I'

Nguon g6c III lieu: Giong bang 11,27.

Chi lil)' nam 1999 lam vi d\l, Icing cong dau tu kinh phi giao d~c trang ca nuoc
niun 1999 la 33'+,90.+Iy dong, so voi 294,906 ty dong nam 1998 thi tang len 39,998 ty
dong, tang twang Iii 13,56'70, Trang d6 kinh phigiao d\lc mang tinh tai chinh quoc gia
la 228,718 ty dong, $o\'oi 203,2-l5 ly dong nam twac thi dng len 25,473 ty dong, tang
kn 12,53%, chi phi tai chinh loim quoc Ia 1313,,6 ty dong,' dilu tu giao d\lc trang ngan
sach Nha nuoc la 191,137 ty dong, chiem Ii I~ trong chi pili tai chinh la 14,55%, kinh
phi xilY thIng twang ht,lc cua cac doanh nghi~p la 28,174 ty dong, chiem 8,41 % tcing
kinh phi giao d\lc. Thu nh~p do nhil Iwang san xuat dung yao kinh phi cho giao d\lc la
5,735 ly dong, chiem I,7 I<;f, tong kinh phi giao d\lc; kinh phi xii hqi va ca n)la.n xAy
dllng twang ht,lc Iii 6,29 ty dong, chiem 1,88% long kinh!phi giao ~\lC, kinh 'phi xay
dung Iruang lap c6 duqc do huy dqng von, quyen g6p xii h~i la 12,587 ty dong, chiem
4,81 ~'ctong kinh phi giao d\lc, ht,lc phi, tien nM twang t~u them I~ 46,361 ty dong,
ehic'm 12,54';{ 16ng kinh phi giao d\lc_
i
II. Ph£m tich hi~n tr~ng dau tu ghio dl,lc Trung Quoc
Cin elf v:'o dc so li~u va tll lieu dii nell lren, tinh hl~h hi~n nay cua dilu tll giao
clue Tlung Quae c6 nhftng thay dcii to lon, c6 sl! tang trua,ng vO'itoc, dq cao, chu yeu
ph:\ll ,inh 0 mot s6 phl((fng dien sau: . ,

tong IliOng diiu tl! giao d\lc va Ii 1~tang truang van tang theo hang nam;
- MI;{ !,i,
vc cr1 b,in I" ,huc hicn duoc "{lilll} Irtrong hai van de''' ciIa 1tl.u tu giao duc. Vi tI\l tcing
muc diiu tlf glao d~e n;\1111991 la 73,150 ty dong, tang 2,51iln so vO'inam 1985. Trang
d6 (Lilt tlf gi,io due Irong ngan sach Nhii nllOc tang cang nhanh, so tien tich lily til nam
I no ,k'n n"U111990 Ii, 164 t)' d6ng lang gap han hai 1,1ntang truang trang lich Slr nam
1980.1%5 ti Ic t;\llg tnrong bihh quan l~ 12,80%. Vi d\l nua nhu kinh phi binh quan
hoc sinh elld clc C<lpdc loai hinh twang hoc cung tang truong. Kinil phi binh quan
hoc sinh lieu hoc n;un 198611148,30 dong n,',m 1991 Iii 115 dong, tang len 66,70 dong,
kinil phi binh Lju;\llhoc sinh trung hoc ph6 thong nam 1986 Iii 134,90 dong, nam 1991

249
la 225 dong, tang len 90,10 dong, kinh phi blnn quan h<:Jcsinh dai h.<:Jccao d'1ng nam
1986 la 2464 dong, nam 1991 la 3463c1ong. tang Icn 999 dong. Kinh phi giao duc lU
nam 1992 den nam 1999 tang truCmg 'cilng nhanh. chi trang nam 1999 cia clat ,hroc
334,904 ty dong, t~o nen ky Ii.!eeao hh-at trongl'ich su.

- Hoi Id, VI Trung Quae thue hi~n dp kinh phi Nhil mr6'c El'chinh nen co the clieu
cl9ng dlfO'e day dueac life lugng phnClng di.;n trang xii hoi. plnrn;llg ch,nn d,iu tn cia ;.
nguyen hoa xay dlfng trl!~ng lap dlfa vao huy dQng von. quycn gop tien eua. may nam
gan day Ii 1~ Mu tu giao ~l!e ngoili ngan sach quoc gia clang tang I,cn hang nam. hqn
nlta ti Ie va toe d9 tang truang r'lt nhanh. cI~ICbi.;t la kinh phi x,i)' dnng tnri.tng h<:Jcchi
phi giao di.!ccho h9c sinh va eac chi phikhac clla gia dlnh ph,it lric'n \'6i toc do chong
m~t, tung buae hlnh thanh'nen ei.!e di9n da nguycn hoa <.hlutu giao di.!c. Vi di.!Ii Ie ki,-,h
phi xay dlfng truang hge cua cae life lugng trang xii h(Ji. qu)'en g6p. huy di.ll1g\'(in xii)'
dlfng truang hge, rae khdn h<:Jesinh phai d6ng thcm nga)' cang l6'n. (rang d6 tien hoc
phi va t~p phi la 12,54% e6 th~ noi la co nhilng thay d6i e[1nb,in. '
- Sa la, di~u k.i~n ki thu~t CC1 So' v~t chat
giao di.!edugc tang wang. dieu kien xay
dung truang co nhilng ciii ~hi~nnlt 16'n.Den nam 1991 dlfa tren yeu cau lieu ehu,in ho,;
quae gia, so cae truang trung ti~u h<:Jetrong ca mr6'e vc CCiban dji ph an ph6i xong dc
lo~i dl!ng Ci.!thi nghi~m 111khoang 20%, cao han 10% so v6'i nam 1998. Trang 10 nam
tu nam 1980 Mn nam 19<;19, i
ti~n dung
.
M ciii tao de nha s~p si.!Pdugc thu th'lp dlr6'i
nhi~u hlnh thUc khae nhalf la 40 ty dong, tu nam 1986 Mn nam 1990 t'lt <:<ida di tao
duge 200 tri~u m nha sap sup, khien eho ti I'; nha S{lpsup tu 7.4"( nam 1986 gi,im
2

xuong con 1,86% nam 1990, v~ CC1 ban thuc hi.;n dugc 'nhilng dieu kicn xily dung •
truang toi thi~u. Cho Mn hay, han mQt nua so truang trung h<:Jc.ticu ,h<:Jcella dc tinh.
nong thon trong cii nuae tC1 ban dil thlfe hi~n 'dugc tieu chujn xa)' dl1ng tnrang ItIp do
Nha nlllJe ban bo.

250
 .,'.

,
,

Bai 3: Phan tlch va so sanh !June til-

Ph:lIl lieh "a so shnh quoe te ve dau lLI giao dl!e la fnQt phuong di~n quan tn;mg
tcong nghi~n etru diiu ll! giao dl!e, eung Iii van de con t<lntai trang phan tfeh diu lU giao
due vi, 1:1 phlrang Ph,ipquan IrQng M du doan t6ng luqIigtliutu va Ii l~gi~o dlle trong
ve
Llrang lai. Do boi c~lIlh ehinh Ir!. kinh te, vim h6a ... eila cae nuae kh6ng ho:m LOan
gi6ng nhau. li0'n hirhh ~o sanh 'luoe te ph"i d<).tthem rat nhieu dieu ki~n rang bUQe,can
k.:m th0m thuyel m/nil nit nhieu, khien eho khi so sanh cae khai ni~m su dllng va each
lh6ng k~ Ifnh Imiilca ban la Ihong nhat (each thong ke do rat nhieu hQe gia trong va
de
ngoili nU(le raj. " .

I. Khai ni~m kit1n te \'a each thong ke tlnh toan

I. Tieu ehdnphilll lo~i trinh dl? phat tri~n kinh tf cae qu6c gia tren the gi6i
,
Ti0u ehuan tdnh fI9 phat trien kinh te eua cae qu6e ;gia la tien de xae dinh phan
nh6m qu6c gi<l,theoldnh dQ phat trien kinh te eua cae nuac ho<).ephan lo~i so s'lnh, c6
Lrinh dQ phat triei! kinh te tieu ehuiln hoa, vua e6 the tien hanh so sanh theo ehieu
ngang gilia tieu ehuan phat trien eung lo~i, vua e6 the pl)an tfeh so sanh lieh su theo
ehieu doe gilia tieu ehuiln phat trien lrang thai ky lieh su,"oIe vi~e xae dinh tieu ehuan
lrlnh d() pheit Lricnkinh to eua cae nuae lren the giai, cae hQe gia deu e6 nhling bi~n
phap kh,ie nhau, doi \'ai Linh hinh thong thuang ho<).ephuong phap phan tfeh thong
thuong ma n6i, e6 th~ chi a ra lhilnh cae lo~i hlnh sau:
- Thu nh,\p quoe diln blnh quim dau nguai la 100 den, 300 dola 'My thl duqe eoi la
quae gia e6 Ihu nhilp Lhiip i
- Thu nhilp Lluoe dan bintt quan dau nguai la 400 M~ 1500 do la My thiduqe eoi
Ii, qu6c gia c6 Ihu 'ntH\ptrung binh
- Thu nhilp 'luoedilIl binh quim dau ~guai la 1600 Mh 5000 dola My thl duqe eoi
Iii'lu6e gia e6 thu nhilp Irung binh Ira len
- TIll! nh;lp qUllc dim blnh quim d'lu nguai la 5000 Mil 7000 do la My thl duqe eoi
Ii, 'lucie gia ptdl tri0n. i

.',' - , _,'
2. PhallI ,i baa gom tong gin tt, sah philm quae d~n
. I.
!
T(;ng gi,i tri s,~n philrl1'luCie dan Iii chi toan bQ ho~t clQngkinh te trong mQt nam
Clla 111':>1
qucie gia, ~ling baa gum e,i chi lieu tfnh toan qu6c dan cila tcing gia tri nganh
silll XU:ltIhll ba, mal sO'quoe gia con eoi chi phi eila nual( mlnh va ho~t dQng kinh te
trao J(~ihilng lily himg cling ntm1 lrong d6, so sanh ti l~ dll,utu giao ol!e trang tcing gia
Ir! sim ph:im qulie dim. Ih6ng Ihuang eho Ihiiy lil mot tro~g nhling phuong ph'lp hi~u
qu,1 nh:,l lrong so s:inh quae Ie'. VI v<).y,xae dinh kh:ii niem va pham vi tcing gi:i Iri s,ln
ph[im q u()c (bn l~l!TI{?t \'i~c fin co ~' nghi"a.

251
 3. Don vi Iii'n I~quae Ie va tinh dili .
Do nguyen nhan xuat phat ttr nhieu plmong dien lieh sir. ehinh lri. kinh te.," D,)
la tra thanh dan vi ti~n t~;quae te Slr dung kh,i pho bic'n "illl1l1ng dai phil hoI'. lue Li
dung do Ja d.! bi.!u thi (6ng gia tfi san phflm quae dan "a chi s6 dau tu giao due Clia de
nu6e. Phuang phap tinh d6i co th.! phan thanh hai bu6e:

- 8u6e th(r nhat la: 5~ dung ty gia hoi doai tinh d6i gi,i tn hien Iheri eua d6ng licn
trang nu6e tMnh gia tfi hi~n lheri eua dong do lao
, I
- Bu6e thu hai IiI: D6i dong do la co gia tfi hien theri thilnh dola kh'lng bi Ihav d(li
gi ,i Iri, t(rc Ia tinh theo gia khong thay d6i eua m(Jt nam nao do,

n. Khai ni~ll1 cUlu ttl giao dl,le va each thong ke Hnh toan
1. Cap bac giRl) d,lC

TI'c'n II'.,',~;6i 'llIen Slr d\lng chi', yfu ba loai e,ip b,k gi<io due Y" ba Joai eiip b,k gl ",
due phu llii"". Po:) ''''Ii erp b,k giao due ehu yc'u Ii. gi,io d\lc sa e,ip. gi,io duc trung c<Yp
"i, )1::i,) dl,I<.' .. , "ilc' ear) d:hlg. ba.loai ciip bac giad due phu lhu(x: Iii gi,io due Inr6e khi
di h"C, gi,io due eLie biet va giao due cho nguai truang thilnh. "an con de loai gi,io due
kh<ic. Khi tinh to,jn phan cap giao duceo lht Slr dung nhfrng kh,ii ni~m n,iy,
2. Dau tl! giRo d\lc

D,iu Itr giJodue duae Slr d\lng tren Ihe gi6i hi I,iy Ih6ng ke kinh phi gi,in due e(lng
e6ng lam lieu chmln. bao gom kinh phi thong tllllang giao due c(lIlg Cllllg ",' d,iu Itl\,h'
dlrng CCf b,tn gi,io due e6ng cong hay con goi Iii tu b,in gi,io due. e6 khi eim goi Iii chi
phi hien ky giao due va ehi phi tu ban gi,\o due,

III. Nguon goe tu Ii~u ehii yeu so sanh quoe te dau ttl giao due
I, Tile kinh phi &iao d\lc trong t6ng gi,i tfi Siin ph'iim quae dim l,iy tir cu6n 111('11
gi<im llir5i'g 1;.<'" (nien g:Jm' hang nam) ella 16 ch(rc V'lIl ho,i. khoa hoc. )'do due licn
hQ'p quae.

2. T6ng dan s6 va 16ng gia Iri san ph'lm qu6e'd'1Il I"y III euon "lIi,;1I .::i,lm rli';;'g
k(' liei, Ie quor Ie'" (mot n'UTInilO do) cua t6 ehere tien k quae tC,

Y SIr dung Iy SU,lt hai ,doai quy deli tien Ie de mr6e rh,'ulh ,16 1'.1\1\'. Lh' rir cu,"in
gi<im llir5i'g ke" (mot 'nam naa do) eria III ehue \'"n hoa. hhoa hoc. gi,io due lien
"11/('11
hgp quae, '

IV. Phan tich soli~u tu Ii~u so sanh quoe te dau ttf giao c1vc

1. 50 sanh quac fe' ti Ie dau tl! gino due trang tong giR Iri snn ph,i quae d;jn
m
Thee IU lieu do 16 ehue v,ln hoa. khoa hoc. gi,io due I,en herr 'luCie. lrang Ih,',i gian
lit n,un 1965 de'n n,lm 1977, Ifnh loan do la My Ihco gi,i th, Iflfimg n,"m d0, chi rhi "i,'
due Chinh phll cae nu6c Ircn Ihe: gi6i t11ng tflfang -t. J 6 Un. kinh rhi gijo due hinh ljUil1l
d'JU nglroi 1,lng Inrang 3.3J Un, t6ng, gi,i Iri s,in phiim qu6c dim lo,in Ihe gl6i lilng
tnrang I J, 1%. trang khi d6 chi phi gi,io duc ehinh phu lrang lirng Ihai k\' m(,i 'Lim Ling
252
 12N{, lrang d6 cae nuoe phal trien Iii 12,2%, cae nuoe dang pMI Irien li : 6,S'!{' Gell
eaa hon lrinh dt? pMI [rien kinh Ie eua cae quoe gia d6, Nhiing ;0 li~u nay da Ihuy'::l
minh (Hy du eho du lit quae gia e6 nen kinh Ie Ihi Iniang hay Iii nhiing quae gia kinh Ie
k0' hO;IChnhu Lien XC>cu. deu kh6ng ngaai l~ nang eaa Ii dilu IUgiao dl,lc Irang lOng :1~
• • I':
.'"
gia tri san pham kinh Ie quoc dCm,lrang d6 e6 cae nuoenhu Trung My, Lien X6 cu,
Nhcll... n6i chungdeu llr 2Si: den )ck, sau chien lranh lling len 7%-8%, Ih~m chi e6
quoc gia ell Ii Ie tang twang qua cao. gia tr! tuy~1 doi dltu tl! giaa dl,le va Ii I~ lang
.' twang dt'eng,au chi phi quCllISl!, Ira thitnh h;llIg ml,leehi phi Ihu hai Ian nhci!.
Gte chi lieu c6 lien quan den phal Irien giaa dl,le eita cae quae gia va khu v!!,e
chinh Ir0n the' gioi xcm b:mg 11.33 den bang 11.38,
Bang 11.33: Ti I~ nhilp h9C gino d\lccac cap (%) 1995
~~--- C~iccap , Gi,io dl.'Csa dang .. . Ohio d~e lrung ca:p Giao due dai hoc eao
, ; . dkg .
I
QU("X: 2ia ;
~~I
V~t Kh~ vue i
Mi 102 : 97 81
1-:7-'-'- .._--_ ..~.
~I.'ll~~ ..
.' 103 107 90
Anh 116 , 133 50
Otic 103 102 44
Ph,in 106 III 51
Italia 99 88 41
Thuv f)i~n I
I 106 136 46
'C'
Ph,in L:lIl T 100 116 70
Tiv B"n Nh" ! 106 121 49
Ue I 103 I 147 72
~I_t..!it!..~_____ I 104 I 117 . 58
N~" I III 86 42
I3raxin T 117 47 12
Chil" I 99 70 28
:
Ai C:ll) I 101 74 20
Nh,1I , 102 103 41
!lilll QUI'" I 95 101 52
Sin~aoor..: I 95 73 34
t\,;' u~ 100 49 7
~911~~i~t 115 50 11
Hong ('(lll,g.'yrUI1!.! QuOc
.
96 x75 26

Bang 11.34: S6 sinh vien trong moi IIlQI lr;im nghln dan
.. __
. .
I
N ;Jm
I Nam 1985 Niiml990 NfuTI 1995
,
Qu&: !..:i:l I
~~=~=~-
,
I viI Kllu \"lIe ~-
! 5064 5591 5339
I \li -
CanaLi,t j ,. 6320 5102 , 6984
Anh _,__~ ~_.. I 1824 2170.~ 31~~
..
Dtic I 2581 / 2628
Ph:i T 2318 2995 3600
Ilalia T .2088 2519 3103
'[huv i)i~,;..- - , 2115 2248 2972
I

Phan Lan : 2611 )326 4190

•
~-=__-
T:iv Ban Nh"
I Oc __ __ . _______
--_. I

1
2431
2366
3007
2839
4017
5401

253
 I J\JU di I,~;
i Nga 2950 3287 I 4(~6f
3768
i~:~~~_in 1900 , 2998
1052
, Ulil2
Ai C1p - 1639
1074
] 938
I
I
JiJ2t
2~J2
Nh"t i 1717 1698 I
i 19~3 1900
I Han Quae 2.128 I 3139
L~~~-0E?Rore
.1 3568 3899J
I 1474 ~97~
! ,. \11 (~(\ / '
2."52
'~--_._-~-----
}----

; Tnciunl'_"j(\ 58" I / !
(, 1.1 I
----------- 749 I I -'
; BeSrE: Cl~n!! Trun uoc
1425
Ngltr)n goctlI Ii~u: "Nghiel1 Clrll pl/(illri<"1 gi<io due". 2000 (5).
838
/ ---- :k~IJ
B:ing 11.35: TII~ chi phi kinh phi giao dl)c loim xa hoi "iI giao due eong eon~
Irong GDP (%)
!
Quoe gia
Ti Ie chi phi hnh phi £"'0 due I
I Ti Ie-kl!lh phi £l:in dlle 'If dllll~J
loan xii hoi lrong GDP (J 994)
chung trang C;I)1'
Tinh tcing eang cae quoe gia 1990 J
IIlQ~
GECD .
5.9
50
-----~
i 56
Trang d6: Canada , i ____ __:_=_
Mi 7.2 I 62 6.7
Nh.t 6.6 I 5.2 i 49
Han Quoe ~.9 36 .18
Philp 6.2
.\~__ 37
Otic 604 I 5.1 59
Anh 60i
I
~I --__ ---..;2
~.9 _~
Clui y: Ti Ie t6ng dau III quae n9i eua dc lju6e gia OEeD lrang GOP /;'122c;. Ii Ie
dau tu giao due loim xa h9i va dau Iu quae n9i Iii 1:3.4

Nguon goc III Ii~u: "Chi lieu GECD dai ('/(1I1g gitio due" 1993.1997.
Bang 11.36: Ti Irgng kinh phi giao duc e6ng c6ng Irong long gia Iri san ph:lm
quac dan

~--_.
i 111ii j;1n
__ .~._------_ ..
34 _._-- --_ .._-----
I 1116 nhT k) .""'.r~4--
i
__
I Ai cap 2.2 2,2
' ";:Q"ieria 5.7( I)
I -.
.J.n
[~Phi
604(1) I Jj)T--.
1._ 6,5 ! --
 i 6.8 ------ .._ ...
..L9C~) i
-'
3.7
5.2
i 1.1 3.5
5.2(2)
I 3.1
: 5.6 . }.l.
."
! 4.6 ..
.1.4 I
..--'---
...
, ~(:: j I
.' 5.4 -
- 4.0 ----
j~:i2il
3.2 4:7'(2i~
,, 6.0 5.2(2)
5.0 5.2(2)
, 2.8 3.6
4.4 4.0(2)
4.9 4.9(2)
6.1 5.6
5.4
6.6 7.3(2)
3.5

C/Ili ,i'.' ( 1) 1,\ so nam 1981, (1) lit so nam 1995.

:
:"guon goe tu li~u: "!'hell giam th6/1g ke" (1999), nha xullt bun thong ke Trung
Quoe, 1999.
Bang 11.37: So sanh kinh phi giao d~c CO'1gcl)ng 1970-1991
Kinh phi gicio dye !lU dyng chung Chiem GNP (%)
(MOllY dola Mil
N,im N:'ffi Niim Noim N;im N:lm Nllm Nl1m Nam NOm

"7.,-----.
r\':'m
1'1:11
~.m\
l'IiS I: I'JStl
~n(l
l'Js5
(-,!(,A
1'J'}(1
J(~.2 '''''I
1119.)
1970
5.5
1975
5.8
IYtW
5.1
]1)1l5
5
1990
5
1991
5.\
171 ~
I
T~'illg. ":,lIIC: Ill.: .'~Sfl
! -
5.3
~~- 6.4 ,
5.4 5.3 5.2
C.:i ••: nu,;,: phil

~.-' ..
I Sid ~,11.;
I
~;6I SIX.oJ IUilJ.5

:UK.I}
':151.1

J47.l 7.5
i 7..4 ~.2 5.1
•
5.5 5.5
n.i..:
Trull:.,!. ,!,i: Ii\ 1,".1. ; I 15fl2 2:!:l.1
:vii I H 71).3 15H.S 179.2 4.1
i
5.7 5.8 5.1 4.8 4.8
Ol;iu .-\1 (11.iU
1U.2 ~5
tt ••.l DUlIll"
5.5 5.5 53 5.3
O.'U I.HA 24fi.'J 216.5 4(J 1.9 424.2 5.1 5.7
Ch;.iu ,\llt Ll~n
~~o.:li 3.6 3.9 4 4.1 4.1
14.5 "my 96.5 97.5 154.7 168 2.9
C.i..: raf"l..:d;lil~
~~~11 •. 6
Sah.Lra lJ lhlm
••:h;l.ll 1111
1..1
• I()J~ X.I 8.6 8.6 :U 3.8 5.2 4.5 4.7

25.5 5 5.9 4.5 5.9 5.7 5 ..5

IX x..; 18 23.6 25
{Juo\: gl~ ..\ r-!p
111611" nh;H I! ~.U 2K.5 46.2 47.8 3.3 3.6 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.2
Kllu \H •...(i~lnho.; 56 I)n
1
, ,
tIUll.l ••..dl.:tu Mi 1 .

bunh \ i 2.8 3.2 3.1 3..4

~(, I'd It'd 20.1 31.9 36.4 1.9 2.3
Khu n,r •• u..'\1\~
nalll-j.lOI;ill
~.Qltllll'! __
Il_____ \ ,
8.H 8.6 2.5 2.6 2.-1 203
i i .6 7.7 I
Tr'lll1.?, dl): I, [
G_U~!l.<ll.:.I!\.'....--~-~---,.,. I
.. 1
4.1 --.0 +--').x- ..
U 12 s I.U .~~.5 40.9 2.6 3

rr
;-.laIn .\ - - !

l
1 I

::'!
--------r--
• T~ullo;IkJ: .~\
do
L I, I
1
" I
J , 10,.1 9.1

r=--------, 4.6 2.6

i C:ic 'Illl)': gl~1 ! u:;
i1
1.1
, :! .\ I 2 :\ -l.2
2n~~ 31
. khl'H1g ph.d I
I tri~n I1h,jl i , I .__ .. _ .. -
.

i\guon g6e lU lieu: "B,i" niu ,<"i" d'-Ie 'the'gi6'i" cu" Unesco, 1980-1 Sl85
255
 Bang 11.38: Ti tr\?ng cua kinh phi thuang ngity giao due eong'e(mg eua cae loai
truang h\?c
NAm DO [ueli Tieu Trung Do, hoc Cic Chua
teucre hQc Hoe eao Jo(~i Lie!
khi giao
dimg khk k(.
duc
Trung Qu6e 1997 1.2 34.3 29.9
Hong KOng Trung . 17.9 ~.7
199~ 0.5
J2u6e , 21.~ 35.0 i 37.1 2.9 J.2
Bang la det .
< I .

1996 ... 44.8 43.8

An DO 1995 (I) 395
7.9 3.5
26.5 13.7 39
Indonesia 16.4
1995 (2) 72.9 (2)
Iran 25.1 1.9
1996 (I) 36.5 46.5
Ixarcn 1.2 I~()
1994 8.2 34.1 31.2 ! IS2L -', ~'1
NhAt Rin
199~ 2.3 37.0 ~ 1.8 12.IJ -_.- 6 R
Malll)'sia
1994 0.3 35.1 41.2
MOng c6
1996 19.9 (2)
16.8 I 2.1 ~,5..
Mianma 56.0 14.3 i 98 '.
1994 47.7 40.3
~n Qu6c I L7 0.3
1995 0.9 44.5 36.6
Pakixtan 1996; (I) 47.7
8.0 10.0
PhilijJin 29.6 13.2 0.2 ~.3
1998 ... 73.1
I Sjllf!~Ore
1995 (I) 25.7
(I) 15.1 i (31 - II:'s
i Anl"nca 34.6 I 34.8 ... '4:9
1996' (I) 7U
h1'h(")Nhi
!
Th,\iJ.i1n
Ki
1995--1~-=_4.?6
(1)
23.6 ;
I 9.3
19.~
L7
~.3
1~.2
I.7
1995. iJe I ~J.OJ 22.0 ! 3~.7
~0~!,~;'IP 1996: ---..!lJJ 66.7 i --
Ij\jglcria (1) I 33.3 I
~"--.-.--' 1981 '. ! 17.21 (I) I 25.0 I
,,11,"1 Phi
. __ ._--~~---- 19% I 1.4 I 42.1 I
06 17.4 I
29.5
"-

.d; l~tJ:1 I-+..3 I ).5 7.1 I

1994 3.2 61.5 (2) i. 35.3 L
r-ff¥,\lC6 1995 8.9 41.4 32.5 I 17e
1994 7.0 31.7 36.1 I
Achcntina 1996 5.0 368
... I

r-fJr;lxin 24.6 ! 210 I .j 12(,

1995 5.1 ~8.4 20.3 ! 26.2 1_ .---
I
Y0nucduela
~-'-- .. 1994 3.7 23.9 20i
N!!i1
1996. 72.5
3~.7 ' 2~ ! 33.0
Bungari 1'1'1 ; Ji~7-i-'U
COng hoa Ticp
1996, 21.3 52.4 (I) ! 18.0 1 -- ~2 I

;::1 ~;~~-- -I_~_;~

1996! 12.6 19.7
Kh,ic
Phap 1995 11.9 19.8
Due 1995 (I) 72.2
Ao 1995 (I U._c-6J._. ... : _'.
7.7 23.4
Hil Lan 1995. 7.1 23.2
47.5 i
15.0 L_ ._~__
' __ ';,
Ba Lan 1995, 39.7.'.. 299L. . .. I 1.1.1
9.4 42.8
Luomania 1993 . 202 i IH I I ...
8.4 36.5
YAy nan Nha 1995 23.8 159 I 15~~. 19
8.1 24.1 50.7 i 151 -- I--~
~~elan 1995 18.8 ~4.2
~~. 1995 2.6 29.7 /05 1~1----I~~_L_-,-,-
Nam lu
1996 (I) 65.6
440.1 .-4g --.'-'.J ~
0e 1994 0.7
(I)j 236 ~£.L 8.4
299 396! 298 ... i
Niu di 1;1n 1995 4.2 24.5 ~
, ~0.3 291 ' I I~J
Cilli .j,: (I) Cae so trong c9t nay Iii dc s6!rong c()[ !i6u hoc.

(2) Cae s6 trong cot niiy Iii cae s6 lrong cot [rung hoc.
(3) Baa gam (rong m9t cot chlraph,ln loai.
\

256
 \
\guun goc tu lieu: "lien giul1l thOllg hi "(1999), ~ha xwit ban thong ke Trung
,
Qu6c, 1999,
Khi mOL quoe gia ho~e m(l! khu v\le c6 kinh te phat lrien tttang d6i cao, thl chlu tu
gi;io due eung dat duge lrinh do tttang doi cao tttang ung, lliang ton gi'lO due cLing
lUlIng dl1i 16n, nhfmg dieu d6 s\: phat huy tac du.ng trang m6t thai gian tuang d6i Jill, vi
"CI)'so ,:.inh li Ie tang trliang dciu ttt giao duc tuang d6i thap, ti Ie dilu tU giao duc lrang
l(in~ gi~itri "In ph:im qu6c dim lhong thliemg the hien xu huang tang tnrang 5n dinh V1l
.'
dIaJl1 rai.
1\ lot 'I uoe gia hO(le mQt kh,u v\lc cung vai vi~c nang cao lJJl1h dll phat trien giao
duc "il kinh l':. Ii k tang Iruang tu nhien dan so se hl!-xu6ng va co xu hll6ng 5n dinh.
C:>U lhill1h dClLubi&1I1sa "il cau Ihanh trlnh d6 van hoa tttong doi eao, vi v~y ILrqngnhu
ceiu kh'lch quan dau tu gi,io d,!e se giarn di tuang d6i.' ,
Khi t6ng gialri san phfim blnh q~an dAu nguai va ti!l~ dAu tu giao dl)c ben ngoai
clla m(l! quae gia ho~c khu v\lc d':lt den m6t muc d6 tuang doi cao, iuqng tuyet doi duu
LUgi;io due tuang d6i lan, VI v~y ding khien cho luqng tuimg doi d,1u.ttt giao dl)c (ti l~
L'"1glwung) e6 xu huang 5n dinh va dAn dAn giam ch,m. i
LUlmg duu LUcho giao du.c blnh quan dilu nguai duqb giao du.c the hi~n xu hliCJng
L,IngklL Dieu nay chu yeu la do duai dieu ki~n tien b6 kM~g ngu~g cua khoa h9C ki
Lhuclt"il ph:.it lrien kh6ng ngung cua nen kinh te qu6e: dan, .khien (;ho n6i dung giao
! dlle. phu<fng phap gi,io dl)c, thu phap giao d1,1Cva dieu ki~n ki thu~t v~i chat giao d1,1c
i ' kh(lIlg ngung duqc d6i mai va hi~n d':li hoa, han niia luang lao d6n ella nhiing nguai g
111meong LaCgiao due khong ngung duqc nang, len, cho dh la tfnh theo gia d6 ho~c gia
a cac cap cae
e,l kh6ng thay d6i, (hiu tU gi,io t1~lebillh qu,in diiu nguai :duqc giao d1,1C
loai hinh d~lI Ihe hi~n xu huang t,ing Jell,

2. So s;inh (IUOeIe CO" C,IU phan phoi dau tu giao dl,lc

I

ll,ihg 11.39: 1'i I~ ph,\n phoi duu IIi giao dl,lc ella cac quac gia phat tri~n chu yeu
tren the gi6i (%)
.'
GlllO dl;lC Gi.o d~c d~i Ghi chu
..: gl~l i Gi.io'due sO Jfmg I
I ,12
I tn.mg c:ip hQc cao dAng
13 Trung Qu6c la:
Nh~lt
43
4':;
32
,
25 Gi.a d~c sa dimg 31 %
~Ii
50 40
i
10 Gho 'd~c trung cap 36%
:\nh \
~ Dlk
I
52 38 II 10 Gi~\o.d~lC d~.lih9C cao d&ng
l.i1,."11 b;1I1

I'h.il'
I 53 39
, 188 33%;
39 43 1
u,. __._~
l.i\.:'ll ,'\,) \,.

:\guon goc lU lieu: Cuon "IIiI'll gial11 thOllg ke" (1987) cua t6 ehCrevim hoa khoa
hoc gi'lo duc lien hap quae.

257
 , '.

Bang 11.40: Ca cau dau tu gino due Cll3 mot 00 phan eae (juoc~gia tren the' gioi ('7c)
Qu6c gia Nam Giao Gi:~o . Gi,I.Q due (rung c,rp j Gi;lo i. Ck
d~c d~c
twac
TOng
sa tinh
Gi;;o
d~c
H
Giao ~Giao
due su i due
j dl.lc,d0i
1
IO;.li
hoc I hinh
ph::!!!
ehuil
I
, khi di dftng
I d;.;,' .
ill, 1979
hoc
phO
thong
pham
I n1'ho I d~t,:'1' kll"'; :JI
f!icit\
!
ph;m

..
: 63.7
I Anh 1979 0..1 I j 36.0 I
: Ph;lp
Lien hang
r D, r;
I 1980'
1979
6.8
3.7
,269
,17.1
, 16.6
40.0
-1 1
) .- I
53.2
'50 I 2.1 I
!
14.1!
~
I
21.8 '
16.3
0..\
.1.6
J(J.91
:\0
~
...

! 1.l.S 7.1' J (,
; 1 ! .
Nh;it '19S0 J.3 !38.2 34.6 16.2
I Lien.'\o eli I' 1981 23.8 '33.8 16.2 4..1
III 6.8 S.O
, Ph:i:: J:.tn 16.6 D.6 12.6
1980 8.2 : 28.7 21.0
i \';_:n~lif CLI I 1980 22.R 2.'.6 17.~ 0.7
73.0
' ,:~l.h) 1980 ! 36.5
I 8.:\ I.X I . 6.X

I Aiqp
, jI..1c:-;ic6
1980
1980 2.3
23.9
69.1 9.9 1.8 7.1
D.
.1
30.9 3'[l 2.\. 1
! '. 18.8 26.:\ . 4.2 S.:\
,
---'
Nguon gae tu Ii~u: Bien so~n dl!a Iheo cuon "nien gicilll Ih,jllg !':e" ( 19S-l) ella It;
chtk van hoa khoa h9C giao d~,c licn hgp quoc.
!
Cic vi d\l Irong bang 1'1.39. 11.40 deu la tlnh hlnh kinh tc' p',a dc (julie gia phut
tri~n, ti l~ phan ph6i dau I~ giao d\lc ba cfip so. lrung. cao. co lh~ nhin th[iv mt>! xu
huO"ng 1'0rang la, ti l~ dau w: giao d\IC so (1;1ng ha xuong. ti Ic d[iu III gi,lo cluc (rung e[ip
vii d"i h9c, cao dang tang leri. han nfra Ii Ie d[iu ttr gi,io cluc trung dp !h~ hicn .xu IWlrng
lang len lhimg. ti I'; d[iu III giuo due dai h9c, eao dimg Ih~ hien .xu IWlrng t[lI1g tm()-ng
vai lac d9 nhanh, ti l~ dau ttr giao d~c sa dimg c6
xu Iwang giam xti6ng clan cI[in. cI:in
dan 6 viio Irang thai 6n dinh.,

Nguyen nhan dan den t'r~ngthai

, nhLl v(\)' chll yc'u 6 ha phlT0ng dien:
- Mrjl /c), cac quae gia! pha! Iri6n ve co b,in da pho e:\p xong gi,io due so dill1g.
dang keo diii thai h,m gi,io duc b')1 bU9c V'I bjl lay \'ao giuo due lrung c:ip. 1;lng wi,..~
xu huang•..dau lLl •..
giuo duc
. lru'ng
I'" c:ip iii dicu I:it .v"'lI.

- Hai h), do SlT ph,\t Iricn

, manh me vc kho'l !me ki thu':lt ("I)ng nghc eao ellil de
nmyc phut tritn, nen nit dn nh:1I1 tai c6 lrinh do khoa 110Ck, Ihu:II [1 mtrc cao. nen
dtrong ,nhien phai coi trong: pkil [ricn gi,io clue dai hoe. eao [Ling. mong 1111J1")n 1:lI1g
lu'gng dau ttr gino d~lc cho c,~o d,'mg, dai h9c.

- Sa Iii, giao d\lc ngay :Cang tht hi.;n rii vai Ira 'luau trong eua n6 d,")i \'[1i Slf ph,it
tritn kinh Ie lrong nLlac, 'duy Irl thl!c Itrc kinh Ie cua mrael(rn. [lLrCnJgnhicn ph'li 1'-lI1g
wang giao d\lc d~i h9C, cao ,Ctftng,meJ r6ng Ii Ie d:ill ttr giJo due.
3. Dau IU gi<io d\le Trirng Quoc va so sanh (rluh do quOc Ie

3.1. Tz' I~ ddu N giao due Tnlllg Quoc Iro"g 16i'g gia Iri sa'" phai71 quric dfi" I'fi
so sanh trinh drj v6i tlllf gi6t

Theo SLl thong ke, so dnh, ph[ln tfeh dc ltr licu lieh sir \'c quan he gifra kinh k \';1
d,lu III gi,io duc cua 38 nLlac Iren the giai. Irlnh do Ihc' gi6i lh~ hien ('I h,ing [lLrl'i.
\

258
 Bang 1[...lI: Ti Ii: duu Itt giao due Ihe gi6i trong t6ng gi~ tr! ~alph1im qu~c dan
-- I
T(}n~ gi"i In ~an ph am quae d;ill binh quan 400 500 600:,
d~iu ngu()i ltinh th~o gil d6 1,1 ~ti nJ.m 7~GI 800 900 1000
I,
ilJ')Ol I >'
I -:f.r ~-:I~-1lI tu gl,iv Ol;lC Ih~' g.iai lfong tong 3.52 3.69 3.84 3.96 4.16
, ~i.i
If! :'l~illph~lIll qu6(' d.ln '.r , 4.06 4.24
_J __ .L__,. __~'
.' i\guun goc Itt lii:u: Rio gi,io due difi hqe eao dJng nHrn J 9SG t)).
Th"(J ttr li<'u phan lich. tfnh to:tn trang euan "/lien giam (hang;e" (1985) eua tei
l'hul' Ian ho,i. khoa h9C. gi,to d~e lien h9'P quae, Ii l~. c1riuIII giao du( nam 198.' trang
l\';ng gi,i Ir; ,;'on phiirn lju{ic dim Iii: Mue d9 blnh quan cua the giai lit 5:%, muc d9 blnh
quiul ella e,ie lju(ic giu ph"t [riin Iii 6,[ %, mue d9 blnh q~an cua c:il quac gill uang
• . '. . , r
ph,it tri<'1I I:t -I.Ci',. llllrc d9 blnh quan eua cae nttcre Chau ~ [a: 5,0%.

B,ing 11.-12: Quan h~ Ii l~ ve dau ItI kinh ph'i giao d1,Jcva t6ng gia,lr! san ph1im
.. .. _
q uoc dim, chi phi tai chirih Trung <hoc
. . .. _-
.
I Nam Nam Nam Nam Narri' Nam I.Nam Nam
1992 1993 1994 1995 <,1996 1997' '1998 [999
r -l-~-:-I;{i';lg gi.i {f! ~,ln 3~ ~77
l6651 44 918 57600
, . 67559.7 73452:5 78 018 •
I pl~:iltlql
_ tnc.:-u,lh'lJ It! I
j{ ic (Lram
i
I
..
2. T{Hlg g1~iIf! ,~i.n 26635 , .'4515 -l5l)()6 57733 68593'.8 74772.4 79396 82054
pham q~Ilie IIt)i ,I ,
I I ,
I
I.[[ •.1m lrt C:U I.U)n~)
r' 3. Thu IIh"p [iii 1kUJI ~J~~.~j S211U 62,2.20 7~OJ.99 8651.1~ 9876 11377
Lhinh (( ram tri~lI
I,_d_t)~_ I
.ChiP ~tlilai .Chinhl 37 ..•2.20 I -I6..•l.3U 57Y2.62 6M23.72 7937.55 923356 10798 13136
~tralT~tr I~U\!l')H~1 ,
~ ). Dau t Ukillh~1 72:\.75 ! ~6'7.'76 II J<.J~ J.H 1.52 167L70 1862.5~ 2032 ...•5 2287.18
I
I..
gdo d~IL
.I
. lllang tfnh I
i, tal dun I quLic gi~1.
i0u Jon'!)
I
i
r.l.~ra~~ ~
: 6. fXIU' u ki,lh phi
•. _"'-'- 5{;~."l ..• ! (J76Jd 931313 1288.08 1~~1.2J
._--
I 1092.94 1654.02 I'd 1.37
i ':.!i;io du c: trong. [ I
~ ~;i
!. ;\~~1l1 I...h (bao .
. ;l{')[\l kll III phi gi,llJ
I,
I I
,
I,
i :'UI..' thu thl=lll ella
!
: lil';llll1 ph~'JJ lir~lill
I I
I
I tri~ll dlll\~l
~'1'1':)~;~. \i:i~'(j"~ ".---~.; _ ..:~x.
).S~74-;--~'4~:W-
i, khu~'I;l GYp kinh phi
.
r
i g.lao d~11..'
lr\lllg
i llg:tll '1~i\:h0:h:\
i mel"L'
;'-l'~tl..' kllll:'ll1 tllLl ~(, ~lJ ~ .\.\ 22 ": -17 :'
i [hL-ill ,,:hl phi !.!i;iu! I

! dul..' t.:tl~\ th;1l11~~'i : : ~_

..
If';i:(T~':I.:L-;i~{'kil\hT ~,!3 f ~s~
• 1 phi :::1;1\1 du •...IlLIJlg
: lillli tili ,:hinh qlll..) ••..
! ,t.i.\ \rUll,:!. h;ll,:!. gi~i
, tri ";;'1(1 pkim qll,")":

,---_l - -_ ... _.-

, d,:\il \ l;
..

..ri..!~'.
:....~~ (b~l._[~i".II~1l
 ......

phi giao d~lc mang

[inh tai chfnh qUDC
. _.

,
(2.61) . (2.~~) 1'.-1.) I f 2 . ."(1/
--

~ia IrOng tong Qia

q
tr! dn pl)[iT1l ~6c ,I
Jl(ii (%) ,
.. - -
". j'
I 1 •
9, Ti I~ dau m kin,,~-j 1-1.1.') 13.67 16.07 16.115 16.23 I 15.61 l-".:'~ 1~5S
phi giao dl,lc irong ~
ngan Sikh (baa
g6m ca cac kho"n i ..
ph\) them kinh phi I
giao d~c cua thanh
ph6) trollg chi pl)i , I I
I
I."QI"'"
tai chfnh (%) 1
J__ .-l- 7.-0-=-
10, Ti I~ cap kii1h ; 14.-1 13.8B 15.26 15.07 1 15.27
phi gi.io dl.lc troll!' I
! I
ngan sach trang c: j I
Dhl tai chlnh (%) i I
'" --:--
Ngu6n gi. tu lieu:
C '

: .. ..
I. SO li"I, .hi thu titi c~fnh. GNP, GDP Ill' ni"tm 1992-ni"tm 1998 trfch til culin
'

"nl<'n
giam rhollg k: 'I ,ling Quoc ,jam 1999 ", nhit xu[i! b'l" thong ke Tntng Qu6c. ni"tm 1999,
2, So :. i, chi thu titi Jhfnh ni"tm 1999 trfch tll hao cao lrang hQi nghi dai bi(:u d ..••
hoi nhan d,-" '
,
"in
'I.
quac. 1
Tile.l• ttlgiao d\lC trung Quac lrang tling gia tri s,in ph,im quac d[m kh6ng chi
th'lp hon',,;;I'I'~ mrac phat !trien, rna con th,ip han nhling nu(yc dang ph'lt tri~n. Ill' d[iu
den cuai \:ill chi chon chanlo muc 2% den 3%. den 3.5'k ciing khong co Stl d~it pha,

Ph,in tfch nguyen nhar cua no Ihi do nhi~u phtl0ng di~n. trong do e6 mQI nguyen
nhflIl ..hinh lit do Irinh dq pMt trien 5'ln xufil eita Trung Qu6c \';'in chua cao. tlnre lue
kinh lc kh6ng !11allh, trang; 16ng gia Ir! 5'ln ph,im quae dfm co the Ifiy dUC1C nhicu tien
(I.~':"n gi,io d\le, n:1lfng Ir~ng m'?t thai gian ngfm lhi kh<ing !:Im duqc ng'ay. han niia
c,ic king !11ue 5\l' nghi~p k~ac cua Trung Quae dell dang phat lrien. dcu dn licn eill!.
Nhit mrac ph,li qicu tiel tii I~ ph,m phai lien eila. Duong' nhien cling kh,'ng tl1~ phti
nl1fm, 16ng 1l!0ng dau iU gi~o d\lc eim Trung Qllue qua it. ehinh phil nen eoi trong \'[in
de nay, dn tftng them 16n~ li,rqng dfill tl1 gi'lo due cle d,H lILmc JTIlIc .Vi ctia de lllllie
dang phat trien, i ! , .
i
3.2. Driu trr giao due billh quail hoc sinh Trullg QJIlj'e l'ti so sallh trill1r do \'oi
tMgi6i
nang 11.43: So ,;anh kinh phi binh qUflll hJ?e sinh lieu hoc, Irung hoc. dai hoc CliO
, "'1g el',a nhiing gube gia phat tricn

kinh phi cho mi)i hoc sinh ti~u hoc 1,\ I)

Nh,ll
(( I
Mj Anh
-
Cqng hoit Ph,ip
--- -'.---
: Lien \l)
_._._-----,
: Trung I
,
I

i
lien hang
Dt'rc
I, ;
I
Cll I, Qu(ic
I
Ti0u hQc I I 1 I I I I
Trung h,?c 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.9 ! .1.~ I.e I
Dai h,?c. cao 5,7 4.6 1.3 ~.~ .jQ , •
"'t.)
I
I •
d~ng , i
\

2(i()
 i
Nguon goc IU li~Ll:Trang 11-+cuon "dQu tl( gido ch.le vel edi each teli VI.I" da
VLfllngThl~n t-.l\lieh~1bien. nha xuat ban hQe vi~n k,inh te, ~uat ban nam 1988.
Bang 11.-1-+:So s~nh kinh phi binh qmin coa bon quo~ gia dl,li bi~u di~n hinh
Chau A I
T rU1H~.Quae
:
Philippin Thai Ian
I'I ~--1!
1 : I
i Ti~u tH'le
:I Trllll~ hue 07( l.1 22!
IT'" ____ 66~ I
••
2.) ! 6.1
l_JEiJ!ll~'. elL> din~
Cluj .i. Coi kinh phi cho me'lihoc sinh tieu hQe la 1.
Ngu6n g6c III li~u: Giong bang 11.-+3. I
g
. Kinh ~hi bi~lh qll[lll ~l(!e.sinh :i0u hQe, tr~ng~Qe, d<.UhF~ ~,:?d~ng !run Qu~e s~
vOl cae nuoc phal men va cae nl!ae dang phat trlen tren ttle glal, deu la trang that rat
khllllg h'lI1hlhullng, S,I khae bi~t gilia kinh phi blnh quan hpe sinh tieu hQe, trung 11QC,
dai hoc cao d:u\g wang d6i lan, ti I~ e\,lthe 111:I: 6 : 66,5, file 111kinh phi eho mal hQe
,inh trung hoc wang duong vai kinh phi eha 6 hQe sinh ti~d hQe, kinh phi eho illQt sinh
\'i~n daih(!t tao dang luang vai kinh phi eha 66,5 hQe sinh ti~u hQe. Cling e6 nghia la
kinh phi chi dung eho illQt hQe sinh d<,lihQe eao dang gap 66,5 chi phi chi dung eha
<1ll:llhoc sinh ti~u h\)e, kinh phi chi dung eho m(lt hQe sinh trung hQC gap 6 Htn chi phi
dtlng clw m()l hQc sinh ti~u hQc. Trong khi d6 cUe quae gia pMt tri~n ha~e cae nuae
dang phl'l lri~n 0 Ch[IU..\ khong c6 sl! eh~nh I~eh nhu v~y rihll'Trung 'Quae.
PhCllltieh nguy~n nh:1I1eua n6 ehu yeu 0 nhling diem sau:
_ M'.;{ hi, Trung Quoe lrong m(lt thai gian dlli dii bi'>:quen 51!dilu w doi vai giao
dlte liJu hoc, trang mot thai gian dai ton t,!i e\,le di~n "j/1/! ", "nh6" khong the giai
quy0t. llrc 1,1ti Ie d:iu tu eho gi:ia d\,le d\li hQe, eaa dang "Itfl ", Ii I~ dilu tU'eho gi:ia d\,lc
ti~u hlle "11/11; ". Ti 10 d:iu w cho gi,io due truc liep anh hU;ang uen kinh phi blnh quan
hoc sinh. vi v:'y <lu@g nhicn sc XUilthi~n kinh phi blnh quan hQe sinh ti~u hQe thilp
hon rSt nhi~lI so voi kinh phi binh qu,in sinh vien d<,lihQe, caa di\.ng. :
_ /lui I,i, co cau llicii t{,e dim so Trung Quae, lhuQe 16<,1i
ea eau,tre, Ii I~ dan so 11
elo tucli gillO due btll bUQc vi, giao d\,le sa dang danh enq nhling nguai truong thanh
tlOng tcing so d:m qua lan, so luang dan so phil e~p giao due sa drmg, nhi!!u, trong tbng
llllfCdClUtLrgi,io due e6 h<,ln,trlnh dQ Irung blnh duang nhi~n se thap.
i
_ 13" hi. lh~ ehe <liluw giao dl)e Trung Quae v1l,nchua e6 nhi'lng Ihay dbi 6\n blm,
Ilc1Cbiel lit l"ln <10toiln bo dilu tll' cha glaD d\,ledl,li hQe, can dang d!!u do Nhll nll'aC chill
tr,ich nhi0111\"tr1 ehlla gi,ii quyet can b'ln.
_ /!(li, hi. dl!I!l1gnhicn con chi" ,inh huong ella yeu to ~~t gia len eao ...

2lil
 'i .
3.3. Call thanh II' Ie da'u tit gino due ba cap Trung Quoe I'a so snnh 1'6i tn'nh d(i
the'gi6i

Bang 11.45: Co cau chi kinh phi giao d\lc trong ngfmSllch Nh:i ,nuac nam 1997
eua Trung Quae
Ii Ie
Gp bae ,
j .

Giao due co sa , (c; )

Giao due dai hoc do d~ng pM hong .33.:)2
Giao due dav ngM I 22.89
Khae (baa gam ea giao due m~in non) ~ 1.64
Giao due danh eh~~~~uai IT'.fCrrJg lhanh
, , I
,
I ~ _
1.~;
0.:18
Ngu6n g6~ tu Ii~U: <1uon "phdt triell gi(jo <It/cIrullg QII(j(' .. gi,io due nu<re e(>ng
hoa nhan dan Tn'lllg Hoa, riM xuat ban dai hoe su pham RlcKinh. n,im 1998. '
Bang 11.46: So kanh ti I~ lhan ph~i t~i I~c ba cap giaoduc

Quae gia
. r
qu6c gra (nam 1990)
Tru1 khi di h'!C va ti~u
Trung Quoe v6'i mot so

Trul1g h'!C Dai hoc

Ivfi
I , hoc ,
•
, 3804
Braxin , 37.2
J 48.8 2~.3
Nh:il I 6.9
,I 29.3 2.:\.6
Han QUOc 32.2
4404 • 22.5
Malaisia , 3~.J I
Thai Ian
I
37.9 ' 37.7 I, -2:1..
i 56.2 I~.4
Anh I
21.6 I
I 29.1 IH
Trung Quae
I ~~..:\I 19.4
. 34.0'
36.1* r ].to*
Nguon goetu Ii~u: ~rang /5/-154 trong' "!Hio coo girio <lIIC IM'girfi lI(im 1993"
cua 16 chuc van h6a
' khoa hbc
r -.giao duc Lien hap
, quac.
Tlr bang 1L45, 11.46 ~6 the nh~n lh[iy, Ii Ie dal! IUcho gi,io d\lc dai hQc. cao d~ng
cua Trung Quac van Juan dily IfI & muc 20% Ira len, khong chi cao han nhicu so voi
nhfrng nuoc dang philt Iri~n' n6i chung rna ccm cao han m91 so nuocph,it Irien. hun nfra
Ii Ie dau tu cho giao duc sa 4ang va giao d\IClrung erp cua Trung Quoc bin IlIfJlla .'4%
va 36,2%. Tinh tOng c9ng J~ 70.2%, so s1lnh voi h[iu hct C1lcnut1c.pii liel Ke lrong biing
1'6 rang Ia lUang dai khong 4u. Theo lieu chuan thong thlrahg cua 'quoc IC. qUDCgiac6
GNP binh quan d1lu nguai tli600dCn 2000 do la My thi ung voi Ii Ie Kinh phf giilo duc
ba cap.la: 40,5 : 29 : 17,9. pay tuy kh6ng ph1li Ii! mOl Ii Ie tu)'cr doi. nhung I'<'riTrun g
a
Quac, dang vao giai do?n! phal tri€n GNP binn qu[m c![iungui1i illfOng I,ji lit I (lOCi el"
la My Ihi co cau Ii I~ phan Rhai kinh phf giao duc ba erp nilY nen Ii! phuO'ng.hu,jng p1)'lt
tri€n cua Trung. Quac. j
i.

262
 CHUONG XII: GIA THANH G~Ao Dl)C

(J"i Ih:inh gi,lO d~e la mot bo phan clia dau III giao d\le. N6 lh~ hien van de d,ill tll
i •
' ,j m(H gee de) khJ.c.
glj(l till •..

Bil.i 1: Gia thanh giao due va eae iO:li ella no

L Kh,ii nicm gia thiInh gi,\o due

"(ii,l {h,inli "- IV!'?ttlr c6 nguon goe til khai ni~m kinh t6 hge, ia su tOng e(~mg lvim
h0 e'ie ti,i nguyen IhlIe e6 dii lieu hao lrong vi~e lheo duoi mql ke ho~eh d,iu llf. D,r6i
d,c,lI kicn s,m xurit kinh Ie himg hoa, gia lhanh la mql phan Fila gia lri hang hoa, lit lao
dong "at hoa va laod9ng song d1i lieu hao eua san phill'l.ITheo st! lhay dOi eua moi
nglfiJi "c, quan niem glao d~e, lrang khi nghien eUu hi~u qtia dau lU eho giao due, bat
Lbu e'"i lhic,p de'n gia lhanh eua giao dl,le, the la gia thanh lrang llnh VlIe kinh Ie hge dii
,hcde ,Un nh;,p vao l[nh vlIe giao due, bil dau sit dl,lng khai ni~m "gia lhilll/z giaD dl,lC ".
(;i,i th:,"h gi,io due vi, kinh phi giao dl,le khOng hoan loan iuong dong, Kinh phi giao
dlle n')1 ehung Ii, chi kinh phi himh ehinh slI nghi~p va dAu tu xAy dlIng co ban do quoe
gla. Chinh phu hoae xii hoi ehi tHi. Day la bq phan ellu thanh quan tr9Pg cua gia thanh
giao due. nhung kh6ng phui Ii, toim b9 nqi dung cllu thanh gia thanh giao dl,lC, Gia
lhilllh g"io due 1:,chi loim b6 chi phi phai chi Ira M dao l\t0 mqt h9c sirih, tuc la tOng so
lao ,klllg song vi, lao dong V;ll gia true tiep va gian tiep diii lieu hao lrong h9C ky cila
h~)~'".'h el,a de eap d~ 10:i hinh lruong h.9~' Bi~u th: bii~glc6n.g lh~eil~~ '
Gla lhanh glao duc = g,a thanh tnrc tH'p glao.dl,lc + gta thanlj glan tlep glao dl,lc,;
Tic eiJllg Illlk lren e6 th" Ih;IY r'lIlg gia thanh giao d~c d6 hai yeu to c1lu thanh:

_ :11(;[ I<i. gia lhimtl eua h()e sinh, ('(ii khdc Icl gia thanh den tll ph&ong di~n kh6ng
phc'ti let hl)e siuh. Co hoe sinh phuong Hy eho r~ng, gia thanh biao etr~cdo hai loai 16n
I"" Ihilllh l:t gi,i lhimh d!eh \'\' gi,io due vir gia thanh co hqi giao dl,lc.

II. i\ghicl1 elru y nghl<l gi:i thanh gi,lo due

, ,
Cole CI1 'luau h"u ngilllil giao due uhin Ilr lOng Ih~ dii n6i riing, IUy giao duc 1" [[nh
'If" <tU \u'll Iluh lh,iu, llillfllg eu Ih" muou 'lilY lui,l va nguyen tflc hach lo,m gia thituh

s:tn \u,it ,11.1 hi) mon san xual vat ehilt cung d~ng nhu v~y: V~n d,!ng cae if !u'iIl girl
Ihilllh gi"o due eli lac dung va ~' ngh[a 'luan lr,!ng doi v6i vie~ khao sal hi~ll L]u,i kinh Le
d~tutLf cll~) gl~'LUJl.Il:.
_ !~l(.i( hi. gL;,l th~lnh gi~l.o UL.1C El thuO"c do mLee clQ lieu hao c<:1.e10<1\ <..;L'tc lao c1(Hl~~V;1
llh~Ul t~li \..'hU\'l:l1 m(m tron~ d~lO lao !.!i~io due. No hi chi lieu s61u'OI't~ Ltu dong s6n~
• ••••••••• • ~ • '- <-
V~l

lao UI:)Ug"'I he)" dn thie'l kili hach to,iu dew lao nhan tai a de dip, cete loai hinh gi,io
dt;lc. Cl) ~' nghla r~it Qllan trQl1g. Do llH,lC Lieu lHlO t~lO gi<.lodue Cl.Ithe ella cae cflp cae
lm.li hillh gi~llJ dt.le kh6ng gi6ng nh~ll.l. lrlnh de) giao vi0n kllC'ji'lg gJ6np. nhau, di~u kie.n
263
 xay dung twang khong gi6.1g nhau nen lili ngliycn gi,io due eHnicu hao kh(lng g ng
i6
nhau. Nhu vay, lam the nilO M xae dinh va tinh loan tieu ehuiin tieu haD kh(lllg g ng
i6
nhau eila chung? Chi co d~a vao h\leh lo,)n gi,i thanh gi,io due mai e6 the hoim tbimh. C

I
- Hai !c), gia thanh giao dlle la dieu ki~n tien quyct de' tinh to,in hi('u qu,! kinh Ie
d'lu.tu eho giao dlle. Rat nhieu hoc gi,i phlrang Tal' deu dlra ra phlrang ph,ip linh to,in
giao due la "gia l/ziin/z-/zifu qUel". v~m dung phuang ph,ip nilY M nghien euu phim Ifeh
hi?u qua kinh te xii hi?i da:u til eho giao due. VI ph,ii philn Iieh de loai hicu qu;i.kinh l<Y
xa hoi ella giao;dlle va lier hiJnh Xli 11' hr9'ng ho,i. nen cliiu tien ph,ii kh,io "iI gl<i thilnh
gi,\o due, khong e6 gia th~nh giao due rifl kh6 n6i ra hicu qu,i kinh te" lIllIe Slr 0'1;\ diil!
III cho giao due, chi khi co hieu qu,] Ian han gi,\ thimh mGi e6 the tfnh ra cllroe hicu qUa
!.:inh te gi60 duc, mai c6 ihe the hien cllrac nhung c6ng hic'n ella gi,\o due cl6i v<ii nen
kinh te quae dan.

- Ba la, gj,i Ihanh giao duc lit c'ln clr quan trong clc linh '\"1 eltr elo;in IlfO"ng eho
nhu'ng ngu'C1i lao dong lr~ng luung lai. Nh£lll 16 ,]nh 11lIt1ng Mn IIWng clla nguiri lao
dong rat nhieu. lrong d6 c6 vai Iro quan trang la chift luqng vii 16 ehift eila nglriri lao
dong, tue la gia tri kinh te t6 ehift lao el(lIlg. nhung e,ii d6 the hi~n ehll yeu e1trlnh do
thanh thue, trlnh di? phue' t'!P eila nguai lao di?ng. ma I'lt e,i nhting dieu ni,y eIC-ue,i
n
giao due dao tao va luy~n Itij,p.can ph,ii chi li6n giao cluc. lien, clilO 1',10. ti6n hoc li,p. Cin
elr vao chi phi giao dlle ~a nglrai lao dong tmae
" . do da chi phi khii nhi6u. lirc iii gia
thanh giao due,! sau d6 n~n dua ta nguyen !iie tinh luang lao <1(1I1gtuemg cl6i eao ,11
dung gia thanh giao d\le d6 the tinh cltr9'e luang mil slre lao dong luang lai "il nhi\l1 taj
ehuyen man nen e6. Tr(m~ c1i6u kien n6n kinh le'lhi twang. giii th'lnh gi,io due la e,in
eu do luang gia c.] sue Ido de)ng khi stre lao c!c)ng tlrang lai "a nh,in lili ehu\:('n ,. "n
tham gia vao thi twang la6 di?ng.

- B6/1 liT, gia lhanh giao due eung la co scJ dC tiC"nhanh di6u ehinh ki('m S(l'11 1'1 c"'"
mo tlre la quy hoaeh, qua~ Jy gi,im s,it. cl6c thue va dua ra "ieh ltr9'e. Tie'n himh elieu
ehinh kie"m soat vi ma giao d\le, lam eho quy hoaeh gi,io clue co tinh kh,i ihi. quiin Ii'
giao due dan dan dU9'e khoa h(j)e ho;l. tinh hi~u qu,i trang gi,im sat. c16e Ihue gi,io elue.
qu,]n Iy giao due deu khang Ih6 xa rai nh,in I\re, vilt lue, titi nguycn tili lue. eIC-unhifl
thiet ph:]i de eij,p clCn vi?e;su dllng. phim pheii. qu,in I~' de ngu6n tili nguyen gi;io duc
nay. vllhe' ciin phai lien hanh h~eh to,in de loai gi,i thilnh giao due. meti e6 the qu;in Iv
mot deh khoa hge, co hi~j.I qua.

,- N,im !I), nghien etIu gia thanh gi,io due con e6 r'I'1nhieu ~' nghl" hicn Ihlre. vi du
nhu thong qua nghien euu'gia thimh giao due. e6 101eho "iee gi,im s,it d6ethllc !.:Inh Ie'
clla de ban nganh giao dlle, nhrlm nfmg eao hieu qu,i kinh Ie"stfdung c1iiu Ilf gi,io c1uc,
e6 19'i eha vi?e xu ly ehinh Xae de tr<ich nhiem kh<ic nhau eita Cjuoe gia. l,i[1 Ihe \'il e,i
nhiln doi vai giao due, x:ic lap mot deh khoa hoc vi~e ehia sc \r,\ch /lhic'm 11O"pJ~'gi,i
thi\nh giao c1uc, e6 J9'i eho viee hge sinh xtr I~' m6i quan he gifr" d nhilll \'I',j lui feh
quae gia, 19'i ieh twae mat vii 19'i feh !fIu dili "il Ihay d6i quan niemsai I';m Cl;a de han
nganh
'- g"io due'
••... ., e viec
. tieu,. hao. b6 s6t haeh
. to,in '-gi,i thimh.

III. Cae loai gia thanlJ giao d~e

Can eu vaomue c!feh chi tieu ella n6 kh0ng gi6ng nhau. ehl; thc' ChI phi !.:h('ng
gi6ng nhau, linh chat chi, phi kh6n~ g;C:Ilg nh:lU vi, c!tm vi tinh chi phi kht"ng git'ing
264
nhau. gia lhilllh giao due ehia thanh m9t 56 10\li sau. LO\li chinh c6 gia thanh tn!c tiep
gi,io due vii gia thimh gian tiep giao d\Jc, gia thanh xii h(li giao d\Jc va gia thanh ca
nh:m giao due. gia lhanh val ehal giao d\Jc va gia thanh nh1\n vien giao d\Jc, tong gia
lhanh giao due va gia lhimh lling hang m\Jc giao d\lc. C6hqc gia phuang Tay gqi Iii gia
thil1lh xii heli giaD due va gia [himh ILInhan giaD d\lC, gia thanh tu ban giao duc va gia
lhilllh thLIimg xuyen giaD d\Je. gia thanh tien t~ giao d\lc va gia thanh phi tien te giao
due. gi,i lhilnh tinh than giao due va gia thiinh phi einh than giao duc ..

J. Chi thanh xa hoi giao duc va gia thanh Cll.nhall gilio duc
1.1. Gia l!u;llhxa hiJi giao duc

Gi" lhimh xii hoi giao d\Je c6 hai eaeh giai thieh theo nghia r(lng va nghia hep.
Gi<i lhimh xii hl)i giaD due theo nghia r(lng la ehi sl! tong t(lng gia thanh giao d,le ea
nhiu] vii gi:, lhimh eong c9ng xii h(li giao due. Gia thanh ~iao duc ca nhan baD gam
llUng gi,i thilllh xii h9i giaD due, gia thanh xii h(li giao d\lq 1611 han gia lhimh cd nhi,n
g"'o due. Gla lhanh giao d\lc theo nghia ht;p kh6ng bao gam gia thill1h cd nhim gijo
dUL, Lhi Ii, gia thanh c6ng e9ng giao d\lc do Nha nUDc ho*c!xii
, , h(>i chi trfL Chung t6i sir '

dung II (by la nghiah<;p eua gia thanh xii h(li giao d\lc la toan b(l kinh phi giao d\le trll
gia thimh gi,lO ~\le ca nhan. N6 bao gam nhG'ng nlli dung: 1'oal1 b(l chi phi giao duc do
quae gia hO:le Chinh phu ehi tra, kinh phi giao d\lc do doan tll~ xii'h(li, dan V! hanh
chinh dmnh nghi~p va huy d9ng, quyen g6p tien cua quan chung ca nhan, thue rna hqc
sinh 11tnrimg khong di hoe nhung khi lam viec c6 th~ duqb nh~n, nhG'ng chuang tflnh
kien lrue va cae lhie'! bi khac giao duc sir d\Jng vao in~c dich khac th\phai HlYtien thue
19i<i th,mh w h9i): dien tich dolt rna giao d\lc dii 'Slr d\lng khi dung VaG mue dieh khilc,
ph:,i liiy lien thu~ (gia thanh w h<ji); eong tr\nh kien truc, lien lhue Mt dai va eae thiet
hi kh,ic mi, gi,i" due dii sli dung eo the xoa ho hO(lCthu thue, tI1Cla hai mue tr~n co the
lhu lhu~'lhu 11h,\p.

/.2. (;hi tJuinh ca nhrin gicio dllc

(ii,i thitnh e<i nhitn giao due eon gqi I:l gia thanh giao d\lc ca nMn, gia thiinh giao
due 1lf nhim, No ehi lOan bo chi phi ma gia dinh h9C sinh va ca nhan nguai dLIac nhan
su giiio due phai ehi lnt va vi di hge ma mat di CC1 h(li c6 vi~c lam nen can b(l ph~n "{!tll
,,!t',il'
''If{ /)(;". N6 bao gam nhung n9i dung sau: Kinh, phi do gia d\nh h9C sinh chi tnt,
gia ditlh hoe sinh hO:IC ban than h9c sinh wi. lien s,:ichva. dung C\l hqc tap va e,ic khoan
it'2n nh'l lnrimg thu them; gia dinh hoe sinh hoae ca nhan h9C sinh lra dc lien ky tue a
"~i.phi giao lhong vi, de chi phi bflt cflp trang eu(lc s6ng,~ hqc sinh tuy dii dii d(l tuoi
I ,

lao dc)ng nhung do di hoe ma mal di mot b(l ph(tn thu nh~p. :

2. (;i<i thill1h true tiep gi:io duc va gia thanh gian tiep giao duc

2./. Gid tlu;llh IrlfC tiep gido dllC

Cia thimh lnrc ti~p gi,io due Iii lbng cang chi phi ITa xii h(>i va C"
nhan phai true
til;l) chi lra Lhu gi,lO Llt.le. No pl1:-l!1 th:1I1h gi(l th~\nh trvc t'iep xa hQi gi:1.o dl.lC V~l gia
thill1h tnfl ti0'p C,t nh('\11 xa hc)l. \ll"){ ~6 hqc gl~i phtro'ng Tal' gqi gij. ll::\l111 in:l" [1(":]1 \.~l
hQi gl(lU dl.ll lit gd th~lnh chi Ira lll'[] ll~ho~c gl.Ji E1 cL; jihl eLi tra Lru:l~' ,~;.:,_':'i,.dl~ ,I~:l.:
dlr [oj" g"io due. Gi,i lhanh lme ti~'p xii hoi gid'-' duc '" .,hi 'hi phi gi"IO due do quac
gl<\. Chfllh pllli true ((.:'p chllr~'l \'~l killh phI do huy d<)ll~~.i.ju:,,-'. ~~\')P
[iell Llla xa hc)i, gia

265
 thanh tnre tiep ea nhan giao due ehu yeu Iii chi chi phi giao due d8 gia ellnh hoc sinh va
ea nhan hge sinh tnfe tiep ~hi tni nhu hoc phi. tap phi va lien s;ieh \'l1 dung eu hoc lap.
ky tue xa, phi giao thong v~ cae chi phi h'll cap trong euoe s6ng... .
2.2. Gia thimh gian 1ep giao d!le .
Gia thanh gian tiep glao dl!e la chi phi gi;io due rna xii hoi va d nh,m ph;ti chi Ir,i
gian tiep. eho giao dl!e, e~ ~h~ eO,n g9i .I~ "g~:i[h~ill/' eft ~,(j; ". "g,." [h.(ill/~ choll ~/1(i[~': N~
do hal b9 phiin I~O nen la gla thanh glan tlep xa hOI glao due \'a gla thanh glan tlep ea
nh,m giao due. Gia thanh gian tiepxa h9i giao dl!e bao glinT: D,it dai .. e(1I1g trinh kiC:;n
true va cae thiet bi khac ... !nha tnrang elii sir dl!ng. nc'u khong dung \'ilO gi,io due rna e6
th~ e6 duoe thu nhiip (tien leho thue hoae Wi): cac thiC't hi v,it eh,ii mil nhil tnrimg dii sir
dl!ng do dung vao giao d\ie mil mi~n thue. hQe sinh dii elil tu6i 1:10 dti~lg nhl[ng d. ';
hge ma Imlt di co h9i e6 vl~e lam, xii h9i e6 th6 thu dtr<;1ethuc'. Gi;i thimh gi,in lieI' l,j
nhan giao' d~e la chi gia t~anh eua hge sinh dii Mn tu0i lao d(mg nl1lfng do di hoc rna
b6 di mot khoan thu nhiip d6 vi~e lam.
!
.,. Gi,l f 1'~1\",-<it chit gi;io due va gin thanh nhan vien gi;lO due
3.1. Giri It;., i/I I'ol
.
(iuil (lido due
c' .

Gia thanh vill Chllt .~.:.10 ,'\Ie h ".j ph:ln li~'n ella \"l!: hall dlmg Vila gi;io due

trang mot thai gian nhat dinh. ehil )'C\1 baa gam cae tili Siin co dinh nhl[ d,iu ttr \'1)'
d\rng co b,\n gl"o d\le. ,1.; .. 'Lr rliit dai. tien ella eho cae eong trtnh kic'n true vii c;le thie',
bi e0 16n, cae thiet bi day 11Oc. thi nghicm. s,kh V(1 tranh ;inh ... \'il cae tili licu g6c ella
nha truang. cae tai san de lieu hao e6 gia tr) th;lp ... Nhiing b(1 ph,m nilv tllllimg goi Iii •
bi6u hi en tien t~ ella tai san e6 dinh giao dl!e. dung tai san do dinh gi<lo due clc' linh
toan khau hao tai san, tu s;Ia baa dU0ng tai san:
,
3.2. Gia thimh nhdn ,I'iell gido d!IC

Gia thiinh nhlin vien giao due Iii chi ho ph,m ticu hao tharn gia \'ao hc)at (10ng gi,io
dl!e lrong mol thai gian nhiit dinh. ehu yC'u bao gom: Chi tr,i IUOil'£!eila nh'ln vi0n gi,\o
due, Iuo'ng hei tra, thuang,1 phi phue loi. tien tra giup hge t,ipe hoc b6ng \,' kinh phi
nhan vien kh,le. I
,
i
4. Cae lo~i khae cua 'gi:i thanh giao d\lc
,4.1. TI)lIg gia thanh .;t1 h6i giao due

T6ng gia thiinh xii h9\ giao due la chi t<ing so tien mil qulie 1'la. Chinh phi •. doitn
Ih~ xa h9i, ea nhan quan e~ung dau tll vao de 10'.li hlnh de e,ip gi,io due. Chil ye'u hao
gam gia thanh trlfe tiep xa h9i, gia thanh gian tiep xii h(>i. gi;i thimh tnre ti0'p C<i nh'ln va
gia thanh gi;ln tiep ca nhani
4.2. Gid thallh IIgi/llll gido due

Gi;i thlmh nganh giaq due iiI chi gi;l thimh gilio due ella m('t khu vue. m(,l ngilnh
va mot dO'n vi giao dl!e Cli t'h~ naa d6.

266
 .,
-1.3. Gici thanh ti(Jig hang 1Tl!/Cgicio d!/c
(ii,; th:lI1h tung h,.mg m~c giao d~c la chi gia thanh don vi h9C sinh va cac 10\1igia
lh:,nh ph,,,, theo h,.mg m~c cua cac cap cae 10\1i hlnh trum\g h9C, vi d~ nhu gia thanh
don "i huc sinh bao g6ri1 gia thanh dan vi h9C sinh cua cac ca:p, cac 10':li, cac ngunh
• •
ngh2 ye, g"iu duc eho nguiJi truang thanh; gia thanh philo h':lng m~c trui:rng h9c bao
g6m gi.; lh:,nh rnoi nhan. yie.n tung h9c sinh, gia thanh dllu tu xAy dl!ng ca ban tUng h9C
.. sinh. gi,i lh:,nh thi.:! bi d~ng cu giao duc tung h9C sinh, gi~ thanh nghi~p v~ giao d~c
llrng h,)c ,inh. gia Ihanh tulieu tranh anh s,ich'v(nurig h9C $inh.... .

-1.-1. Giti thanh tillh thfill gicio duc r'

I

.(;,,; th:lI1h tinh Ih:i.n giao due th~9C ve ph am vi gi.a th~nh,.gi~n tiep h?c s.inh, ~i ~~
nhu ap I,rc l,n1l than ma h9C sinh phal chtu dVng do dl h9c va Hen trq clip kmh te cua
Nh:, iW«(C ,." Chinh phu ",'0 moi ky nghi he cua hQc sinh.:. .

5. Phuang phap phan lo~i gia thilllh giao d~c

L'.111Ihc.n:,o d~ phan 1~':Ii~ho t~t gia thanh gia? d~c rll.n lu6n !a ~9t v~n d~ kh~
chua g"" quyet duqc, d(ic blet la muon khoa h9c hoa, quy ph':lm hoa cac khat m~m va
loai hinh gi,i thanh giao duc thl can phai tiep t~c nghien CIIu. Phuong phap phan loai
hicn nay thong nh:it co miiy loai duoi d:,y:
5.l. PIll((mg pluip pluin /olli d!({/ min I'i~cddm Ilhcilligia thanh giao d!/c
PhlCl1ng phap n,'yduqe giao su Tang Ivliin Sicu d6 ra :vuo nam 1988, 6ng sfip xep
gil' th:lnh mang t[nh thong thuang cua giao d~c theo h').ng m'olc va chuc nang gia thanh,
tao Ih'lI1h lh.: trim hlnh cher nh:H gia thunh giao d~c nhu hlnh 12.1
~.2.Phuong pilap phcin /ol}i d!(lI l'ao clui till ddm nhi?-Il gia thanil giao duc
I'hlCl1ng phap n:1Y lhrgc hai hqe gia lu Hun Tong U ~a Cao Ki~n Dan de ra V:IO
n'lI11 1<)<)U.phuong phat> ph:ll1 Im.,i ni,y so voi phuong phap phan 10':li ilva tren vi~c d~,m
nhi~l11.gi,i th'lllh gi.io duc kh6ng co sV khac bi~t qua Ion, cac 6ng chi de ra phfll1 10':li
gii th"nh gillo d~c eua hQe sinh ti~u hqc, Slr d~ng tuong d6i phil hqpvoi tieu hqc, nhu
hinh 12.2. .
5.3. l'huang pluip pluin /o~i dUll lren chi ph[ tJWe te'gia thanh giao dlfc

I'lnrllng phip nuy dugc giao su Vuong Ng9c C6n d(ra vao nam 1991. Ong coi
gi,; th"nh gi.io d~c co the: chi phi thuc t{lam tieu chi de
tien hanh phfll1 loai gia tbanh
nbu hinh 12.~. '

267
 cong C~Hlg, [V nhan (fro giup mrac ng0~i)

Gia fhanh fn!c tiep ,

I
I
Gia thanh gian tic'p
Gi,i thanh !nang Dtiu lLr llr h,111
Hoc phi [inh fhucrng
Cic phi kh,:ic nh.'l
dia thanh cahoi
(tllt?C song nong Plll)J)f' \'~ [10 I?j,j
(rvang tim
nghiep. Ihu nhap clun~
Phi gi~o thong \'lit bi» ele 111i0'f hi lbi
Seich \'a Ihu \'iell
n~hjcm
Chi phi khac cJJt (lin
de <16kl1;ic

cae yc'u t6 t<,lo thanh

r OllIe nang: D~)'hoc. qu:in"IL :1I1. 6. "
Nhan \'ien: Giao vi en fe', bao \'~ stIe khoe bao Iri
Nhan \'jen hanh eHinh
Ok nMn vien khac
Kh6ng ph.H nhan vien
5ach\'0' Ihl! vi~n
Ck dyng ey h9c khac
Chi phi van phOng
Chi phi hanh chfnh sl! nghi~p cong c~ng
Hoc b6ng. Trg gillp hoc I
Chi phi bao Iri I

Kinh ph., h~nh chinh su ngl1ler ~i,jo cluc do Nhii 1l11(1C C;'l"r rb:!o
gOm kinh phi nhan \'icn.,kinh phI ,Ii dung chull!;'

Gia
Kinh jihi x,ly dtrng co b;in,£i,jodl;lc do Nil;l nU0C Cii'p (bao gam
Ihanh [icn khilu hao I;li s;in e6 dinh,l
lruc
,I',
ll~p

Gia
thanh'
xa h9i

Giei llHl Ilh:IP::u [he co cItro<: (julien ltru !hl'!1g lrcmg fJ3 lh;'lllt1 !nrc 11(;p
1 h'~.nh kh6ng dlln~ ";10 gi<io flue fJAy rli "Uill n~an h;lllf' 1~:llli('u churinl
Gia gian
Thanh !: :p l1lU nh:lp co fhe co d110: i;J c\c rung !r'!nh ki(:n Ink hO;lc d;~1ILll ella
~1;IO
ng-~bh;'L'l.f= c,"'llh~ (,r' IV 11C;r,!h!)c hr':K d/q l)~nJ
nh:'llnrC:rllf! ();"il ,<;U;"\'1
duc h9c
sinh
litu hge GiA
rhanh Chi phi nhil trHong ,IHI lhem. chi rhi ~~ch \'0 citing ell hr'c f;'jp, chI phi ",:i.~
gia sikh Iham kh;io ocn ng0.1i. chi pJ11d'Jn~ ell \1Jj rhoi, chi rhi ]-IXI e:lp lrnll,L:
dlnh cu6c s6ng

ffinh 12.2: Sa do pMn loai dam nhiem gin thilnh gi,io due
\

268
 5.-1. Phuollg phap piuill loa; duo min ban chat, clfu thdnh va ChllC nang cIla
g;<i Ihallh g;do duc . I

Phuong phip 1ntiydo dong ehi Vien Lien Sinh d6 ra ql!a tren eo so t6ng hop cae
phuong ph,ip da n(,u 0 [reno Phuong phip philn lo,!-ikieu na~ eo lqi cho quan 19 vti phfm
lfeh gi:, thimh giio due nhu hlnh 12.-1. '
Chi phi hlmh c~inh sl! nghiep gi,io due [rang
I Gia chi phi ngan saeh quac Jia Vachi phi lIuang
thanh ~ !rung hQcehuyen nghi~p, truang klthu~t
~ tn.;fc
f---
trong chi phi hanh c~inh sl! nghieP giao due
tiep xa
,

eua cac nganh :

hoi
Gia
thanh ,
'-.'- Kinh phi ngoa giao ducnhu kinh phi do
~ (fl!C
hQcsinh lam r dung vao m9t b9 ph~n giao
tiep Gia '--
duc nhiltruanl
thanh
(j i J. tr\lc
lilanh tiep ca Kinh phi nha truang thu them, chi phi do dung
f- '-- nhan f--- hQct~p, chi phi giap thong, chi phi an, a, m~c,
glJO
dl;lL" chi phi ho~t dQngv~n hoa, the,due
Gia . . i
lhanh
L-
gian Tien thue va chie~kha:Utiem tang thu nh~p hoc
tiep sinh b6 di, gia thfh mien thue .

..
Hmh 12.3: Sa do phan 10~1chI ph1thl!c te" glr .thanh glao d,!c
,
.,
J , "

Bon phuong phap phfln loai tren, d6u co uu diem valnhuqc di~m rieng cua minh,
nen b6 sung. eh~ nh~~. khi(,'n eho n,o,dan_dan d~qc hOan\ithi~n, VI v~y, khi tien hanh
phan IO'li gla thanh glao due nen ehu y nhung dlt~m sau: i
_ !I-/,;{ hi, nen phfln bi.;t eie can duong nguon gee k1nh phi giao duc va cae h,mg
!TIue gi,i lhimh giao due, cae eon duong nguon gee kinh phi giao duc kh()ng tuong
dlf(1tlg voi hang ll1,!e gia thanh giao due, khong the hoan toan dua vao ngu6n goe kinh
phi gi,io due de phfllllo<!i.
_II,,; Iti, noi dung baa g6m cLlagifl thanh tnrc \iep va gia thanh gian tiep trong gia
th:lllh giao due phi'ti duqe phfll1biel mot each nghic!TI ngClt,dilc biet la khong the: coi
ll:!U lli tLrbeln hoim toim El gla [h:,nil eo hoi, \lie la gia lhilllh gian tiep phili sLrdl,mg mi)t
Gieh chinh xie kh,ii niem gia thanh true tiep va gia th1mh gian tiep.
I

_ /3" Iti. lien hoc being, tien trq giup hQe hanh rna h'Qcsinh nh~n duoe khong the
eoi lit gi:, thimh. co hi)i giao dy~. n:a nen, coi lit s~ chu~fn ?o~ t~.u nh~p. lai.• kh,i
"'11' dung h~ thong phan 10~1gla thanh glao dyc, can pha\ xu Iy tot quan he Ie thuQe va
:6~n
quail h0 sO luang eLlaCiie hang ll1ue gia thanh. I

269
 Gi<i
Ihanh
lruimg LUOTlg
Gi<i - hoc Chi phI sir
thanh, I dyng chung
lai i Chi phi nghi~p \"~
"1.;1
Chi phi bao trl
Gi<i Phi kh,iu hao
- Ih,anh
c<i
Gi<i nhan
Ihanh - Kinh phI nha tnrimg Ihu Ihell]. chi phi ,.kh ",i,
giao a
chi phi an uang nha ngo"i dinh muc. chi phi
d~c , do dungh9c t~p \"a chi' phido kh,k
Gi<i
thanh
cd -
1]Ju n~~p Iicn co~g. cQ~g dun¥ \""0 gi;i~ due m" I
Gi<i Ion thaI: lIen Ihue la, san tu ban nhu phong.
hdi
thanh cong cong Irlnh ben Ink. dal dai. Ihu nh~p dfiu IU
CC1 hoi phi IU b,in (lai suat. thu nhf,p dau IU... )
cQng

Gi<i
thanh
eo;
L-
hQi - Thll nhap bo di do di h9C. thu nhap d,i t(;n Ih,it.
ca: ticn clla c1,iullr ca nhflll (liii sufit, thu nh,:,p d,iu
Ill. .. )
I nhan

Hlnh 12.4: So do' phiin lol),! ban ehll!, co cau va ehue nang cua gi:i lhanh gi,io due

270
 I
I
Bai 2: Tinh to~n gia thanh giao
i
duti-
.

Nhu c1 tri:n dii n6i. IU9ng hmi gia thanh giao dl,lC la ~i6u ki~n ti6n M de khao sat
• hi0u Ljua kinh l~ giao dllc, VI '(lY, tiep tl,lc nghien CUll thao lu~n gia thanh giao dllc dJ
\ .. tinh [o,in nhu the nilo va phuong phap tinh toan Cl,lthe~ua 'no: la, vo 'clIng Ctln thie!.
.. Nhl1ng hi~n nay (1 phuong di~n nilY ding g~p m9t s6 kho khan, i'1 day xin gi6i thieu dan
gii.i.nm()t s6 nr li~u 'mil cluing toi nfrm vung.
i
I. Phtwng phap tlnh loan gia lhanh xii h(li giao rl;lC .

e;i,i thimh xa h~)i gi,iu dllc bao gam gia thanh tfl!c tiep xa hQi va gia thanh gian
li0p .xa h,)i. chung I,m Ium co phuong phap tinh toan khac nhau.
I
, i
I. I'hu(Jng phap tinh toan gia thanh tr.,c tiep xli h:9i giao dl,lc

1.1. P}zf((mg phap tl"h toan do cac hIJc gia trong nkucthiet ke
'phuong phap linh toan gia thanh tfl!'C tiep xa hQi cu1r mOi h9C: sinh ho~c cua h9c
,inh dii t<it nghi~p Iii: I
T(ce Iii:
1=1
L . Fi=1
111 = x 'T
L .X
1=1

i '

Tong so cac h,!-~g ml,lc ch, phi cac

nam cac h9c ky ~ :
(;i,i thimh true li0'p xa h(>i eua
= i x So h9c ky
Im',i lwe ,inh tot nghi0p T{)ng so h9C sinh t,!-i tr!fang blnh
q'uan cae nam mOi h9c ky

Trong e6ng Ihuc F bao gam cae hang muc chi phi d&6i day:
"l'i0n kh,iu hao (A), baa gOI11li.~l1kh,iu hao cae lo\\i Ihiet bi xuy dVng (A,), lien
khSu han de loai lili "in co d\nh lA,), tifn M d::ti tu sua ~hl(a (A,), Trang ell) lien kh,>;,
hall lili "in e6 dinh ban gOI11 lien khau hao thiet bi d~y h9c, tifn khau hao thiel bi
nghi0n dcu khoa li9C, tien kh,iu hao thiet bi tht! vi~n, ti6n kh:i.:u hao thiet bi su c1l,1ng
Cl11lg C:(Hlg noi chung. Ceng thtrc ella no la:
\
A=A, +A,+.-\;=A ;
LUll dong \'on (B), hau gom de IWng muc chi phi epng vu (B,) C<lC h\lI1g muc chi
phi nghi0p \'ll (Bl), chi phi nghi0n cuu khoa h9c c1~yh"c (B,), tifn tra 'c'"l' hoc tap (8,),
hoc
. h(;f\~_. (B;), e'IC chi phi kh'IC (B,,). C6ng thuc ella nola: '
•
B = B, + 8, + 8, + B.;+ B, + B" = B'
271
 T\I~n IUClng(C), baa gam luang nh[m viell trang noi b9 tnrang hoc (C,) c,ic loai
]uong b6 tra (C,), chi phi phUe Iqi nghe nghiep (C,), luang chuyen gia Illrac ngoai
(e,) ConI' lhLk el,a no Ia:
C = C, + C, + C, + C4= C'

Tien thu nhap ngoai ngan saeh n"a truang (D) baa g()m thu nh':lp til c(lOg xuang,
nong tnrang do nha truangl~p nen (D,), thu nh~p nghien cuu khoa hoc (Dc>, thu nhap
phat lri~n kl thu~t va thu nh~p dieh ~ xa h9i (D,), Iqi feh s,ing chf (0,). thu nhap tiI
viec ll~ chli'c cae lap boi dubng (D5) •.•. Khi tinh toan tien ngoai ng;m saeh nha truong,
nen chu y chi tin,h toan eaq h,!-ng mue chi phi co lien quan Mn to chtte v;\ bLii dt[<lIlg
nh;m tili trang tien thu nh~p, nhling chi phi khong lien quan Mn gino due. nghicn c(ru
khoa hoe,phue 'qi nhan vien ella lrubng (P,) k!long nen tinh vaa. b9 ph[m tien nha
Intbng gll'i vao ng'an hang (P,) eung khang nen linh vao do, Cong thlie clla n6 la:
D= D, + D,+ D,+ DJ + D5- P, -P, = D'

Tien rna quo; te vien trq va huy d9ng v6n quyen gop ella doim the xa hl)i. c;i nh;1I)
(E), baa gam ho-'irq, ella 1(1 ehue the giai (E,l, eho vay ella ng[m hang the gi(Ji (E,),
guyen g6p ella Hoa Kieu vi eae nhan silrong xa hqi (E,). lttp trung von ella e,ic u0n vi
sU nghiep nha may xa h(>i (E4)", Cong thlie ella n6 Iii:
E = E, + E, + E, + E4 k E'

Ngoai ra, trang !Gnh phi hi\nh ehinh Slf nghiep gi;io due ma chlnh phu Trung Quoe
cap eho cae cap, eae lo,!-i hlnh tnrang h9C, con baa gam 1O(>ts6 chi phi khl1Jlg lien quan
den hoat dong gino d,!e, nghien etIu khoa hi;>ctrong nha lruang (G). khi tfnh lo;in 106t
caeh eu th~. ph<ii bo di khong tinh. Vi du nhu luang \'a cae kho,in chi phi kh('llg p!l,ii nia
nhan vien trang truang (G,)" IU0ng va cae kho'ln 'chi phi eua nh;in \'ien <Ii an duting \il vc
huu (G,), cae kho~n chi phi ella nhanvien ,kn Trung Qu6e Ihue t[lr vii du hoc (G,), kinh
phi giao duc ngo~i gialam yi~e do nha truang 16 eh(re ham thu vii hoc bu6i t6i (G,). chi
phi trq giup gia guyen nguai' ehet (G,)". Cong th(te tinh ella n6 la:
G = G, +G,:+ G, +G4+ G5 = G'
t
Dicu chlnh thea n(>id~nio:cae h')ng m\le lren, Cl>ng thlTe 1,1:
i

F = A' + B' + C' + D':+ E' - G'

Trang cang Ihlte dch (fnh X la:

(Hoc sin h 0 trt1ang dau nam x 8 + so' hge sinh (; tnrang cuoi n,im \ -1) / 12
l
Neu nllll [lOng [IUang cling e6 sinh vien chlnh guy. nghlcn Clttl sinh, sinh vien
tie'n tu va sinh v,en hi'm thll ... e6 th~tinh dua vao soluqng sinh \'ien chinh.quy e6 luc
d6, Gia [hift la sinh vien ehinh guy IiI I. tien sy la 3. lhae sy Iii 2, d,<Ingtlien hnc nghien
e(ru sinh va lien s)' lit 1,5, Cbi so sinh vi en dang hoc (1 tnrtlllg hinh qU;lI1lil so hinh ljuan
gla quyen.

12. Pl/lfO'llg pluip lill'{ loall eria Khosla Clia Lit!!1 X6 eij
!II = ( A + B + C + P) Ix T : N

272
 lrung cung thCre: - \11,\ toan bi) chi phi chi dung cho\mqt hoc sinh .

. .-\ 1,1ti~n l~ kh~iu hao .

. R 1,1ti~n l~ hru ching .
..• ~. . C I'l ti0n IllO"l1g
. P lil thll nhi'jl kinh t2"eua nha truong .
. T lil sCin:lIn hoc' l:'p ,i truong. I

_ N Iii S<l binh qllim h. < ,inh c:l nar;t.

2. Phuong ph,ip t1nh tu,inl:i,', .I,ilnh giun tiep xa h~i giao due
l'l"lung ph,ip linh to:m nil)' h.~n nay van chua cluqc nghien cuu nhicll 0 Trllng
()llllc' dIng khong ph,ti l'l phuang phap tinh toan thanh th\lC.

II. Plllwng ph,ip tinh toan gia thanh ca nhan gi~o dJ,lc
!
1. Phlf(Hlg phap tinh toan gia thanh trl!c tiep ca ahan giao d\lc

S=R+D+H+R
Tr\JIlg'dlng thCrc: - S 1,1gi,; thilnh tn!c tiep d nhan .
'. . R Iii chi phi lhu th~rn cua nha truang.
. D Iii chi phi b'lt c:lp trang cUQc s6ng.
- II Iii chi phi giao lh6ng .
. B Iii chi phi sach va va d~ng c~ h9c t\lp.

2. Phuung phrip t[nh torin gili lhimh gianlicp ca nhan gino d~c
2.1. Cong Illite {lnh rotin du etic hue gid Irung Illruc"de' ra
l\lll::! thtrc tinh tn;'ln tong gi.l th~\J1h gilin li~'peho sinh. vien d •.\i hQc.
Il m ,.

T,;ng gi:l lhimh giC1litiep = L [L (Pj x U x Aj)] i

i=1 j=l

Tnll)g clIng thCre n Iii gi6"i h,m dq tu6i di h9C, m iii so xac suiit, P Iii xClc Sl\~il 1'2
hl',1 n~lng cli \"i2e linn II mcil nglU1h nao do, a lit ti l~ % thai gian thu nh\lp bo di lrong
11\,HlIa111... \ I" Ihu nkl!, hinh qu~tn hllng nftm cua nghe nghi~p "wong ,hrdilg vo-i 111!?1
ngclIliJ lI~hc; "I,'C" liun. J I" ,6 IhCrttl L,ic h,tng m~c h!a ch911 ngitnh nghe,
" I
L III ky hieu
I
!

Vi elu:
.
\I<,t. hoc
.
,Inll llr cao lrlln~~. len dai hoc,
. anh ta kh(1I1~~
~ the khf\n~~dinh ell Ih.:'
~IJ ';J,-'\.' lam (.1ll1(~l bt~ mt"')Jl ~1l1~.tL'rn(H J1~t\nh qght !1J'). :lnh ta ell:' . ~fi1I' ,; ;\.".

!lang lh..:u du()i nghc d',I)" tll,le ti0u hnc I;, tlr(rng d6i k!1L X~lC suftt eL" i;(~ ~:I 0.9. L :g khi
tkl klJa llc-lll~ theo dU(li lao d()ng c(")W: .\~'t:' :..-. 1:1~:>.:nl'i". xac <,;u:ll .~.l> :.,', ), lJoi\ng 0.1.
(;l~\ lhi('{ b thtjj gian thu nh~'.lplKJ,! .. '- tlJu nll~.tpgi(l\.
1. I~l.;',.:',\,'.(,
\.Il.'n li~u llt.)~ ll"l..l\lg llH)t nClll1 l~\ ('(jl.] l:,Jllg. Lhu nh~lp tror~ ~;i.)t 1\;\11'1 '::~" .. 1 ~ :d1iill E'
 520 dong, gia {hiet Iii tinh hlnh etI nhu {hC'lrong bon n"lm, ItIe 1il );'1 = 0.9: 1"2 = 0.1: Ai
= 600: A2 = 520. a = 1 (100%). n = 4, m = 2, "'h;,p ",'10 eang Ihue'la:
Gia thanh gian tiep bon mlm i

dai hoe ella sinh vien hay = L (O.9xlx600+0.0xlx520J'= 2.'68 «Iling)

i=1 •

. ,S~' dung phuong philp nay can ph,\-i suy nghT ck'n viee linh lo'\n hi) ph:", thl! nh:,p
bo d, ea nhan, liuinh toan p\Ia VilOlUang binh qUiin [ham gia ""'0 n~allh ('hfl~ t,ie. nhu
V:IY [hi khong e~inh xae, VI luang kh60g the dai di~n toan ho ella c~il x,i hhi'do n~ui,i
Ida dong sang tao ra, neu tinh toan d\fa vao gi,i Iri {inh (do nguai laodi)llg lao raj thi
ph II hop han.

2.2, PhzfO'ngpl/(ip tfn(z toan gia tlU'lllh gian t/lp cd uhdn giao dl.'C ngoai nucie
2.2.J. PIIi/Cilig pl1,ip li~;/Zlo(ili gili 11/(11111gi,illli"iJ gi,io <ILl<'Cli" AlB/"lIg-,Ii."
, I
M.Blaug eho rang: D6i vai hoe sinh a
khu vtle Ilon£ th{)n ma (J(, tu(ii lao d(lI1~
Ilang nghicp nenha xuong~en 10 tuoi, {tIe Iii b,it c!:iu tlr I ij tUi)i la c6 gi,i thimh en h(;i
do di hoe ma b6 di tim nh~ip. Qua trinh (inh to,in eu th~ ella 116Iii:
:: I

1
la,
thl! nhiip b6 di ma e6 th~ tim viee ti Ie a ngitnh khilllg ph,ii trollg Iinh
- M(il
vue nang nghi~pbang so hge sinh eo the tim \'i~e ngitnh khimg ph,ii trollg Ilnh \'LTe a
nang nghiep, nhan (x) ti I~ % thai gian thu nh[lp he) ditrang mtit n,im. nh:m Lx) thu
nhap binh qua,n hang nam bila nhiing nguoi tim duoe "iee
ITnh we nang nghi~p .
nganh khang ph"i trong a
a
. Hai hI, (hu nhap b6 di rna eo th~ tim vi~e ngilnh trong ITnh "tie ni)ng nghic'p =
so hoe sinh e6 the tim vi~e iJ ngitnh trong linh ''\Ie nang nghiep. x ti Ie r; thili gian thu
nhap b6 di trangm(>t nam, X thu nhap binh qU[tn hang n'lm eua nhting ngllili tim cluoe
a
viee nganh trang Ilnh v\fe ;nang nghi~p.

- Ba hl, ket 'hqp kel ql;'\ ella hai deh linh Iren. ltIe Iii muCin t'1!11ra dllne tilng thu
nhilp b6 di ella I[i[ cii hoe sinh trang n,lm d6, ttIe Iii gi,i thilnh co hail

Phuong phap [inh toan nay, xuat ph"t llr gae do ehinh [hc' x~ h(Ji. linh lo,in t(ing
gi,i thanh co hoi boi duang eho hoe sinh dii do luiii di Jilm lrong milt "'1m. lic'p tue Io;u
[rir long gia thiin):.co hc'i hge sinh ra kh6i tong 50 AOc sinh loiln the' xii h(ll. thi u) the
11m ra duae gia th'anh co h(>i d nh[m blnh quiln moi hoe sinh. "hung piw(ing ph,ip linh
loan n~y, eOng e6 eh6 ehuahoan thien. D'lu tien. ph am \'i tinh to,in Cll',ln6 ehl gl()' h:ln
a nhiing nganh ncpng nghic4 vii nhting ngimh phi nang nghiC'f1. kh6ng suy ngh; (iL-n qr
khae bier thu nh~p giiia de ng,)nh nghe lrang xii hili: hai Iii, ha d(, IUi)i lao cli)ng hop
phap xuong den 10 luoi eOng !;hong Ihe Ihuye{, minh ehinh x,ie '';In, dc.

22.2. PllIrrrllg 1-'1/(11' 111111 !Olill gi'l 111';";':;"111 !,,'i' (rl ";"1" ,~Ir/" r/ur' ";,,
rUS(IItIII~,M}

Gia lhiet:

- Millld, hoc sinh )4 tra xuong kh6ng eo ",rn cle Ihu nh;lp h() phi do [lh,i, di hoc.

- Hai la, van de mt'le luang ha xuong do h\le sinh 14111i;it1(1 fen (Oilll ho Ih"Tll gl"
,,'10 Ihi lnlang lao dong, khi tinh to,ln eo the be'>sot kh6ng t'/Ih.
\

2N
 \

_ Bu hi. hoc
. sinh gia nhClp 101m b(>vao ng1mh cong n~i~p.
,
Gte buoe linh"linfi wan e~ the eua n6 111: I
" " I
. BuVc lhu nhu\ Ii;. h!a chon mel\ n£lm nao d6 lam mOe tliUi gian, so sanh lhu nh\lp hang

." neUl1ella hoc sinh e6~';ce iam "6i lu~g

.'
tuan blnh quaIl Clla m~t nghe.lrong cong nghiep.
'

•• Toim bo' lhunhClp cua hoc sinh co viec lam

III = LUling lucin binh qUClneua 11\(>1ngh6
troIH!...CCOi1° ril1Chicp. I

Tiuh ,fa. d{~i \'lJi h(1c sinh lrung.eiip n~ = II, ,doi ~Oi sirh vien ~I.l! hge rn ~ 25. .
.. lhu nhap ~o Ill. bmh ~uan cua. rn~l h~c smh dl h9c lrong rn91
. BUllC lh'u hat ..1.'1
neUl1= 111\ Illung luau hlnh <juan eua rn91 nghe lrong cong Inghl~p, :
_ BUlic lhu btl IiI. gia lhimh ca h(>i eua nam .do= 16nglso h9C sinh x thu nh~p b6 di
b'lIlh '1u'lil m6:i h<)c ,'inh di hge lrang rn(>t nam. I :
IlL Cae van dCnen ehL! y khi tinh toan gil'i thant ghio dye
_ iII(i( hi. phai\hu ~' den st! chfnh xac rna Pl;1,1m~i cu ~ialhUn~ giao due h9C sinh
bao g(im. Vi dun ,i gilio due lrang chi ph! dao 11,10h9c s~nh vua co nhfrng chi phi e6
lien qUan, lai VUCIco uhfrng chi phi khong lien quan. Khi t!nh loan gia thanh giao d\lc,
'. dc chi phi cl' lien quan Mn dill) lao IIl!C sinh pillii duqc til1h vao gia thanh d1101~10h9C
sinh. ",ie chi phi khong li<':nquan Mn d1lO 11.10h9C sinh, ~hi tfnh 10lm phlii lru ra. Cae
chi phi l'li lien quan Mn d1lo t,IO hge sinh baa gom:
( I ) CIC kinh phi lrang kinh phi nhcm vien dan vi giao d\lc lrlfc tiep dLlIlg cho
nhfrng nguai lilm eong llie giao due. giao vien e<1lien qUHlJ Mn d\lY hge, nhftn vien h6
lnt gil"lng day (tn.l giling). nhCln vien qu"nl1', baa gam luqng, luang~h6 Irq vil.pht1c Iqi
.xli h"i" . .
I ,
(2) Chi phi giao duc nen li~l ke loim b(>, chi phf lam ~ac vicc cong ngoai vi~c dung
vi", nghien elm kho\l hqc, nh:J lwong xay dlfng cong xuong va cac: chi phf h1,1ngrn~c
chuyen ng:ll1h khong lien quan loi dao tao h9C sinh ra, thl nol chung deli duqc tfnh vao.
" "I
(-l) Slich va !Ii lit;u II'U nhfrng lh(r rna nghien CUu kho~ h9C chuy~n nganh dn lhiet
ra lhl nhCrng cai kh~c d~u nen li~t vao. i:' I I
(5) Chi phi khilu haa lai silO co dinh co lien quan denidao t\\O h~c sinh.

eic chi phi kh6ilg lien quan den dao t1,1ohqc sinh bad g6m: :
i '
\ I ) Toan bc) chi phi cho nhflIl vien, di an duong, ve hi' .
(2) Chi phi nghien elm khoa h9C, bao gam chi phf'nhlln vien nghien cuu khoa
h,;c. chi phi cho hoal u,ing ngllien elru,khoa h9C va cac ~fiel bi mua sam eho nghien
ClfLlklloa hoc. I ---
(3) Cac hang mLlC chi phi nh1, lwong chi cho vi~c xay dlfng cong xuang, nang
lnrong. C()l1g ty d!ch \'t.I. ..

Cic chi phi khae kh(lIlg lien quan den dao 11,10h9c sinh nhu chi phi don khach
(-+)

mrllC ugo1,i. ,bc hid l:Imili clie hoc gii, lliroc ngoai den"thum, noi chung lhuang khong
 c6 lien quan nhieu Him voi h9c sinh, nhung chi phi lai r'I't Ian. nh;;~g m<;JIsCimon dllOC
quy dinh trong ke ho~ch d~y h9c, do chuyen gia nuoc ngoai gi,lng, day thi chi phi Ct:"1
n6 nenli~t ke vllO, trong chi ,phi dao tao, wi lfl chi phi gia thanh gi,lo duc. .

- Hai Iii, chi rili c6 li~n quan den sach va tu li,;u c6 ncn licl ke \'flO chi phi dflQ
tao, 9 kien kh6ngthong nh1ft, ch4 yeu <;6 hai loai 9 kic'n. Loai ~' kic'n thu'nh:it cho dng.
n:\n :\~mxct trl~h:d<) cua h~ng tieu dung, dung phuO'ng phap,chie'lSU,n kh,iu hao dc tfli ...
r
san co dmh chla nhau d6n g6p trong kinh phi dllo tao hlmg n<"tmcpng lici \'flo gi,i
thfu)h gi,\o duc, 9 kiell khac l<J.icho ding, sach va tu licu tuy c6 Ihe' luu giii \'fl Slr dung
.,

trang thai gian d~i nhung p6 kh6ilg giong nhu tai s,ln codinh noi chung. lru{rc khi
thanh 19 d6i moi c6 th~ van sir dt,mg, chip frng dugc ycu d.u ~i,IOduc. kh(;ng dn m{,i
n<"tmphai d~t mua, nhungd~i voi nha truang rna n6i m6i n<"tmnh;it'lhic'l ph,li mila. ITIl'>i
nam nhat thiet ph~i c6 kho~n chi voi m<)t solugng nh,it dinh. han hiia. s6 Ijrlmg chi phi
nen tuO'ng doi 6ri dinh, VI the kh6ng can thiel ph,ii sir d~ng phuO'n.g ph,\p kh,ill han.
Dung chi phi tinti toan th,!,d te m6i nam, coi la chi phi dao lao hoc sinh. linn \'flo gi,l
thanh giao duc, tinh vao giaj1thanh giao d~c cua nam do.. '.
- Sa Iii, van :de c6 lienl quan den khau hao tai san co ~inh ~ua nhil InrclIJg. \"rn de
nay tuang doi phuc t<:lp..Trang suot m<)t thai gian /lai tra lai d,i~'. cac ban ngimh giao
d~c kh6ng tien hanh khau ~ao tai san co dinh cila nha tnrong. nenkh6ng Ihe' ph,ln ,Inh
duqc luqng tieu hilO th,!,c le'dao t<,toh9C sinh. Tili san co dinh cua nha Iruang. dua \'ilo
gia Iri Ian, nho va' nien h~n ~ir d~ng no ngan. dai co Ihe' phan Ihimh' hai loai Iii s,ln ph,im
co. gia. tri t~ap de rao, monJa ~,In ~hfi~ ben. S~n ph,"m co gi\\. tri .lh,iP.dc ha~) mon nh,>
t~01 gl~n su.~~n~~gan, CO.F9~;sO :hl mang t!nh su d~.ng mot Ian. \'1.du C:ICloal chat •
lam Ihl nghl~m hoa h9c, d('1 hOI mOl nam phal mua bo sung. trong tmh hmh quy n''.'
nha truang kh6ng co gl thay d6i, loai chi phi nay tuO'ng doi 6n dinh. \'1 Ihe' n6 nen liet
ke vao chi phi th~ang xuyeh clla truong hoc. toim b6 tf~h \'ilo 'chi phi L1ilotao n'lm d.0,
li~t vao gia thanh:giao d\IC. :Con doi voi s,in ph,im bcn. kb\,mg nhiing thai gian sti dung
dai, rna gia Iri cij~g tlIO'ng doi Ian. vi dlt nlw k~' luC :\,1. dc thie't hi gi,\o duc c<'1111n\'il
dc lo,)i Ihiet ke khac, day la cO' so v(tl chiit de' x"y dtI~g truong,hoc. Vice mua S;II)) cit'
s,ln pham ben nay mang lfrih chi phf 1l19t I,in \'it s6 Itrqng cling kl1<l.Itln. thili gian slr
d~ng rat dai, nam'do chi phi se kh'6ng tht licu hao he'l gi,\ tri cua n0. [I'H;,mil kh(lI1g c6
chi phf trong khi tieu hao cling co gia Ir! nhu vay. Ok loai san ph,im bcn duoc &l)i Ii,
tai san co dinh, xac dinh ti I~ khau hao hilllg n'lm dVa van nien han sir dung kh,ic nh"H
cua cac vat ph,\m, coi chiel sufit chi phf kh,iu hao Iii Itrgng licu h~lo tlwc te' clla n'H11d0.
licl vao gia thanh giao duc.Vi~c xac dinh c~ tht so liell Ii It kh,ill hao lili s;in e(i dinh
cua nha truang I~ tuO'ng dai phuc t<,tp, VI chung lo<,titili s,ln co tlinh clla nhil trui1l1g
nhieu, rna Ii Ie khau hao cu th~ cua m6i cai lai khac nhau. tham kh,10 d(ii chic'll V(;'i
each tinh c6 Ji~n quan do Nha nuoc quy dinh. ti Ie kh,i\l hao lap pil:iJng Ihill1g thtrirng Iii
25%. ti Ie kh,iu hao clla may m6C,Ihiet bi thf nghi~m. dung eu 1i1,'I-Ir;. ti' Ic kh,ill hao
clia chan n?m clung cu Irang ph~c la 25%, ti I'; kh,iu hao cUa do gia dung. dung cu gi"o
Ihcmg la 10%.' ;

Ngl);\i rn. d6i vai cac thiCt' bi CO Ian kh6ng sir dung Mn. cling dua Iheo nicn han
slr dung c1ii'luy clinh rna chiet suat chi phf khau haD liel \'ao gia Ihimh gi,\o due. Tai sao •
cac thiet bi d~ kh6ng, kh6ng sir d~ng Mn cling dn lfnh Ii Ic kh:'iu. haory Chll \'C'1Ilit do
nhting nguyen nhil.n sau:
\

276
 _ :\flil hi, "iec mua slIm dlC thie't bi cung giongnhu~,ac thiet b kh,tc, CLlllg chiem
milt Il\Lrt: d~IUIII gi,to d1!cnhu V~IY. • '

_II"i hi. thiet bi tu)' kh6ng Sl! dung nhung van e6 51! tieu had vo hlnh, neu nhlf
b:1O Lj u'ln kh0ng lot toc do ton h,tt thcun chi con nhanh hem'cae thiet bi 5U d1!ngdau tlI.

_ 8" hi. de thiet bi de kh6ng c6 nghia la hi~u qua qau tlI eho b9 ph~n nay bang
khong. di~u nil)' kh6ng ehi kh6ng co hii;u qua su d1!ng mldiL sl!' liing phi nghiem trqng,
.>
hI:) ph':It1lang phi ncn lid vito gic, thi,nh giao due. \
,
I

.'
.••

,
I

"'."

277
 Bai 3: Phan tfch gi:i thanh gi:io due

Ph,in tfeh gia IMnh giao dye. eho dil ph,in tfeh Ircn gae dl' tong Iht h,I\' ph;1Jl lieh
giao due eua cae cap. cae :Ioai truang hot th] deu I" giai doan bftt d;;u, Ph;'ln tieh r.i,i
thanh gi,io due I,a m(>t eo~g viee phue lap, vira ph,ii suv nghi ucn gi,i Ih'lJlh Inre lic'p
giclO due, vLra phili suy ngbi den gia Ihimh gian lic'p gi,io due. dong thili con ph,li Sll\'
nghi den co gia thanh giao: due co the tfnh 10cln dual'. co gi,i Ihimh gi"o due khllT1g Ih('
Ifnh 103n, Dlr6l day se phlin lfeh mot caeh dan gi,in gi,i thimh gi,io due hoc sinh el'la
InIbng lieu hoc, trung hoc, d~i hoc. e,IO d{mg pho thell1g trong e<1nU<lc,

1. Plj{jn Heh gin thanhgiao dl,le ella hqe sinh lieu hoc Trung Quoc
Ph,in tfeh gia thanh giao due eua hoc sinh ti<iu hoc Trung Qtltie. ehll VC'Udn h;li
bo ph an [;)0 thanh la gia thanh trt!e tiep va gia thanh gi,in lic'p, Gia th,mh lrue ticep gi,io
due lai ehia thanh gia thanh trt!e tiep xii h(>i va gi" Ihanh truc li,yp c;i nh;IJl, (;i;i th'lnh
gian tiep giao dye l':li ehia: thanh gia thanh gian tic'p xii h(>i v" gi,i thimh gi;in licp C<i
nh,in, Doi vai hoc sinh tieu hoc rna n6i. do chua dc'n d6 luai lao d(>ng nen neii chung
kh6ng Ihe phan tieh thanh gia Ihimh gi,in tic'p c;i nhfln tue la gia Ih'lnh C(j he)i, e,i,i
Ihanh trUe tiep xii h(>i eua 1I0e sinh tit'u hoe ehl' yc'u do kinh phi hanh chfnh sn nghicp
giao due quae gia dau ru va dfiu tu x,iy dleng co b,ln gi,io duc tao ncn, Then vcu du 61a
co ehe qu,in Iy gia.) due eua Trung Quae. tnn'lng ti<iu hoc do cae han ng'lnh gi;io due
quae gia vii dia phuong to ehtre. x,iy dt!ng. kinh phi himh ehfnh 'll nghiep gi;ln due 1"1
kinh phi d,lu ttr xay dung CO b;;n gi,io due do Nh'l I1lr(le \"1 <lia pillrong phu tr;'teh, CiIC
trtItmg lieu hoc do cae doanh nghiep. nha m;iv c616n ho;:,e don I'i hanh chil1h Stf nghlCp
to ehue xfly dung thi th6ng thuang kinh phi gi,io duc sf do nhung d(m II II) c!lIic \'11'
a
dung do d,im nh~n. xay dlfng co ban tieu hoc nong than coi viccdf;u In ella Nh" 111fJ"('
la nong cot. dong thai dua vao s\r quycn g6p clla qtdn chllng Ian <lell1g,
Cae hang myc cau lhanh ncn gia thimh gi;,o duc hoc sinh tieu Iwc elillg r;'I1ph'.',c
tap, a day chi co Ihe mieu la khai qu,it. Dfiu licn, gi;i Ihitnh \ii hlli hoc sinh lieu hoc han
g6m gia thimh Ir\re tiep xii hoi "'I gia Ihill1h gi,in licp \ii h()i, Gi:' thimh fmc li('p \a h(ll
Chll yell bao gam: Kinh phi h'\I1h ehfnh ,tr nghiep !;i;in due "'1 <I;';uttr \;'11 ,limg ell h;!11
giao due: gia thanh gian liep xii hoi ehll veu baa gcim: Dien lich e()ng Ir',nh ~ic'n II jc
rna nha Inrang dii sir dung, <lflYIii c1ieu ehil ICU, no con co th~ baa gam de e(lllg Ir'1I1h.
dat <la'i rna xii hoi. dau IU. ehn li2u
'. hoc va Ihbi ~ £ian. strc lue. \'a Irf luc. ella c,ie nh;'111\'1('11
quan ly rna xii h(>i dau tu de: xf,y dtrng Inrang ti~u hoc, Hai 1:1gi,i th,mh tnre lic:p c;'t
nhan hoe sinh li~u hoc, ehu yeu baa gam cae chi phi hoc t"p. chi phi the due \'ui choi
gi,1i tri, chi phi bftt eap trang euoe song vii cae chi phi kh,ic. Do hoc sinh Ilc'lI hoc c!W;1
dll luoi <Ii !;lIn ncr. khong co gi,i Ihill1h gi,in liCp c;i nh;lI1,

Di,'n lfeh clat dai Trung Qual' rang 16n.. de <lieu klcn \'C kinh 1(. 1;'\11hria. gi;;n
due Cl'l;l cik dja plllrong r;ll kh;\c nhau. sv ph,ll tricn cling kh(Hlg citn d(\j. tfong 111(')l l!l()"j
gian r;i't kll6 c6 the' c1lf;l ra ph~-ln tfeh gill Ih£mh \'oi gili tf! tuy~t d6i "it Ilf(/n~ IHung d(';j
Ironl.'~....
r;i mrae. nhlOlQ co the: t6 ehuc ngu6n !lre. <Ie lic'n h;lI1h I;i\. milll
, dieu Ira. tlC:1lh"llh
ph;'111lieh itf<.mg ho,i doi voi gi,i thitnh gi,io duc hoc sinh <1thimh ph<'i \-;'1c;;e \'tlng kh;;e

"';','
 "h~u " niJIlg lh0n. d,in d,in lung bLlCreX'IY dl!ng chi tieu ph4n ticb JUQng hC"1gi:\ lbill1h
gi;i" due. ,; lLI~ chi phan lkh kh:li qual sll1Ll9C. I
Ti1n chi ell" ~i;io due li~u hoc Iii giao duc co sa quoc d~n, khien cho the he l,~cila
,Lll nu,'" e,' li,e n:ul1 \"lfllg dl' ki.:n lhlie vii ky nang co ban trong cuoc song hien dai
•• nhLl ,l"e. ,ieL linh ll"in. hlnh thimh n~n ni\l1g luc sinh ho~t va die lhoi quen hanh vi can
lhid ,J: thi,'I, LII'g \(',i,\CI h,)\. Til cele (1huLmg dien dUc, td,thf:', mi. lao co th0 11101tot
.' dli',\L: ~1~llJ dt,ll.' L'l1~l'l quciL: lLtn.
I'han lieh ~I;i thilnh ~i:,O due ticll hoc I" lif'".. 1"Ilii! phan lich ngu6n tai nguyen
,',hje\'. il lI1i, 11"" -"m Ll n1':1l-di) tu!'i lhilJ~ hDi' (\'10'; Jihan 51!.giao d",c titu hQC can co.'
l'h,uI lieh 'Il lieu hao nh,it dinh lili n~uven c6 thi khien choibao nhieu Ire em b do tu6i
linch 11\';1dlll.le nh,m "r gi;'1Udue ti':::, I~uc. hO'IC n'ghien Clru:~6 th~ cling mQt lUQ;lg lili
n~u\en nhLl ,.:" C\) th':: khi.:n ehl' nhicu (Om 0 dQ tu6i thich hQp co th~ nhill1 dU'Qc su
'- ~ . . l

~iju lit.Leii~u [H,)( kh<)ng'.) l

'I'll "un ,,; luy'::n sinh phill1lfch quy mo phat Iri~n giaD d",c tieu hQc (tiI nam 1985
tkn na~) dell lr~n 100 lrieu. Nhu v~y, yeu cau kinh phi giao d",e voi mQt so IU'Qng
lLf;lIlg <1Lf<fnglrong dicu kien kinh phi giao d",c wong d6i Rho khan rihU' hi~n nay giai
ljuy;:l \',in ,k kho kh'lll nil)' crin phai ntlm vCrng hai nguyer lAc: .
_ ,\I,.;{ I,i. 10 li~u lien dlra lr~n nhu cau phal trien giao d",c hanh chinh 51! nghi~p
li~u hoc. quy lJUaeh m nghiep gi:1Odllc li~u hoc lheo so lie~ co dU'Qc, t(rc la nguyen uk
'. ..It(~rJl.~ I'lil' chin/i hi 11f~illg ru ", .
_ 11<" hi. phtil huy hi~u quo; lien von giao dl!c dii. co, h~ch loan phan tlch gi:, thimh
gi;;" clue ,h"ii \\ii hne sinh li'::u hoc nhfrm nill1g cao hi~u qua fU: d",ng kinh phi giao duc.
I'inh phi gi,in dl.le th':: hi~n ra dc d(lc diem ro rill1g lrbng gi(1O dl.rc li~u hQc, HIly
Irollg Illllng ,l,)i I,'m ella kinh phi nhilll vien lrong t6ng sd kinh phi 51! nghiep. thong
lhlr'H1g dli~1ll klll1,ing IlJ 70'; - 90',(.. i !

Nh'nl chung rna noi. killh phi nh,in vien chiu sl! rang bUQc cua hai yeu to chil yeu
llre Ii. Illire Ill'lIlg V:I so ",nh gi,io "ien hQc sinh. Nang cao W dii.i ngQ v6 li~n 111ol'~,ho
gi;,,, \iell. ".) l"e dung on d!nh d<Ji ngif giao vien, e<ii thi~n va n[lI1g cao to chi.' ',I,io
\ i~ll. (\.) ch(!c n~ll1g n~ltlg cao gia th~lnh vil nang eaa hi~u qu;~,.giam thap s,! so sanh ~i:"J
\i~,\. Illl" sinh. gi,im b61 luqng cong vi~c m:\ giao vien ph~i cti'ull nhiem, cung co .-
nan" IIclIlg Cl'U gia thimh V:I nilng cao h0u qua. Nlnrng n6 eung co- :;]61 gi6i h8D n:,';,
c1inh. I Lldt ljLl" gi6i han d6 se xlI,,1 hien tac dllng phu. Cong lhuc tinh tmin cua n(J Ii"

..~;Ul,,'::.~~l.!.~_" 1,ldll~ ~iti\l vien (xl so ha (hap Ii Ie giao vien, hoc sleh
TIHlg ,,; IHl" ,inh lieu 1l(?Cdang theo hQcb trU'ang'-'~-
I'd qu" '.1IC!11'; ':111 ph'li n11l"hUll so lang them kinh phi h:ll1h chinh Sll :lghicp
b'l~lh qu~'Ul !l\!L" ..,illh ll('U [H,)e. \(:u k.(;t qtl~l tfnh wan VLfi 1! qua sCIt'1:~g tr- .. :)q~_~ kinh 1',111
7

\111!;i; L'111t:!1"lr Ilg.lii~p hllih qtt,-II) lH~L' "'[1111 tieu \:;.";,'.'lhl :\;. ~Hr6(Jg." 'I..' c~'\1 l;li. ,I

di'~'ll kll..'li .\;J: dVng. tnfl1Jlg hoc Ilhtfn,t:

\'~l g.~'lY1"<1 .!l.'".:.: t ,t:,

t)lll -.:"t-:h 1l1~1hi~Jl !lay TI'UI1~ r :"

LIng :'<[1d~LligHl n:~lng cau d~il n~,9llrcng gi,lu
t..":~lti k gi8.o vi(.,l~ hQc sinh.
\"i'.~ll. k\~lll "'l)~i.t ng.hil'I"ll ng.(ll 'll.r 11<\ ',"

279
 Ti Ie gi,io vien. hQc sinh cung xucit hicn mothicn wang kh(ing hloh Ilwirng. nh'II)g
khus vuc co so d,in tip trung dong. giao thong licn loi. kinh tc' ph,,! [ricn Ihi Ii Je gi:lo ,'iC'n
hoc ll1h rCitthCip, nguoc lai nhling khu VlICdim eu phim tan. ~iao Ihon~ kht"n~ Ihuc\n liC'n.
kll1h Ie phat tri~n khong tOl'thili k ~i'lo' vicn. hoc sinh cao,L Vi UU n';lf Rk Kll1h. Thien
T'\I1. ThuCing H,;i li Ie gilia giao vicn ~,,\ h,,'~ ,ip;) I: 15 trei' xu6ng, iii
Trong giao clue ti~u hoc Trung QUoe l<'in t;,ti me;>tthai gian u'li mot lil]h Irang (bc
hie!. mal mal lhhci
1
khoiing 5 lrieu tre em trong de;>tueii eli hoc kh(Hlg d'feic 11lI(lIlg "t 'J

g);10 duc. mM 1 '1 lclng s6 hoc sinh 6' Inrang I?i cao hon 2Yi- so \'l5'i [,'ing st'; Ire' em
d2:n d. 'c,

Ph,:" ~, ~;Ic nguyen nh,ln t'.lO ncn llnh tr~ng n~\y Ja:
1
( ) Hoc sinh ltru ban va hQc sinh b6 hoc la nguyen
nh:1n tnrc tic'p. Irong dc, hoc
sinh lUll ban la nguyen nhan chil yeu, tifC la thai gian hoc sinh hoc tiell hoe dJ be', "Ifrll
qua nien h;,tn rna che de;>hQc tap quy dinh.

(2) Phiin tfeh nhlI the Ilao v[in de Ir';ng so hoc sinh a trlIang J~i cao hml 2Y; so \'(jj
reing so Ire em den dt? tueii di hQc? Di6u do c6 nghi'a lit hon mot tral11 trieu hoc sinh lieL:
a
hoc Trung Quoc blnh quiin 11191em lUll han m9t niim Icn. Intit l1lIa s6 hoc sll1h lat! tra
ban qua cap, 1/456 hoc sinh lUll ban hai ICin ho,le hai ];in Ira Jen. quv deli lhiInh kinh
phf gi,\o due kho,\ng han mot ty tra len.

Ph,ln tfch gia thanh giao clue ti~u hoc e6 quan he trlIe lic'p 16i qll\' mt', I(rn. niH) eila
tnrimg hoc. nen tirng buac xCIYdung de <li0m ella hc th6ng h6 cuc tie:u hnc hn'p I~. ,ip
dung lap lrung vao xiiy dlIng tit'u hoc. Hicn nay co m()t ,6 khu \'ltc (l Trung Qlil')C qUI'
mo lruang tit'u hoc qua nh6, vtln con r,1t nhicu dicm day hoc. <lieu na\' t;,it nllle'n ,0
n,ing eao gia thanh giao d\fc tic'u hoc. linh hlrih gia thanh gi,io due licu hoc ,lurK Ihe:
hicn trong bang 12.1

Bang 12.1: Gin tMnh gino due tieu hoc ph6 thOng loan quoe n:lrn 1995

:i
H<:tng
'due
LlfallQ
jell

I
To;m
quae
T6n~~gia thanh

]nO.SF:
d5n )
(trilll: (riell

Thanh Nang
phD thi
xa
!.lon
Giel thitnh binh qu;m hqc

Tolm
quae
sinh (d6n )
Thilnh
phD (hi
xa I
N0ng:
th6n I qu6c
141.30 2-19.58 296,2.1 .'63,.1-1 268,1~ , 67..', ~--'-(;;,~():,;---(,
Co e<i'u
.
------------
c.i,i lhilllh hinh qU;lll
inh (r( f
I •••

To;m' i - "1l1;lIlh rh-r~l--\\lJ~~II~'~l-

Ih, \;1 i
hill.

7 ''i_,
, ell; phl i 6=:.1)2 25.87 37,05 4768 66,521 .1981 1084 -'--I:'-:':"~;-
c
In fI1
, ,

I Ili Cllil (~ I •

i
']L:,;,?-I -c~:L
\',1

iChiphi
t:'

1
50,:'0'
=~)51_1~'696.
12'Jlln,,'Jr
4731_6,S~~'
'0'- ','=n'l'
_~_'9_,7_::'
4039,
__ ln_ .._76_;
S,70
'-----j~~--
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__
(,11
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,In,l'l
J

t.1":\lJ !le'n _ ! I , ','

',";IC c~.;-;-'-T-I~i5-i-"--'~~~6st--fTo--i---J
U,-\'2-:--'-f'-l--S-,"'I--~---In-,
-,-::".-3-7-----,-:'-I',~!'---- ~ ~()

!;Iil~I~lliiC I -<~(;,,~-i,
i 12iS :" L2); "-'2; I'J , ,;w'(I'- 1011 ' 'n, ;'1';;-- u;;-
, -'-"c: ,
I

____
-...i- __ ' ~ __ ~ , . _

280
 \

Sinh.nh"
'\guun gue tu li~u: "[hOIll kll,io "<lell
xuat bl,n Dai boe sU phl.lm Bac Kinh, 2000.

II. Phan tich gia thanh gilio d~c tr~n~ hQc TrunQuoc
lil111

l
gia IhiAh gi<lo d;.~c" eila Vien Lien

. . Phelll lfeh gia lhi,nh giaa d~c lrung hQc Trung Quof' dilu lien can phai chia r6

.- ph"m "i cila nl>' Gil'o duc trung ciip bao gam giaa dl1c chpyen nghi~p, giaa d~c lrung
hoc ph(; Ihe)llg. giaa due lrung hQe (hlY ngh.:. Nhjing.lruon~ hQc giaa dl!c lrung dp vai
nhlfllg linh chi'l khl'C nhau lhi gia thilllh giao d~c cila no ;ciing khac nhau, Clle truong
(rung c,'p (r Gte ITnh nic khac nhau thi gia thanh giao dl!d clia no c~ng khac nhau. Vi
"e'y. khi philll lich gia thilllh giao d~c eua hQc sinh lrung ckp se phuc lap hOIl mQ! chUI
S<l 'lri huc ,:"h ti~u. ha~. Lly ph:lIl ti~h gia ~hanh giaa ~l!C hqc sinh .tru~:g hQc p.h6
lh,"ng lilm \'l duo G,a thanh tnrc t!~P xa hql cua hQc smh ilrung hoc. chu yeu baa gam
kinh phi hiulh chinh su nghi~p gi'l" dl.IC va duu tu xa.y d\l~g co ban dO' Nhil mrac dii!u
chi. gi,i lh'lIlhgi,tn tic:p xa hl!i h(.>csinh trung hQc bao g6q1: Di~n lich truong lap, di~n
,feh C<1 Sif trtfClI1ghac sir dung binh qU:lIl hQc sinh va cheS haat d6ng. nhfll1 vien, lhoi
glan ... 111'\xa hl,i eung c:ip eha hqe sinh trung hQc. Gill dl) cac ngilllh nghc kh:ic lrong
xa h,)i ,il dUllg d,c cong lrinh ki~'n lruc va co so cila trUf1ng hQc lhi lhu nhflp co lh~
mang bi (gi:l thitnh co hoi) tuc Ii, taO' nen gia th:lIlh gian tfep xii hQi CtLa no. Gia thanh
lr,rc llep e,i nhflll hQe sinh [rung hyc chit yeu baa g6m kin~ phi hQc t(,p, phi giaa th6ng,
phi lli~ due \)n ho:i ,ui choi gi:ii lri, chi phi bat c~p trong qUQc song viI chi phi giaa luu
ban b~. du ljeh. Gi'l thi,nh gian lic'p c:i nhan hQc sinh tru~g hQc bal <.luu III caa (rung,
hiiu hCI hoc sinh tnll1g hi)c deu buO'c \':'0' dQ lucii laO' u(;mg:, vi val' lhuang lit brrt dilu tll
call lrung iii ce\ the tinh gi:i thill1h co hQi hqc sinh lrung hQc. Gia lhanh gian tiep ca
nhiln hlle sinh Cl'O lrung. SIC kh:ic bi~t gilra Ihilllh pho V:I n6ng than ral lan, co h9i co
vi~e liun. ngilnh ngh.:. <.laingQ luang bling rill khac nhau.! VI the thu nh~p bo di ciing
khlmg giling nhau. cO' [he tien h1mh LlY m,1U <.lieu ln, hQc sinh trung hQc thanh pho va a
nl1l1g Ih(Hl. pheln tich gill thilnh gi:ln lii;,; ca nh,in cua no. T~ang t1nh hiuong binh thuong,
gi,i lhimh gi:in liep c:i nh:m hl.'c sinh lrung hoc a thanh phI' Ian hC1Ilgia thitnh gian tiep
ca nh:u! hlle sinh Irung hqc ([ nong th6n. Gi:i thanh giaq dl!c hQc .~inh sa trung, caD
lrung ([in ltrlJt trinh bill' lrung bang 12.:2, 12.3 !.
,
Bang 12.2: Gia thilnhgiao d\lc ph6 thong coI sa nllm 1995
Gia t!tanh blnh quan hge 'Co elfu gia IhiUlh blnh quan hoc
sinh (don ) i sinh (%) .
Toan Thanh NOng Toan Thanh ph6 NOng lhOn
qu6e ph6thi IhOn qu6e thi xii
xii I
I

521.42 496.31 64.42 59.80 68.61

133.23 58.91 111.54 15.28 8.14

Chi phi .-2-6:T6-~---1-4 ~.f.T-; I09.2X

5f!.\)l~;-~- 131.93 92.26 13.88 15.13 12.76
w "'Lr~1 I ' I I
i Chi phi , 2'Q41I')() T--Cj4~1 (,.\.2 1 59.86 65.72 8.03 6.S6 9.09
khSu I
hao _.J. _______
 jCAcchil 7so-r-5,111 2691," 1675125581,1011 213, 2,93 U(J,,'
phi, j Ii' !
I

, kh,,_c --he6662 i

i J
!

ii, , j
• Till"
I !'c'ng Ii.
i ; 1 17';;1 i !
192.397 7S7.IJ'f.sn02T7'2-:i'-,,'-,I--J-OO-,-'----'-I-(Ii-')~-----17,(1:
!

cnllg i I ~ ~I I~ _
Ngu6n goe Iu lieu: Gi6ng bang J 2.1.

Bang 12.3: Gia thanh;giaO due eao trung ph6 thong trung hge nam 1995
Tong gia Ihlmh G,a Ihlmh binh 4u;',n , elY C~'j'll,c);i lh;lI1!l h'~~
;~ (tr~ tri~udong) hac sinh ( d6ng) i (tu;\n hoc ...in-h ,f';) i
Hang mye ,
I
I ,I I
i !,
i ,
Luong i 72.16 - ------ -------- ,
10J J.83 I )/,()(1 ,
: Chi phi llghj~p\'~Icong - ----------
\'l,l
I
I
16.06
225.20 I J ~. ~l() I

Chi phi lu sua ,

21.42 300.35 I 1720 I
Chi phi kh.'u haa . 11.74
I 16462 i <J . ...1 J !
Cae chi phi khac 312 43 75 I °51 J
Tinh t6ng e~ng 12450 174575 I Ion I
Ngu6n g6e tu li~u: gidng l)ling 12.1.
1
I

III. Ph:!n Heh gia thanh giao d~e sinh vien dai hoc Trung Quoe
Phan tich gi,\ thanh gi~o d\!c sinh vi~n tlai h9C Trung QUlic so ",nh "Iii hoc sinh
trung ti~u hoc rna n6i thl cang phtrc tap. ngoai vi~c ph.ii chiu SII rilng hu{'c eila loai
hlnh, tinh chat, nhicm V\!, rnl!C lieu dao lao vil.thi.:'t kc chuyen ngilllh eila lmung dal
h9C, cao dang ra, con chiu anh huang clla moi trlIang xii h(li ben.!lgoai. D~c hid iil..,')lJ'
cai cach rna ci.ra, tu khi xac lap rnl!c tieu co che kinh te thi tnrang Mn nay. dii mang lai
rat n~i€u thay d6i .d6i vai vi~e t1!-onen gia thilnh twang dai hoc. cao dimg. Vi tSt c,i e,ie
ca ehe tlii Ih~ hien ket cau, va each thuc da nguyen hoa. cung mang Jai lai ich tla
nguyen hoa cho ehu th~, khl lien himh ph an tieh gia thitnh gi,io due sinh ,'ien dai hoc.
khong Ih~ khong suy nghl den van de ehia gia thimh giao duc va thu nhilp kinh 10 5e
trong tuang lai, the' Iii lung buae tien hanh CO che thu phi sinh ,i~n dai hoc. can ,I;',ng.
D~ 11m ra ca so Ii l'1an clla n6 the lit suy nghl van dung Ii lu,in chi a sc "il htii thlf0ng g"i
Ihanh gi50 duc vit:Jr-luan cocau tieu dung. Chia se vii b6i Ihuung gia thimh gi,io due iii
elll kil\h phi gdo d\!c on '\Iha nlIae. chinh phu elia phuang. tlan "i himh ehinh slI
nghiep. doanh nghiep. gid ,hnh V'I ca nhem ,Lim nhii'nl. chi rhi gi,iodue eila gia djnh \i,
ca nhan la SII b6 sling chi I'hi klnh pbi giel0 oue doi ,(il ,;hil nlrtlc ,il .\,i htl; Li Juan ni"
do nha kll1h Ie giao due nguai My Ston ,!lra ra vilo n:,m 1986. c!Hi ve'u Iii chi giJiIl due
dai hoc. ClIO (lI1ng, (')ng de ra rilllg gi,i Ihimh giao due dai hnc. call dill1g dn i,,'inhl-n
elll\i' chiasc lik Iii hoc sinh.'b" me hoc sinh, nglroi nl)p thue' vi, nh:1 tnrirng. Li iU:'11ni,,'
cl\r(lc rJt nh:cu qu6c gia lrcn the gi6i tic'p nh.)n. Trung Qu6c CLIng \'()"i '"iCC \;'IY dlrn~ cO'
che' kmh t6 thj truong. ca ehe ehia sc vii boi IIHlirng gi,io due cling Ilrng hlf"'C hinh
thanh. glao due dai h9C, eao'd,1ng do hoc sinh vii phu huynh hoe Sinh ehia sc l11l\t I;h:in
Gi.! thimh giao due la mot loa; dau III. mil sau d6 e6 th~ thu l!lfOC hi,.u qu,i klllh k. v,
vay. xay dU'ng cO' ehe nay c6 riit nhieu tI;6m t6r. chiJ th6 ehla sc gi,i Ih,mh gi:io due 6111g
c6 [hu nhap kinh Ie' tir trang d6. Ill' d6 kfch thieh tinh Ileh cue deiu Ilr g"io dlle nhlcu c111J
 the, khi0n ehll mlre de? dau tv cho giall du~ t6ng the quae gia Utlqc nang GIO, l1l{i,~l. I,.
kn. m,') Il)ng quy mo gi,io due. d(iy manh tac dq phat tri~n giao dl!e, d6ng thai e.i ,:<1'"
nilY ell li~n qu"n mal lhi.:t dcn "i~c ma rQng vi~c vao hqc tim vi~c cua sinh vi~n, vi
khLlng (t') quy~n Itl" chl)n gi,io due thi khong the cnia se gia thanh gi,ao dl!c- Nlw V')Ys~
l:lllg etf h,.,i chI) hoc ,inh '" phu huynh hoc sinh chqn IlIa tiep nhl1.n giao dl!c a muc cao,
r ,~ Cllllg n:"lg call nh'ln lhlrc \~ gi,i Ihimh cua hqc sinh va phI! huynh 'htlcmg eo hqi giao

•• d~ll.:('f Illl(C ttrlfllg d6i c;,IlL

Vice chi ll''' \,' chi a ,c

mOL I'lung gi,ilhanh giaodl,lc nh:lt cli,nh el'" IVlc sinh
lnr~1Jl'2 d"i h\)c. caO d~\l1~ I.'(J li0n qll~\n true ti,~'p t{ii kha nang thua ke" kinh k' \..~t:i" <~'.Clj:
'a
d~lIl 1l~J11~ ill)!. y'l nh;'t~ lhi(:l rlh'.ii ',~I\- n:-:hi d.:ll kha nang :tieu dung gi:lO dl:lc clla IlgLfCii
,\;[n I'Lin-lh~' n,,~) de ph:"1 dll:'[1 ~::'a n,;ng '[j.eu dung giao d~e eua ngLroi d(ll1'? Chu yeu iiI
dLla \ "ll Ii IU'ln \'~ ul e'lu li~u ":Clllg, lrong .~6 h~ so .An&cn ,la c,~n, cu ch~ yell: he ~a
Angen h"y e(ln gr)i iii dlnh IU',1 Ang~n, ,heu nay la dol hqc gla kmh te ngtlOI Dtlc
Angen de ra. Ii, chi II k chi phi IhlIc ph:im trang ehi phi giadlnh,: Ong cho rtUlg Ihu
nh"[l ella llll.'l gia Llinh cill\g lh(ip Ih, Ii I~ chi phi thl!'c phllm l~i cang 16n, tuc la h~ so
Ang<:n <:illlg ICiII.ngU(,It: 1,li thu nh(lp clla gia Llinh cilng c~o thl ti Ie chi dlll1g cho Ihl!c
ph,im ei"lg lh(ip. lCrc Iii h~ Sc1Angen cilng nha, Cung v6i SII pha( Iri6n kinh le hi: so
Angen •.mng li~u diuIg gia Ll,nh eua Trung Quae se giam )luong, tu :d6 mue uQ chi eho
dc chi phi kh,ic h,li 1{lng cao. bao geim ca chi phi giao dyc, C6 hq9 gi~l trang IlLr6c ua
l[nh loan h~ 'l; .,\.ngen el"l Trung Quae lrong n(nl1 1999 l~ khoilllg 6% IUC lil giin mQt 4
" mia thu nh,'p gia dinh dlmg \'ilO chi phi IhlIc ph{im, mQI nua dung va,o cac chi phi khae,
ball g()m chi phi gian due, '
em elr \illl hai Ii IU(lll cia n~u r1lren, kicn nghi lie~ chwln th,u phi giao dl,lc d~i
i
hoc. eao ,bng Trung Qulie chi n~n kiem soal a muc kho,l ng 25% tr'qng t6ng gia thanh
giao due. hoc phi moi nam m'l sinh "ien phai nqp chi kh6ng che g\ua khoang 2500 -
.+000 Llling. cleing lhai X(I)' clung cac 10,.li che dQ trq giup wong ung 'nhtl: Hqc. b6ng h6
In,i. li~n eh" yay de h{, 1[(,1h()c',., Duvi u:lY chi lay sinh vi en d~i hq] P.h6 thong lam vi
d,l. (il'n hilnh phiUI tich Cl,lthe. lI '
('h'Lll tich gia lhilnh lrlIc tiep Xu hqi cua sinh vien d~i hqc, co rill nhieu phtlong
ph,ip l,uh l",in, phl[,mg ph,ip thtlimg su dl,lng c6 hai 10;li: tv];' hi, phtlong phap tinh SO
b<:>,11<" hi. phuong ph:lp tinh IhlIc teo Phtlong ph,lp \Inh,,-, b~llit 16ng eqng kinh phi
himb ehinh ,u nghi~p giao clnc binh quim hqc sinh, eli;u lU .';\Y eI\lllg Cl1 bim giao dl,lc
b,nh '1u,\n IHIC sinh \'" chi phi ngoili n,gan s:tch binh qu{,u hoc sinh chi dung cho dilo
lao, Tlung (hi, chi phi cI'lO lao ngoili ng(ll1 s:fch binh qLL<1.n,hqcsinh lung len hang n::lIn,
Slf dl.lJlg. phLfdng ph~ip n~lY c.'ln m(H ~6 gd thiet sau: Nhftl"thicl plH'li gi;l Ihi0'l l~tt C;'\ c:ic
h',mg nu,e <:hi phi Clla kinh phi h,ulh chinh sl! nghi~p giao due e6 lil:n quan dCn ehi phi
dilll lao: nh";1 lhi~'l ph,ii gi,i thi~'l chi phi mua s[lm lhiet b! trang ch, phi hiLllh eilinh W
ughiep ph:" lUlfI1g dUllllg \'Cli chi phi kh:iu hao cua loan bq thiel bi mil nha lruung da
hinh lh'''lh lillng n:lIn clci: ph,ii nh:i •.lhici diiu llr xilY dlIng COban giao duc trang n:lll1 d(,
Cling lLrlfllg. duung \-l"fi (hi phi kh[lU hao c{le Ct)Jlg trlnh kicn In)!.. \.'LU n!1~1 ti U'tl"l1g,
Phlrong ph:lp ni" \', lh~' duoc gUI iii plllfong phap tinh loan so b<;l,chu yeu'la VI kh'll1g
tru b(l di nhCrng chi phi eLl Ii~n quan ,iL'n cI"O lao iH)Csinh, cung khong lien hill1h khilu
hao \'it;l..' mua s~\m \.:~icthi0't hi gi,ll) l' 11111t~.li duoi hlnh lhuc tai s~ln co d[nh (trong
n~i.m doL c.ic t~li san n') djnh ',.,:i1." :i~ ph;'ll) tfnh tOtll1 khac Ia: Phttt.il1g ph:q) Lfnh

283
 to<in thuc te, phuong phap nay yeu du kh.-iu trir tal ca cae chi phi khclIlg lien quan den
dao lao hoc sinh, 1<1nIUQ1lien himh khau hao cac tai san co dinh Clla nh;'l tnrang thea
cac chung loai khac nhau, Phuong phap tinh to;ln gia th;'mh tnrc tiCpxa hCli giao duc
sinh "ien dai hQc nay, noi m(>t cach wang d6i thi lhuc te han ";i cung khoa hoc hClIl. .
Phuong dien d6 C;!P cua gia thanh gian tiep xii h(>i sinh "ien .dai hoc I:i( nhi6u
tru'ang hoc "ai loai hinh va guy mo khac nhau, dc chU\'en ng;mh do de Inrflrlg khae
nhau thiet k€Un JU'01 pharl tieh, tinh toan nhu'ng ",Cu to c6 ;inh~hucln!! !(Ii gi;i th;)nll gian
lie'p xii hai cua hQc sinh ~hlr cl;nh nlll'c khang ;iong nhau dii cluac ~lJ" clinh. dien ~ieh
lnrang lap binh quan hoc sinh, di';n tich err sa eua nha tnrang. dien tich d:it dai M til'
ehlre hoal dong ...

Gill lhanh Inrc tiCp ell nh:ln sinh "jen dai hoe ngO;li de nCli dung g,cing nlm lron
. . .••... ..•....... ~ ob
hoc sinh trung tifu hQe, con phai suy nghT den cae noi dung ";10 hoc ella hoc sinh nhl!
tinh chat nha tmang, nhiihg Iinh vue eua nhit truang, ehuyen nganh ma hoc sinh dii
thea hoc. Gia thitnh true ti~p d. nhiin sinh ";en dai hQe cua cac tnrang kh;\c nhau c6 slf
khac biel nit Ian'. Trang khi chung ta ph;ln tich linh loan, phlii cl~e biet chI! )'. Gi;i thanh
tnre tic'p d nhan sinh viell el~i hQc nen baa gam hQe phi. phi giao lhong, phi Ih~ d~c
Vill cho'; gi'l; trf. chi phi b~l ClIp trang euoe s6ng: licn tra, chi phi giao luu ban be, du
lieh .. Hien n;')' ehi phi h9c t;!pca nhfm ";1 chi phi nhil tra cua sinh "ien khang phai Iii
sinh "iensu ph 11111 , nong Jam va theo eluOi dc nganh ,,:it "" kh;\c, dang t;lng len hang
:'l;~"'il. tLfln1 ebf Uri ca deu. do ca nhftn ganh vac. Vi "('y. ltf bity gio \"(~ sau gi<t thhnh . 1_.
li(r ci nh;'m sinh "ieri dai hQe sc t;lng lernai toc do Ian.

Gi;i thanh gian tiep ea nhan sinh vien dai hoc. khi phftn lich thi cang phai suy
nghT, VI n6i chung sinh vien dai hQe dCu buae ,";10 dQ tUlli lao dong. Ho deu cli hoc hlc
eao trung hOa,e tuang duang nhu val', sau khi tol nghiep nell khcing len duoc tmang hc;>c
cao hO'n m(>t cap lhi d~u epQn nghe trang xii hoi, CO'hoi tim duO'e viec JiUll nhicu; thai
gian ciing tuO'ng d6i dai. Khi phan tfeh gia thitnh gian tiep d nhan sinh "ien c1ai hc;>c
phai het sue suy nghT den m(>t 56 ngallh nghc lrang xii hoi nhlr eong nghiep, nong
nghiep, thuang nghi~p, giao d\Je ... Can eu V;IOvice diii ngo luong cua c;ic ng;mh nghe,
J:in lUQ1phan tieh t!nh toan thu nhap bo di do di hQe dai hoc. Co the tinh ra c1uO'cthu
nh,ip bo eli trang m(>l nam,eung co th~ phan tfeh. linh tmin duae locm bil thll nh:lp b6 eli
trang d ky (ky hQe), Thu nhap co th~ bo di cua sinh vien clai hoc ehinh 1:1 gill thanh
gian tiep ca nhan Clh s;nh vien do.

Bang 12.4: Gia thanh giao duc cao d;ing dai hoc pho lhimg n~m 1995
S6li~n icing gia [hanh - -----~-:--c~,..."
GiA thanh bioh qU;iJl C.r cXu f:i;i Ihanh blnh
(ibm lrieu dong)
hoc ,inh (dong) qu;,n hoc Sinh ('7e).
"lang muc

Luang ._'-----~--;-;:-
97.21 33~.J.05 I
,,-

47.49
Chi phi nghiep vu cOng ---'--_._,--------~------
\'~I
5164 I ]',(),7." 25,22
Chi phi lu slra - ._-----------~--------_..,-.
Chi phi kha'u haD
cec chi phi khac
Tfnh long Cl)ng

Nguan goc tu li~u: Giong banE! J 2.1.

284
 Ban"b 12.5: 1'6n"bO"hi thanh !!hio
~.
due ph6 thong Trung
'
Quo!:, nam 1995
Gi<i th1mh cO hqi TOng gia lhilnh
I tri..lm Iri~udong)
(tram tri~u dOng)
I

!
". Tinh
nho
Xiih~i
I
ca nbrin Trnh nhi>

•• I
71.6S 72.68 6f.53 465.31

47.98 38 5.11 264.25 649.36

1
2~2.42 201.06 423.48
2~.70 24.70
I
46.11 3 4.83 258.82 643.65
46.11 ,

25.04 2QI.25 135.94 337.19

25.04
I
21.07 183.58 122.88 306.45
21.07

140.78 159.90
i
129.15 220.87
._J
350.03
190.12 19.12
I
I
~6.07 I 2.\1.86 .\8.20 71.96. 120.16 243.99
i,
118.03 362.03

'.

..:av I
I
\"
I
.
ll~ll1!

Tcing 1179.:'\) . 850.~9 i ~u29.6S 1 186.11 212.7~ 398.85 l365.50 1063.50 2428.53

(inti

Nguon goe tu Ii~u: Giang bang 12.1. I.

Bang 12.6: (iia thanh binh quan hyc sinh giao dl.le p~6 thOng Trung Quoe 1995
Gi~i (h~lOh tili n~ (iii! Ihanh cO h~i T6ng gia Ihanh
(Nh:lIl d:1Il Ie)
(Nh:lIl dan I~)

Xii C,i Tinh Xii ca Tinh Xii ca Tinh

hqi nh~'111 nho IIqi nhitn nhi> h(>i nhan nhi>

i
I ,
~5.08 460.42 352.64 :::i 13,06
757.9H 55.08 I

646.21 51.55 51.55 413.81 282.95 697.76

63.97 64.97 572.-38 547,{X) IOH~.3~
1025.41
12IQ.g~ 98.99 98.99 826.20 55.67 13~1l.87
1173.:\1'1 94.14 94.14 756.63 511.09 1667.72
1.•2~.36 105.46 105.46 918.82 615.00 1533.82
2162.S5 24~0.45 1810.95 3285.35 5096.30
2700.80 43 °.32 8394.97 ..\296.80 12691.77

1
\gu()n goc ttl lieu: Gi6ng being 12.J.

285
 CHuaNG XIII: Hle;U SU'\T KINH Tf~ GL\O Due

Hicu suiit kinh te giao d\IC Iii m61 pli'ln Clla loi ich kinh t( diiultr tr()n~ ~i'l() duc. N,i
i
con (hrac g9 Iii cherc nflng klnh te Iran)! qu,\ trlnh gi,\o duc. hiC'u su;Yt kinh ;c'~lrnng diiu III
gi,\o duc. hi~u suiit str d\lng ti'i nguycn gi;io due. hicu sufit sir dung diiu III gi,\" due. t.
-. ,

Bili 1: Cau thilnh hi~u su,lt kinh teO ghio due

I. Kh:ii l1i~m til Dng thu'{J'ng

-'f- .

"Hi(;11 SlIa{ ': 1i1m9t khai niem dllllg trall~ ngimh kinh tl- hnc. chi \1 IL-~ilra d;iu
. . '- •... '- ". "-

vilo vii d;iu ra. giLia c,]i thu Juqc vii cai ph,ii chi phI. gifra hicu' qu,! ,.;'1 ticuhan.. Ii, 'If
a t
diiu tlr 1119 mucnhiit djnh 'vii mong muon thuclugc nhfrng cai Il)nhon. UII" kh;\i niC111
"hi(;11 slf(il" vilo ti'ong linh vuc gi,]o c1\ICsc sinh ra hicu suiit (tiu IU gi;\o due. hi,'u sufit
Sll dung nguon gi,to d\lc.
,
XCI a t<im vT~m().hieu
I.
SlJiYl killL ltY'-.
~jj() dllC L'l chl hil.'ll
.
~lJ(Yt q'r dun!.:
.
IlQlll'lTl d.-ill
•... •...
It(

eho gi~io dt.1C. C:F g(>i Ei hi9-11;';U;Yl_,l'r {li,lng ngu()T1 d'-lll ttf chn gitlo dl}C. Ilk );'t ('r trnn~
111<.)1diet! ki91l xa:h~>i nh,ll cJ;Jl'l "',«: r.~{)tieu hao \';1 ehic'm dl.lng ngu(;n \'(")n cho gi,lo
due: cr.: d~.•t chrqc 1hi1nh ql.Li ~~j,;,)
dl}c \..'(')eh;Yt llfl.,mg nlHf nhdll. 't.r til'U han \';') ehiC:m 'dl.lllg
ngllon ,,(in c:lng [t thi hi~u SUi'll giao d~lC ella n6 C~ltlg C<lO. ~t:ln.re !,.l.i. ~tf til'u hao \';\ •
chic'lll dung ngu(in gi;io due ciIng I,)'n thl hi,'u sufit ella n,) Iai e'\I1g nh,.
C>":~T ella n6 e6 th~ VilYl nlltr sat!:
:,~'~)'C
.'
~'f:-:'1.1 .-:UX!. -',{'rd~lng nguon gi;io cll.le _- _
LLfl.mg tiL'U h;IO \.;'\chic'm dyng ngu{'in ~i,i(1 dt,le
'!l--Jmh quc\ gi~io d~lc ltrc b haa g()l11 sCi Ilf(:~fng \';1 llH!,ng gj~lo dl.IC. Diiu In \';Ic)~! )

g6m Inqllg licu

dl,k ~~.;lCJ hao V~\ehie'm d~lT1gIlgu{ln gi;lo dt.lc. chicm d~lllg ngw')Jl gi,{o dt.Jc
Iii chi .,,6 !lrang nhfm !uc, vfl\ ltrc vii ti,i I\rc slr dl.\I1g trang qu;] trinh gi,io du!". Ti,'11 han
ngu6i1 .,';:\0 c1uc Iii Inong 1,,0 U(lllg ticu h"o th\IC te trong qUit Irlnh gi,\o due. tlie li, nf) han
gl)m !Lrc.1'Ilgtieu hao sire lao' oQng V~l Cll luq'ng li(:u hao lao t1(?Jlg \',)t hl);i, S'-.f li2u h~\()
hmng jac uong chtl yc'u Iii ph'lIl anh th(lIlg qua hlnh thlrc gi,\ trio IlTc I" hinh ihlrc lien k,
,,,',i1"n nlll1"ngphi t()n trong gi,]o d~,c..
Nhln a Ifimvi m6. hi~u suiit kinh te uiiu III gi,io due Ii, chi hil;u slliit 'li dllng
nhfrng dau III xfty dllng co ban trang gi;\o due vii kinh phi cho 'If nghil'p gi:\o due <l1llC:lt
dan vi giao r1l.)cho~c n1Qt" i,'uc1ng hQc nito do. ho~c g(.li 1;1 .. lti~;11 s{(ii; SIt' r/l.'ll.:': drill 1f,.
giri() dl,le ". UIe Ii, so
Itrqng h9c sinh dllqe u'i,o lao trnng 1llC:IIsC:;!lI<lng ,'(in lbu I" eho
giao c1\lc nhat dinh. Neu nhu chi phi blnh qU'lIl cl,~'diu> lao eho Ill(l\,inh '1,'n ,hi h Ie
chinh quy Iii 111(1lv,!n nhfln d,in tc. thl hicu sufit ,lr dung ,Uu tlr eua n(l hOok hi,.'u 'U:"'l qr
dung lit 1 % ho<ic 0.1 %, 0.0 I 'Yr. D0 x,ic elinh loai hieu suiil SlTdung dfiu I,r g i;i" due n,,:--.
Ihong IJllrong Iii kh;\o sat trang dicu kicn gi,i clinh eh;,"1 IlIlmg gi;lo due Ilrl'ng d(lI1g, Vi
du nlm chi phi dilo tao blnh quiln sinh ';cn. s6 !lIl.'I1g sinh "icn (limc d"o I<I" 11"<'111' 111("
n,im.gi,i thilnh giao dl,IC cho hQc sinh 161 nghicp.

286
 Tong dli phI dan t~.lOctll' ky trong 1 nam
Cill phi dJ~) l~,W = x C;\.c k)' hQc 1 nam
...,i,;h\'i;,.'n tLlt nghi~p S6 lUling IH,I':: :,inh lron~ 1 11,\111

.. II. Ciiu thanh hieu suat kinh te giao due

.. CtLI Ih:\I\h hi.;u Sual kinh Ie gi.ia duc baa gam n9i dung sau:

I. C'l! Ih'lnh hieu suiit str dung tili h,re

• i •

T"i !Lic Irung giao duc thnong do hai bu ph(m ciiu thitnh, d6 lit b9 ph(1I1trong chi
phi cei IIhi"l ,i, ehi phi t~p the. Chi phf ca nh'ln baa gam:i Luong, Irq dp, tien 111l!0ng,
phlle 1'.'1. IHlc bong, tien thuang ... Chi phi t(lp the baa gain chi phf cbng V~I; mua stun
Ihi~t hi. chi phi Slfa chCra, chi phi nghicp vu, c6ng lac phf va cac lo,!i chi phi khac ...

1. Ciiu th1lnh hieu suat su d~ng nguan nhill1 l,!c

Nhiln Ine Irong giao d\lc bao gam nhiiI1 viena cac INang hge, h9c sinh die cap,
,,; hoc sinh lot nghi~p. nhan vien hilnh chfnh, giuo vien, :llhan vien san xuat. .. va kel
c,i" IIi thlre. tucii lac. nang luc can bi?cua h9... '

J. Ciiu tluinh hi~u suat su d~ng nguait v~t

,
l.jc
'
'. Ngll\)11 \":11 Illc Ilong giall duc bao gam nhCrng tili sari co dinh vil nhCrng tai san de
li<:u hall.
NhCrng I'li s,'m ell dinh ella nh'l INang co ba b9 phan: Tili san co djnh chung: Dat
d"i. philllg (ie: noi sinh hoat. Tili s:ln ell dinh dlmg tlong d~y h9c, thiet bi d~y h9c, tu
Ii<:u "icll \"(1. thi<:'t bi ",\1\ ho,i ... vi. cae e6ng C\I d"y h90 khiic; Tili san co d[nh dung
lrung eu(lC song: Nguon di<:n. than khf, dieu hllil. may in" pho to. con~ cu van chuyen,
lr,.un y hY ... \"~l c;.\c <.:ong Cl.l khiic.
NhCrng t"i "iu ll~ ti<:u hall Ii, nhCrng vill phiim e6 g(a tli Slr d~lng ngfln, bao gam
e,l( ngu!<:n li<:u. tili Ii~u. de \'(11 phiim thi nghi~m ... Ph,uong thll'c tinh chi phi trong
gi,i" duc llnrimg li\ tillh theo SO',i, tuc Ii. SO% gia tli Slr dung dLl"<Ktinh tlong chi phi
gij" due elm S0,', cem lai dltl.le l[nh vi.o nhlfllg tnrimg hup hong h()c, Ihanh ly; tfnh VilO
~i:, Ih"llh
~ ~ ~i:u)duc Iheo thili han
,-. .'. Slr dun~:..... linh I':,n ,'"i til, '
"i,) "lie Iheo so hoc
., .' sinh
tinli \';U) gi;l. lhiLnh giClU tIl.le thl.:o lh:lrl~ str dl.lJl~ 111.<\ li'llh ~.'.I.>Pll,:>t Lin. Cfin SflP xcp ht,1P
I~ngU\l11 "at ta n~lY.
:-';hlrl\~ :~'u tl.'; cSu th~ll1h hjl.:~l ~I,.l ~lr dL.lllg dung giau Ul)cv'Lra k~ ll'l;tl Cl) yc'l1 t6 (I.')

Ih,: IllIiI dlfdc nlnrng cling eo nilli'ng ;'eLl 1\; killllig the tinh Iv"n duyc.

7R7
 BiH 2;. He JOg I chi ti'u ~i'u,ua'
. . ,i ~aOdnc
kinh ~ .
I
i
D~ tinh hi~l1suat kinh tc giao dlfc, cac h9C gia dii dlIa ra hang lo~t Qhfrng chi lieu •
do IlIang. Nhfrng ~hl tieu n' deu e6 C0 so
Ii !u,m va phuang phap tfnh toan cu thf
I .
t.
1. H~ thong chi (tieu co ti h Ii lUl~n
H~ thOng cqi
tieu nay do Giao SII Lich DI Ninh eil" D,!i hQc B~c Ki nh Qua ra n6
c6 gia tri nghien1Uu va giat! khoa h9c. Cau thanh h~ thopg chi lieu nay nhu squ:

1. Luong nang Il!c .'

Xeitieu chJ~n ~e tri L.c, ky nang cila nguai lao d9ng, a muc d$ thanh Vl\,1ctheo
tieu chu~n quOc ~ia quy djJh. Sau d6, dl!a vao nhiing ticu ehuftn ve to thue ly nAl)gd6
de tinh luang, nhu v~y nglI~i ta g9i 130 "11{(Jng nung l((c ". Luang nang Il!dil khanI' can
ehu y den cac n~an t6 khad, dan thuan chi 130 dl!a thea nang Il!e de tfnh mue luang. N6
khac :~itieu chu~n tinh ~u4~g
hi~? na:, e~l e6 y n~hia~i~h.ioan hi~1:1S,llat~inh te ~,illtu
eho glao d\lc, ph~ang phap pnh toan eua no nhu sau: (thm glanS nam If m9t chu ky):
. ! TOnglllang nang ll!c cua nglloi lao dgl)g Q10ilang len (Nhan dan l~)
Blnh quan chi
,.
= --+-I -- ~~ _
phi muc dau'tll TOngchi phi eho giao dliC(NMn dan I~)
i

, •
TOngchi phi cho giao d~c
Blnh quAnn\uc dau III 16
rna dan vi p~ai b6 ra TOng luang nang hlc cua nguoi lao d(>ngmai tang Icn
I.
2. Tieu chii:1n tri th.le va ky nang
. I j
Gia djnh tru6c 1
khi v,o truong 11ge, tri thUe va ky nan'g eila. nguOi d6 ~Ang khong.
Qua qua trlnh d ul;1etiep nMn cae bai hge theo quy dinh eua Nh~nvoc e6 dlt<;icm(>t
phan. Tlr tmoc Rhi dlIgc glao dlfC len den lrlnh d9 eao cap. qua trlnh d6 dil t'!O ra m(>t
h~ thOng danh gia trl~h d? tri thue !v~ky nang. Khi hge ~o~g moi mon h9C. neu llpa
. dlIqe 1,.5' thi se t(nh diem, nhu V~IY tOng lUq1,g chung ta C9 the tioh dlIqe. sO IlIqng \iing
len c,iing c6 lhei tinh dUq9' PhlIang phap llnh n:l)' n11[(sa'u: (Dauticn gia thiC'l 3 \hCri
di~m, tien hanh trang 2 kho;lng thai ginn)
Gi,1lhie!:: 3 kh+ng lhc'1igi"li: Tl, n. T3
3 [iell ehu,in: S 1. S2. 53
Da biel: T6ng mue e~i phi elfiu~1Ichi giao dlfC6 kho;lng Tl - T2
Can 11m:SOluqng tapg eila tOng IlIang di~m ticu ehu,in 52-51
Tuang tl! nhlI vay: !
Da biet: !TOngmUi chi phi eho gi,io due trong kho;,ngT2 - T3
Can 11m: :SOJuqng 1ang eila tOng luqng di~m tieu chu;}n 53 _ 52.
\

"00
 OLfa \'iLO k61 quit linh loan (\6 danh gia hi~u, suat su dyng dliu tu eho giio d\le
IrOng... hai khollll!!~."lhi!i ~ian. Can!!••.. thCfClfnh toan cu th€ nhu sail:

so luong l[lI1g eua tong diem

lieu chu,in Irinh u9 Iri thue va ky
"I~
n'1I1gella hQe sinh trang cae truimg hQe
Luqng binh quin :::-----------------
•• don ,oj rkli d:iu tu T()llg chi phI d~iu III cho giao dye

Tong chi phi eho giaD dl,le

Iflllh qLl~hl J11UC
= -----_._._-----------
diu tU Jl1~l dun \" bo ra so diem tang (rung tong di~m lieu chu&n va ky nang
ella ht},:.::,il1h 0- Ci.le In.fOng hQc

_\ Ti I~chuycn clui chuyen nganh va ti l~ nhim vien chuyen nganh thieu

chuyclI lIlilll

Sif ph:ln tl6 c(lIlg \'iee khong phu hqp voi chu)'en nglll1h duqc hQc, :,' ''''.' ,', hien
tuqng "/,,'1' IIl<i killil/g .IIi dlll/g, .IIi dlJlIg 11111
khol/g tll((fC hoc''', Di6u nay :,1,,, 1 :'1ot
mill quan l!'l,ng Irung hi~ll 'll:it giao dyc, Neu sinh vien tot ilghi~p cung,:;)",'':; ::\ll,
pham \1 dl11!cn ngilllh han h~p, ch:il luqng giaD dye tha[j kem,Chuy6n d6i chl~,cn
ngilllh ella ,inh \'i~n l(il nghi~p I:ll nhi~n dun Mn lang phi dati lU giao d~IC, th~ hien iLi'~ll
SU:tl,if dung d:lll lU gi,i" due th:;p, eli the dung Ii I~ chuy€n d,"ii chuyen ngimh pluin auh
chi li~u eu the.
l'<lilg thCfe tinh IIlnf ,au:
SS IUllng sinh "i~n tOI nghi~p c11Uy~ndOi chuyen ngcll1h
li k dlUy~n tll'ii = ---------------~------ x 100%
LhllY~1l ng~lIlh SO sinh \-i~n lot nghi~p
Nh:Ul "ien Ihie'u chuyen mon clulg iiI m91 chi tieu ph',in anhhi~u su:iLslf'd,I'ng dfiu
ILfgi,iu due. G:I)' nen ,,:in d~ 1\:')' cling do nhieu yeu to, nhlrng chlt yeu IiI do co ehe' d:iu
tlf kl1'lIlg h"p Iy' vi, co cc'iu chuyen ng:111hkhong thoci d,ing, khl)ng the: d,ip ung nhu cau
clla ng'luh kinh 10'doi v6i moi ca nhfll1. Ti 19 nh:111vien lhieu chuyen mon cling co th6
;,11,'",,inh hieU su:il slf d,lllg dau tu giao due, Cong thCfCella no duqc tinh nhu sau:
S6lLfq'ng Il!r"~.: iL'!' t.J1t1YC~1n,l!]l ('~\n
l.~ll b6 sung
trong c, ,;inh Ie quac d:in
Tl k IIh~tIl\'j(:n = ------ --------------- x 100%
ll1i"':ll dlll~, ..
'J1 llllHI Sii nh:in vien eo ehuyen mon hi~n eo + s6 nhiin vien
eo chuyen mon can bO sung
-1, Chu k5' diw tao
('Ill! k( '.bu tau L'llng I:, mot chi lieu danh gia hi~u suflt sir dt,tng dau lU eho gi,io
,Iue. f),', I" Ilung mI.'l di,'u kienl1[iu IU cho giuo dyc nhat dinh. chi phi blnh qufln villhiJi
c'i'''l d~ ,bu L,u nl,:)1lau ,long Cll lieu chuJn chat luqng phu hqp, Trong dieu bell d,hl llf
nh:;l ,linl!. nil IIg'''1 thili gian <.lilalao mit van baa dam Ch[ll luoI'g thl co lh~ n(,; !'il11g
• hi~u qua sef dung d:iu llf ehn gian due cao, Vi du, dito tao mOL nglfo; lau dong ch:it
I,rong phu hop \'t',i lieu chu:,n, Iht,.; ginn binh qufln 111n n::\m, chi phi blnh quil11 ii, m
nh'lll d,uI k, llic Ii, chi phi l1[iu IU hinh quan moi nam lit min te, Neu nhu tlwc hien mol
i\.?O
so phuong philp cai cach twng giao duc, nang cao chal luqng. tr~ng nhfrng dieu kien
phil hqp yai yeu cau chat llfong, lam cho qua trlnh dao t~o rut ngan lai m(J1nam. Nhu
yay. thai gian da~ tgo luc n~y la (n- 1) nitm. Nc'u chi phi dao tao mai nam v,m la min
nhan dan I~ thl t6ri.g chi phi cLlliIll'se la: (n-l) min = m- min

Kel qua Ifnh toan cho, Ihay e6 the tiel kiem min nhan dan Ie ne't, nhu rUI ngan
duoc thai gian dao t"o. . . ,

Nhftng elmg Ihue linh:toaJl (1 tren IiI nhfrng chi tieu danh gi<ihieu suiil sir dung
dllu tu glao due 6 lam Ylmo! ngoai ra con mol so'ehilieu xcl0liil~1 "i ~o. . ,
I I .
5. Thbi ki klen thue tta nen lac h:iu
.
I
I'
I '.
Tho, kl kien'lhu'c tro n~n l~e h~u tue la tri Ihue nguqi hqc nhan duoc roi sau ,16 di
ung dung thue te, nhung gi~a chung e6 m(Jt khoang thai gian. Do gifra Iuc tie'p nh:\n
duqe kien Ihue va' luc apd\l/1g vao thue te c6 mot khoang thai gian thfch ung. kho,ing
thai gian thfch ung d6 con duoc goi la thai ky l~c hau. IUCla Ihai gian lam eho kien
thue bi l~e hilU di: Thai ky ~~ehau eua tri thue cimg ngiln Ihl hi~tisual str dung dilu IU
cho giao due cang eao. I'
I .

Vi du: G9i t~ai gian blph quan kien lhue In1 nen l~e h~u eua hge sinh sau khi 101
nghiep 0 m'?t truarg. m,?1ca'p nao d6la T m' Chung la hay so sanh ba Inrang hqp ~hae
nhau, gia thiet lhai gian kie~ lhue Ira nen l~e hilu eua hoe sinh Iruang A la IA• truang CO
la 18 va truang C l~ Ie. lue nay
la e6 eclng Ihue:
i,
i tA + IB + Ie
Tm= I

Thill ,;~ k:'" ,hO, 1"'"~" h," 0 ,k "aim, ,0 '" ,m ,.,"

truang hqp: Lon hon Ihai ~ian l(le hau blnh quan. btmg thai gian I,!c h~u b,nh qu,m
m" """'
hoac nha hon Ihai gian lae ~~u blnh quan. Nhu yay, III d6 e6 Ih~ ~han xcI mUe clo eao
b,

Ihap eua hi~u qua Isird\lng dilu tu giao dye eua tnrang cl6. '
I

6. Kh:l nan~ ph:it tri1n clia hl,)c sinh sau khi,tot nghiep
Kha nang phat lri~n ella hge sinh sau khi lot nghiep cung Iii m(JI loai hitu sua! sir
dung dilu tu giao due. Kha ~ang phat Iri~n eua nguai h9G sau khi tot nghiep tue Iii kha
nang nguai hoe sau 10\ nghliep c6 th6 phat lae dung Ion trang thuc Ie hoae c6 nhfrng
thanh lieh cao. Kha nan~ pilat tri~n eua nguai hoe dll1.g cao Ihl hieu su,it sir dung dau tu
giao duc dmg lon, j~e biN la trong dieu ki~n khoang thai gian clai sau khi tOI nghiep.
duoe ph,in ,\nh tUOng cia, ro n(1 Co th6 sir d\ll1g phuong ph,ip ciieu tra trile nghicm d~
xac dinh.

7. Ti IC kic'n thlle lac hau \a ti le kien thue m6i

Cling v6i suophar tri~n sua san XUal,Sll' tien b(Jeua khoa hge. kitn Ihue ma nguai hoc
dum: tmn,' nil" truang se eOrol philn tra nen lac h~u va can phai 1ha\ doi. T, k kit'n Ihue
bi /;lC h;'II' lrong tclng so kieq Ihue thu duqe duoc goi la Ii Ie kien lhlre lac h,:iU.ti Ie kien
lh,ie duoe lam moi duqe g9i la t11~ kien Ihue moi. Trang mol kho,ing thiri gi'''1 :lhilt d;nh

290
 , .
I

sau kill sinh ,'i2n rai .truang. ti I~ kien thuc l~c h~u dmg ft, ti~~ kien thuc moi ding cao thl
hi~u suat Slf d~lI1g giao dy.c c~\I1gcao. t j
NgU'li ra. 'If truling Ih'1I1h e:ua dQi ngii giao vien ciin$ la chi tieu cua hi~u SUllt sir
dun~ ILtU llf ~i,," due:. bai vi Lbu tlf giao dlic co mQt bt;! ph~ can dung de nfmg cao chiit
I~o;~ e:ila dl;'
n~u ~i:1O,'i~IL Trnng clieu ki~n da.u tu giao 4lic nhat dinh, chat luqng dQi
'.~ ngu ~i;'IO\i~n c:;~o.k~l c::iu hor I). sc noi len hi~u qua sir dling dau tu cho giao duc .
• • Nhl'rng chi li~u d:lnh gi;'1 hi,'u suilt Slf c1\lJlgdiiu tlf giao cluc 6 tren, l;,O thimh mQI
he Ih6n~ cae e:hi ti0u d,inh ~i:l: lron£ d6 "diel/! Ii,,/( ehwll1 lri thiCe - k)i millg" lit chi
,_ - - I
lietl lUljJlg ltoi Ljuan trong. e:ling e6 the eho rang no lit chi 'fieu co tinh t6ng hqp vita co
g~:1Iri,lf tim: ,i rno: VLf';e:o 1:le u\mg 0 Ifi~1 vi rn?: No I~ clji tiE'u pn,an anh, trlnh dQ t~~h
luy klt:n lhue va ky nfmg lrong milt khoaflg Ihm glan nh~t dWh cua ngum hQc. DI(:m
lieu chufin ki0n IhefC \"1 k5 nflng 1,1sCm ph&m cua qua trlnli giao dl,lC, n6 phim anh hi~u
sual slf dung lbu tlf gi:ll) du~. N6i mQI cachcl,l th~, chi tie* nay g6m vai d~c di~m sau:
Tille III"il. \lla philn :mh bi0u hi~n IlfClng san xuat'giao d~c, vUa ph an anh chfit luqng
eua kd qui, giau clue tl6. N6 rh;ii xem xet ml,lc dich, thbi gian muc dt;! quan LrQng,
thimh lich Clla hoc sinh tl6i \Ili m(1I1IH?c cl6, la sl! tfch luy ve s6 luqng tren CO sa chfll
IWing ~"io due:' nhC'l dlnh. dal Lkn sLfth6ng nhfil v6 chitt lugng va s61uqng nhut clinh.
,
flile '''Ii. e:hl li0u nilY eLl rh"rn vi lUang d6i rt;!ng, c&th~ khao sat ca mt;!t giai do~n
g;;io duL'. Llf bile li~u hlK lkn dai hoc vit th~m chf cao hah. No phan anh hi~u suat dir
",
dyng lbu lU gi~lO dl.1C (-j mere d(l \'1 mo.
nile h<l. do h~ thling chi li0u danh gia nay khang co 51!'khacbi~t ve chat, cung
phill1 ,inh S'1I1philll1 giao due. co the so sanh hi~u qua sir d«ng Mu tu giao dl,lC cac cap a
b;lC gi,io due: hay de 10'.li hinh gi:io dliC khacnhau, n? co gi:i ~r! sir. dl,lng rt;!ng rai.

X<'l \~ mi,t )' nghia cua chi li~u rna noi, no chi matg tfnll cMt thir nghiem, khi
clua \ilU lhue: [0' con fiil nhieu kho khfll1 va khoang cacho ~hUiytU la vi~c xac dinh h~
lhling L'hi lku nhu.lh.: nilo -, biit IU;ll1cl~a vao ,thai gia~ n¥u~i hQ:d~qc tiep, rih~n k~en
thlfl' hay dLla \'ao !lnh quan In.>Ilgeua vu;c nguOl hqc hmh thanh ky riang, kha nang lam
vi0e: Irong ttrl1l1g lai thi deu g;l[J phili nhiing van de het stl:c kll6 kh~n. Bai Ie, cac giai
cloan ~i:l\' dilL'. \ii nhlf thoi gian h()c clai hQc, trung hQc, tieu hQc, .. 've luqng va chflt lit
kh;\L' ni'];I(1.,10n cling kh6 x,ic clinh linh quan trQng tuang d6i cua man hQc. VI the, chi
lie II nilY eli gi;i lfi khua hqe: nl1Lrng khi dem ung dling 'hi , cung ciin ' phi\i suy n_gh'iden
rillnhi0u "'"l Lk kh,ic, ' ,

II. He thiing chi (ieu co tlnll thtre te

Chi il0u nilY dll gi;io Slf Hill1 Ton Le cua d~i hQc Ha Bilc dua fa. No ti~n lqi trang
Slf dllng "I khat> "il llllrc 10'.Gill Ihill1h Clla h~ th6ng nay npu sau:
. I, ( .'.III IICLIsu!u\mg
" ..
lhanh qua
'"gwo duc
I
I

Chi lie:u sli llrong lh'llIh qu;i giao duc lit s6 luung hoc sinh dang hllc va lEi llit
Ilghi0p do tnfi1ng dilO lao. khi t[llh loan, gilt slr chfll IIJ\Jng ella hoc ,inh cluoe dilo lao Ei
tHlfilg. l!l'lllg.. Cllllg thCre linh to<.ill :-;au:

291
 . SOluqng Ih~nh qua giao dvc (SO h9C sinh dang hoc ho'(ic dil t6t nghi~r)
Hi~u SUalsir d~ng = . .. . ~ I00%
c
diiu IU giao dv S~ tieu hao rigupn.chi p!Ii (t6ng chi phi ca rtam)

Trang c6ng t1iuc trc~n: I '.,

T6ng s6 h\lc sinh dang h\lC eli n,bm= {( SO hoc ~inh dau mlm x 8) + (SO hoc si,nh d'lu nam _ S6
h\lc sinh t6t nghi~p.tJ So h\lc sinh mai chicu sinh) x 41 : 12 r.

T6ng chi phi c~ nam =T+g chi Phi cac khoan eli nam _ Chi phi kh6ng licl,Jquan

Hieu suiit sir dung! . So ~\lc sinh dang h\lc hang nani ($0 h\lc sinh tot nghicp)
chi phi Sl,t nghi~p I.. , x 100%
gi,io due hang nam Chi phi c6ng tac gi"p duc ca nam

,I

Hi~u suat sir dung dau

so! h\lc sinh dang hoc hang nam (so ,h\lc
sinr tot nghi~p) .
tlI xay d\l!lg ca b,;n = j 'x J 00%
giao dvc hang ni,m , Diiu tu xi,y d\l!lg ca ban giao dvc

Hi'" w", tu,'d""giaog

b9 dau
quoc gia )lang nam :
,1
d~IC = -..,'e----~L
Kif
,i" hd," g h"" "'"
phi sl! nghi~p giao dvc + Dau
g ",m (,' h"" ,i"h,', ",hi'"
IU xii)'
_
d\l!lg co ban giao dve

i 1 ,
2. Chi tieu chat ltll;mg thanh tich giao dl;lc

Chi tieu nay Jii chi vi~c t!.en hanh khao sat dilu tu cho giao dlolcmang I~i cha't luqng
tot hay xau. Co th~ tien Mnh Jhao sal dc a lap
khac nhau, dang hQc ho(i..cdii tot nghi~p.
- t h'uc cua
Cong ,: no'hn U I
S'lU:

: Jrcmg( (Lop) (i-l\l~'s:nh tot nghi~p) blnh quan ch,;'t luang

H~ so chat lu"'fg' - .J '
chi phi cho nhar tai (Trucmg) ( lop) (H\lc sinh 101'nghi~p) chi phi blnh quan
I I
Kh~o sat chathuqng hq~ t~p cua hqc sinh la het suc phuc t~p bai V) ph'lm vi baD
g6~,cua no ra~ kh6'xac di_~h"IVi dlol:,Du~dlol~, 1:1dlolc, my dlolc, lao dQng ki thu<it. chi c6
the !mh m(lt cach lUang dOl, c~ng thuc cua no la:
, 1

!k p

A =12:: Wi [ 2::
wij a,;]
ji =1 j =1

i I
Trang d6: iA
'
Ii! tong . gia Iri chat luqng giao d~c

Wi Iii gin Ir; v~ chi tieu 6hu ( Dtrc, tri, IhC', my, lao dQng) a muc Ihu i
Wi; Iii gia Iri rna chi tieu'thu j trang muc thu i
\
 K

P ~6luqng chi li0u trong InQl t:ing gia tr~

"L k\' hi0u ella (('in':!,s6 I

X:'c dinh gia lrl lrang h~ thong chi tieu eua m9i tang e~ the dung phu0l1f "Ii{lp lU
vfin eila ell' chlly~n gia uk I:I )' kien eila cae chuyen gia, cae chuyen gia se xae d!nh
.<
gia tri: mlre chi ti~ll khi Cl' nliiIng )' kic:n khac nhau se lay gia tr! blnh quan, ((Jl\g thlre
eua n6 1,1:
n
.-\ + L ( B, x r;, + C - D + E)
i= 1
G = ----------------
( k, XI + k2x2 + k3xJ+ k;xj) x P
G Iii Iuqng dfill lU cua' dan vi
A I:I kinh phi eho giao dl!c lli!!c chi himg nam :
C Iii gia tr! t6n uqng cuoi n'lm twoc
D Iii chi pili l11lla silln thie't bi

'. E I~l
ghi If! lon dc.mg ella n[lm nay
x, ,- x, ui~m binh quiUl Clla 11(?csinh ve Duc, trf, th~, my, lao dQng cua
hOl'sinh '
kl k,liin Ilfqtlil long so dic:m Due, trf, th~, my, va lao dQng
I' Iii so hoc sinh dang h9c binh qufm hill1g mlm
PI x 8 + P, x 4
-------)
12
P, Iii so hoc sinh dang Iwc duu nCtm
1', Iii so h(lc sinh dang h(lc euoi nCtm
f":cl"'li ra. con co l11QIso chi tieu chiilluong "I' Jllng ll'ong thue ri~n nl1Lfsan:

D;-iu tlf (Ill) gi~io Tc)ng d.-ill tLr cho gj{io dt;lc hang naffi
due h~lll~ 1l,1l1l t.:(; :::: ----------------- X 10(//0
hieu "",I Kinh phi loan lrlfong hlmg nam

Tong d,llI (If L.!JU T()ng ~6 h(,)( sinh d'-.ltlicu chuan himg nam;
gi;,io d~IL'~() !li~lJ = x 100% x kinh phi d Mill'

qua n:llH

T6ng ... t") ill.ll_.' 'iiniJ = T(J11~ ,6 h',le ,inh - hC)csinh kh6ng - So hqc sinh
c1~.\tCIJU~ll\ La Irltllllg d~lll n{Ul1 lh~t lieu chu~n bo hQc
Tong IH}C sinh Xll[tt sac lrong so

293
 I
I
Ti Ie hoc sinh xu!t sil.c
trong kinh phi dlhi tll = j ht;lc sinh dang hoc x 100% x kin"h phi ca !lam
giao dyc himg niirp T6ng kinh phi dau III cho gia(i)due x 100%

! . SO hQc sinh kern

Ti l~ hQc sinh ken) trong.,

.1 +-------_
So hQc sinh dang hQC
x 100% x ~inh phi c~ !lam
kinh phi dau tll cho
giao dyc himg
='~._j-- _
,- .
. .na~r . .T6ng dau tll cho giao dycd nfun

"'"I S6 h9C sinh dutieu chu,ln tot nghi~p

Ti I~ tot nghi~p r '----- ~ x 100%

so hQc inh VllQ1qua ky thi len lap

x 100%
S6 hQ sinh cua nam hQC

x 100%

xlOO%

x 100%

,
Hi~u suill sir dYllg = ,
nil"" "iell lao dt)ng . x 100%
jT6ng ~"6~~iin .~ien !ao ~t)ng
I SOglaa- Vlcn ciin co
I
294
I
 ,
;
I
so
giao vien can co l
Ti l~ slr dl:lllg giao \"i~n = ----------- x tOO%
SO glao vien hi~n c6 I

., 56 giao vien d.n co

__________ :x 100%
Ti Ie tielll lue gdo \i~n = 1 -
56 giao vien hi~n co
., i

56 hQc sinh dang hQc I ~_ x 100'k

Ii h::, lieu chuf,:n giua giao vien va \IlOCsinh
' ,

Chi lieu kh~i\) sal hieu ~ucit Him \(i~~,cua giao vieni
'I'eng
' ~o..tl~l'h qc ca' k' , cae
~yella , m 0n hi, ca uuang
, 99
So gio d,l)' =
hlnh qll~iil gi •.i.o rii:11 Tong so giao vien clla ca trubng

Tclng so mOn hQc ca lrubng

, I
I,
S() 11{~'m =
hi 11 11quan glab \'i~n Tclng s6 giao vien giang day cit l\lIbng ,

Tclng so lop cii lrllbng

Binh 4uail giao \'i~n = -,------------~--
"
Cal.:lop Tong so giao vien eua ca truang

Chi lieu hi~u suat Slr dl,llIg nguon v~t luc dau,tu giuo dlfC:
Hi~u smit sir dt,lIIg nguon ,,(It llle giao due la chi mue de? Slr dqng va lieu hao lao
d9ng ve,L IlOcitrong hoat d<:Jnglao d(lIlg, No HI eel sa V<}leh~t k'ilhu<}t ella hO\lt d9ng giao
due, chil YC'U bao ~om lai san co dinh, lai lieu va nhung vat phfun de hao mo~,
, . - " 'I I '
Chi li~u -Icing hop hieu sufil su- ol)ng nguon v<}lIl!e d~u tu giao ~lfe, e6ng ,thue eua
nola: Ii'
I I

Hi~u sual Slrd~lng Tclng so hQc sinh dang hQC! '

x 100%
ngu6n \'~tl 'V( =
hang n[Ull Tclng kinh phI co dinh x (Ii I~ hao man + t~ng so kinh phi
nhiing vi).lde hao man)

T6ng so hQc sinh danghQc .

ltclng so giao "ien + nhiln vien + hQc si h)
Hieu ,ucil sir dung lili = j-_ X 10Q%
s•.ln c{-idi,nh l"Ua Iruong_. T()l1u' \'on lai san co dinh
"r x ti Ie hao mrm
, , i I
TOng hQc slllh dang h9c i
Hieu s~l:ilSlr dung llong so giaovien + nhiln vie* + hqe sinh)
C
\'(ll pll~Ull hau mbn '"a ('J gi~i !rj ::: I. x 100 ;0
SLfdt,lllg. IIgflll T{)ng \'6n lsi "San co d~nh x ti I~
haa man

Hi~u 'ill~lt sLl d~ll1g '\tl phim d~ hi.l0 mon \'~l co gi(l tr~ SL(d~lllg ngltn::: Tong s6 h9C sinh (ho~\C
so gi~iu \'l211 + llh~l[l "len -r h(.Jc ...illl1r T6ng haa mon tal li~u V~t \'i.H ph elm x lOCY.!cJ
Ilieu SUell sir dung Ihie'l hi, cong lh'k chiJ y€u ella no lao

295
 thiel hi Ihl!c nghi~m - ,.
Sf' gia
I
(ngil)') StI dl!ng\fong ke ho~c.h
Hicu su:ft sli dl!ng
Iranh "nh, sJeh trlly~n = Tqng
!
sotranh anh, such truven muan dun!!
•. . -
x 100%
i6ng ,,'i Iranh anh. saeh truven hien eo
! • • •

T6n~ so Ian cha muqn

Ho~c = -,-~--'-~--,~+--=-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~_ x 100%
T6hg so giao 'ien -,-nban vien - h<;>csinh _ h9C sinh eua truang
Hi~u suat sb dungtruO'ng hoc duqe tfnh nhu sau: .
. Di~I1tlch xay dlfng truang h9C thl!c eo .
Hi~u su~ft =. r. .- . x 1009(.
StI dl!ng tTUangh<;>f Di~n Itch nen co d~ xay d~g truang

~ieu sUfit.. •
su dl!ng dl<;ntlch T
1~--i Di~q tfch dilt rhl!Cco cuatruang h9C
. x l00'7c,
dilt cua Iruang h<;>Cj;. pi~n tfeh nen co .
I . I
Phuong ph~p blnh qU1n khau hao hang nam fa phuong phap ifnh kMu hao titi s,ln
co dinh eua truong, e6ng thue eua n6 fa: '
I I
Muc kha'u hao han~ nam = Gi~ tri vonco eua tai san eo dinh - (Gia lri lim du dl! tfnh _ C;hi phi
thanh Iy dl! tfnh) : DI! tfnh nam sli dl!ng titi san eo dinh.

I = ;
I Mue dQ hao hang n,im
Ti I~ kMu hao hang nam
I . J Gia tri von eo eua rai san eo djnh
x lOO('i

•..•- ..
Khi Slr d\ln~. hai phu g phap nay dn ehu y den 2 ditm sau: TllIlllluii. l,fnh lQ,ln
mue kha~' hao st'r'd\lng eaejnam la ngang nhau nen mue chi phf lit 6n d!nh. Tillr hai.
i
phuong phap naY,Ia kh6ng ehU y den phuong phap do khau hao n6 Slr dl1ng den cae
thiet bi khoa hoc ~huyen ng~nh.

Phuong phaP do kha~ hao giam x~6ng himg nam d~ng lTOng giao d\le IUe lit
phuong phap do ~hau hao giam xuong eua cae tai san co dinli trang nhit truong. dl!a
VaGti J~ nhat dinhidua Ta mde khau hao. ,
C6ng~ thue
. e~a
I; no lit: . I. . , .
Mue kl1au hao nam tM n = ad Ifi ['Ii sen en rlinh, (I-Ii Ie khau Jiao) x ti Ie khau hao
'
j
i
, • • • •

q
I 1- V Giii tTicon Ini cva tili san
Ti' Ie kh,i'u itan" ~ .'. x 100'!c
Cd l,ri can biin Cl;l(l l~lisan

Trong do: n la so nam !Slr d\lng titi san. Mue d(l khau hao eung 1'lng d,ln theo so
l1
nam Slr d ng boi ,,\ nhi~u gi~ tT! tai san ngay eimg giam nen mue khaiJ haa cung gi,im.
Vi v;iy" k.hi Slr ?\l~g, Phu?"~lp~ap n~~ nen eh" y toi gi,\ IT! dlTtinh eon !<.Ii eua li,i san.
nell gw dlnh mot muc gla tq ~hap nha!. .

296
 I
H~ so [:u s,ln,'co dinh eua truang la chi Ii I~ lai sat e6 dinh 'dang dung va 16ng
mtre l:li S'lll co d!nh. cong lhue eua n6 nhu sau: I :
H, so ,u dyng I:U s,in T6ng gia Ir! lai sim co dinh drng dung ,

•• co J!llh cua nhiJ. truoIlg" = ~ I

T6ng gia Ir! von co clla loan b91ai san co dinh
N~'u h~ so slr d\liig 1:li s'ln co dinh cilllg cao lhi hi~u SIUIIsir dung ngllon val !Lrc
•• ,bu tl( gi,io due C:uig cao, Dung phuong phup lfnh gia lr( ban clau eLla rlti <'\11co clinh
kh," d:lIl gi,ln. nhul\g khong ph,ln ,11\h cluoe ,lnh huang bIen cI,?ng ella gi,i ,i'L SLroyng
phuong ph"ip tfnh giJ lei sCrd~ng lhi phuc lap han nhung leti phan anh dUr;Jeanh huang
bi~',; dong cua giu,eli.

5. Chi lieu h[~Li suat su d\lllg nguon tili life trong $i~o dl!e

T:li lue cua nh:l IrLiang la m(>t nguon v6n luu d(>ng. :c6 ba hmh thue Iii ngfll1 saeh
Imug. ng:1Il Slich ngo:,i va n:gfm sach ella hi~u truang va 4' khau la thu nh(lp. phiin ph6i.
su dLIII\!va k.:'t tOUli:'ctte chi tieu eila' n6 nhu sau:
, - ,
i
I
Chi ti~u t6ng'ht,ip hieu suat Slr dung nguon tai ll!e giuo dl!e duge tinh theo eong thtre:
. '. -
T6ng chi phi thuang xuyen m6i nam
Merc kinh phi chi li~u hinh = -------------------
'Ill'''' h:"'g nam cho hl)c sinh T6ng so hQc sinh dang hQe,
'.
Tong chi phi eho cac ky hl)c m6i: nam
Muc kinh phidi,o I"", = ,
I

IlH)t lh.)(; sinh tot lighi~p Ton'g so hQc sinh dang hQc

Ttlng chi phi ngoai ng~n Sikh m6i Dam

Tong chi phi ngoai ng~1\ sach eua = ----------~------
hoal de)ng Irong ItI!bng moi Ilam T6ng s6 hQc sinh \n6i' nam
• "I " ' '
Merc chi phi binh tlu"J1 elm m6i nglfoi trong ngan s,kh ella hi~u twang hang nam = Mue chi
phi ng'1I1,:'ch cua hi~u tnrC1l12hilIlg ham: T6ng so h~c sinh da?g hQc; :
Cic chi ti'~u hi.;u suiit Slr dl}llg llguon lai ll!c giao dl}t;, eOng thue ciIa n6 nhu sau:
",11k chi phi binh quan cho mili nglfoi 0 tal ca cae h~ng my~ hang na~' = T6ng chi phi cac
',,!ng IIILlC:SOhQc sinh dang hQc 1

Muc chi phi ',,"n \'i~c binh quan cho mili nguoi = T6ng chi phi :cho nMn vien lam vi~c eli nam:
Tong ,6 gi:'o ,'iell - nh'lI1 vicn - hQc sinh ella nha truang i I
Merc chi phi dien nuae binh quan m6i nguoi = TOng chi phi di~n nuac c~ nam : TOng so giuo
\'It=I1'. ilh~'lIl \.i~11_.. iH.lL' slll"h ci.'llruong I I

Ho"c chi phi di~n nlfoc cho mili m' = T6ng chi phi di~n nu6c : DiC'~tich xay dyng trlfOng hQC(m')
;"lLr~chi phi ellO di~lJ hO~lnhi~t dc) 11'inhquan eha moi nguoi ~ Tong chi'phf eha d,.li hQc nien
dq Gll1~.llll : tong gi~io\"j{;11 - nh[\Il vic-n - hQc sinh ca truong ,

~lo<it d,i phi dieu hoi, nhi~1 de) cho mili m' = T6ng chi phi dreLi hoa nhid d6 t" ","n ,",:<
trm1ng : lJi~1l tieh trullIlg hQc
~lefc chi phi cho nhlrng S[fachua lhiet bi blnh qulin m6i ngLroi = T6ng chi phi sua chlr" Ihier bi
ci n~il11: Tong so h<.lC sinh - giao "iell - nhfln vien ca trubng

~Q7
 _..•.••
Hoac Muc chi phi cho sua .chUa thiel bi eho moi 'm' '" T6ng chi phi sua chua thiel bi ca niim :
!);,'n Ifeh xay dl!llg lruemg " - ,
. " I
III. H~ thong chi tieu c61tfnh chatkhii thi
D:,)' Ii, he th6ng chi !ie~ do hQc gia T6ng Tan Minh- Bo lai chfnh dtra ra. n6 c6 I'
ngh!a sir d\111gmang tfnh hlmb chfnh. ' -

," 1. Cac chi tie~ hoa~ thknh k€ ho~ch trong Sl! nghi~p giao dlJc

Ti Ie hoiln thanh
ke hoaeh chieu sinh b
I I
S6 sinh vien ehieu sinh lhlfe Ie
' x 100'10
sinh ,;ien chinh quy,
ehuyen nganl~ ,},
i SS siAh "ien can chieu sinh trong ke ho?ch eua quae gia
", " I

Tll~ hoanthikh't: ; "',',: ~ ~i~h vlen Ihlfe Ie ci11?Csy, Tien sy)

ke ho?eh ehieusiph oF __ ' __ ' _. -_-_
nghien eUu sinh ," S6h91 vien dn chieu sinh theo, ke ho?eh quae gia ..;
.~.

Ti I~ hoan Ihanh i
,S~'-ltru h9C sinh thlfc Ie
ke ho~eh dao I~O - , ------- x 100%
ltru hge sinh
-I,'
S6h9f sir~ e~n ehieu sinh trong ke ho~eh

2. Chi phi blith qulin

I'

+0 m6i h.Qc sinh cit nam hQc

.

Chi ph!bl~h qUanj I.. . , Tfng chi phf IhlfC Ie cho d nam hQC
cho mOl smh vlen "'I.~ 1..- _
ca nam hge , T6ng s61inh vien blnh quan trpng toan bQ sinh vien d nam

Toan~9 hQc ~in~ bao J6~Sinh vien chfnh quy, sinh vien chuyen ngiinh. nghien
CtIUsinh, Itru hQc sinh, s6 hQ4 sinh blnh quan Iii blI1h quan s6 ngtrm lrang moi ngay clla
d. nam. !' i
I '1
Ngoili ra, ciing-can than:!l khao mot viti chi lieu cu Ih~ sau:
I I . .'
Kinh phf eho giao vien -- nhan "ien -lao d<mg phl!e "I! m?! sinh vien
. I .
LlIang ca n~m + Chi p~f phue lqi cho nhan "ien
'" ,I
Bl,;h quan s6 sihh vien (rong 10<111 b9 hoc sinh c.i mim
Kinh phi d~)'hge. Chi rhf cong I'll + chi rilf n&hi~p "I!
h~nh ehfnh eho rno; __- ---
sinh "ien Binh qoan 56 sinh I'ien (rdng (oim b6 h9C sinh c,l nam

Kinh pilf in/ c{lp c]wl1loi sinh vien chuycn nganh, chfnh q\!)';::;

Chi phi Irq cap eho sinh I'i~n chuyen nganh. ehfnh quy. co mim
= I
T<lng s6 sinh ~ien ehfnh ~uy, ehuyen nganh c;i nam
, 1
. I

\
 J, '.lIie kinh phi eho giao "ien, nhflll vien
S6 luang chi Ira d nom
('Ill "'li lUling binh qu~'H1m~)i n[lIn =
Tbng so giao vien - nMn vien d n'\lll

T~ 'l() (uon~plll.1 lJ\Jl1g luong -:-hfnh ::;:.

.. "

=
l.llung I"') G'r hctng n'\lll ~ Chi rhl phuc 19i cho nMn vien
-------------~---- x lOu'""
So' luong chi tnl. c~ nfl.l:n

-+, Lip ti l~ bikn che gilra giao vien, nhiln vien va hoc siJ1l"CllUi n,im

Ti k biC:-n(h~' giC~a gi~l()\'i~n.nhan \'ien va hQc sinh cu6i mim ::;:

Tl;ng ~(S sinh \'il:11 ~u6i nam
=-~-----------------

Ti (~ hi~n ch~' giua hqc sinh \'a so tien luang eua giao v~cn, nhfm vien cu6i n[lm ::;:

=----------------
So li~n (Hong l,:ua gii.l0 ,'il:ll. nh.in vien

5. '.hIc chi phi co d!llh moi IIIICsinh Slr d~lIlg moi ":'1m

Tbl g muc chi phi co djnh

I
\It'IC chi phi ell djnh huc ,inh ,it dl,mg moi mim = ,
6ng so h<;>csinh
I '
. [
6. '.hIc chi phi llI11a S,llll lai li~ll cua nuii hoc sinh
!
Tbng 111UC chi phi mua sam
lai li~u mt,ll nam
~Ilri.."Lhi phi t{ti [i~ll CU~I Ilqc
lj'lU~l~~;Ul1 sinh ITIql l1[un::;: -----------
Tbng so h<;>csinh

7. C:IC khOlln phll khac cua hoc sinh l110i nam

Tbng chi phi cac khoan ph\!

Tbng so h<;>csinh
e,c clit lteU lren lLrong tl6i chfnh xac va hr;1ply vai cac truang h9c.
!
X. Ti Ie sir dung e,ie Ihiel bi

S6 gia str d\!ng hoach djnh hang n'Ull

"II h,' ,>If dl,1l1i:;

(,t\,." lllil.:l hi ;::;
lhHl~ Ih-I

299
 9.,Ti Ie Slr dung cac thih bj khac

:',' h",," hiio t6t cae thiet bi = '..

i S6 thier hj ho.m hao
_
. I x I OO~i(
T6ng s6 thiet bi hoim hao

10. Ty tn;mg rn&giao d~Cthl!c nghi~rn

~ I,Mihocw" 't, .
<h" t'm
I
e
so tiet th\lc nghi~m dii co

so tiet th\lc nghien:f non co

x!OO%
,~ Or

[', k ki [hu~t'ca sa tf\lllg th\lC nghi~ni = S6 tiet thuc nghiem dii co

--------------. x 100%
I
So tic"l It''r,,' ",~hi~Jl1ncn co
,!
i S6 I ;c'[ th\lc nghi~m dii co
I l1gan
-. J 1 trongjtIh \lCnghl~m
. = ------ x loor'"0
S6 tie'r thvc nghi~m nen co
I
I
..•...
.."...
. ~.
I -" '.

I
-I

\
 Bili 3: Phmmg phap t1nh hi~u suat kinh te giao dl,lc

Cic hue gi,i tfllng \'1 ngu"j lllrac dii dua ra rat nhi611 phuong phap linh hi~1l Sl1,,1
kinh k" giju dt.Il.: .
.. I. PIHwng pllllP GIC hoc gia trong mrac drra ra
1. Phuung phap tinh toan lay chi phi dau tu M dao t~o Illqt sinh vien tot
nghiep lilln lieu chulill
Uy dli phi MlJ'tl! de dao tao m9t sinh vien tot nghi~p llim chi tieu tong hqp d~
lfllh hi0u Lju,i dilu til giao duc, cong thuc tlnh cua 0'6 nhu sau:
LU.,lllg dau tLCgi~l(ld~c cho m()l sinh \'ien loi khi tot nghi~p = ;
Lll<.fllglieu ellllilil d,iu tLlehu 111(\1 ,inh \i0n 16t nghi~p Ih,!C Ie tieu haD + Luqng tieu chudn d,iu
lU gi~i.\I tllI' ..: 1.,lIl) Ilh)t :'IlIlh \"il:Jl t6t Ilghi~p til:u han lienl ~in

S,i IWHlg ,inh \'l0n liit nghi0p 11m ra lif h~ s6 lhay doi chfll IUQng:
Chi s<, lh,: ,h',i eh,,1 Ilflfllg ,inh I'iell lCitnghi0p = Chi ,6 blnh quan ehalluqng Ilwe Ie: Chi s6
binh lfLl~i.nchallul.fng lit:u •...
llU~in.
'. NhCrng,inh \i0n till li0u ehuiin tOI nghiep do dung chi' so thay doi challuqng tfllh ra
thi thlle r" ~Il<jng ph,ii Ii, "Jlglre'oj" ma iiI dCln"vis'ln philm lieu chufin (; m91 chillluQl1g
Ilhill Jinh. Vi elu: Chi ,6 lhay doi 1,1 1,2 c6 1000 SV lot nghi~p, nhung so sinh vien 101
Ilghi0p ella lwimg hl)c <ItSI:, 1200. lue Ii, etS 1200 don vi Slln phfrm U:u chufrn.Chi sOlhay
<I,)i lI"y e,', the 1,,0'1Ill'li <Iisu ~hae biel ve chiil luqng cua sinh \ien 101 nghiep. Xu ly eMt
hua ehu sinh \'ien cac 111aihlnh ~h,ic nhau M 0'6 c61inh so sanh duqe.

Ti0u ehlliin <I'lu w gi,1O Llue eho mt?l sinh vien 101 nghi~p lh,!c te tieu hao dl'qe
linh lh~o l'l'H1g. lhue:
Ti,.:u ChU~';1lJ~tU tu chu sinh \'i\:Jl tot nghi~p Lhy-cte lieu haa =
Lu,!ng dau IU giao dye lieu ehuan eho 11191sinh yien 101nghi~p
illwang nao d6 duqe lay lam thucre do r

I,u'."'g d,iu III gilio dye lieu ehuan eho mql sinh vien 161nghi~p
TIle <lung clla no 0 eha I'lm can btmg l\Xqng hOli cho s'!'khac bi~l khach quan cua IllC;t
hue "nh c.,'inchi phi lnmg qu,i trlnh tIilO tl!O (; cae lo[)i hlnh trui'mg 119Ckh'le nhau. Vi till:
LoI)' <lai hue tong hnp "Ull lhuC1cdo, luqng dfiu IU lieu chufrn eho sinh vien 101nghicp 1,,10
.000 nh:ni diU! te. eho ~hl1a hoc eong ngh~ III 12.000 nha.n dan l~, SU pham la S.OOi) Ilk,,:
diln te, C;i" ,If Ul 1Jl(){ tnri"'g ,If "ham, mlfc chi phi blnh qurm dau nguai ii, Y.aao 1.1. :
10.ll1lfe chi ehu ~hoa hue ec)ng ngh01a 12.500 nhiln c!:tu l(,;. Nhuv~y, luqng tieu el1u",,'"
lLf gi •.io tlL,h": cho 111()1sinh \'jCll Sl( phHtl116t nghi.;':', !!',~L::le ch ti0L! 1a:
IU.I)!'('

= ---- ,\ ~.U\)V = 11.'250 (tlh,\n cI'\tI tel

o ,(lO()

301
 eho khoa
i 10000
hoc cong nghe la:
~- x 9.000" 10.4 17 (nhim dim k)
112000
Ci,i nil" 11l1'ICl1<iu1lf \icu ehuiin eho giJo d~e clla hai twimg lieu hao tienl iin 1,'1
nlHf nh"" nllLfng hieu suiit ~iiu III giiio due eho tWang khoa hoc eong nghe sc cal) hGn
tntong .'Ltph'''l1. I . ~ . ~ _ .
J

!'I.111c rl.:illIltl;:-u ehUil1 eho giao due eho moi sinh vien t{it nghiep tieu hao liem ,'111

I;'lVlr01qua 1111icticu hao e~uan t6ng chi phi thi.:'t bi Vii lien ItrO'ng nh,'n "i,'n .
. ' 51'1'dung phuil'ng ph,ipjtinh toan hi~u suiit .,,1 dung dilu tlf gi,io due nil)' cli nhieu lm
diem nhu'ng khi ,ip dung 1'40 Ihlfe te thl cling cr\ khong it kh6 khiln. Bl""j10. h,:' s6 Ih.')'
doi ehal luang sinh vien dtl tieu ehuan lot nghier, rhu thupe vim Slf rhue tar ella d,inh
giJ giJo due, m;'1 he thong panh gia giiio d~e hien nay ehlfa uuae hoari Ihien 1;'1111, nh,'it
lit de twang hoc va loai hlnh giao due khac nhau. slI ehuye'n d6i chiYt IU.ong sinh vien
tot nghicp eang ~h6 khan, t~\lt kho xae dinh dlfqe luqng dilu tu giao duc tieu chuiin eho
m()l sinh vicn t6t'nghj~p. I
Dong thai. trang thlIe ~e khi tinh to,in hicu 'iu,1 gi,io due ".Ii khong nghi (kn ~'c'u 16
chat Ilfong eila sinh vien khl vilO Imong, VI vi1y linh toan cilllg kh6 ehinh xiic.

2. Phuang phap +h toan lay hieu sua! dau tu ghio due lam ticu chufin
Co
l
eong thue nhlf saUl

~ i . Hc s6 d'IU fa (5,)
Hicu SUal kinh te'dilu III gia d~e (V,) = --,-
:
I1 ' He, so diiu vao (C,)
:
H~ so dilu 'f1 bieu Ihi Ii I~ san pha'm giiio due mpl dan vi gi,io due (dan vi i). clal
dlfae lrang toan bo nhfrng :;an phiim eila liit ca cae dan vi giao due. Noi clung eua "In
ph;\m dau ra d6 Iii diem so,,~ Ifi thue va m1ng I\re,
I
He s6 dau vito lit chi
c:iu tlf \;aO nganh :giao d~c, i, '
It
" ~. ~.
Ie dau tlf vao mal clan vi tWang hoc nilo d6 lmng loim bo

Mot don vi heu he so hieu sufit kinh te' giao due (Vi) cilng eao th'l hieu 'lIii, cli'll tll
giao clue dl12 eao. tl're J:, Vi = I, dal uuO'e trinh drl. h.:'u Vi < 1 lue I:, thiir h'Jil !mre tieu
'- .••. I..

ehuin blnh qUil11,Vi > j 1'1,'-ilO hun IIH!e ilell el;l<:ln binh quem.

Phu'ong phap ph,1n tiery hieu suiit su dlmg cliiu tu giao clue nil)' eung er\ ttu clie:l11':1
nhlfOC di(111 Dau lien. lit Slir dung phuong phap nay cle so ':lnh hieu sui.t giiio dllc gilfa
de clon VI g;;;o due khiic n'iJau, hl'l; "j he so hiell suiit cl:iu Ill' gitio clue Ii, mell COil ,6
Wong cloi, rht1n "nh muc do tlfang d6i tmng long [he: eua dGn ,j gitio due n:,o clci. Nl'u
he so khae nhau c6 th6 IflIe itiep so siinh thl e6 uu di(m Ii, dan gian, de lill11.Tle'r d6, Iii
S'l~ pha~ gi~o d~e la~eoni.s( l~m d,a~ vi l~l c6 .lheph'ln,tl~h dirac. chill ,,', IlfnngCII:'
thanh qua glao clue. VI can so tren co y nghla nhat clJnh no Ja sir thong nhat 'C ch", \';1
luong, co th( phiin ,inh mot bich khiich quan "in phiim eua gdo due.

1'11II0'ngphir nay eOng e6 nhfrng han ehe', nt' khanI' rh,;i 1:1Ii IC gill''' eLi" [If ch"
gl,io clue va s,1n phiim giao clue. n,'n nci l:h'''llg rh,in inh clune 1116iqlt.ln h,. i'iiJ" ehling.
khong phan ,inh dlfae mue do StI clung cI:iu Ilf gi,io due. clong Ihili " k,:t qUi; gi,io dill'
302
 kh<)ng \CI11 \~[ Je'n nhlrng anh 11lIllIlg [hitnh tfch dau vao ua hqc sii1h, lam anh hlrong
Lkn linh h"p I:" klti so "inh .

.'. I'llllIJllg ph:,!! dlllth gil' dllllg tung di~m trong ky thi chung Iilm lieu chu'tn
l'lwlmg ph,ip n:t\ du m(il ,0 hqc gia cua d<;tih9C Bile Kinh nhLl Vicn CLlong, L)'
.. Kh,,~ CLilJl1gdLia ra. \'6i mo[ deh eu the Ihl do Iii phLlang phap dung I(ing diC:m lrang
ky Ill! ehl!ng lilln lieu ehU"1I1d,inh gill [h:1I1hqua giao dl)c, IUC Ii, s:'m pld:~.:.,:,',,, duc. I,:iv
llllfl,,: ,,:hi phi l'l1U gli.lO dL,lC i~lIn LLLu HI gi,i.o dy.c. luC chi phi giio dlf'-'. P::Lr';L:~ tll1:~f' I: (,'

ph:'111:,nh chi 1I~1IehCi[ IUllllg hieu ,uCit kinh te giao dl)c. Phuong phap lin', [Olm V',\ '.<~
t)L(l'JL" \.:ll \ hI..::

y, Xi
S I ki k2 ' )
R, v x

c
.' II

l:.tl =----.--------
n

Trllug (hi: ~,' Iii hieu ,u,'il klnh [C'ltiu !Lleho giaodl)c cua nam Ihu t' eua dan vi i
'.
dUlIe tlllh lit mL!e kinh phi cho gi,iL) duc ci,a nClln do dn chi phi cho dan vi i.
I{" '" IlrLmg hu,' ,inh S. dULK dun \i (1:10 tao va lUlJng lhay dbi lUang doi Ibng
diem [hi chung ei,a Iwe ,inh lk ,x y, : y - k, X, : X) quyel dinh.
Yh Iii t, Ie eua t(lng diem [J'Llng k$' [hi chung eua dan vi bao cao lrang toim b9
It-il1g Jil'lll thi.
I
.\.1\ h~ ,6 tri link ticu ehuCm
, I
C" Ii Ie cil<1[(lIlg di~m [rong k$' thi chung 6 thai dien1 moc trong t6ng diem thi.
K, > K,. ph,'n ,inh hr(.1ng bi.:n d6i !Llong doi cua t6ng: diem thi dan vi i.

K, )
Y X

L I" he ,,) binh quCnl hi2u suci[ kinh Ie dau lLlgiao due l"ong "-,: .. :1' .let dl".l vi i
I".IC k, II. 1'I1:,n :inh lJilh hinh thong thuang hi~u sullt kel cau ,trlu III 6;',0 due. co Ih~
,Iillig ,k d:inh ~i:i hic'u ,u,i[ killh I': ,hiu !Llgiao dl)c trang th\fC Ie.

-1. I'hlllJng ph,i" d,illh gil' dilllg hilln so san xuat M tinh to:ll1
\),,\ J:, phu,.'ng ph,ip [Ilih hicu wcit Llrlu lLl giflO duc do ang Lc,m \'C\[L f),1I (f)c,i
j.'~:U1J dlr~l LL
 Phl!C1nglrinh eua n6 tlhl!
I
, sau
Yn = f (YIY2YJ ....Yn ;ixlx2xJ .... xn)
,
. '.
Trong d6 Y Ia san ph)lm giao due va x la dAu II! oiao due. Tlu'r 1wi. xem xct linh
' h' ".
kha nang eua vi~c linh loa, dAu II! giao dyc va san phii'm giao dyc. Ong 'J..,;imeho r~ng
dJu II! giao dye )fa san phii'm giao dyc e6 Ihe' ph,in lam hai 10?1Ian. m(>1l~ c6 Ihe' linh
loan duqc nhl!: LI!C1nggia6 vien, diem Ihanh lieh cua hoc sinh. Ii l~ hoc sinh Icn Jap. ,- .
muc d(>hi~u qua cua Ihl! 1~n, tai Ii~u. giao cy ... M(>I10?i khacla kh6ng the' linh loan
du~e nh~.16ehal:cua eon nruai, sl! phal Irie'n eua van hoa, giao Irlnn. tri Ihuc ung dung.
pham chal hoc smh... : .'

Thie ba, dl!a ra rieu ehufln c1,\nhQi,i hicu sufil dfiu tlI Qi,iodue. On£ Lim dun£ lh,i
nang'dao I?O giab dye la Erl lam chi ti~u linh rmin hi~u su,It dfiu ;u gi,\o' due. C6ng'lhue
eua n6la:
. . .
I

T
1/;
i
YL:yi
Ep ,
=-'-=
x I

xi>
, jH
, ,
I

Tr~ng.d6 Xl,la d~~ IUfiao dy~ e6 Ihe' linh loan cythe' duqe.
Y la san pham glao duc. . , .

Ong eho rahg, dung Jhl!C1ngphap nay c6'the' lo?i bo su kh<ic nhau \'c ehfil luqng
eua nhfrng san philm giao d~c khac nhau.
. I
,
N6i each khk Y:::: I./iYi
i p,.,
,
f e6 Ihe' dung phl!C1ngphap chuycn gia tu van de'linh hO~leIiIlinh loan philn lieh m6i
II!C1ngquan lrong linh hinh 16i quan h~ gifra ,Mu tu g(ao dye vii d.au r.amanh lie! nhal.
Ong Lam Van D?I d5 nghien elru rfll sau m6i quan h~ grfra o[iu III va s,in phfim
gi,io duc. Nhfrng:1i IU\inva bhUC1ngphap linh loan eua 6ng r[ile6 gia trio luy nhicn van
eon m6t s6 kh6 khan khi thirc hien.

II. Phuong ph~p cae hlc gj'a nuac ngoaj dua ra

. r', .
1. Phuong phap finh hieu suat kinh Ie gino due eua Kewcn ngl!iJi :\15'
D'lu lien 6ng lien hanh ph{ln lo"i diu I" ~"il)due va san phfim gi50 dtle. Trang
d6, dau tl! giao dye chia [h"lllh d:iu lulnri.rng hoc \',j (!:iu II! phi lnrang hoe. Nhfrng dau
II! lrl!ang hoc de dang linh lo,\n. gom ngu<ln d,iu II! nh'lI1 !tre. "'ll Il!cva [i,i Il!c cho nha

lruang. Nhfrng ctiu lir r::ilkht'l iillh loan, n6i dung cua n6 r::itphue t"p nhu linh hlnh kinh

304
 k. d", \ i \~ h,:)i "Ull d1l1 me hUL'.,inh. chlmg t9c, ca tfnh, tu6i t,le". thi('H phll el", h'l"
,inh. hll' nhtrn.'! ,b" di0m m(li lrllimg clla khu vuc truangh9c.
S'"1 pklln gioiu due "hill I:lIll ') IUlIi: Tillll1l1al, 111ky nCmg co b'''l nlw kilo', n;lI1g
tujn hIlI.:. 11':2.\')[1
.. . -
~ n':!t1.1Lll JlJl1:!. - Fllli !Iui. Lt K"". n~-111~Jchllvcn. il~~lljh
.. "..
LLi"c[,l i\.h;l n~t!l~ tlnl
'- -
. ~
.' ill,"t ","ng \i0L', Till! htl. 1:, no',ng Il[e <Lng tao. tiem :uc phe'lt minh. ph,it hten, nU! lIf, Iii.
th,',; ,It:, .\" Ill:,i. tt'r,. b [h,ii ,k, d(li \','ri n,ln lh;,n. gia d]nh vii. xa h9i. T!.II milll, nhllng kh,i
rl,"lJlg "h~il' !lha l,ll" tll,lOg Il! \-~111
CU;l 11!:;1 tr~!,"llg .

TI,:P dl..'ll, Llflg li~:11h~lllh I;l I1lLJ,,[.(~lll h~ giuu clau W' giao d~c Vii Silll ph tim giao
miL'U
dt.'~.:lHlllg -,wit Ljlli.llrinh ghlu Lit,IC.PhUlillg lrillh h~1l11so dao ~~lOtrong gi{lO d~ICfa:

j I(Q. xis) = ()

Tr"ng de; Q b <til ph'lm giao dyc, X 111d,1u tu gia~ d1,lJ.S lit dau tu phi twang h9C.
Cu,',; Lung. ling eim ph;m tieh chlrng'ih~e. d~c bi~t chu tr9ng phan tfeh quan h~
arong h,', giull IlI(Jllg gillO "ien, thll vi~n, hoii.n canh gia dlnh, thanh tfch h9C tl!P, nlllrng
k0t q 11;1,kh()ng Jill11thOl1man m9i nguai.

2. I'luC0ng pluip tinh hi~u sua! kinh te giao d1,lc cuaKesi!a !huQc Lien X6 cii
()ng khong di ,,\'u \'ilo lfnh hieu sufit dau tu giao d1,lc•.chi tfnh kinh phi giao dlfC.
Ct'lllg llHk ,,:ita 6ng l~l:

II = (:\',1 + C)',1+Z',1 + PI x T: K

Trung dl" l'1 iiI t"im h':1chi phi dill) lao milt IH)c sinh, A<p 111tien khflu hao, Q(P Iii.
110" Ilfll d'lIlg. ZIp I:r ti0n luong. Pia hieu il'h tnlong h~)c, T iiI son:tm h9C, k 111so h9C
,illh e,i nllnl.
('(,ng lh,'rc nilY linh kinh rhi gitio d\IC hinh qU;\Il clt111nguai tll goc de) eilll thllnh
killh phi. ",', th" ph;inllnh s(/ IlI",'e hi0u sllitt d,iu tu giao due, ph~\Il anh co Ulll kinh phI
d~ill ltr gl.ttJ dl.h':. nhlfng yj klr{)l1g t1llh (IC"n~l.r kh •.lC bi~t \'5 chert luqng h(~c l~lp. klh~1"l;1
d~ll1~ d~' 'd) -;,inh hi~lI SlI,"lt lhiu tLl' gi.lu J~IL' ella C{lC lr;!()lig (i",iL khac nhau.
 Bili 4: Phuong phap c1anh giLl c1i6m tieu chuan dlfa \'30 tham khao

1. Co scr thiet ke
I
" "Phuong ~hal? d~nh g~aldi~m tieu eh,u;in, dua \::10 n~frng.lham kh,ioIi, ciLTa~Ten co
so long hap va h<;>chOI nhung phuO'ng phap tmh toan hl~u sual klnh te dau liTglaa due,
sau d6 lien hanh ~han tfeh,! nghien eUu rna dua ra mol phuO'ng ph,ip t[nh lo<in khk
PhuO'ng phap nay e6 linhunf dling ral rQng rai, CO'so tinh lo,in ella n6 nlm 'au:
I I ,
l."X~ Ii ~huithe nilO'T6i, quan. M g~,iia:tinh.eh.inh xac, va tinh kha thi .'
Bal kl m<;>lp~uO'ng phap tmil hleu suat klllh te dau tu glao due l!lroe dua ra Ih I dau
lien phili xem xel den l[nh kha lhi ella n6, tl(e Ii, phuO'ng ph,ip tinh to,in d6 e6 kh,i n;mg
,ip dung vaa thlIe ie hay khong, eo gia lrj lhue dung hay khong"
I
Tinh kha thi va l[nh ch[nh xaela mai quan he can ph,ii gi'li quycI khi ,!lra I
phuO'ng phap t[nh loan nay, ro
the' lam cho phuO'ng lhue l[nh to,in ph'ln ,inh 11101e<iei,
eh'll1 thuc thlIe te,la di~u rna nh:1 nghien eutl naa 'eung thea dUI)i, NhlTng kh6ng Ihe'
kh6ng suy nghi' tlCn nhfrng to'
so Ii lu,in so' hoe 111meO' so eho phl(O'ng ph,ip tinh loan
rna no thlIc slI cilni thiet khi ~p dung vao eong viee IhlIC te', Vi lhe khong the' ho qua linh
kh;\ thi rna dan dQe chi xe! ~en t[nh chinh xac va nguO'e lai. nen kel hqp c;i hai veu 16
d6 vai nhau, D~e :bi~l quan ;tr<;>ngla ![nh ehinh xae clla phuO'ng ph,ip tinh to,in n:\)' la
phai xcI 0 nhieu gae do, nhieu phuo'ng di~n lrang qua tr1nh lhiet ke'de' tie'n himh ehung
minh, dae bie! Ia SlJ kel hqp chat ehe gifra Ii Iu;m kinh te gi,io due hoe \'a mue tieu d,inh
gi,i khong the' xa rai CO'so Ii Ju,in kinh Ie giao'due hoe ma tien hanh doe t(m phuO'ng
phap so' hoe, khi ap dung thife Ie se g'lp nhieu kh6 kh;m,
Chinh x,ic hay kh6ng ehinh x<ie lit khai niem e6 tinh chat (uO'ng doi, Trang nhling
vice linh taan hi~u suSt kinp Ie dau IU giao due ph,in anh rang r6 net. Doi v'li nhfrng
hien tuO'ng e6 tinh chat mO' ~6 chi e6 the van dung phuO'ng phap ma h6 m6'i eli the phan
anh "ehfnh .rae" W IhlIc, Nguqc lai, qua theo du6i di goi la ",hfnhrr/c" thi qua lr1nh
tinh loan cilng phJ~n Ia<ii, k~ong the ph'ln ,inh lhue te' kh,ieh quan, euoi eung d,in den
"khong ehilll1 .raei', i
2,. Chli trong dCn san 'pham hay nguyen nhlin tao nen san pham 06
lilY Ii Ie gifr~ san ph;lm gi,io due V;l d'lu Ill' gi,io due de: ph,in ,inh hieu "",I kinh Ie
,1:lUllTgi,ia duc Iii'di~m n6i ,bfH khac vai cae phlrang ph,ip d,inh gi,i khac, Phu'1I1g ph,ip
c1inh gi,i nilY c6 !O'i eho vi6c (1;inh gia ehSI luang ella s,in ph,im gi,io due. d(ing thai
ciill~ rL,',t dU0'C gi,l tri luy~t cl6i hi~u suilt kinh tl.Yd:il! tu gi,lo d':lc. Phuong phjl~ d;tnh gici
dlla '"I" II Ie gifrac1:iu tlf giao duc V'I "in ph,im gi;io due dlTac gu, LJ phlT('ng phi;p chi
lieu Iheo lllUC, eo'IO'iM phJn lfeh nguyen nh'lI1lao nen Slin ph,im gl,;o dlle, u', Ini de
ph'lll rieh loan bo yeu to d'IJ ll( gi,ia due. Nhu v,i)', sc x,iy ea mell m'lu rhu"Ul IlfC Ii, c;\n
C1-::,'1
lrollg Cle'll kct qu;) s<l!l r~Cim hay nguyen nhCHl mang !:li
I
"c', qlLi d6.
,

I S;in ph",m gi;io due

11JlLrO'ngph:ip (~~U tLr- "an ph;im:

306
 OilU lU giao d~c '

San pham gi~i.odl,lC

Tlr Iren tel e6 lh~ th:'Y. ,fin Ik lill! eha Ihiel Hip phfm lhue, dau la lif so, dau IiI mau
;L' \J,) ,bu ll! gilD due b'all goni de phUl1l1gli~n nhan life, V~l lue, lai lue, mai phuang
dlen lal ball gom ral' nhl~u ,iin d~ kh,ic nhau. Vl v~y, neu:lay dau lti giao due lam III so
lh', kh"ng Ih~ phcin illlh dlfoe nhl"rng viin de phue l~p kh6ng Ih0 bicl ,1Lltlesim ph:lm el,a
n1<l11"'lIg ,nUl' ,bu llf. \hlf ""Y. Ih', phllong phap dau tu gilo ul!e vi,"",n phiim gii,o d"e
1:1, SCUIph:uiT gi,ill lltie \:lIn m,lU so lhl e6 lh~ giai quyel'dLlae vi(n dC nay? Dlmg vay,
V;'lll d~'d~-l dUl,i( -~'i;lllIU\'c"t.
. !I
\hlmg ,king rhlli Ic" nCI\ ,inh van J~moi. D6 la ntml'kh6ng ehtle vc ekil iU"lIlg Silll
ph,1I11g"i" du,'. \,L,e dlL ell lh.: gi6ng nhLl phLlung phap h~so ehiillLltlllg, lilln eho d,m \"
cL,a "UI ph;"n g"ill due kh(lI1g phcii Iii "lIglliJi" ma la ';chiei 'Wp IIglllY;" NhLlng delllJi
Iii')" ngulli ,h', I:un 111'\11s() d~ linh locin ra nhllng chi lieu nhu "ili';11 riell sri "illig lidi
/Jillil l/lljin tllili Jlg/((fi ,. hay ",/ I~igi{l(} \'i~lI - ,,~}(' sinh thl kh6ng co Y nghia tlnyc lC:.
'J •••

I{al luim Ii, lif g{lC d,; e6 lui nilllg eao hi~u suiil kin Ie dau III giao due hay Ii, il h
gil,' d" ,i~n h:,nh ph:1I1 lieh quan hl' IIhilll qui, J:lU Itt - J'n phiim, I;iy d:iu llf giilll due
1:1111llf '" Ihi ,ku Ii, "f Ilia chon u., I,)L V:,n de Ii, 6 eha phiii lifa ehc,lI1bien philP kh,'le
phue ,hieh help nhling khl) kh:lIl gi,p phi,i.
'.
.\. Tinh lhieh u-ng ella ,icc Ifnh tOlin hi~u sufi! kinh te gi:io dl!c U muc d~ vi
Inu va \"1 1110

Trung ph~'in gil'H (hi~u \'~ phltl.mg ph~lp d~ill III gii.lo dl;lc V~l siil1 phtlm giao dl.;lc, oJ.
a tfim VI rno va tfnh toan dau tU giao
lLrng llh~\,-' d~.'n tfnh (o~'tn hi~'u ~ll,Yt ch"1u lLf gi~lO dl;IC
due II lillie ,10 vi In(l. Trong lhlie ,~', ha, loc,i d6 ell mol moi qual' h0 khang khft. Lam
,he n:'I) ,k llnh llxin dlf'.'C II eci hai g6e do Iii me;l yeu du 16;) cELlI'a clj() chung 16i.
ll,eu 'u:,' kinh l~ ,liIu llf gi,io due lIl,in, VI m6 Ii, de> ,111-u sucll kinh Ie dau llf giao
clue ,1 1,lIn ,i Illl; quy dinh. Liiy d6 lilln diem xuiil phiit dd ell! dao c6ng vi~c linh loan
IliLU ,I"i, kinh lc' elilu w glao duc eua IllOI tnrang hoc hay mOt khu vue. Thlle te, linh
hieu,":il ,liIu Itt gi,1O due ea bicl lhl kh6ng co '1 nghia. D6ng thai, cling nen nhln nhill1
rCIlIg.do Slf khi,e bid ve dieu kien dia 1'1, II! nhien hay lrlnh d6 kinh Ie gilla de khu vlie
I\en ",',' linh ,ocin hieu suilt kinh Ie diiu Itt giao d[le I[nh lil ph am vi d xu hoi clIng
khollg ".) I\hicu ~' ngilla, linh kh" lhi kh6ng eao. Do d6 can kel hqp eh'll ehe gilla hieu
"lL'lt lbu Ilf eua I1H>l tnrimg. \'tl eua Ci.\ khu v,:cc. Nhu V~y, v~a co t{IC dl.lI1g n[\I1g cau hi~lI
,u"l kllll, l~' d,,,, llf gici" due Lei khu vlre. vila e6 lai eho ciT'a lr1nh sal hach, dinh Ill'.l11g
cI~da, ,I,Ide Illue dieh chinh .\i,e. .
,l
-1. (;i<ii \juyet nllll the nilO \juan he nhlin qua glfra duu IU gi:io uuc va san
pham gi.iu dt.ll:

UUl \"t'ji ')~'1l1ph~'\In gi~'t() due chllIlg c~l hai phu'ong di~n ht so
ta ncn quan 'tam den
Ilrong '" ehc'l Ilflm~. 0,1 b ,:,n ,k quan lrqng kh6ng th~ bo qua khi linh loilll hieu suc,l
k,nh ,e d"u Ilf gi,io due. Til' IIh,~n. 11'101tnfol1g hoc e6 ea sa vill ehiil y~\1 kelll. dOlo,aD
[",I hl..ll." :->lllh I..'~'l ch~Y( Ilr(.ing (,to tllHl nhllllg 11m.: sinh a trLi'l)"ng
<.lieu ki~n
CCl co' sCt v,~t chi.'lt
ll"il th"1 ClJl1g ~lH)llg Ll~ gl I:U11 la, \:llllJlg nhtrng Irubng Cl1 <.lieu ki~n cei .'-;l'r \',\t eh;tl l6t
,07
 ! ,
I,' ,I . ':.•'~,
cung COthe dao. tl).o..
ra n.hier han nhung h9c sinh 10I lil. Nguyen nh,in chfnh clla trul1l1g
h9'P thu nhat la dp cach giay d\lc khac nhau va trlnh d(>giang da)'. a truang hqp thu hai
do. trllang h9c c6 'Ji~u ki~n t6t nen co nhi~u nhung khong gian. moi truimg h9C va
phong h9c tot han. Di~u d.ily cho. thayJiang cao duu tlr cho. gi,todyc la nguyen nh'"1
chinh cua vi~c nang cao. ch!'t IU9'ngsan phiim giao. d\lC. rna 'no khpng phai Iii yeu t6tn,c
tiep nang cao. thanhtfeh v' chat IU9'ng h9C t~p. Nhu v~y, m(>t van de con 16n l~i do Iii
lil: s\t.thay d6i v~ d~u t~~ ao. d~: de ?han. lfeh :J! (hay ~6i..vc chat,Iu9'llg giao. d~c co
dang till khong? Hlen nhle ,nghlen ClOlhJ(;Usual klllh Ie dau IU glao. d\lc, neu chi h?n
che a sJ! phan tfqh s6lu<jn dau IU va san phiim giao. d\lc thi khong th~ phan anh ffi(>1
ca~h cha.~ IhJ!c hi~u s~at 1~nh t~ d~u t~ gi~? d~.c. !f ~u'. "[in d~.~ha"1lu?ng h9~ sinh
gwm xuo.ng hl~~ nay 0' nupc My, la m9t van de ca xa h91 ..quan tarn. chmh p~u lang
euang dau tu gia9 d\lc Ii~u FOmang I",i hi~u qua nhu dil d,lu tu" lliuc Ie d6 Ii, bi~u hien
a
h,!-Ihap cua hi~u!sual dau tiu giao d\lc. Nhung neu chi ph[m lich' 'goc d9 d,lu IU _ 56
'IU9'llg san phAm ~iao. d\lcl~ khong Ihe dua ra ket lu~n h,.\thap "C,~hiit !lr9'ng.
Cac chuyen( gi~ kinh t€
h9C giao. d\lc, nghien cUu v,\n tIC hi'eu sU;lt kinh tc' d,311tlr
cho. giao.~l)c a,lien d~:ha~Jlu~g ~9C sinh do.:rua?g dao. t~Q Iii I,UO'ngd6ng. TImc ch;lt
nhu V~y la xa fO'lfhJ!CIe, yan de Ira nen dan dl~U nghlcrn tr9ng. !,'
Noi m(>tcath C\l the Ihl neu b6 qua vi~c phan Ifch ch,lt lugng san ph;lm giao d\lc
Ihl vi~c nghien c~ hi~u SU~Ikinh te dau IUgiao. d\lC khong co y ngfl]a Ihu-cIe.
I

Tuy dau lu;giao. duc ~hong phai la nguyen nhan duy nh;ll ;inh huang den ch,it
lU9'ng giao. d\lc npung ngu~en nhan chu yeu nhiit. tr\rc tier nhal ,inhhllang den chiil
IU9'ngcua san phAm giao. d?c Ia dilu IU giao. d\lc. Nhln a m(rc dq bicu hien thltrlnh d(>
gi,\ng day cua gi~o. vien, sJ!jquan Iy cua liinh d(I.onha truang \'a thiinh lich cua h9c sinh
co quan h~ ch~1 dhe, la tilil Chf

1
quan Ir9ng cua chat 11l9'ngsan ph[im giao. d\lc. Nhung,
bat k~ ,Ia ~~ao.vie~ .hay Ian d~? nha tru~ng dc.u th~?c vao. ph~~ I~flngu~h uau .~u~han
Il!c, VI the, Vl~C[lang cao. . hat 11l9'ngsan ph[lm glao. d\lc CUOIcung khong the raJ xa
nguyen nhan can p,!n la dau! tu giao. d\lc. '. ,.
I ",
5. Cac yeu \'0 dau tlf ~hong !lIang dong tro.ng dau tlf gi3~ duc .
Ii.
o tren da phan tfch qulm h~ nhi\t1qUi!giua dii~ IUgiao due va ~,in phiim gi[lo d,uc.
C6 the nh~n lhay rang, neu 11guOndilu IUv~t II!Ca mi;>lmuc. d(>.nhi(1dinh Ihl ngu6n c1"U
Itt nhan !lrc co rnQI vai tro chu d,!-otro.ng gi,io. d\lc, Dc: lhu~n Ig! eh,? \'i~c ph<inIfch. th6i
quen rigulJ'ita xe~nhanll!c,iv~t IJ!c, ,ai ll!c khai qualla nhan lJ!c \'a' \'~t luc rna thoi.
Tac .I
' d\lng cua nguon d'. . ,at. III n han IJ!c I'
an han so. \'0'1
". v,1t IJ!c - san
'h....
p am glao (I\Ie
khong th~ tach rai nguon d~u tu v~t Il!c. Mi;>tm~1cac CO'so v(11chiit truCrng h,?c, phong
h,?c, thiel bi. dl)ngc\l, ... bao.;dam chb qua trlnh giang d~y duge lien h,mh. mal kh;ic dc
lhiet bi d\IYh9C lien tien hie~ d,!-ico lh~ nang cao hieu suiiltrong qu,t trlnh.d;.,y ho.c. 05
the lhay dau tu nh'an IJ!Cva V~IlJ!c
, deu quan Ir9ng,

D6i v6'i dau :tu nhan Ilj-c,thong Ihuang chi xcm xct dC"nso luqng cang nh,\t1 "ien
hay lien luang cuk h9 rna khong may chil y den nhfrng cong hien hay gi,i tri lao dong
VII,?1qua muc tieu chuAn in~ h9 dii lJ6 ra. Muc do ch[il luling ella san phiim giao duc
VU91qua muc d(>cha'i lugng giaod\lC blnh quan cua xii h9i, biil !uill1 Ii, ngllo-i quan I)'
lanh d<;10hay do. tong
, suc ~ua giang\vien. deu bieu hi~n cang strc lao dong h6 ra ,1"

308
Vl!<ltquc, gi,i tri lao diltlg eua ho. Nhin khich quan thi dosl!' dau tl! dqi ngli giao dlJe va
qU:llrrnh ,.btl Ic.")bai dlllmg trong eong vicc. Nhin chu quan thi do sl! no ll!'c trong eong
"reC va cling bi~n dong gop cua ho vai nganh giao dlJc. Chinh VI dau tu nhan II!'Ce6 tac
dung qucul [[tlng hDn,l:iu tlf ':.'1 l,fC n~n ti Ie kinh phi cho;nhan vien trang toim bq kinh
phi gi:,,, duc Kid cao. khong n~n cui d6 Ia mot hien wong: khong binh thuang. Kinh phl
nlun 'rc"n que, eao h.ay.kh6ng G,O Jeu phi'm anh hicu su:,1 thap.
Vr the. khi ,L\lih gic, bleu ,u:it d:iu tU giao due nen nhln nhiin nguon dau tu nh:m

luI...: d n1dl Il1t!C dt) C.iO hUll.

6. Li gi,ii nhu the ni10 \iin de "c/l(Ji lU(1llg sail phd'!"ll giao duc"
. I

\' an d~ ni,ytbtl:.ll nbin thi no khang c6 y nghi'a gl, I~bung thl!'e te n6 I\.i Ii. v:ln de
bel ,l[C qt"Ul trung, kh(lng tbe khong n6i den. Xet t6ng th~ "vifc IIdllg ca(l cildl Ilf!!Ilg
'<ill 1'1,,;111 ',i.io dlle' ". bao gam 2 tang y nghia. Thu nhat1nang caotrinh do gi,ing day.
TI"l[ 2. cung I1h:m Il)ot Str gi:.o due nhu nhau nhung nang 'lue n:lng caD Irinb do. tri lhlfe
cua llgtfili boe knac nhau, ui~u d6 bi~u hien r6 nbat <'Idi~m so eao th:ip ella n ~cr0ihoc.

Dau ti~n. xell1x~t 6 hai g6t dq khac nhau la vi rna, va vi me) lhi ,'i~e Ii gi:li ciul
lUling ",n ph:im gian duc bao gam hai tang y
nghia dil. k~ lren. Nhung do chi e6 Ih~
lbnh gl~idtrtlL n,'mg (,;0 Ch~lt lU(.H\g6 l~ilnvlln6, nen tho-ilg thuang chi co tting y nghl~l
nwl. Tleu ehU:ln In lhuc ch:il luong "in pham giao due s~ ton tai sU khac nhau. Xet tif
l:,m ,i nHl nfmg ea,l 1:\ k5' n:mg. clmg Iii mill ki~u gi,ii lhfch cho "c/lli'r IWmg sci" ph<i/71
gi,i" "'." ". :\~t Ll 1:1111,i Ill() Iii .\elll xd tinh hinh eu thrcua trUang hQc, tuc la t[ing y
nghia tl1l.i2.
Ti~p,k,. ,i~e "r,illg ('I(,i'lIg ,1';11 /1(. lil"'.il cli '1'1<11111\' rrt/c riel}? ".

NglfLli hoc nh:lIl ,ltf<.lC,If gi",) due lol [il do tang eu6ng dau lueho giao dlJc mang
hi. IX, b Jo. ehiplii eho de c:ip hoc nang cao, xii hoi muon nh~n dUQ'c sl!' nang cao
chal ilf,mg gi:lIlg day lfli ph.ii nang cao dau lU cllo giao d~e. Tuy nhien, nhu difltrng n6i
,I Ireli. ,bu 1'1 gi,io due khling pheii Ii. ye'u to quyct dinh den chat IUQ'ng giao dlJC, rna n6

dt'Hlg V~l\lru h•.

'c~1I1 in. Il~n l,,'111gIY;i ,-0i ch[tt 1Lrqng giao dl.;l~.
, 1.
euCii cllI1g, theo d:le ,li~m dlii lLrQ'ng nghien elru, \il!a ra slJ' 'philn chia nhu vay
CUIlg Ii, c:\n Ihie'l. Laf) chuycn gia kinh lc hQe giao duc dau lien 4il. ch6 IrQng nghien
elm lcic dung cua vicc n:mg cao ehal [up-ng dao lao doi vai vi~c lang lhu nhap quae dan.
II" kh'Jllg Lhll lrong de'n so luung nguai lao dQng dUQ'cnh~n sl!' giArdlJc blnh qu:m do
glcio duc phl; L':'p Illang lai, ma ch6 y den hi~u suat lao dQng cua hQ. Di~u nay co y
nghb "il quan Irong. B~n canh u6, hQ con nghien cUu san pham giao duc do d'lu lU
gicio dUL Ill"ng hi 'li~u c6 dat IltrQ'c yeu cau lao dqng dal la. Ngoai ra, slJ' ph[lI1.ehia ni.y
dl~n r" Irong phalll vi giao due nen cling dua ra mQI yeu cau h~nd!nh trUc tiep danh
gl,i Lll~lt ILC~.1J1g
gi~io d\IC.

7. \en xelll x(t sU so srinh giiia cae tnrimg

Cic lllf\lIlg hoc kh:lc nh"u lhi Clll1g e6 sU khac nha\l v~ trinh d() gi,ing day, co sO
'a' Lkil. ,Item xu:it ph:ll ell" hoc ,inh". D6 la hien lhut khaeh qU'lI1. ivl;le du co Ih~
khollg l'lJl1 dtrl_1C 2 tnfdng hc.K gi6ng h~t nhau nhtrng cling co
thti tlnl du\1'c hai lnr6'ng co
tr'lrlll lIu gl~i() \'i2n. Cd ',i.'f \.~.ltch,.lt hay cli~ln xuat phat clla hQc sinh g<.tn giong nhau.Chi
 CO,lem
elieu nay,so sanh hii,u
. sUil1kinh
. te'dilu IV ~gi"o :Iuc gifra dc tmang ~;oi nhau 111e;, nhiln ra

Ph,li xem xct SlI so sanh gl[ia de dui tV\lng linh loan, DOng thai ph'li xenl xct
khong de viec lfnh loan bi H\ln che b6'i su so s,inh kia, Do Iii mcir "iin de kh6. mot beIoc
flU"" tlong M giiii quyet van de kho do Iii danh gi,; hicu sUilt kinhlc' dilu IV gi,io due ph,ii
Ti1:l''',~:l:'O Trinh el,i gicio duc' cua minh. Tt1c Iii dlra V'I~ Irinh el{)c,-m b,in clla'minh di: lic'n
il:IJ1i1 c1"I'h glli hle\~ suat kinl/ Ie. Phv0-r:g ph,ip danh gia nily EI mN cong hic'n quan lrong

clOI 1'(11 nhnong phap danh gill lieu chu,ln dVa VilOtham kh,io trong. ngoili ntr<;-e.

Tham khao Xem xet k~ii niing cua mlnh lt1c Iii W sa "ilt chill. trlnh de) gi,ing day
h:lv diem xuat phat cua h9c!sinh .. ,Thang qua chi licu c<ln h,in "(I nhfrng chi li('u d,H ra
vai t1nh hlnh C\l the M tien! h:mh so sanh, Twoc hel dva ra dic"rh. sau tl6 tic'n hill1h '"
s,inh hicu suat kinh te dau t~ giao duc. ph,in ,inh Irlnh de) gi,ing di,y clia gi,io "ien, ph:in
:inh dieu kien ca Ja
vat chat) phan ,inh xuat ph,it clla h9c sinh". ::
I : I!

8. Phai phiJ'hqp voi d~c di~m giao dl,lc clIa Trung QuOc
i
Vlec danh gia hieu suilt kinh te dau lU giao d\lc cua Trung Quac ph,ii phil hap v&i
cI,k diem cua Trung Quac, phai phu hap vai thtrc te cua Trung Quoc. ditc hid )" ph'li
a
phil hqp cliic diemthvc Ie gi10 d\lC nang than cua Trung Q\loc. ,

a
l

Cac twang h9C nang th6n:Trung Quac hien nay ti Ic hoc sinh !tru han. hoc sinh
b6 hoc rat cao, m(~)\phan do:kinh phf gi,io d\lc khong di,. mot phan do hi('u su,'it kinh Ie'
d'lu tv giao duc cqn thaI', Trinh dt? giao duc chtra cao th,lm chf con Chtr,\dal I(;-iyeu c;'i
ticu chuiln, Ca so viiI ch'lt t~lnh do Clla riit nhicu nai con chua dal tai ycu du co b,in
nhiit. Do dac di~m III nhicnljch sir cua khu \'lIC. ncn su chcnh I~ch con kh,; lon, Dicu
do quy djnh guy ma trtrang h9C Ciing Ian, nh6 khac nhau, a
"itng n(1I1g Ih(m c6 "ung
chi co mot tnrang h9C tai bile sa trung, chtra dat tltrqc ycu ciiu clia ph(i C::IPg;,io duc, Sv
a a
chcnh l~ch vung nang than dong ba. trung be) vii tily b() cOng r:'it neii h,;t.
Sv thuc tn~n cho thay, iv kh6 khiln ci", vice pho cilp giJo d~c;: nong Ih(\11so a "{ii 0
lhilllh thi, R,'it nhieu khu v\fc str diiu ltr giao duc con qu,i it. a
'm6t g6c dCl n"o clc',m't
n6i, con khang dam ban d€nvi~c tfnh toan hi~u suiil kinh tc' c1au,III giao due. Tnr6e linh
hinh do, nen ket hap ch(u che vicc tfnh lo,in hi~u suiit kinh Il" diiu llr gi,io due (1 dc
tlnh. thilJlh ph 0, khu VUe, D9ng thai. ph:ii thuang xuycn kicm lra\cm xct d'lu III gi:io
duc d s,\n phflm gUo du ' co dal dIrac merc quy (!inh hay kh6ng'~

II. Cae bu6e ell the

:'hwing phap ct1nh gla lieu chu,'in Iham khao 1,1dLf" "ao nhiing thic'I'kc' co sri ke
!rcn i,::h" ra phvnng ph,ip t'fnh"il1 hicu suSt "inh Il' (!{iu tll g;,IO QUe. Cal gni 1:\ Iham
kh;'!l'; L':c ];'1,,\:' d,1 1'.. , h-I:i hl\';L1 ';~l;Yl klllh lC, ph(li 1<-in Ilf01 .\l'm Xl'! !1hCrng !h~lTlh lUll m;l C<1e
bdn n"'II,h
~ ."':'0 Cue. hay- CltC Iwung~ hnc . dat. duoe.
. Diem licu chu,in Iii chi kc't qu,i d,inh
gil; i'h,,, cill,ycn ihanh hinh Iht1c diem sa thco quy dinh,

Cic iw6c lien hanh phJong phap lfnh to,in nily nhu sau:
+ X:ic dinh
. chi lieu d,inh ~
~ia: Sv'. xac dinh chi licu danh ~
,
gj;i Iii diem milU chol
IJOng loan bo phvong ph:ip (tanh gia, N6 licn quan den str d,inh gi,i hicu sUilt "inh Ie
dill' Iu &1<'" duc lieu c6 chflih ,:ie, dJng tin cilY" Lien quan dc'n tinh "h,i Ihl ella no
310
 ,
llt>ng llllrc l0. Nhling chi ti0u nilY thong nhat vai cae cae! chi tieu yeu cau, lieu chufrn
mi, ng,mh giit> duc ban bo. "hrrng d6ng Ihai cling phai dr,ra v1lOnhling yeu cau thr,rc Ie
lk lh~nl h,'fI nhCrng chi ti0u khic.
_ (Juy Jinh pluIung ph,ip linh to,in dc chi lieu: Dua fa nhlingquyet d~nh fi.i f1mg
.,. ,ki, 'll' mi,; hang mue chi li0u tillng phuong phip tinh lcian se lang them tinh kha thi
u'la plJLrdll~I)!l~ip'tlnh tujn. PhL!ung phi.i.p tfnh tmin nen thea nguy01l t{\.,,; dan gi~'l.I-:fP1i
Lhillh .\;k.
T Ti-:n h~lf1h Ltinh gi~i c'u.: trL[i1ng d~ra \'ilO chi tieu danh g.ii;i. t.n " '..I n:lY co Il~U y
ngh)a: \1')1 Ii•. ,hillh gi,i 1'''1 thre hai llLCl.1C
:\'1)' dung tlen Slr tham kh,io qu,l khlc; hai Iii
d"l n"n nll"ng ch,,' ,'ic'e d,inh gie, tic'u chu,ill chi licll.
• -+- Drla ,ill' nhCrng d" Ii"" d" ulllh de Ihiell.lp chi lieu chu:in gi,llii. Thic't hip chi
li"u I,..:" ehU'1I1 gi:, lli ph,ii d"a 110n nhCrng nghien cuu di~u tra d:IY du, tham kh,io kel
qua d,illh gi,i han ,bu eUa Gic tlUang. xcm xet tlnh hlnh Ihuc Ie 6 dc khu VICC,d6ng
th", tll'lIn kk,,, nhung vim kicn co licn ~I'uan den h1mh chinh gi,lo du,' Clla Nhill1lc,k
-+- :\,ic dinh lticm li0u cludn moi chi lieu & plllIang p~ap d,inh gi,i C\I Ih~. Bm1c nilY
lit nl,:'l kll"u c(.) linh khoa hoc cao. dn ph,ii chu u'9ng xem xel, Chllllg la I:iy diem licu
ch,,',"I eUa lal c'a Gic chi lic'u. TI0n ell Sll :dc dinh li0u ch(,dn clla dc chi licu, (hiu ticn
li"n h'1I1h ,,> "inh gi,i lfi tinh l"in tlurc te clla cae chi lieu va gia Ifi lieu chu:in cua no. 6
'. pham \I Gil> hon gi,i Iii licu dll,,',n I. 10'(: Chi lieu nay bang llI!a t6ng dicm lieu chu,in
C'<ll>h"n gi,i In li0u chu,m II (; - 2(J'i lhi b"lIlg (,flO t6ng dicm lieu chufin; viI chung ta CU-
•
li,,'p IUCllnh nhu V;lY; CiHl n0'u ngang btmg vvi gia tfi tieu chufrn thl btmg 1/4 16ng dicm
licu d III'Ill. N0'u th;ip h,lJ1 gi:i Iii ti0u chu:in I';;. - 10% Ihl co gia tfi btlllg O. Neu thfip heln
Icc 11- 211'i lhi b"lng 1/10 dl01ll ti0u chu:in. Cluing la cu- tinhtiep nhu V\IY.
S;1lI,hi dCIll '0 "inh giei If! thr,rc 10'do dlr,fc ella moi chi lieu va nhling chi lieu do a
k~' lrth"L' clla Inrimg huc. "cu c() Ihay Mii thi dll{Jc 1/2 t6i1g diem, yiln gilr nguyen thl
dthie: 1/.••.ha th;;p Ih'l b;ulg (J. eu,ii Clillg. c(lng dicm cua 2 Ian !':li, tuc, Ia tinh gia lr~hi~u
.,u,il ki 11hk' J'IU Ilf giiu d\IC cila InriHlg do. Cong thuc nhll ~au:
II,
./ ~";.ll Ii = ~H
lu , 10 '

Ili= f
I. )/2
k + .•• (k.I).IO%
Xj= Yi
< X;-t- Y,:S; k.IO%
:

I 1- k (k-I).10% < Y,c-X,:S; k.!O%

'.

) XI>Xj'
,,= .' )/2 Xl::; X,'
II X, < x,'

..\ = ~'"

13 = ~
l= .\ o' Il
k. I = I. 2. ~.... 111

~ 1 1
 Trang do:: - AI lil!so dilim sall eli:,g dal 'e~:lgeeua Ii ,6 gifra gia Iri d,inh gia
a
time te chi lieu thu i voi qi~m tieu chuan,

- B; Iii sodiem sau cling dat duoc clla ti so 2ifra 2i,i Iri chinh 2i:t thuc tc' ,1 chi ticll
thu ivai gia Ir! danh gia co~ban'theo'k5', - - , - .
- 1'.1, 1:1c.lili~ lieu chudn a chi licu i

- n, lit he so khoang ckch 2ifra !!i,t trithue va 2ia tri ticu chu:'in
,- .
- n, 1:1he so khoan;c~ch ;ifra ;i:i tr; th~c va ;ia trl co b,in Ihe() k5-
, ' I
];, gi;lli-i lrll"" ?-('f1i ti,,"n j

-,'U 1

, Ii so giJ Iri Ilurc ella 111(\1Inlang he,'p nil() el,; \lli gi:t Ir;

" -,"m.w (,\Ia Ii so giJ Iri Ih\re ella m()\ 11'Lf(l'nghap nil() dn \'6'i gi:i Iri
,',

:, :':6 tfnh "h,) Ihi eao; Phuong pMI' nilY de Ihao tac r:'il ele 111m,Ihu,ln lien, r:'il de
:;.:.,:g r9ng raj 'vao th~rc t~~n.
I
T',:,::t ].',. ,':','1" ,Iium J:!1,io Cliu 'l'Iiilllg" se kh;\e phuc dlloc nhung kh6 kh'lIl
,,;- v,;", '\ ,'n~ !hii so s;inh c1uac gilla de twang, Tie'n hanh xcm XCI de YC"t1
: '," ,'.foe them,: ',,"1 vice dll dh:lIl Imae, dflc biL'1 Ii\ he'l slre coi Iron!', 11
;;\1'(>,: ,; ,.1 L.;J ':" :,(j thie'l' kc', Vllhi co Ih~ kip thai kh;\e ph\le, c:a; dugc l11ue c.lfch, ' -
! j

3, Dlla vito hi~u sua'! 1inh Ie d,IU Ilf gi,lo due cua de twimg de' ph:ln If:h hi,L'u su:'it
kinh Ie gi,lo due ,eho d khp v\fe, M(,l 1n"Ii niH) d6, phuong plnip nay co thc kh,lc phue
,,1tr<1C 'lhO'ng yeu to
kh6ng (he' so s,lnh chlc;regifra de lruang. ~ 1:11kh,ic, do Ifiy de chi
li,:u danh giJ co th~ & dank tfnh lo,in lam diem licu ehu,in ncn kc'l qu" cl,\nh gia e6 dim
vi gi6ng nhau, Nhu V(lY,co Iht Ifnh 16ng diem ella dc tw<'mg \'11Ifnh (hlae hieu sufil
kinh Ie ,!flU ILfgiao due eua;c;j khu \'lie.
- ..! .

.;, "S,;'liell/halJl va ''s(;'Ii';1I ,hlllJl kl/(in lrong /I'lrirng" ItWng tl"i; doc
kJlljrl ngo,ii"
1;:lp,db do, co Iqi eho viee lien hlmh Ifllil (,l:1l1<1cfip cI(l \'1 mt), Tu- d6, tilY tinh hlnh eu
Ihli va nhfrng yeu du quy clinh ella khu v\le c1C tlila ra nhllng hien philp 111111 hicu sufil
kinh Ie dau IU gi!to d~le Iro- hen hap Iy h(l'n e5de twang hay khu \'llc.
, ,; .
5, Chi lieu danh gia Ei I
mot• khflu mfiu ehot. m61 .
phLfO'n!',,in
~
Ifnh lo,in 16t ph:ii co
Ifnh khii Ihi va tfnh ehi liel~ket hqp ehal che v{r; nhau, Ihong nh,it I"<ji nhau, Tr(ln~ qua
lrlnh dlla ra e,ie chi lieu p'h:l.i xem XCI m6i quan hc khae nhau gifra de yc'u 16 el:'iu Ill. tu-
do eo Ihe" lang {hem SOIUq)lg chi lieu dau IU nhflll luc: e6 the' dLla ra chi licu c1:inh ~i:;
dlla vao tlnh hinh eu Ih~ ella gi,io due de dLTara phtrong ph:ip c!<inh .£'i,; phil h6'I' "l,i c1(ii
IU,\1ng: e6 the" ket ho'p nhllng ql'IY dinh c,' licn quan c1e"citra ra chi lieu III d,; 1:"11 cho
d,lllh gia hi~u sU{li gi<:ln dIll:" :, rt:!nh ,f-i,l P.i,lO dl.lC c6 .";11K',:'t h{.)'p dl~)1'-he.
\

31:2
 .• ' h .., ' \ ,. Phuong
'
() IJ huong pt lap uan gla nay co mQt su sang t<).o~1O\.
!
Ph'ap nay
. d-a dI,la
[1'0nCd sU Sif dung hieu suat kinh te dau lL! giao difC dii c~'phuong p~ap va phuong thuc
d~ ~ua ra lTIl1[. phuong ph,ip linh lOan nay: Phuo?g ?h.ap nf:y;6. di~r'r gi6n~ voi ph~Ol:g
pilap dald! gla lllng chi ll~U la deu pilat sU dt;tng chi lieu ~'e 1I It; dau lL! glao d\lc va san
pham gi,io duc t
.<

313
 !

CHUONGxiv, ~ tH6NG cHi TIEU HIEU SUXT GIAo DUC

I
, ,Vie,~ ng,hi211:~u'u ~1~Ujsuflt ki.l1h ~cdi;u IH~ijo dye ngo[l: \icc ticn h[Hlh.ngh,ien
euu II lu,:!n can phal lIen h;mh phan t]eh !hUe tlcn, Chuang nav, ehung tOI tlen hanh
ph,in tfeh cu Ihe: C0 sa giad due Trung Qu6e. d,ie bic! 1[1;;icu'sUiit ki;lh t( ~i'lo due
nghTa vu va he Ihf;p(' "hi 1ie1 eua n6, .". ":.
i

Bfli 1: H~ tllong chi tieu dJ8 Nha nu'O'c ban bo

Ii
I ,

Dfiu IU giao 'dye duqe he

e(lp elcn lrang nghicn eUu hicu sufit kinh tc' elfiu tll'gi,io
due baa gam eac phuang di9n nhll nh,in lue, t'li lue. vfll I\le. ttre la nhling dieu kicn eua
tnlang h9C, Phfll1 ifeh nhfrng1ehi tieu elio'u ki~n ea so xfl)' dllng twang do Nhii lllitre ban
hiinh Iii nhfrng ngh'iell eUu e~ tfnh cluing minh hit;u sufit kinh tc dfiu tlI gi,io due. (1 elflY.
ehung t6i chu tr9n'g phan tfer. hit;u su,lt kinh Ie giao,due e0 b,in V'I trang eli(m phillJ tfeh
a
giao due tnrang trung h9c'iti~u hge 0 n6ng Ih6n Trung Quoe. .
,
L Chi tieu h;;m~ ffil;lC i
b(i Giao due, b(> Y Ie elii ban hanh "QIIY Ilillh 1'1;' Cling "ie I'e
1
Ngay 6-12-1 979,
sinh Inrimg lrung h(!c, liell lire" guy dinh eong lae bao vt; sue khoe eho hgesinh Irung- :

ti0u hoe. lltra fa vfin de

cae !trllang trung hge V'l de IrlICrng li~u hge e6 elicu ki~n ncn
xflY phang y Ie, C;k rmong trung hoe co so e6 ,'0 hge sinh han 900 em e6 Iht tilY thea
dieu ki~n eua nha lnrang de
hf\l1 b6 n,hfll1vien )' te eho phil hqp. Cae Inrong titu hoc
nhfil ph,ii e6 tu I ~ 2 nhan vi -n y te ..

Ngay 16/4/1982, B(i 'ao d~e dua ra "din!> qllY ho(/i'h tlit'n rich ("fill Inrri)lg
III1(C

lrung lll}c Sf(ph(!nl1'i1 m(iI",s '/I'f(ang lrung, liel' h{je d' Iht/nh pM .... Van kicn nay eli! dlla
ra In!)1 guyet djnh ehfnh xa vo' viee quy hoaeh dien tfeh de truong Irung. li6u h()e 0
thanh pho, dong thai ehi r:lirlinh IntrecJicn ifeh eua de truong trung. lieu h()e 0 n('>ng
thon, .00 sa
giao dye viI e<ie co (juan I,," "~l.'h co lien quan kc't ho'p de dua ra qU\' IU(lI
phil hap v6i thue Ie,

Di~n tfeh c!'la It"lfrillg Ulf<)C llill1 b,\ng di~n tfch X[I)' cJt,rng \";l di~n tfch dc"i't chiC;!)1
clung, Qu)' c1inh eu th,:: ilL<,-,;lU:

Il;lng 14.1 ClJilicu',6 cI.ien IJch de trtrang trung hoc.ti[u hoc (j-Th~nh phO'
;

i Loai hlnh twang Quy nyj/16p Dien tfeh xilY cllIng Dicn tfelt eliit chi0'm i
hoe ,
,
tnrong blnh guim hoe dung 11' III h qUail
., noc i:

Sotl'Ung
sinh/Ill' -;inh/r;1': ._-_._----, I
__
Tic'u hoe I',
18-24
.:2~
I
I
._--_._.
.. __~.6-
4Ji -4,8
._-------- .. ~ -"-~-'--"-
~.B :
,
.

.... -J.+-Jli
.... _ J - .
..•.

".
I
.. -
._----- -~-- ..!.~L:.!..).:

314
 [jlnh mUL' ljll) dlnh 11 hang I-U gioi han lren elIU tieu ehuiin phil hap voi cclc
lilr;mg h,,,.: el' 'IllY 1110nhl>. gll'li han dlllli phu hqp voi d.e: lrllang eo qllY m6 Illn. Dong
Ih;'!. 'IU) dlnh e,ie lwang tfllng. tieu hoc quy m6 nh6 khoang 18 lop, dinh mue eo the
nClI\g e'l> eho phil h':lp.
Trong dll:n tich Jill X'I) dllng khlll1g baa gam nhiJ. rieng eua e6ng nhan vien, nha
i,n. phlJng eung ciip dil:n. nlllic. nhi, d~ xc, phong M d6 dung kllhu(lt d,.IY- hge, dien
liLil di,t dlil:111 dllng h,\o gum dilt xi,) dl!ng, SiLOt~p th~ ql!e, vllcm hou, Vllan lhl!e v.il,
\lflln quan "it kh, wong Dlii ,,0i nhCrng lwong hge Oi thanh pho diil dui eh,it hep.
Ih'e'l ke ,i,I'. lhrn~ .. dinh
,... lilllH\~.•... elln~~el' nhiel! kha khan nhat dinh, . l11ue do eo the giam ••....

,wing Ihclp hl1l1 mere 'IU) llinh. nllllng clmg kh6ng duqe !hap han mue blnh quan meri
2
h"c sinh Irung hoc Iii 12 - l~ m'. blnh quan mbi hge sinh lieu h<,Je la 7 - 10 m Ve
lhcn Ilch d'it ti,p the due phai lhiel ke' dllang ehay 250 m (phu lhem 100 m duang
dl,ll), [jlii I'lli lnrimg lil:U hoc. moi trllang phai lhiet ke (Illang ehay 200m (phu lhem
(,f) 111dtrimg eha)). Vl: \trim hoa. de lrllang lrung h()e, blnh (,uiln m6i hoc sinh Ii, 1m.
lll/H hd\... sinh ticu hue lZlO.)I11~. I

V'"l h:m nil) ciJn quy dinh so lw,mg sach ella lhll vl,en cac Irllang 11l,leblnh qUilil
l11ul hue sinh Irung hoc t:,
30 . -+0 quyen. binh qll'in hoe sihh tieu h()c Iii 20 - 30 quy~n.

Ngi," Ii/"jllJS.'. DClIlg Cl\ng 5,in Trung Quoe vii Quoc VI! vit;n ban himh 'Tilling
/If 1'(' l"it.T ltillg CI{t"fn~ \'(1 eLii (-(/ell JJl~jl sri' \'(1'11 d/ IrO/lg giclo dl,lC if cdc (rl{tJ'ng lIr;c 1I(}ng

II",,,". dlU ra nhi'rng llll:U kil:n eli h:1Il nhill doi voi cae lrllang hoc. Dong lhai, cae khu
lue Ik'n diU ra nhi'fIIg 'IU) dlllh 1',1 bil:n ph,ip lich wc nhanh ehang. no Ille Ihu'c hien.
Ttll lllg llf ll~lY(1lrqc jp dl.lIlg n)ng riii lrong c,i nuac.
!\~'l~ 16/xiI9X.\. rJd Cil,iu d'.lc han hi;nh quy dinh vc'pha c.ip giao dl!e, chi ra rang
n\<." II~'ern ,kn IIHii deu ph"i ,k'n lrllang I'il il nhi;t phai d~t den lot nghi~p lieu hoc. Do
,I nUl"L'la dil:U kil:n III nhil:n t'r cac khu we khk nhau, trlnhdq phat iri~n bnh te, van
illl,i. ~"i"
due eung L'("'U kh,ic bil:l. n~n Yl:U e<\u ea,ban inhat can dat den giai doan a
hic'n nav Ii.: TI k Ire cl11dllile lIen lrllang dat 95%, ti Ie hoe sinh eo dinh
• . •
cae truang
••• • •• • •
a <-

dal ')7'; . II k hue sinh tot nghil:p a cae thanh pho lit 95%, a cae tillang hoe a nhling
khu lire C(',dil:u kil:n 11I(/Ilgdoj tot d~t khoang 90%, con cae khu v~c khac d'.ll khoang
S()';, TI~ ern tlr 12 lU'li Mn 15 wai phD e~p giao dl!c sa dang d'.lt 95%. Quy d!nh nay
Ilh:n, rn"nh ecic linh. lh'lnh pho, khu v(le II! tf! nen Iham kh;lo cae so lieU ln~n kct hap
1\\' tinh hinh lhuc ll:'. liin 11IrAdlla ra yeu cau ve lhlle hi0r\ pho c~p giao due cae a khu
nrc klrcic nhclll, Tlung ,11',.)l:U du doi I'oi nhi'rng lwang hoe khu ':Vl!edieu kien a kinh
I~'. glciu dUL' Cllll k~[\\ lhi ell Ihe Ihi'p hon mOL chul. Va'1 ban nay can quy dinh Ii I~ tli
huc. Ii k ehuIl:n dn. Ii k llll nghil:p. Ii Ie phD e(lp ...
I
!\g:') WI ~/1'!S.'. Bt:' Cii:'u duc (hta ra y kicn ve vi~e lang wang xilY ullng dc
philllg lh, nghi~lll. Ihlre nghil:1ll lrong de trllong, duu ra quy dinh, chi phi eho de d6
Ihi I\ghlelll ph:,i chil:'1ll III"I Ii Ie nhiil dinh Irong chi phi d<iu tll eho gjao due, hil:n nay
Ihllllllg dlic'l\1 kho;\llg 2 - Y; \luc lil:u phiin dau lit de lrllang hoc, lrll nhung d,in 16e
Ihl~l\ "i. lill\~_ cao ,!:In Cit llnta lhln. kinh Ie dele . biN . kh6 khan fa can cac trllan" c del.'

['h:n 1m! nhCrng phi1n~ Ihi nghic'm 1'" hoc sinh IhllC nghiem lhco nham. NhCrng InriJllg
IH.JC\1 llung th()Jl c6 th~ d~ra \'~I(J (Inll !l.lId1 tlll.[C L(:', hai truong co the cung \.~tYdt;rng mc)t

lrUl1g t~tlll lhLfC nghi~Ill ilo,:lc m('l truCJng mc)t phong thi nghi~ln,hO(lC it nh~lt cling ph"li
t,.un Lhlit I1ll)[ phl)Jlg tlHrc l1ghl~ln l(>ng I1l.)p. 'i

315
 i
I
Ngay 27/12/1984, B9 biao dl,lc ra y kien ve lieu chu,in bic~ che cong nhan vien
chue a cae tWOng Ti~u hQeiva cae tmOng Cao dang su philm. Trong do, ~'eu cau bi~n
che d6i voi glao vien cae trtg ti~u ~Qe va sa lrung b nong thon nhu sau:

Bang 14.2 - Y~u cau bi,n che d6i vo; giao vien Trung, Ti~u h9C a Nong Thon
Loai hlnh SOluc;mg hQc sinh
twong hQe SO luc;mg cang nhan vien blnh qu,i[l moi lOp
blnh quar moi lap
,
(nguoi)
I
(Ng ai) Liinh dao
So trung Gi,io vien Nhan vie,n
! 40 -45 3.5 2.5 1.0
Ti~u hoc i 30 -35 1.4 1.3 0.1
- , I' , , .,
, ." , . .
_ Nhu~g tW?~g co ~uy, rol~,
.' .'
d~eu kl~n tO~,eo ~he.sap •.xep nhan ':'Icn chal- che ha,n,
'

-
nhung truang co quy mo la~, dleu klen khong tot thl co the sap xep long han mot ehut.
Cae khu v\Ic co qieu ki~n, til' theo guy mo clia nha twang rna guy dinh ticu ehu~n
ehere vl,l khae nha* cho nM vien, SOluqng hQe sinh b mlli lap phai dua vao lrang ban
kinh s\I phue vu cUa nha 1m g M quy dinh.
I
Nhiing vungnui, vung cao, vung hai dao ... d,in CI1il thl dua vilO tlnh hlnh Ihuc Ie'
de t6 ehue lap hQC eho phu qp. 1 "

Nitm 1984, B9 Gi 10 1ye dua ra danh mue guy dinh ph'lI1 ph6i do dung thue
nghiem eho kh6i tll nhien, .16
hQe eho ti~u hoc. Danh mue nay r,il chi lict "i1 co haeh
toan kinh phi ehd cae do d,ung thue nghiem 061 vai tlnh hlnh kinh phi cho c.ic d6
dllng Ihuc nghiem'a cae lru~ng tieu hoc dIrac 'lliv d,nh nhu sau:
:.. I . .•
Bang 14. 3. Tong ki~h phi do dilng thuc nghiem cac truang tieu hoc a
SIT, SO hoc!
I ,Dan vi tjnh: ;\h:m dan te
Tu nhien Tono kinh phi
I i 414,70 2747.95 3162.6:'\
II 258,10 1653.72 '1911.82
III I 179,10 360.06
, 539.16
I _ _ ,

hong do: i 1- Lalnl'Ong tieu hQe thue nghicm a e,ip huycntra len hO'IC trtfilng
ti~u hQe a trung lam thanh pho

II- La cae IrJOng

'
diem b
I
cap xii hoae truang lieu hge a thi ,tran.
III - La cae tr~Ong tieu ho~
j •
khac a nong thon

S6 luang cae d6 thue righi~m vai 6 lap Iii m<?t to, mlli lap kho,ing 4:'\ ngllai lam
lieu chuan tinh to~n. Nhom ~mang hQe loai I khoang 12 10. IOili Il khoang 8 10 va loai
III lh] tuy vao tlnh',inh CI,ltH~.

I
Ngay 27-021986, Uy ban giao due quoe gia dlla ra y kicn vicc tang wang n:
gi,iu v;cn the due eho cae trYOng trung, lieu hoc. Quy dinh mlli tWIn phai c6 2 tiet the'
due. Cic twang tieu hge a
thi tran, thi xii. va cae trl10ng diem nang thon kho<ing 7- 8 a
lop nen cO mol giao vien ehllyen day the due. Cic truOng tieu hoc iJ nang than c6 quy
:no nh6 va; 4 lape6 th~ e6 'mot giao vicn kiem day the due. Cle truimg Trung hoc 6
lap co the co mOl giao ",en Jay the duc.

Ngay 10.03-1986, Uy!ban giao duc guoe gia dua ra guy dinh vai doi ngu giao
vi en THeS, dll'a ra oieu ki~ni tAt ycu xuy dung trl1ang THCS nen guy dinh giao vicn ou

316
: .
 li"u chui,n. ULIot,'ao k~' huoteh giao duc M dLIa ra chuong trlnh h9C V'l thuc nghiem bal
buo". nhtmg eh(wng trinh the due, Ihe thao, thiet bi da) I~9c btn bUQc, dam bao kinh
phi lilllh quan "ho moi hne 'lllh. (Juy d!nh nay flit chu trr;ll1g den to chat eila nguoi giao
\ 1':11. tJlt:ll Il~l! ell )' ngh"il.1 n) Cling quan tr9ng. !
•
:'\g:') 2-U-l-19~6. C~ ban giao duc quoc gia dua ra danh mllc thiet bi d~y h9c sU:
dun~ dien
. ~.
11 hi,e lieu hoc. Qua ,ilO dieu kien cila tung khu vuc dua ra 3 phuong ,in ph an
. .' . .
I'il,)]. "I"i I'hlfling ,in d~'u lhca ra ,,; 1lf(1I1gph'lI1phOi va gia e,i tham kh:'ll. ChLmg l()j lien
hanilclllnh I~ ,i,
dlCotra mLre lling kinh phi cho cUc thiet b\ di~n 0 b(lC li~u h9C nhu sau:

"ill',m lrl!i'rt~ loa; I I:t 1(i77U nhan dill1 te, nh6m trqong loai II I:, 6495 nhiln dim
k. nl1<)111lncim'! i~ai III I:, 1670 nh:1I1 dim teo Nh6m loai'll Iii mLrc'chi phi co bim cho
t;'uung hllC lho~g 11;LIimg Doi vai nhfrng IrLI~lngco die~ ki~n tot c6 the ap d\nlg lo,.,i I,
e,;" llHimg con bi ,ip dung loai Ill. S6 luqng phi\l1 phoi,n:~y ap dllng theo tiGU chmln
Jl1{\j (rtfullg 1i') 16p.
,\got' 25.LJ6-1l)~6, U)' ban giao d\!e qucic gia dHa ra danh I11\!Cphiul pheii de thiel
I" ,1ic-1I ,i, Ihiel bi day h\)c khoJ h(lC () CC_ Iluong trullg h9C.

B,illg l.t-l. Kinh phi ehu [hiel bi d~y hlic khoa hqc & lruung sa- (rung

Don vi tlnh: Nhan dan te

, T6na0- :
\'"t I~ Hllci huc ; Sinh h9C Dia ly Soh9C
\rl' J
-- . __ ._-_ ..~--.-._-_._-- -.--
I
'.

1_-
,
._-_
11.683
_ _.------
6.013 I 11.025 577 ;
60 29.358 I
I _ - .. .

II
I
.. ..
7.038 -1-191
,
6.363 347 60 ;
18.299 r
.. , _.___
,.._._.._._____ ..___._ ...._____ ------1____
- <,
;
-I.(ilJ7 ,
2 ..J()S ,, 2.355 169 9.629
.1Jl ;
I .
I ,

rllih h'1I1hdli phi (liill ll! chu If':C't bi day h9C hien nay nlur sau:

Tnr,'mg loai I 1,138.5.+0 teo 1",.'1 11 1'1 8.685 t~, 10\li HI Iii 70050 teo Thiel bi ti".'
nghi~11l khoa hoc ;ip dung cho moi n,im .+ lap, moi lap nguoi. Nh6m hoc :.;i'''1 ~o
Ih\IC nghiC;l11.loai [ 1:, 2 hoc sinh/ nh6m; lo~i II mon hoa n9c 2 hqc sinh/nh6m, cae ;i,"
kh,ie ~ h'.'e sinh/ nh6m: h)i III la 8 hl)~ sinh/ nh6m.
NgilY 11-9-1986, Van phong quoc VI! vi~n chuyen rMt "y kii!/z vi!' n1(j! sJ v6il .I
1/11(, ,IJi ("il I",rie gi,lo dl,le" lai Uy ban giao d\!c quoc gia, uy ban thong ke quOc ~,
lio l"i dlinh vi, Be) quan Iy lao dQng nhan s\l'. y kien nay dua fa kh[lI:g c1!nh c!6, VOl

{~;". uk dllY lri tinh lien t\lc (rong SUOIqua tflnh Ih\l'C hi~ti bal bUQc gi,io due. '::'6ng tac
nghicill lhll pl1'; dp giao d\!c lieu hqc hien nay van duqc lien hanh cI'P theo "4 Ii' Ii'"
(lLrc'li iL ,ilU h\>e. Ii I~ chu)'en dn, ti Ie tot nghi~p. Ii I~
phei cii,p). Y ben nay con cllra ra
IlhCfI1gqll; dil~h [(1 rilng \e yc~ du Ilhfr~g d,i~u k~~n ~efhei cap sa crlp V'I nht'rtlg ycu
(~tll dUJ \"(/] glaD \']L'I1. chI ra nhtrng \'H';C ncn lam de ph6 c~p SO'cap.
. I
y,:u c"lll "'1 d( licu ehuiin 'iuy c1inh ve nhiing dieu kien x1l.ydung lmiJil~ ,Ilw kinlt
phi. di~11 lieh J,il IrtClmg hoc. lhic'l bi lruong h9C, tuli~u sach lhu vien, ... ph(li phil va,
hup ,,';i l'lllh hi I\h eu '.h~ ella de li nil. khu 1\1'Iri, lhanh phD tfl!C thuQc ...

(ji;i" '.Iel\ cLla Ciie lwimg 1;~1I hUL'. lrung hoc phai ,linn Quong cluqe nhi~1\1 V\! C'11l
billl cu" ~i;io due. (".l\' hoc. Giao ,'i~n ph:li dlfJC (rang bi lrlnh d6 chuy0n mon va dUOL
ph;'~il(\)Il:~ IH.fpI~..
317
 I' G"io due tu lUang trang sang, nghiem ehioh, qu,in triet phuang eh'lI11 )o'l<iodue.
~eh cue tie'n him1t-c,ii each giao due tmang hoe. 2i<\0 due eho hoc sinh e6 mOl nen I,in
o
~t ve ca dUe due, lri due. ~V,ln kien ban ~ha;lh :au Luat gi,io ;lue b~t bu6e eua nU0~
b iit hoa
\Ie\lOg nh,ln d'ill
' Trung Ho:!
buoe gi,io due. I
\ :,,) ngav 2-4 cllnoC nitm d6 . Ii, v~n kien
I • . hoan ehinh nMt

i Ngay 11-(J7- 1987, de tang wang Vlee chi dao a "im VI 010 Vice lime hien hilt
.

(;~'[ ~"io due ,lh~o guy ~jn~" Uy ban gi:o ~ue ~uoegia,d,l dlrara ~ ben, Ie m()[ lai \',;'n
ehll~y b,~mgr,ao idye guoe ~l:
guy d!nh :~ chi tleu thong nhat cae bU.lIe thtre 1111tll'U
,. on dleu hen fay dung truang trang glao due bal bUge, V,m klen nay chi ra nhlfl1g
001 d k) . d> ;, t" h ,,' '.. N ' ,
. ung'•.... 11 e r"'J leu e Ulln vua nO! tren, 01
• duno baa e oom:
C t
I ,

t' Yeu cau vc 'phong h9~, nhiIng dieu kicn cuoe song eho hoc sinh nhlI nh,; 'In. h'
lie \a, phong lU hoc, eh6 vyi ehai, " ,
1
Tieu ehUi1n vc cae thiel bi day hoc. dung eu the due the' thad. !U licu "kh b<io
e' Y cu cau do;' vaj giao +ien. ph,li cluae clao tao trlnh do ehuycn mon vii (!tI('e ph'ln
°ng giang day dung ehuye$ 110n dU<,1edilO tao,

a Ngay 21-09j1987, Uy1ban giao due quoe gia ban hanh guy dinh ticu chu,tn I'e thc
k~c,Ihe Ihao eho hge sinh t\'ong Imang hge. Quy clinh nilY eho l<1t ca hoc sinh co sIre ~
...
°e blnh thuang td,:!tduge ~ yeu cau sau:

\ham gia day du cae lii~l hge the' due. e6 diem dl' ticu thu,in
C6 y tht1e Ihllang xuyeh ren luycn than the. tao tho mlnh 0191 Ih6i quen 161.
0)" l'heo thai gian ma nhi, Itntang guy clinh. tham gia nhirng hoat dong ella Irul1I1g lap
01 ngay hay m6( tuan. i

Ih Ngay 21-05~ 1988, Uy!ban gi,io due guoe gia dtra ra ticu ehu,in ph;il Irien rh(ing
1',' lIe nghi~m 0 cad truanglr~ng, lieu hge loan quoe tir n'lm 1988 den nitm 1995. chi I'd
h<:~g,viee xay d\irig cae phohg lhlre nghi.;rn ph;ii phu hap voi Irlnh do ph(j e'lp g;;io due
h ~n I)ay vii ,ip dung thea 3 10,li truang nhll dil neu Ircn, eie lruang hoc a loal I c;;n
d~an Ihanh vao tmae nitm I ?90, ngoai vice x"y dlfJlg dc phong thut nghicm ,heD '1 y
u
I,; nh COnplli\i n6 )lIl' hoan thanh nhiem vu rcn luysn tllUc nghiern ngo:u kho,i I':, ditO
th~ cile hoat cl()ng khoa h9C, Cae Imang a
loai II th] kho,ing 1995 co b,in phiii hoiln
11],'loh Cae tman£!
C' loai III. !phfin
] dfiu nf'm 1995 e6 40'Ic so tmang., ph;ii h":111
. Ihanh
11~:en1'Vl~e~ duad von va l1?iIng dung e,u thl n~hie,m k~oa hoc_ c~ b,in ~h;iL 0 m(,t sCi
til CoIh" xay JUI~g ll'ung Id!n Ihlfe ngh"~m, phan c!au nam 199" co khoang ~ Ii!n trung
re
"'to) thl nghiem i\ vung nong Ihe,n. Ti,'1J diem ni,,' c(in chi. I'i! chi phi danh cho mua
0, qc iLln~'-- thiet' bi.. lhlle n'ghiem
.gll-l(J,1 '-. elllc'm it nh;it 2';J,- lrong~ t(lIlg'- so kinh phi (Liu 1<r cho
'IliC

\::1,' ,\g;,v 3U,OJ-]C'S9. U; b"n gJ:io due guoe gia dlri! ra m(ll I'i,i~' k!(n Ie \,"'" de hi!n
"l1,; t~l d" Ii Ic hoc
'1 <l~c" '] , hbo hoc;
sinh I
guy dinh ti Ie hoe sinh ~o hoe ph,ii duoe hi!n chi: kh"ng
' .r long so 1QCSill. .

gay
/)h.' N 12-04-1989, Va~ phong Uy ban giao clue 'lUGe gia L"lnIlI01 d.lr" [;, veu du
I'll ;'1 Phoi dung cu hoc am nhae, my lhua! 0 truang trung. so c:ip vii tieu hoc Do,,'
1'\1 'lien kinh te', viln hoa a' cae vung''Cua Illrac ta kh,ie nhi!u ncn viln kicn n:,,' dil,IL
 fa p!IlI"II~ ,in phelll ph,)i gl)111:> iu"i: L"ai I [:,phuong ,in ~han ph')1 ,:I:(,_,\e ,'llong cO
di0u klc'll lut: Lua; II b p!Wl1ng :It\ p!I'1I1ph6i de hoan thanh nhi,', ;u"

lit,Le phi.") L<.lP: Lu~ti ILl Lt phLfl\n:~ .ill ph~lil ph.:Ji'(.J;I..' c;ic ~~.;"'. :ojl)" _0',

dl,'tl L<'I~ il;Ul d10. \h:)t plllf\Hlg ~i[l :\11 tlL.ill~ \'l,:Jlkip co 45' :;-,.\J\.

lhln~ I-L5, Hach tu;lfl kinh phi fJhilll ,)hG' :'

cliO eic lil,litl.;/.

,.-,-'-"- ,._- SCi [run

--_ ...- Ti0u hue 0
-
- --_.'-_. _.- .•.... _------
,

\ L.u~u Ln(i 111~ . -

Mv thueH
Am nhae
,

_ ... _ .•--
., ...nlwe
.'\111 1'-1\' lhu,ll
f-
... -

3372 8038 4-13-+

I 7025-- .
.. . -_.' ')589
,. 1527 1683
II 1075 "-;_.
-- 35-1 1343 472
III _
. .. -. _._~ .. - ----_. __7-+0
.
Trl.lll~ lh'J. dung. gtlln thic't b~ phong h9c fun nh(~c chuyen dung,
(l.t ~l1nnh~.lcbao
dung cU !Iue n!I'lc' eI'll gl;i" \i0n V'l hac sinh, Dung cu my thu~t bao gam thiet bi phong
iv" 111\ IhLlal ,'liLly0n dlll1g, d\nig C\I giao "ien va hae sinh dung M haC.
Ngay -+-Il()-Il.)l)O, dll (~uoc V\I "i0n phe: dllltln ng:lY 25-04-1990, Uy ban gi'lo dlle
quoc gla \'1 Fk) Y I~ ban h:ll1h "Did'lI I~;crillg (,ie )'~; sillh (rIrifllg h(I('" dua ra 'iuy dinh
11ll'J\dIU \jhan \ icn y 10 \"1 eh'lIn ,6e sue kho" cho hqc sinh: chi ra vi~c xay d\rng philllg

.. I',
y Ic In[~Hlg Ilung, li~u huc (I Ih'1I1h phii v:' Inlllllg lieu hac trang diel11 lHing Ihell1 V'I a
Ilung 11<ICphl) IhlJng ncn Ih,'l) II 10 ('()O: 1 sii hoc sinh de S{1I1xep SO nhi\l1 vicn y te', lrien
khai ClIng lei,' y k hoc dllllllg. l)icu k n:l)' call h(1I1yell c.lUlrong Dicu Ie nam 1979.
I i1-;n ll~lY dang .\~nl .\~l lie XCIY dvng h~ th6ng chi li~u oloi. Tin It!ong rt\llg dfl[
nlnk' I" ,C' Cl'l h0 lhling chi licu (bnh gi;i hi~u SU,il giao due IhLle Ie h0n. khoa hac hUll,

II. Philtl tich

Tlf nhlfllg \;111 ki0n \lla nh{lc' iJ Ircn cho Ih,iy. !1l)i d,lI1g ci,a nhlfr;",;1 kien do
lfllllg l!llllg ha! c.i.c in> ng:ulh ball h~U1h d~u co nhCrng '-'~(': <i(,":1 ,'i., •..
,:_

I, Di0u kicn xilY dung Inlilllg ball gam 3 phllCl;g di~n: Nh,ln I,re, Vil! lue 'J:'
Ilfe :\('1 III plllllYng dien nh'1I1 Ilfe thl bao gam di~u ki~n doi v6i giao vi'~i1. ti Ie ho!, 19
cll~t "u llh.illg Ill,}\.: sinh \'~ls6llrqng gi,io vlen. Ve t~li Ivc, chi ra lieu churip ~1t'rc klnh {"'hi
hllill quail \'0 \',.1 IlIC, quy djnh licu "hu'lll di~n tfeh dfit xay dung ,';'" "', ,
~~kll \'\'f lU Ii~'ll. plL'Ul ptHSi ~tlP.\c'p l~~ic d~lI1g Cl,t lhvc nghi?n1, ... Ng"/(;.i ra, cbn Uil ra
di~t1 \-"i,,'11 cd h;lll d~
1l11~11 \;'\y dlrng lnrlHlg. h9C a n()ng than.
.(l chi
~. Ulfa ra :~lt (aU llhal d(llh \~, ~l';llf<.m
'~ ' i~ pi', ~';' dinh JT~:'
:!;~t1\.:~Ihall \l,> 1I 1-; lii Ih.JL. 111~ dlUY('Jl •...~.ln,II
J 'tli.\
k\ll L'l1-: ....'lU.l1 Ie hp ....."inll Ilru h~ln h~l~ 11,:l' 1

~, j j\ I "l! 111Ltl triL'\l Ul\'lng lkl[l~~

!-.II,tl- ,,~:l. ;.:~\l'I.;\n ki,;n qu~ d!llh rCl. ,.i:. I ,l, ~"
!hfl .~.\:~Jl~hhlllh IlllYC t,: de dna Ll ll..:\~.:, . . :.'; to',i.!.; i'

~;-IP tr,'li d~. l;il~' duy~'L. Tn!!l::; 1..'~tL'\':lll kJ'~'ll l"llll~ :.:.•.',fn XCi rat i-;." ,<_

chual1 .~111.11 IrU\Jll~ IH.J( kh:IL' nh~lLL.

.., 1 r,
 I
. I

Nhung chi tieu v~ di~~ ki~n xay dl!ng tfuang de xily dung ht thong chi tieu d,inh
gia hieu suat giaQ dl,lc bAt bu(>c; dua fa nhung tham khao ,0 Iqi. Nhung chi licl! nay fat
phu hqp v6'i nhfrn'g di~u ChJng ta dn. Nhung cling dn rhay nhfrng chi tieu nily kh<"Jng
hoan loan tuang duang v6'ilchi lieu danh gia hi~u suat giao duc b<i.tbu(>c. va cling c6

I
khoang C<ichso voi nhfrng ~ai chUng ta dn. Ditm n6i b,it Ii! quy dinh \'c so )uang vii
chfll luqng giao drc.

I
I
~ '.~:'

I
! "

I ."

i
I

I
i
J

320
 Bai 2: He thong chi tieu danh gil) clla 4 inh

•Thee) tinh th,in ella BQ Gi,IO duc quy dinh, nit nhi~u tinh, khu tJ tri, thanh pho true
thuac Licu k~'t hqp quy djnh ve dicu ki~n xiiy d\lllg twang thlfc hi~n lu~t giao d\IC bat
bULK vvi tinh hinh cu the de dua ra nhfrng chi tieu Cl,lthe cho mlnh. ,Chung toi xin giai
.~ Ihi0u sO qu~ n~ tinh hinh eu the' cua tinh Son Dong, An Huy, Lieu Ninh, Plnlc Kicn .

1. Tinh Sun Dong

Nhfrng dicu ki0n co b,in can co khi thlfc hi~n gi(to d~c ciin bim giao dlfC nghia Vif
I,t: (ii,io vi~n duqe dim tao co ch,[t IU9ng. cong viec h,!p Iy, nguonkin]l phi giao dlfC 6n
dinh ,'f !TILreticu ehuan: cac thiet bi truang hoc, tu li~u v~ saeh va, ... duqc phan phoi
th<.:" li<.:uehu'ln, th<.:o kc' hoach giang day de lien llimh dlt licl hoc, gia h9C; man h9C,
dal dlftfe VClldu eo b,in einl quO' djnh que;e gi'L
Nhfrng van ban co lien quan vai nhtlng dicu ben lhue hicn giao due nghia vu, chl!
y011 the' hicn trong cac \'fm ki~n nhu: "Plll((fIlg pluip r/;l,rc Ihi (LlIdl gi<iu dl,;C',;ghTa "(I)
lillh ,)"1/ f)';lIg ", "Tie II Chlld'il biell dlr" Ilhall I'iell I'a cuiniil Irlfllllg II'I/Ilg. lie;1 IL{le,
In(,illg h"c clwY{;1I IIgILi{;p... 1(1l1L
S,,'I/ Drillg ", "MI,lC liell pilCill bo's{ielL wi, ill.lIl!; ell tilll
Illwe, III.V (hll\il clIO hee sill it Ii Tillh SUII DOllg ".

l. Ve ti l~ solu<[ng Hqc sinh - Gi>iu "ien

Bang l.t6. Tieu chu~n bien che nhan "jen & ti-uang trung, li~u hoc tlnh Son Dong

Dan'vi tfnh: Nguaj

_._ .._--_ ..
_. __ . _-_
.._------
-- Hang mlfc I so 11l9'ng h9C SO Iuani! nhf~1_"!_~l~~0n moi 16'
sinh. blnh qu,in Troll!! d6
Twan!!
~- I moi lap
Nhan vien
- Gi~o viell '-r---Nbfrn: can
Trung hoc SO ctl I 50 3.70 2.60. " 1.10
Ti~-;;~hlle trang diem
a non\! thon I: 40 2.00 !.'IO 0.30
T~0~~.;~21
n()~g 1
lhc)n L 32 1.40 1.40
. i
DO' s6 luang dc lap h9C i':J cae twang khong th6ng nhat vai m.o hlnh tieu ehu;lll
clla ng'lIlh gi,\o duc n~n khi xac dinh bien che, so lap thlfe te :vu9'l 4ua tieu cllL,an, co
the tlua 1"lllthllC tc' rna sAp xep so !L(()1J';lap h9c. Neu mqt'lap thlfC t~ di,lt dL((;Jc2/3 ml)
hinh ticu ehuiln co the Ol/a vaG 1110hill~ tieu chuan de bien che; neu so lap thlfC te
khcing dat du,)c 2/3 rna hinh tiell chu'll1 co the ap dung cong thuc tinh toan sau:
I

M6 hinh tieu chuAn + Mii hinh th,!c te

111':" ehe' ~
~iao I'i~n tinh lhell cion vi. It'iIl, hoc.
. Khi tinh Wan bien chi:', n(:" xem xct tlnh
hil1h eOJ11~0elta linh de tflllg hoilC gi,im soilltmg, Cifth~ the nao do tnrong quO' dinh.

I'll
 , I,

2, Yeu cau that IU91l nhan vien fi .

Hi~u truang phai c6 fghi~p Vl,lsu ph,!m, e6 n<ing !Lrc qu,in 1:-' Inrimg hoc. ]-]ieu
truang ,truong ti~u hQe phaijc6 van bang t6t nghi~p cao djng tro len, Ok giuo vien ph,ii
duae sap xep the~ ouy oinhj Giao vien phai duac d,lO lao va e6 trinh d() dat lieu chuiin.

3, Quy ~!n.~ ~e ki~h fhi ., .' '.' .

Thea ch.l:soi vat gla n'\m 1988, muc klllh phi CO' ban eho mot hoc "nh lieu hoc r1
n(ing Ihon mot nJm la 33 nhan d<in te, mai hoc sinh SO'Irune 6 nO[l£ IhOn mol n,lm la
65 I1h;ln (Lin Ie. J':1hirng l10i Ic6 di~u kien tot h~n e6 the n<ing 'cao hat; muc quv dinh li;i
Ihieu Iren. . ,

4, Quy d!nh ve dien t~ch dit truOng hQc

I

Biing 1,U. Quy dinh ve di~n tfeh d<'it truirrig hoc

I;
Dan vi tfnh: mO
Truong tieu hbc nong than a Truong so trung 0 n6ng than
6 lap 12jlap 18 lap 12 lap' I 181ap I 24 lap
r
'3,8- 4,7 3,2 3,9 2,9- 3,5 4,5.5.3 I 4,2.4,9 i 4,0.4.6
CO' SO'truong hQc baa gam: phong hQc, phong Ihlrc nghiem, phong doc "ich,
phong liun vi~c, ky tue xa hQc sinh va giao vien, nh'l iln, phbng tilp the duc ... Qu)' m()
truong hQc lan, nh6 va c6 l~e thay doi dinh muc cho phil hap, .

S. Quy djnh ve dit san van d(Jng va YUOn cay

San v~n d(i~g lit nai di~n ra cac tiet hQc the dl,lc. cac hO,'l!,u,(ing ngoai kho,i. hoi
thao, .. Blnh gua~ mai hQc ~inh ti~u hQc Iii 2,3m2, phai c6 dl1Ong'ch,!Y vong Iron 200m
vii dl10ng phl,l 100m, Blnh guan moi hQc sinh trung hQc lit 3.8mo. cQ dl10ng chay Vl\llg
tron Iii 250m vai iruong hQc guy rna 12 lap, 300 m vai truong hoc 18 lap vi, dU0ng phu
Iii 100m. ;

Dien tfeh dat Won hoa, wOn thvc v~t blnh quan mai hoc sinh tie'u hnc Iii (U m',
mai hQc sinh trung hoc lit I 'm2
I
6, Cac thiet bi day h~c khoa h9C va dl,lng cu hoc am nhac, 1115' thw\t, the clue
~ Ok thiet bi day h9cJkhoa hQe va thiet bi di9n tii 6 cap so lrung up dung phuong
an phan ph6i lo,!i II trang ! "Bong phdn ph6;' fhief bi day hoc khoa hnc )',f <1";11 !If ri
fmllg hoc", Nhurlg truong c6 dieu kien t6t han c6 the ,ip dung loai I. nhung tnrimg tic'u
hoc quy m6 nh6 c6 the ,ip dU.lg loai III. Ket hap \'ai tlnh hinh clta tinh, mire kinh r"i
a
blnh quan dau tu cho ITnh vJ,te nay truong ti~u hoe iii 202 nhilll diln !C.
I ,

+ Dl,lng cl,l day va hoc lam nhac. my (huilt. the due

Dung Cl,lhoc cac m6n hily duqc ap dung thea guy dinh tieu chu,iin clla Sir g;';o due
tlnh, Tieu chua'n eu the nhu ;,au:

'"IIi
 fhlng [4.8: Hllch toan kinh phi dung CI,I di\lYh«;Jcam,nhi\lc, my thu::.t, th~ dl,1c
Don vi tlnh: Nhan dan t~
Twang
- -~.. - -------
I Dun g cu am nIJac Dun~ cu my thu;!t ..-Dung
-,-'-
cu th~ duc '

Su lrUng I 1450 1952 8900

! Ti2u hoc trong di~m • 1300 1400 4245

."
a
[~i2u hoc nang than I 650 , 94 2200

7. Vii tililieu, s{lch bao

o cip sOlrur;g:blnh quim moi hoc si~h'la [5quyen,'h<;>c sinh li6u h()c lI;)II!; cli~:n
it nhatli! 10 quy~n:hcic sinh tieu hoc a nong thon c6 it nhai ia 5 qu)'cn
X. V Ii quy m<i trl!img h<;>c
Truong tieu hoc co [Slap tra len, trung h<;>c18laptra itn

II. Tinh An Huy t"

i
&In v'ln ki~n chu yeu c6 nqi dung ve giao dl,lc can fm nong than va giao dl,lc a
ngh'ia vu cua tinh An Huy la: 'Ti~1I elllllill call hall ve'die'l ki~n xay dl/Ilg (rz((mg IrlIllg,
a
lieil lIoc ,i lillil All HIIY", "Qudll l.iJghio dl.IC lillh All Hll~ ", "Tin/zAn HllY I/(ng hltifc
willg nUl plui' n,ip I'liliell cI'Wlil lrillil <It? gicio dl}c can bari ", 'Th6ng lit ve' chl/yin giaa
,'<III kh'll OOY clIO h(i Cicio ell}C".

J. Yeu cau \'l! t6 chat nhan "ien

lli~u twang (rl!ong li~u h<;>cphai c6 m(>t trlnh dq trl\ng h<;>cs~ ph\lm tra Jen va it
nhiit ph,ii co 3 nam giang day, co kinh nghi~m th,!,c ti~n .. Hi~u twang truang sa trung
ph,ii 1::0trlnh dq cao d.:ing tra len. c6 it nh,!t 6 nam giang ctl).y,c6 kinh nghi~m th,!,c ti~n
\'i\ co Ih2 dam nhim giang d,.I)'mqt man h<;>c nao d6. i
. Ti I~ c6 van btll1g du tieu chu~n trang s6 giao vien .ti~u h<;>c~ thai ky th,!,Chi~n
a
pho dp va giao d\!c ngh'ia VI,I cac thanh ph6 thi tran, thi xa c6 trirh dq kinh te, van
ho;i pll<ittrien thuang d\lt 80% tra len, c6 nai d'.lt 70%.,nhfrng nai ~ng sau vung xa,
nhling filIi kh6 khan dat 60% tra len. nhfrng xii kinh te trung blnh ph~i d\lt 50% tralen.
NhCrng nai vung nui. vung eao dac bi~( kh6 khi\n phiii dl).t,40% tra l~n. S6 con l::tiphiii
co giiiy chl!ng nh,~n tot nghi~p chuyen ng1mh nao d6 m6i' e6 thl dam nhi~m cong tac
, I .. d I
lrong ngaIll glao l,le. ' .---L-
2. V Ii di~n tfeh diit xay dlfng twang
Bang [4.Y. 'fieu ehuiin di~n tich xay dlfng trubng trun~, ti~u h<;>ca nong thon tinh

,.....- .._---_._ •.._------- ,- An Huy

Truong ti~u h<;>c
: ---------
Sa frung
I /)lin vi linh: m 2
(45 nouoi/16 ) __
i:~_1~g~rC1iL!,l1J1.l._..
)-616 10-1216 616 1210J2.._1~10F
,------
: /)a s6 slr dun!! ma 3.40-3.22 3.15-3.11 4.21 5.JO .:; 1(.
I . - -+.02-3.66\
i hinh nhi, liing
I Slr dung rna hlnh 3.76- 3.-+1 ! 3.16- 3.01 2.94- 2.90 3.99 5.0[ 4.33
I I1h~l...!].l.~lE~lng
323
 I

Dien tfeh dal xay d\llig lwang baa gam phong hoc. phong 'Yam "iee. phong sinh
ha~lt.. ~hon~ sin~, ha,l! baa gam ky tLie xa giao vien. hoc sinh. nh,i ,in. kh(Jng baa gam
nha neng eua glao Vlen. !,
.
,
Di~n tfeh dat de xay dung twang
ht;Je so trung (; nang t'~an xcrn b,ing 1-1.I 0
.. '

Bang 14.10. Tieu chuiin di~n tich dat sir dung xay dl!lJg tru<mgso trung O'nong
, ,
I thon tmh An Huy

Dien tfeh
Dien lfeh
Dien tfeh

Di~n lfeh xiiy d\lng lrJang tieu ht;Je a nang thon. xcm b,ing 1-1.1J .

Bang14.11. Tieu chu~n ~i?n tich dat sir dl!ng xay dl!lJg tru~g ti~u hoc (j nang
. thon tinh An Huy

Lo~i h)nh uv rna

3

Dien rfch han blnh win oe sinh

Dien lfeh phong hanh chfnhl blnh quan
hoc sinh J 0.52
0.31 028
r Dien tfeh phong sinh hoar b)nh qu,in ,
hoc smh . " 0.33
0.25/ 0.24
r

3. ve dien .
tich dat kliu6n
I
vi en

Dien lfeh dal khuan vi,en baa gam tat d dien tfeh dal xii.\' dlfng. dien tich d,lI s[m
vlin dong. di~n tfeh dar vua1
hoa ... Di~n tfeh S[\Jl v,in dong. vai mot lnrang sotrung ,.,
quy rna tit 3- 10 lap ph,li e6,11191dlrang ehay hinh Iron 200m. quy tnrang J 2 lap Ira ma
len phai e6 duang ehay 250m, twang ti6u ht;Je tit 5- 12 16'p ph,ii co chrang ehav 200m,
15- J 8 J6'p co chiang ehay250rn. Di~n rfeh wan hoa. truang sotrung a nang rhein. binh
q
uan m6i ho.e ,jnh lit J m), rrlc5ihoc sinh tieu hoc blnh clu[ln IiI O.Sm'.
I '. .
Bang 14.12. Tieu chuii~ di~n tfeh dat khuan vien truimg hoc (I tinh ,\n lIuy
Tnrang tieu hoc 6 nang than
So Truhg a nang Ih(>n
.
;
.',
I I
I
5 - 6 lap I0 ~ 12 lap I
15- 18 lap .,I"or I 616'p I 12 hip I 1816p

26.0
, I ! ! I
19:2-18.3 j 8.3- 18.7 I 28.1 I 26.7 I 30.5 I
4. ve thiet hi, dl!ng c~ hQc tap
. . j
a. Ve rhiei bi rhue nghiifm

Cic truang SCI trung onong [han [ic'n hillJh ph[1l1 rhoi de Ihlel bi Ihue nghiem
thea phUong an thtl 3 ella "Being phon ph ill C(Ie rhi(;i hi Il'Irilllg rrung huc " ella u,', ban
girio due quae gia, phan rha~h 8 t6 thlIC\nghicm. moi 16 khang qu,i 4 ngu<Ji.
324
 a
Ciic [flIung tieu hqc trong diem huyen, xii v:' cae truong li2u J\\!C thong thuong 0
c,ie xC!lheLlphuong an 2 tieu ehuan phan phai eua "Ballg phdll plzQi cac thief bi {/"ltong
[iei, hoc ", Cac tfllang khac ap dung theo phuong an 3 tie,'t chu::\n p~an phai,
h, \ 'e dUllg cu hoc Jill Ilh~le, the' ,1',/(',1/1);thugt va cac thief bi ,,1ir(ll
"

.~ Cic: thi~t bi nay- duqc phim chi a khong giang nhau. Cae khu Vl,lenay lUY theo
h","1 e;illh e~ th~ m,l phitrl phot ,tiP xip d,ip U'ngnhu cau,

5, V'e iu li~u saeh baa

Tnlong '0 trung 0 nang thon. moi h()c sinh h1h quan khoang 15 quyen sach, b"u
kh",ing 30 loai, TflIung lieu hge, lTI"'lh"c sinh khoill1g 10 quyen, bao khmlr.g 15 lo~i,

6. Ve yeu cau ph6 c:).p chat luqng

Ti I~ tr~ Mn tuai de'n tfllvng, 0 nang than d\ll 98%. Ira len, trang do ti I~ chuyen
dn clal lr.:n 990{,. ti l~ luu ban lU 5% tra xuang, tll~ tal nghi~p d\ll 90% tra len. Trong
,1<i11lOitlr 12, IS, ti Ie hqc het so trung d\lt 90% tra len. :Nhiing noi \lung sau Vlll1gxa
di.:u kic'n kh6'khill1, kinh te chua phatlrienciing phai d\ll85% Ira I~n,
. i ~
,
III. Tinh Lieu i'<inh
Ciic \'ill1 ki~n co lien q uan de'n giuo duc can ban va nghia Vlf giuo due tinh Liel! a
Ninh g"lTI "Quy di"it ,'J' ti<;u eitlui;[ dil"u ki~1I xli)' th,rng tn(ong va bifll phelp till/c tlzi",
"Yeu edu C<ill b<ill tl'llllg '1uel trilliz r!llfe hiifll plio' egp giao (h.1C9 1101/1
", N9i dung chi]
ye'll nhu ,au: i

• 1. Dieu ki~ill6i Ihieu nhal

eic tmung phai c6 dli phong hqe. cac lap phai co du ban ghei Van d€ phOng hqe
n'lm n:w phai ouqe gi,ii quyet nam 06. Cae [ruong lieu hqc ngay tang duqe'ma r(mg
qny mei, TflIac nam phai dua fa bi~n phap thlfc hi~n. t I "

2. Yeu cau ve tu chalnhan vien

D6i \'6'i giao d~c tieu hqc bAt bUge. khi thl!c hi~n, yeu du gi~o vien phai co Va,i
b,\ng hOCICcherng nh\llI du tieu chu::\n VlI9'lqua eU9c sat hach phuong phap day hoc, Vc
nglu"p 'n, IC,Id giuo ",en phi\i dam nhiein e6ng \.-iecday hqc. NeU khong dam nhiem
viec: ,bv hue lhi dien di hoae boi dllang, I

Sau 1-()7 -1906 eei y2n e<lUb6 sung ve van b~ng hqp each eqa giuo vien, Tm6c
nilln 1<)')2, y2n du ,xC,ydlfng m9t o9i ngii giao vien co du, lieu chufin, nAm vling wong
vi I,un ehLlli k giu" ,'ien eei vim btlI1gdu tieu chuan d'!-t85% Ira len, v€ nghi~p v~. d'lill
nhi2m vi2e da\' hoc CIl 1r2n 70~L kh6ng tr\fe tiep d,!-yh9C ?Uai 30%.
Dlii \'6i giao cine bitl bn9c aSO' lrung. dicu ki~n ca' billl d6 lien himh ph6 cap la

gi;\o ,i.:n ph:li d,im nhcu] 101cang lac giao due, Tren 60% giao vien co [rlnh d9 cao
dill1g, S6 Illl1ng gi,ill vien day die man khua hoc luang do; ,Ill. Dcii ngO lJnh d,IO phu
1HlP \'l'ji y~u cilu "4 lief{ c/Illlill" 1:1 ~'r :.'<l'~l~(~LingdAn. ' ~~hi(~pV~l,;!i~u ve quan 11'
khoa huc gdo ell,le. c6 kinh nghi~lll ,-:.1-.:1 :~...
 I
i ,
Khi bu6e vao lhue nghj~m, cae giao vien e6 au yeu duo e6 kinh nghiem lam ,'ice
v,', ,6 1lran ~~
'
£ giao vien du eho , tat cit cae tm0n~,~

3. Ve kinh phi eho gj~o due'

Khi bat dau time hien! giao due bal buoe. kinh phi c1imh eho gi,\o due thea tieu
chll,'ln qll<lCgia ciing dan drill t~ng len d~ dam baa cho nhung hO;l! dong mua "jrn thie't
bl. s:!eh I"io ella twang dib1 ra binh thuang. Cae ngu6n kinh phi eho g,,\o clue phai on
dlnh, co b,in dap Crngduqe tU cau.

4. Ve xay dJ!ng tnrim hc:>c

Khi bat dau ,thlfc hi~n iao d\lC bat bUQCti";u hge. cae tnrang ti~u hoe trong di<'m
va dc twang ti~~ h9C lh6n~ thuang c6 dieu ki~n a
nang tho!) phai xay clung duqe -'
phong: Phong thlfc r,ghiem, phong doc va Phong h9C nhae. '

Tmoc nam j 992, cae lnrang ti~u hge tr9ng di~m xii hl.!yen hay nhung Imang a
li~u hoc a
thi xii phai c6 3 ~hong k~ tren. Cac tWOng li6u hge mo hlnh :; lap Ira it"1
phili c6 phong d9C, phong sihh ho~t tap th";, yuan hoa ... d;lm bao xanh. saeh dep.

Tnroe nam 1987, tieu bhuiln d6 van chua dat duac. Sau nam 1988. mOl s6 tnrang
ti~u h9c m6i xay ctlfng c6 di~n tieh dat xay dlfng d'olt tieu ehw1n qUQC gia.' ~

Nhung dieu ki~n co bar trang giai dO~1nd[iu thue hi~n phei e~p giao due lit InrOng
hoe phai c6 du phong thi nghi~m v~l Iy, hoa hge. sinh hoc vii phong dge s,kh. Mot so
nai kh6 khan c6 tM xay dlIilg phong thi nghi~m sinh hoc lmac. phong Ihi nghiem
hoa sau. Phili e6 san van dQrtg, c6 cae thict bi, dung eu hoe th~ due.
I".
, . 1 ~
S. ve thiet bi d~y hc:>c:va dl,Ing Cll h9c the duc, my thua.t. am nh:)c

Tw6e nam 1992, ve r1~t thiet bi tWOng h9C. a dc tmong ti6u h9C lrang die'm dii
d~1 den tieu chuiln qu6e gia Io~i I. cac twang li";u h9c thong thl/ong dat tieu ehu~n
loai 2, nhung vung kh6 khap nhat ciln~ d~t duqc nhu~g yeu cau lpi l)Jie'u nh"t :'e de
d\lng cu day h9C di~n tii. cac twang tieu hoc tr9ng diem ph;ii \lal dlrgc tieu chu'ln loai
2, moi truang phai c6 mQt;chiec TV mal.! M sii dung eho liCl clay hoe. Nhiing de
trllang ti~u hoe khae eung phai dat duqe lieu chuan loai ba.

Thai ky dau eua qua tr1nh tht,rc hi~n phei c<!p. da's6 cae lnranghoc c1Cuph'lll nh6m
thuc nghiem theo:yeu cau. Nhung vilng kh6 kh,1n eung lhue hiendlrae ph,in nilO veu
d~ phai c6 nhung thict bi ~'a d\lng eu lh~ d\lc th~ thao co b;ln nh"t. phil hop "vi yep
du tieu chuiln quoe gia qU)':Oinh.

6. ve tlf lieu' saeh bao!

,
Binh qU'"1 ,,'j Iliong sach baa "oi moi hoc sinh lnrangli~lI hoe lrang dic'm 0 xii.
!;u:l'lId nhCrng II'uimg c6 e1J6u klen ph;ii e1;.t!6 quytn
tra len.drong d6 tnrimg lii'll hoe
thong tllIfong ph,ii dat 4 quy~n tra len va hang n,im ph;ii tang wang luong ,,\eh m(ri.
,
Truae nam 1992, rna hlnh 1~1I0ng hoc 6 lop Ira len ph,li x'IY d.ung d.troe philOg Itr Iiell
gl<\o "ien, phong d9C eho hoe sinh, s6 Ilrgngs,\ch blnh qU'1IJ hoe s,inh ph,li n,ulg len Ii,
15 quy<'n va 10 quy~n doi vai cae truong Irong di6m va lnrong tieu hge thc'lIlg thuimg
I
\

326
 ,
". '":..
i,
~
. cau
7. Yeu ...,'.'\'ec~at 1uqng p h'" cl:lP ° II
. . .~.... :

Nhfrng tntiJng:th~c hi~n pho c,ip thiti I~ hQc sinh t6tnghi~p fhOng the th~p han

.. 95%. Yeu cau co,ban khi thl!c hien giao dl,lc nghia VI,I o:cac truiJn~ So'trung la:,Ti 1
chuy-:n can cua hQc :sinh lot nghi~p d~t tren 95%; tl l~ hQc sin~ du tieu cliuan tOt
7
nghi~p a nang thon phai d<it tren 80%, ti I~ thl!c nghi~rri (ren 90~ mai d~t duqc tieu
." chll,in quoc gia. H.Q~si,nh tot nghiep co tu wang, phdm chat, hanh :vi tot phai d~t tren
1)5~:{,.Thanh (hi~'u,lfien 17- IXluoi phiti co trinh d6 it nhat'Ja sa trung.
. I !

X. So luang
. hoc,,..sinh mot lap
,,";; \

s,; lugng
hqc si';,h moi lup tieu hoc lrung binh 1,1 4p-50 ngu~j, nhi~u nh~t cung
khong VU<1l qu,i 50hguiJi. Neu dug<: phong giao dl,lc pM! chu1ln, so luqng co the tiing
9
kn 56 nglciJi. ~ IU 11f.hQCsinh moi lap So'trung la 48 ng~iJi, nhi~u rh~t la 56 nguiJi.

IV, Tinh Phuc Kien

...
• I
I

V<lnki';ll v(iieu chu~n xiiy dl!ng truong hQc va thl!c hi~n gia? dl!c ngh"ia VI,Iclia
(inh I'huc Kien n6i b~inhat la "Tit?1I clwdll die"1I kifll xdy:dlfllg tr!toJrg hgc va cac bifll
pillip 111I(ethi Ilghta'\'iL~iti() ch.letillh PllLlc Kie/l ", ban hanh ngay 10-'09-1988.
• I
1. Dieu ki~n can I)an nhat,
Tntimg hqc co dil lap, dc lap hQCco du ban ghe. Thl!c hi~nl ngh"ia vl,I giao dl,lc
phai tr~n CO'so lhl!c' hi~n "Nlldi W;Ilhi hiil,", noll!c t~o di~u ki~n, Ql:ltduqc yeu cau ve
tntong hQc. thie't ~!d~y hQCva dqi ngu giao vien.
. "
il
2. Ve yeu diu tii chat nhan vien ' i
• i '
.-\p ul!ng qu~ ,d!nh giao dl,lc cho "i~c sap xep cOngli~c cho ~iao, vien dam nh~n
chuc Vl.'hay cong vi~c d<iYhQc mql bq mon nilO do. Nh~ng giao'-v.t:n co tririh de?cao
dClllg.[rung hQc a nong thon ph<ii d<il 80% tro len. Giao 'lien phai c;o van bang dil tieu
chuan. Nhfrng giao vien co vi~c ph<iinghi, co the tuyen nguoi khac vao lam thay nhung
so Il!(1nggiao vien Ii.lmthai do khong duqc qua 10% t<lng ~o ohlin vi~n va hQ cung phai
co trinh dq trung hQc tra len., i '," , r. " ":,
3. Vc kinh phi giao dl!c ! i
"
Kinh phf cho giao,dl,lc phai duqc dap ling theo yeu
.
ciu va dam ~,\o duac nang cao
t,
(bn kll. ! '

-to Ve dien tich x~y dung twong hQc

Nhlillg lup hQc pho thong moi lap mqt gian, sir dl,ln~ c6 djnh.Lc'Jp hQc phili kien
co. rang rai. cao, lUang ph,ii co san, co biing den, b\lc giang, cira s6, cira kfnh, anh
s~lng. tho~ing giG, nen g~lchdu ti2u chu[lll. I

Cac tWang tieu hQc trQng diem ph<ii co phong day hQc, phong hQc nh~c, phong
uqc. Nhfrng tnrang cOquy mo nh6 co the X;IY dung nha da nang va phong d9C, Cae
twang ph"i x,')' dl!ng \';111 phong cho gi,iu \ iL,n. phong hilllh chfnh.
 I
I .
I _',
Thiet ke twang h<;>cvai quy rna xiiy cj\fl1g pbai phil hqp. nHi'ihg dieu kicn ve \'c
sinh phai dam bilo, nhfrng tr~ang c6 dieu ki~n nen xii)' d\fl1g IUO'hg bao. c6ng tnran!,.
voi nuac, c(>t ca, san v~n d(>n~. . ';:, -,. :'

Ky tuc xa c~o nhAn vi~n phai dam bao nhung dieu ki~n ab:;oim va Ihuiin licn.
Nhung twang xay d\fl1g sau ram 1988, di~n tich quy dinh cho lrliang h<;>ci':J n6ng than
van chua duqc quy dinh, co, the tham khao "Quy dinh ditfn lieh (1<il (/1/.1' hnaeh clio
Inrimgl/'llng lieil.J;l?c 0-IJul/;h pM'" ella Uy. ban giao d\lc quoc gia ban hanh va " Q/lY
4
ph(1111Ihier ke'Iru 1g xliy d()'lg IruiJng I/'llng. li~il h(}e" so GB 99-86 licu chuiln ljuoc
gia M tienhanh. i..... I' .
5. ve di~n I
ti~h dat san vl)n d(lng
I .
Di~n tich Mtl sinh hO\ltl v~n d(>ng Iii nm di~n ra cac ho::tt d(>ng Ih6 duc cua t{il c.i
h<;>csinh. ,"v16itwcrpg,h<;>cCJ 10ng thon phai c6 it nhilt m(>t San van d(>ng c6 duang \'ong
250m, duang ch::tY,thang 60 rp.
I 1

6. ve cac thift hi dl,lY1<.>cva d\lng C\l h<;>cthEf dliC, am nh~c, my Ihual •

Cac thiet bi d::ty h<;>cd~qc phiin phoi, sap xep theo Bang ticu .chujn phan phoi
lhiet bj day h<;>cch6 cac twarg tieu h<;>ccua 139 ~iao duc ban hanh nam 1984 va Danh
mlic phan phoi thiet bi di~n lit cho cac truang tieu h<;>ccU,! U); ban, giao dllc quoc gia
nam 1986. Cae tn~ang tieu ~<;>ctr<;>ngdiem i':J nang than d::tl tiell .chu.inloai 2 tra lcn.
cae lruang con lai 'd::tttieu chu~n lo::ti 3. Con cae d\mg .cu d::ty h<;>ckhae duqc phan pho;
thea yeu cau de cu~ng d::ty h~c. Cac twang lit'u hoc SO'dp khac cGng duqc phal nhUng
rll1ng cu d::ty h<;>ct!leo yeu dti.
i '

Dung cli h<;>cIthe duc d\.ra~ cap phat thea lung noi dung hoc cu th6 va dl/ac cap
ph at theo m(>l so ltrc;mg nhat ~inh. Dung cu h<;>cam nhac. my Ihu.il cGng dm;rc 6p phat
thea yeu cau clla viec h<;>c.
,
i
I

7. ve tu Ii~u sach bao i .! ., " ••' ' ~ :. i •

M6i h<;>csinhti~u h<;>c nang than q co

so sach blnh quan kh6ng duai 5 q~ycn. Gi,
truang tr<;>ngdi~m d(lt 10 qu~~n. Tu nam 1988, mei niim dn dilu III I.hcm m(>l nh.in dan
t~ de mua saeh mai doi vairel h<;>csinh, giao vien pGng phai dlrq(c cung c[\p giao cu
day h<;>c. . j "
8. 'So hrgng h<;>csinh c~a m9t lOp ,

So luqng h<;>c'sinh bln1 quiin m6i lap li6u h<;>ca nang thon IiI 30-35 nguoi. cao
nhat la 50 nguai. !

N6i t6m iai, 4 tlnh San!Dong, An Huy, Lieu Ninh. Phuc Kie'n \'C lieu chll{in xiiy
dtfng truang h<;>cva thtfc hi~nlgiao d\lc nghla Vll c6 nhung di,ic di~m ~hu sall:
* Nhfrng di~n\ khae nh~1J ve tieu chuAn quy dinh xay dung truong:
Ve chi lieu dieu ki~n xry d\fng twang h<;>ccua linh An Huy ",\ San D6ng wang
doi chi tiet, khong chi dua raidc chi lieu rna con c6 nhfrng quydjnh luang d6i r6 rang
vai tung h(lng mlic, QaC bi~l th~ hi~n doi vai mei chi lieu phanihanh nhUng llnh hlnh

328
 khae nhau M6i loai deu co ghi chi lieu gia lfi et,l lh~. Vf du v6 dien lfeh Mit va di~n
lieh khuon vicn lrong quy rna xay d\fng IfUang d6u eo nhiing quy dinh khac nhau .
., Thue I,rc kinh Ie cling co nhCrng anh huang nhal d!rih dai voi ~iec quy dinh gia
III liCU chu'ln. di~lI kicnxi,v dung truong. Tinh Son Dong va Lieu Ninh Iii nhCrng tinh
co <.lieu kicn kinh Ie ,e~a <.lit nuac, tfnh An Huy va Phuc Kien Iii nhCr~g linh dang phal
lri~n. Trinh <.lophal lri~n kinh Ie co anh huang If!!'Ctiep den rnuc dau tl! cho giao duc.
S,r kh'le nhall \C muc dil phallri6n kinh Ie cua 4 tinh ciing <;0 nhiing anh huang doi voi
lbu tLC gi~ioJl.U..::. I
I ,

Vi du \~ ycu colU Iii chiil cua giao vien yeu cau ve ti l~ giao yien co van bang
cherng chi khi lh,re hlcn ph6 cap giao dt,lc 9 nam tfnh An' Huy 111 60- a 80%, tinh Lieu
~inh lit Irc'n 85'.(, V~ vice phim phoi cae thiel bi day hQc, yeu cau cta tlnh Son Dong
diii \'0i cic Iruang (i~l' hoc co quy rna 5 lop Ira len phai d'.\l tieu chuan quac gia cap 2
mi, [;'lh ['hut Kien phi,; Ii, (ruang lfOng diem mai d(lt cap 2. Chung ta xern ehi tiet
trong' h:mg 1'+.1-' sau': I

B,rng14.13. Tinh hinh phat tri~n tong hop kinh tf quae dan 4 tlnh
I I :

_ .. _-~-~~-
Don vi tfnh: cy nhlin drm te (lram lrieu)
-
Tinh lnh i Tinh
I
Tmh An
II N-
an1 H~H1g ml:lc Son Lieu Phue
l
I Don~ Ninh
Huy
Kien
L.. _.
,
, Tung sim Ilhiim uuae dim 68,96
54.11 " 32,16 19,02
-
1985 Tong thu nhi,p quae dim I ._~ 425,7 -- 27,18
46.02
...
16.48
1
Tong san pharn xa hoi i
r-- ".".
107,68 ~-58, II
66,32 -, , 38,29

[:" _~_______
~~+
Tong san rh,\m quac dim h.+,2 I 26,04
-,----_._--------~- , 22,62
[T~ing lhu nhi,p qUDe d"n SM~U 33,31
I
Ton!! "in phiim xa hoi ' . 1~7,"JI i 73,34
( Ton)! siln nhiim quae d,u] 120.16 92,21 57,S I 40,09
:ron~.~u nha~~oe di,n 105,6 77,1 49,5 34,84
'-------- _LIQ~ S,lll oh{(nl xa hQI 285,0 213,76 113,72
., Dlii voi nhCrng lieu chufin xflY dung tfl!Ong cae tlnh e6 nhiing quy dinh khac nhau.

Tinh An Huy va
tinh Son Dong e6 nhCrng quy dinh ve tieu chua!] xiiy dung truang
g,in gi('jng nhau, wong d6i chi tiet va dua fa phuong anttrng buoc mol. Tinh Lieu Ninh
eel phLfl1ng... 'Ill di 2 bLfOCdi<!n hinh: Mol. la lieu ehu~n khi bilt diiu thire
,.' Ihi hai Ii, licu
.

,hu,'in d('n nimJ 1992. Tinh Phue Kien co di~m khae so voi 3 tlnh tr0n: Mc)t l:t chi du"a
reI IIhClI1g'iUY dinh licu l'hu"ln xiiy d\rng IrLlang giai doan th,!c hi~n giao due Ilghia I'U S(1

lbng Illi, khLlng dLl" ra 'iuy dinh doi vai giao due trung hQe;,hai la, quy dlnh nghieng vc
- "-
,tiC st,c.
di,nh Ilr.lIl~ n', {inh linh <.lCJr1~.
" I
!,
" Su v(il YC'uceiu [icu chu"n cua 80, Ngimh trung uong

XCI ILlilil dicn (hi nhlrng lieu ehuiin rna 4 linh dua ra co b,in giong nhau vai tieu
ehu,ul Illi, Bo. Ngilllh tlung uong dlra ra. Su khae nhaulon nhat eUli gia lri lieu chufin Ii,
Ii k "Ieh h'ILl binh 'iuilil. 80 Giao due 'iuy <.llllhhoc sinh tieu hoc Iii 20- 30 4uytn, trung
hoc ii,,()- .1lI quy~n nlllrng linh Phiie Ki('n dLla ra tieu chufin 1,\ 10 quytn dai voi hoc
:-iinh li\."l.l }H.K \~l 15 qUY~Jl d6i \"('ri hqc ;-;inh so trung.
 Dai 3: Cauthanh h~ thong elll tieu ghio due

1. Chi tiel! oanh gia ya chi tieu hieu suat

I •

6 [ren dil gi6i thi~u chi tieu ve cac m~t xay dl!ng tmang el,a quCic gia ",) m(l! sCi
tinh, 6 day chung: t6i <lua r*m9t v,in de la: Nhfrng chi tieu nay cO' ph,ii I;, nhtrng chi
lieu danh gia hieu 'suat kinh Ie"dfiu tu giao duc nghTa vu hay khong" Xct "e m,',t y nghla
rna n6i. nhfrng chi tieu tren I,a nhO'ng chi tieu danh gia ve gi,io duc nghla "U Chlr khc)ng
ph'li chi lieu hieu.llat g'ao duc nghla vu. clina cO' th~ n6i chi tieu na\' I,', de: cLinh oi"
ki~m tra mOl khu~~c, ~9t tnr6ng IlOC cO' dll di~u kien M x,iv dung tn;img ha\' khor~.'
,;, 0:' d,inh gi,i chat lugng h~c Up cua nguai hoc. nhung kh6ng ;n;c ti,Yp d,inh gi,i hi011
su;'il gi,io duc nghTa vu. NhJng do nhfrng chi tieu nay cling xcay quanh nhtrng ",in
a
(till tlr giao duc VI the" m9t mu-c d6 nh,it clinh nao cl6 cO' th<islr dung nhtrng chi ticu
n;IY M nghien cUu caG:van d~ dau lU giuo duc,'

Bat cu- mot h~ thong chi tieu d,inh giu ni,o curlg dugc dua ra theo mcl! chi, dc. 6
day lay h~ thong chi tieu hitu suat d,lu tu giuo duc va h~ thong chi tieu d,inh gi,i licu
chufrn ~ay .dun.~ lru~ng liU~rVf.d'ol: Chung toi tien, hanh phan,tfch ~e thong chi li;u Ihlr
hal. Mot h~ thong danh gla ~ht tleu xay dl!ng tmong hoc hoan chlllh phar hao gom ca:
Chi tieu tr1nh d9 ph at trien giao due va chi lieu mu-c d6 dau tu giuo duc. chi licu lrinh
d6 quan Iy giuo duc, chi tieu/chat Ilrong giao duc.

Chi tieu tr1nh d9 phat! tritn gi,io duc chil YCII bao gam ti I~ tre dung luc;i dcn
tmang, Chi tieu mu-e d9 dau ,tu cho giao d'olc bao gam nhan lue. vat lue va liti Ilre.
Nhan luc la d(li ngu n!\ali vien, giao v;en, Ii Ie solugng h9c'sinh- giao vien. chill
luang giao vien .. ,' V~t Il!c bho
I
gam dien lich dill xf,y dung tmang h9c. dien lich khllon
vien, trang thiel bi day hge, dung cu day hoc cha hoc sinh. ,,0 luang ,ach h,\o" Hi hrc
1:1 kinh phi dau tu cho giad I d'olc, cho nhfrng cling trlnh cong cong, Chi . licu vc'. chill
Iu'ong giao duc bao gam n~u: Ti Ie hoi,n thimh ke' hO'lch bai giang. ti !: hoc sinh lc;t
nghiep, ti Ie chuyen can, Ii I~ luu ban ...

Chi lieu \'c Irinn d6 qU~ll Iy gi<io c1uc hao gam Trinh do qu,in I)' [; l,im VI me) ,il \'i
m6 Quan Iy glao c1uc 6 1,1rJi1 VI 1110bao g()11l \I:C (Lim hao kinh phi. Ir'mh dc) "" qu,in
triel lu:lt gi<io duc [; tam vi mo lit viec ,!u;in I{, nhan vien gi<io duc. t1wc Ihi cic hUITC
Irong giao c1uc, qu,;n Iy cha't:!uqng !!"'O rlue.
Ch\h'~ t;l ('6 rhl~ :>:em xb ct,1 t!lC' qhu "au:
: "r,>',:,!} d(; j,iu:{ {FiJil gi(lo dlJC

/\ I: Ti Ie tn~ dung tubi den lruang cfip litu h9C

A2: Ti Ie Ire dung tubi den tnrang so trung.
o '- '- ••••

B, Mlic do dOli /i( giao dlJC

Bl. Oau tu nhan luc

a, Ti Ie giao \;en - hoc "i~h

330
 c Thu nh:I" binh qU:ln.
li2 D:IU III \':ll luc
.. a Di,~n lich d:it xCiydung lwong h9c binh quan
b. Di.:n rich (!:it khuon \'i.:n truong h9C,
e. Di.:n tieh JSt nh'l a cua giao vien,
d, Ti k rh:ln phoi d0 citIng d~y h9c
e, Ti Ie rh:1ll rh6i de thiet bi di(:n d<iYh9c.
r Ti Ie phew ph6i J,lng eu hoc nhac,
g, Ti I': rh:ln rh6i dung CL,1 hoc the duc,
h, Ti 1(: ph lUIphoi dlfng clf h9C my thu~t.
i, SO lU~lI1gs;\ch binh quan h9c sinh,
BJ, IXiu lU tili lue.
'I. Kinh phi giao duc blnh qUlm
b, Killh rhi eh" nhfrng e6ng trinh c6ng c9ng
(". J'rill1t d~i ("!I,if II{(/Ilg giciu elt.{(. _

L I, Ti k h",m lhimh kc hoach giring day

C, TI k tot nghi.:p
C,1, Ti I~ ehuy.:n c:in

L-+, Ti Ie luu han

[) I. Trinh lk) 'I u,in l~ Cr[[im VI 1116

a. Coi trong lrlnh d6
h. DCu11hClokinh phi
e, Qu,in trid IUrtlgi:w duc bat buO .." "Lf(,_

1)2, Trinh do qu,in I~' 6 IYlCrc \'i j;.'

.1. (Ju,,,\ I, nh:ln \.i.:n gi:,O due

h. (Juan I,. q",i lrinh lillie tlli lrong giuo dlfC
C, (.lUC"1I, ,!l:it Im;ng giClo due
("hlllig tt")l chu r,-Ing nhung chi liCl' \'~: ..:!~U ki~n xay: d~(ng tnL'ang ilyc i\gu~ll trinll
l;,' t]U,'tll I:" gl~iu J~IL' Ct->ll e(l llhCrn~ quy LlI"" :.:~'.\'.con :,.).' ,,"::t C~l deu du'l/'': ph() c~l\). Bl"l,
,.:::r:h lkl. h~ t!l6ng dll li01i hit;li .~i... ,.i~"lU ltl :,:IC bao g:.')n1 c!d tieu lllllC l;l) (L"~ulL~
• gl:\l) tlt.le \.~Idll li0u C!l~ttItrLJI1t! ~i~'Lll.ollie ll:. """"i)uo gam IDl{C d9 chi lil.:l1 ph:\ll:-
:::i~t()due_ ChI li0u lrin!l dt:) qll~lll I:. I" \'!llk \"i :n6 lrong chi lil2l. LJ~-•...• l)i h:

331
 I
I
I ,_
d\lc ding nen dua h~ thong 'chi lieu hi~u suiit d[iu tu giao duc vilOdo, Tuy nhien. dt ap
' '.' I" .
dung vao lhuc te co hieu quA b6 phan chi tieu nay kh6ng dllClCtinh vao. '
.
II. Tieu chuan h!a chon phuong phap danh gia. tieu chuan dua VilO
tham khao r
• I , '.
Trang diem clh PhuCli'g phap noi trcn la vi~c l\fa chon ticu chuan. Lua chon tot
cac lieu chuan tUp'ng dUCln vai vi~c d?t duqc m9t ntra (hanh c6ng. Nhu v,iy. chi ticu
..
danh gia cuaphuirng pMp ay pMi l\fa ch<;mnhu the nao? M9t dieu chUng t,~dn phai
khiing dinh ,la, ch,i tieu Jiift SUa! dilu (U giao d\lc Iii CCIsa cho vicc l\fa ch!;1nchi tieu
phuong phap danh gia tie~ hwln d\fa vao tham khao. H9 thong chi ticu hi~u suat eMu
tu gi.\o ducduqc phan thanh chi tieu dilu tu gi.\o d\lC va chi ticu'siln ph[im gj.io duc.
A. Chi' lieu (tdllllf gidold~IC
A I. Dilu tu nh.in luc
i
I
a. Ti I~ giao v;en~ h9~ sinh
b. Chut danh I
call, thanh
" ,
c. Ti Ie dilt tieu cpu.1n qua qUit trlnh hoc t~p

d. Ti l~ giao vied co giay chung nh~\n co phuong phap gi.lng (h.IYtrong ,6 '
giao vien kh6ng c~ van bang du tieu chuan

e. Ti I~ giao vieb co chCrng chi chuycn ngimh lrong so nhirng gl;\o ,'jcn
kh6ng cq van bangl'dU ticu chu.1n

.f. Ti I~ gJao vienidu lieu chuiln kh6ng lam dung nganh

g. Thu nh(ip blnhiqua.n giao vien
A2. Dilu tuv!it l\fc I
I
a. DieLlkjcn
. can b,ln
, nhat
b. Di~n tfeh dal xh d\rng blnh quan
c. Di~n rich dat xhy dung
!
nhil blnh qU[1IIcho giao "jcn
.
d. Tile philn ph6i thiet bi day hC,K

e. Tj' IC:PhC\nPh6~ d\lng CLlhoc th~ d\lc, [1mnh':lc. my thuat

f. S61uqng sikh fuaoblnh quilll
A3. Dau tu iili l\lc I
I
'
a. Kinh phi dau ttf, binh quan cho giao d\lc ,

b. Kinh phi blnh 1uan cho cac c6ng trlnh c6ng c9ng
B. Clu' lieu sail phdm gTo duc

BI. Ti Ie• heirrt

j
thanh ke'
I'
hoach gi'lIIg d':lY "
B2. Ti l~ t6tnghi~p

B3. Ti I~ cht\yen ciln

,
332
 8-+. Ti Ie luu ban

8:1. Di~m sal hach blnh quan

.. ",Illc li~u clla chung loi Ii, lilln cho c,ic chi lieu co lh~ phan anh r6 net thl!c duu Ie
Itt "i, "in phiim clla gi,io duc. Sau khi xac dinh duqc chi li~u hieu SUal duu lU giae dllc,
chung teli dua lren CO sa d6 dC lip chon chi lieu che phuo~g phap d~nh gia chuan, chu
.~ :1
)'~'u xell1 oX.:1 van dC: "dOL Ii, lfnh de
thay dOi vi, lfnh 6n dlnh el,a dL ch, 1i':U. ltai I" sei
lLrqng Gte chi tieu
Tr~n co sa philll lich luiln chung a nhi~u phuong die[~, chung wi duara 15 chi lieu
d~ slr dung lrang phuong phap danh gi~i tieu chudn. !
.'\. elii {i~1I cI,ill Ii( I
A I. Diiu tu nhan I\lc I
a. Ti I~ gi,ie vien- hQe sinh I
b. Ti I~ giao vien d~t tieu ehuan I.
,
c. Ti l~ giao vien co giGy chung nhan chuyen: nganh lrang s6 nhiJ:ng giao
vien khongeo van bang du lieu chuiln. . .

d. Ti Ie giao ,'i~n khemg li,m lrang ngi\llh giao d\le

~. Ti I~ thu niHil' blnh quilll ella giao vi en

I
"\2. I)[iu lU ,'at I\lc

a. Dieu ki~n co b,in nhat i

b. Di~n tfeh Llillxay dl!ng blnh quan I
c. Ti I~ phan phoi lhie'l b, dilY hQe 'I !
d. Ti I~ philn phoi dllng ell day hl.lC the dllc, niy 'lhu~l, am ~h~e

Al Diiu lU lili lue [

a. Kinh phi cho de eong lrlnh cong eqng

b. Kinh phi cho cae eong lrlnh eong eqng blnh quan hQe sinh
I

I.;. Chi (i"11 Still I'l.ujllJ gioo cllle I

131: Ti Ie hoilll thill1h ke ho~eh giang d~y

132: Ti Ie l(it nglti~l'
B... . Ti Ie. Cllll"c Cl)

11, : Ti Ie IltU ban

So : S6 di~m thi h~ theing binh quiln
DmJi tlnh hinlt philll bo cua 1:1 chi li2u mi, noi, chi lieu diiu lU nh:ln luc I" :\ chi
licu chi tieu d~llltlC l~li ll!c \'~I v~:tlIvc l~l5 h~.lI1g.d:hi tieu s,in Xl1{lt Ja:) h:.l!lg.
qll~1I1tn.,1I1g.

Chi li~u danh gia "'1 nh:in dinh llLwc I,r" ciwn llr phuong phap d.inh gia nh(lll d\nh
tieu chui;n lrong ngoili k~ lr~n khong h:in lit d,inh gia co d\nh, mit ph'li lit phan t(eh ell
lh~ ",in d~ eu the khi ung dung lhue te'. Liiy "Mol rrf(r)ng de'li khrJllg erl phollg hrillg,
 ---------

i
I

I .
!rip top {1(fu co pJi(Jng h(ic, Jl(iC sinh m6i ngJ(iYi (/,;'" Crl b,ii ", d,iy ra dieu kien ca h,ln,
lam vi du, nIt c6 th~ sau 5 n'am 100% co th~ d~lt dugc tren toan quac, nhu vtlY chi lieu
nay kh6ng c6 gia trj baa luui Do yay, chi c6 rh~ c6 chi lieu lUang d6i hqp j~',rna kh<>ng
cu chi lieu chinh x.ac tuy~t ~6i. Dl,CUnay la phep bi~n cherng khj IU,a chon chi lieu lrong
phep uanh gia nhiin dinh lie~ chuim tham kh,lo trong ngoili,

.' .

.':

334
 eHlJ~NG xv, KINHTt QUI M1 GlAD pile

Tr<':n m(lt y nghia n[1Od6 mil n6i. giao dl,lc la rnQtinganh kinh doanh, can v~n
" dung dc loai tili nguy<':nrna lai nguyen c6 cac d~c tfnh c! tht'!, c6 qui rna kinh doanh
." lhkh hlJp moi c6 the V(lI1dl,lng mcil dch day du tai ngu en, pMt huy nang Ilfc hi~u
quit. Do d6. kinh doanh ngilllh giao du~ ciin phai dlfa va nguye'l 19 kinh te qui mo.
nguyl':n Ii toi IN hoa \'a quan l~' khoa hqc, v~n dl,lng nha~' 1t!C,v<).tl.vc, tai Ivc co h\lI1.
dill1h dU,JChi<':uquit kinh te hqc l~p lam vi~c tot nhat. eh ong nay tien hanh phill1 tfch
dl1n giill1 viin d~ kinh II':' qui mo gi.io dl,lc. lung bmJc phil tfch va tdnh bay hi~u sufit
kinh k' J~llltlt gi{io dl.1C. . !

Bai 1: Khai quat trlnh bay qui mOi kinh t€ giao dt,tc

I. Qui 1116kinhtc va kh6ng killh te

I
I
I
,
U luilll kinh te qui m6 giao dl,lCchu );eu XUiilphat ti'r:\i lu<).nkinh te qui ma Trung
hoc kinh II':' (Economics of gcah:). Vi v.!y InIac khi di sau:vao qui rna kinh te giao dl,lc
dn phi,i "1m 1'0van d~ qui m6 kinh Ie va khang kinh te duai day:

., , Hai nhil nghien coIu nuac Anh Makesi vii Sirbo~i tien hanh nghien coIu ve qui rna
kinh k' c6ng nghi~p xe hoi va dua ra van de lien quan dell qui rna kinh te. Trang rnQt
, ,
4uy<':nsach do hai 6ng cung bien smlll "Collg Ilghiifp xe hoi" da: tfnh toan va ve ra diS
lhi (hicu do) til':lldung binh quan dili ky trang day chuyen san xuat cang nghi~p xe hoi,
Bieu do nilYchfnh la ,bieu ' do noi tieng cua hai ang. I
Hinh 15.1 qui 1110 kinh te nha lIIay xc hai (bi€u dol .. )
Rieu do 15- I I

1000
900
gOO
700
600
.500 "
-tOO
300
- 200
, 100 _
I
U I '
IGO200 300 -tOO500 600 700 SOQ900 1000 sl\l1Iu<!'bg(nghin chiec)
Theo philn tich til':u dung binh quan dai ky day chu'yen san xual xe hoi cua hai
6ng ,hi Iheo quan he lUang quan giiIa gi;i lhanh va s61uqng san xual IO\lixe rna n6i:
S:lJllLCangI\,un I\ay solwmg III J .eXX)chiec lang 5,000 chiec gi,1thim';bV gi:1I11-t%
- ----------------------

san IUOllgnam nay solusmg lu 50.000 ehife I;mg 100.000 ehifc lia Ihimh gi';rn IYIr
".' I -
",m uOllg nam ;lay so
., I
ur
g tic 100.000 ehice t;mg 200.000 ehicc gia lhitnh gi,irn IcY;
Siln IUOllgnam nay solu9'ng lu 200.000 ehiee tang 400.000 ehifc gi,i thitnh gi,irn 05':.;.
) .

San lugng narn nay SO:IUOllg vugt 400.000 ehic'e. rnue de? giarn gia Ihimh sc gi,irn
r;lt nhicu. Sau khi trlnh d<J~\ll duge lit 1.000.000 ehice/n;lrn lai t;mg'so IITung I<'m. gi<l
thitnh lai khong giarn, ngugd l\li tang len.

Duoi tlnh hinh ki lhu~i san xuat, to ehue vit cae dicu kicn khae khong doi dau tu
nhat dinh, co nhien co the e9 lugngsan XU'lt nhat dinh, nhung chua eh,lc duae san xui,'t
trang dieu kien v~~ dllngdar du nguon dau Iu va phat huy het hicu qua. neu Ii Ic diiu tiT
uhat dinh lang lh~rn, san XU~1cling tang lUang doi, vi dll dong nh'l!. hi~u qua sir dung
nguon von cling khong doi, do lit, qui rno hieu feh hlnh thuOn"o. dung cong Ihuc nhlT sau:
ex =i~ i
I'
I
~ ~ .
Trang d6 : a :' Ti Ie tang twang san x uilt
~: Ti Ie Un; tnr{mg ,1;'[ll III

N2'u qui ma ma rang, d'ln Jen su Ihay doi Ir~ng de khilll to chuc k, Ihu'it "in
xLIii!. vi du vi\'c d,ra vao may m6e hieu sU'11 cao. ph'ln cang nh;ln lue hqp Iv diin sc
khiC:n.hle'n.I",1 ,,,r,
VII'Yr",< khic'n gia thanh gi,im. Juc d6 nfu d'lu IU nh,n dinh I'lng ,,c:
'.! Ie ma Ii Il: Ling s,in XII:i1s,' khae xa so voi ti Ie lang diiu IU. dicu nity sc ph'!1 sinh hlen
luong qui rna hicu feh tang len (!nerseasing Returns to Scale). Dicu nity chinh Iii qui
mo kinh te, eang thUc Ii'!:
ex >
i

Nfu nhu' sau'khi qui rnO ma rang den trlnh do lUang doi. do nhung kho kh;m dicu
ve str ph6i hgp nhip nhang ~o chue dan Mn Ii Ie d'lU III nh,n djnh lang it hon Ii k "in
xuilt, dicu nil)' cling d'ln eten ,hien 1119ngqui mo hieu ieh giam. cang Ihlle:
CJ. <
1lJc,ng IhllO'ng, gia thitrth dlTac dung de' bie'u Ihi gi,\ Iri d,iu Iu do <1" qui m(l kmh k
hay khong kinh te lai co lh~' gi,ti thfeh lit: Khi qui rna san xuill mel rang. Ii Ie ";nXlJ;'1
tang Ion han Ii l~ tang gia thitnh ehinh lit qui rna kinhlc. r.guac lai khi qui rna mil l(mg.
ti Ie san xU;lttang it han ti I~'gia Ihanh ehfnh lit qui rna khang kinh Ie.
II. Qui m6 giao d~c: Kinh te va kh6ng kinh te
I •
Sau khi hi~udue;re Ii lu~n qui rna kinh le co linh kh,ii qu,\l. thi co the ",in dung If
Juan nay vao linh vue giao dp'e, tu do tim hie'u vt! viln de qui 111a gi,\o due kinh Ie' (ho;lc
qui ma kinh doanh truang hcle kinh tel

Hien nay, trao luu cai leach kinh te dang Ian khap loan cau. th~ che' kinh te cua
nuoe ta lai ehu)'eri VilOtrito'luu (litn s6ng) kinh Ie Ihi tmang. doi dien "oi nhung kht',
khan Jon kinh teo Boi canhphia sau cUQe canh tranh kinh Ic 1,\ euoe canh Iranh nh,in lili,
CliOC canh Iranh nhan lai chfnh lit cuoc eanh Iranh giao due. Gi'lo due lit 111 •.)[ nganh Iri
' I ., • '. '.
Ihue (Knowledge Induslry) :thue day qUI rna d[m rnu rang. n6 yell c;hl mile dim IU
nguon von r;lt IOn, nhung de nuoe phei bic'n dClng Imae \,[In dc Ihic'u hUI ngucin \'6n.
\

336
 . i i
li,n) the nilOd.:i la~?ch~ dau t~ ~gu~~ v?n co h<J.n~~at hUY'I'
hi~u dl)ng Ian nhat, tl! nhien
blcn thanh llcu'dlcrnda,ng ehu y nhat eua rn<;>lnguOl, I .
Diiu tlI nguonv6n gi,io due, lay gia thanh dan vi h<;>clsinhd~ tfnh, san xuat thl lay
'0 Ilrong hoe sinh tfnh toan. Ti Ie soluqng h<;>esinh tang ~hi~u han Ii I~ gia tlf1111hdan
\1 hoc sinh ehfnh laqui rna giao due kinh te, Ou~g eong t~uc bi~u thi a' >
, '
W trang do:
0' iii ti Ie lang
twang gia thanh dan vi h<;>esinh, a lit ti l~ tang tfUangs6lu<;1ng h<;>csinh,
Neu ti Ie ti,ng so luqng nha han t1 k tang gia thitnh dan ,vi h<;>csinh chfnh la qui rno
giao due kh(ltlg kinhle', I

TIlong thuang. ~,iu tlInguon von giao dl)c philn thitn~ gia thanh tu ban c6 dinh va
gi,i lhilllh bien d9ng,thuang xuyen. gia thanh tt( ban khong bien d6i, ti I~ tang s61uqng
hoc sinh Ion han rat nhi.:u \oi ti l~ tang gia thanh h<;>csinh, Tren thifc te s6 luqng h<;>c
sinh khong ngirng tang, gia thanh lU bal) dan vi ding kh0Il:g ngirng giarn bOt, nhat d\nh
xu;it hien hieu qua qui rna kinh Ie, i' ,..
Gi,i thanh thClI)gthuang
.'
lai khong nhu the, ti I~ tang!I gia thanh thong thuang nh6
hon ti Ie tilllg so 1l(<;1ng
h<;>csinh thl gia thanh thong thuaqg blnh quan dan vi se VIso
lUlIng hoc sinh tang ghiJn di. ti I'; tang gia thanh thong (huang Ian han Ii Ie tang so
luang h<;>csinh. gialhanh thong thuang blnh quan dan vi ~e VI s6 IJqng hoc sinh tang
len mil tang len, Do do, qui rna giao dl)c kinh te phai chi ra llnh hlnh gia thanh thOng
[huang vi so luqng h<;>csinh tang len rna giarn di. Nguqc)ai, qui rna giao dl)c khong
kinh te lai chi ra Iinh hinh gia thanh thong thuang binh quan don vi vi so luang hoc
sinh tllng kn rna tang !en, '

III. St! hrnh thilOh qui rna giao d~c kinh te

I
Lit su sir dl)ng nguon von twang hoc danh duqc day du va thfch dang duai SLIbao
luu tien de chat !lrang giao dl)c nha! djnh, dong thai su S,illlxuat q~i rna kinh te can
ph,ii duai di~u kien Ihieu hut khong kinh te sau khi rna rorg qui rna rn6i c6 th~ thanh
lilP, hinh lhanh quimo gi,io due kinh Ie, dTnhien lit t~p trun gvao 3 di€u ki~n duai day:
1; I
Trong do AC la hieu qua kinh te qui m6 giao duc, <;:B la hieu, qua qui rna giao
due khong kinh Ie, .

i
I
I
gi;i
th~ll\h
,
B DuOng: cong g.ia thanh blnh quAn thOng lhJbng

d\rn I
i
"
hll,,: I
,ilLh I

so luang hO<..'sinh

L Tinh day du eua \'i~c Iqi dl)ng nguon von

Ngu6n gino duc c6 tfnh chinh th/! va tfnh khong th~ phan tach. Tfnh chinh th/! lit
,hi t:lI11lmimg hoc, rJH)tsa von can ph,ii dong thai mot hic Miu IU vii van dung. Sang
 I
} "

hip ra m(lt tnrC1n~:h9C bat lJan qui m6 nhohay 16'Jideu phai 'c6~a;ngUon von dau tu c6
dinh nhu dia die~ tnrang, "iiY d\fng ky tuc xa cua tnrang. cl[iu"iutrang thiet hi: co dau
tu t.ai ngu.y~.n n~iin l\fc n~u 9C sinh, thfiy giao, nhan vicn h~nh Ch.fnh....DG phat hU.Y hi~u
suilt kmh te glao:d\lc nha luang, nguon von ki! Iren ph,ii 4uqc sir d\lng cimg mQt luc.
kh6ng thi! vi so luqng h9c s, nh qua ft oi rna kh6ng SLrd\!ng m(l1 trang nhiin,g ngutin v6n
d6. Duai t1nh hinh d6, so Itrqng h9c stnh qu,i ft. gia thanh ngu6nvon moi dan "i moi
h?c sihh ~Mi, dat ,nhi?m sf c~o, s:u k~i so luqng h?C s~nli t~ng ~hk'n t~ilO !?~ ngutin
" .
von b! phan tan, gla thanh ~gu6n von m61 h9C slOh se th[lp. Luc doc su ganh "uc ve ,'em
c,ua :n~i dan ,vf h9? sinh;gi~m, rna kh6ng thi! gi,lm hi~u su[it kinll te' gia(1 duc tim (hroe.
tu do hmh thanh ~lyU qua qLI m6 klOh te." " ,"

Tfnh kh6ngl thi! philn jach nguon von' giao dl,IC Iii s\r V[IOd~ngd<j()t s6 ngutin vlin
nao d? la,n da,u ftinhat p,hai1ap dung m6t,dan .vi. kh6ng !hi!~'i phy:du. khon? d,uoc,l11?t
da,n V! :na p~an ~hla.VI d\!j xiiy .•d~n~.!n61 phong h9C., Ie ~(rb'n.~.}h)1 ~'Ien :hl cQlhe I[~y
m9t phong lam d<j1nV1,kh6ljg the VIso luqng h9C sinh It rna chi X'!Ymra phong: "ICC mm
c6ng nhan vien g:iang d~y qung nhu v~iy, moi Ifin ft nhill mai I liguai rna khemg the Ii,
nLra nguai. Xay d~ngmai 11phong dllY mai neu chi chieu sinh I h<;>csinh. gi,i th[mh ,l'il' ". "'.

vi h9c sinh rat cao, hinh t~ahh khong,duqc qui m6 kinh te'. Neu' s6Juqng tuyen sinh 1110
r(lng, mai den khi' phong h9~ nay,c6 thi! c6 duqc tac d\lng, SCc6 the khic'n gi,i thanh uan
vi hoc sinh giam den dien). trap nhat, IiId6 hinh thanh hi~u cjuakinh Ie qui mO gi,io duc.
H9c gia nguai My CarrolW. Mc Guffey khi nghiem cUu thimh pho (6'11phfn nnm nuae
My. qui 1116tii!u h9C va gia lhanh dan vi h9c sinh phat hi~n. ti Ie dllOg thic'! hi x,iy d\fng
, ,
trung h9C da,t duqc 114% thi gia thanh uem vi hoc sinh dan vi. Ti lesLr dung cua tieu h9C
dat 135% thi gia thanh dan ~i h9C sinh th[ipnhi'it. Ti Je SLrdung \'llqt gun loor; SCco the
XU<lthien vi~c SLrd\!ng qua' mlrc. Thiet bi SLrd.\!ng qua muc tat nhien c6 the gi,'m gia
thanh dOn vf h9C sinh, nhu~g c6 thi! phat sinh h~IUqua khong tot qua nhicu lam t{)n hai
oen hi~u sua.'t kinh te giao ?\!c. Do d6 kinh Ie qui m6 giaod\!c tuy thu(>c V[\O vicc v,)n
d\lng nguon von day du nhung kh6ng thE vi theo du6i s\f gi"m gia thanh dan vi rna pMt
sinh m(>t so hi~u qua kh6ng! kinh te. Hi~u qua SLrd\!ng thlel bi xiiy d\fl1g ph.li hfy 100%
lam muc . tieu SLrdung
. day d~I mai co thi! thu duac..., hieu qu<i kinh 'te' qui fllo,ei,io
~. due.
Nguon giao d\lc ban trim c6 tfnh chinh thi! va tfnh kh6ng I,i)~,phan chiao cho du
qui m6 truong nhi) cun.~ VI \Jhu cau chlrc nf,ng giao duc m" u[iu lllngl'6n "{)n lUang diii
Ian. Iuc d6 nguori oa dtu tJ Ia VI so luqng nguoi ft rna chlr,l th':: <lugc sir d,lng d"y UtI.
Neu c~ thi! rna r(>~g q~i ~P gia~ duc kh.~cn ngl~on ,.von d~nhd~qcl_OO:; hieu sufi! sir
dung nlwng duy tn chuc narg glao duc dong nhat dong thOl khlen gl" thanh uein V! hoc
sinh giam xuong.:Nhtrng ne'u mai 10 giiim gia thanh dan vi hoc s.inli khic'n ti Ie sir duqg
nguon von vuot qua 100% !na ph,it sinh sv thieu h\!t qui mp kid ](m. di.cu nil)' kh(lOg
thi! coi la hieu qua kinh te qui mo. Vi vay SLrd\!ng ufi)' du ngu6Ji gilio duc ph;ii due'ri Slf
han che, kh()ng <lQtphat tfn~ chinh tht va tfnh kh6ng th6 phan chia nguiin "{)n. u':: 1110
r(lng qui 1116nha truong, dupi tlnh hlnh khong ,'nh huang uc'r, chue n:1I1ggi,10 duc. 111m
cho nguon giao d\!c danh dtrqc Ii I~ 100%.
I .
2. Tfnh thfch hup Slr pung nguon gino duc

La truang sa yeu du dLra d;lc Ifnil CillfC nfmg nguon ,'6)1 "ao sir d\lng thfch <I,i,,':
thiet bi xay dung chuyen dung. tfnh da dang cUa chuc n,ing giao'duc vit tai n,ing Lila
thily co giao ueu Iii ket qua Clla vi~csa d\!ng thfch hqp nguon gi,io duc.
338
 I

Qui rno truimJ ~('>crna n;mg. cae lo~i thiet bi gia tang, Ji& ,{ay d\ffig va thiet bi llllr6ng
dung ca bid cling co, the :xuiit hien, tll do co l<;ri eho vi~e nang leao chatluqng giao due.

1\la rong qui mo giao dl!e, nhan vien giang d<,lythiet >-eu phiii tang len, nhu V[LYse
e(, 1m eho vicc ph[ul,C,ong nhan h!e va ehuyen mon hoa tnfrg hge. I

Dau lien. lu
'phuang di~n giang d~y manoi, cae tru~ng hge eq
qui rno nh6 do so
luong giao \icn brcnche c6 h,ln, de dap LIng yeu cau eua chuang tdnh huc, cac th[t)' co
g;ao Imin IUlJn phcii 'dam nhiern cac nlL,JCso tnrang khac. Sau khi fila rang qui rna
Lnrimg hue. do s61uqng gi[lQ vien bien ehe lang len, Iue d6 ve phuong dien rnai giao
\';cn e<l t.nh di,n hoi, ~Q the tang nhu cau chuang trlnh kh~e nhau, rna rnai c[,e thay co
ehuycn cac rnon khtic nhau.
Nhu v['y, vietrnoi cae lhay co giao (ehuyen de sa trliang nengbi~t) su phan eong
hop I) lrong chuang trlnh giang d<,ly,sl! ehuyen man hoa *9i dung giang d<,lydeu se e6
!lli cho ;;i~e n{mg eao hi~u qua giang d<,lY.My co nit nhieV hge gia nghien eLlu va phat
hicn, mgt trang nhfrng nguyen nhan chu yeu eua thahh tfeh ph6 bien hge hanh cUa hge
sinh cae, twang co qui 'rno nh6 khong bang cae lruang e.5 qui rna 16n, d6 chinh la cae
lnrong nM khong thi'! e6 dua ra cae lhay co chuyen de kl\oa hge, thay eo phl! d\IO tam
I:'. y te truang hge;nguai qu,iri I)' thu vi~n ... M dap LIng 'nhu cau giiing day tren. M9t
hoc gi.i Illroc t115'oug John Review khi nghien eLlu 108 truang trung h9C dii pM.t hi~n
qui rna truaug hge dng l&n, Ihay co giao cang c6 the dua vao sa truimg de giang d<,lY.
Cic rn(lll hoc hiuh 'lU[lU cang it; 'lui rna IrUang h9~ cang nh6, cae man giang d,.IYblnh
qu[m cua Ih[iy co citr~g nhieu. Ong Welch chi rq: Cac truapg h9C co qui rna kha Ion sa
Jl e6 !lli cho viec ~[lllg cao Ch,lt luang giang day chinh n 0/ ch6 thay eo khong can chiu
lr.ieh uhicrn
, chuou" e (duh hoc
' khac. '

Trcn phuong dicn himh ehinh, nhan vien cua twimg co nhanvien ban ehuyen
nghicp "il ehuyen nghi~p, SO nh[m viell nay it nhieu cling I~ chuyen gja trang llnh VlJc tri
IhlfC. Sau khi rna r<lHg \lui rna twang h9C, thuang eo the tung rat nhleu phap quy himh
ehfnh "i,11'[11 IU co d,nh d6'nang cao hi~u suat quan ly hanh chinh, lue d6 khong th~ tranh
khdi '"icc t,ing xung d91 giua th[i)' giao va nh[m vien hanh chinh. De giiii quyet kh6 khfru
I'C qu,m I)" himh ehfnh, nhil truang dn tang nhan vien himlt ehinh, d~ hge ehuyen rn6n
hoa c6ng "icc n[mg cao hi~u qua himh chinh. SI,!ph an eong'va ehuycn man hoa nhan [uc
LrlT.img~oc, .~6 lhi'! gi6~g nhau, Ih[lrn c.hi !ay gia th~nh ~ha~ nhat cai tien hi~u qua hanh
chlnh "a ehal luong gtang d~IY.t[lIlg hleu ICh qUI mo. MOl hoe smh trong truang h9C deu
e6 sa lhich ":1
dinhlurong n[mg Iuc khac nhau. Dieu d6 yeu cau truang h9C phiii cung
dp nhCrng nai dung chuang trlnh da d<,lng hoa. Sau khi rnai r9ng qui rna giao dl!c thong
lhuang. lrung ehuOl1g trinh ph,ii e,ii bien 2 phuang dicn dual day:

TllIr II/uii, Cung c[ip ehuong (dnh ,;6i nhieu 10<,lihlnh i --1-.

Tlllr !lui.' Cung c:lp nhieu chuang trlnh voi gia tr! clIO (gia th~nh trang thiet bi,
mjy I1H')C. phong hqc cao. nhung c~in ph:li du6i sl! giAnd di.lY eua thay co cao c1flJl~
chuyen flghi~p).

Cling co the noi, sau khi m6 njng, de Iruang hoe day filanh t.nh da dang khA nang
hO'I[ Jong v:, chuang trlnh. Nhit hqc gi,i nguai My da phat hien qui m6 truang hoc lLOng
do c6 I.n dcn 200 hoc sinh chi e6 the eung c[ip 3-\,7 hoc phan rna qui rna bi co the Ulla
ra 80,3 hoc ph;in lrang [60[ ckn 2-\00 hoc sinh, sau kill rn6 rang qui rn6 giao due
 ,

3. Tinh han eh€ eua vi{'c rno rang qui rna gino due

Tu ph[m
tich danh gia ir<~nc6 the hieu. viec 1110 f(\ng qUI 111l) gian ducer, [e)1 chn
viec sir dung day du va sir riung thich hQ'p ng\lon "';n gi,io duc ph,it sinh hieu qu,; qUI
mo kinh teo Nhung ma
r(mg qui mo ph,ii c6 han. neu ma
rong qui mCl ph,it sinh r.i
thieu hUl khong kinh te lal se 16n hai den kha nang gi,io duc. hie d6 gi,i thi'nh ct',a eh,
vi hoc sinh cho du c6 giam qling khong the g<;>iqui mo kinh !C.giao d~c. Dmii quan he
nllli vay. viec ma
rong qui rho giao duc phai hlY nguon von ":m dung (lilY (hi. sau d6
phai ngilng ngay, neu khJn~ vi~c
c
ma
r(mg qui mo tiep tuc t,lt sc phat sinh ra e,ic thic"u
hut. cal' nha hoc gii .kin~ te h6i lieng cua nuac ta da hiy vi~c gi,ing d.ay qui m6 qu,i /0n
ma dan den su thi~u hul khaiiqUJil thanh 6 phuong dien sau:
a. Qui mo qu,; to khien q~an ly khong lhu.[1Ilticn, gi,;m hi~u sq:ft qu,;n l~'
! ) •
b. Qui 1110 qlla 16n khien phi tieu dilllg cho quan he thong lin noi hCl t,-mg tir do
tang chi phi gia Ihanh i
C. Qui 1110 qua Ian d~ phai xay dlfng thcm viii co qu,1Il trung gian. tang Ihem
nhan vien lam viec. do cling tang chi phi gia thimh.
'i ,
d. !IV, "'Ilg qui mo dong thai IiI' d6 sau khi l,ing \'i~c thie't l,ip 1 so co quan Irung
g]<:n. SII ." 'Lim gilia co qyan vai co quan Wng lcn, dieu d6 kh6ng chi c6 thc. gi,itn
hlcll su:il Il1'Cc'n c6 Ihe ph,il:sinh hi~n tuqng dun d£iy cho nhau. tru khir hlnnhau.
(' Qill mo qua Ian, nhah Ilfc qu,i nhieu co the t,ing su canh tranh trcn phuong dien
nh,ln Slr milsul~p trung giuaica.c nh,in vien c6 the giam.

f. Qui mo qmi Ian de tl~ich ling bien d6i hlnh tlnrc khaeh quan mil tinh linh hoat
can e6 cling c6 th~ suy yeu,: cling c6 the noi dieu d6 rift kh6 elieu chinh theo su hie'n
hoa hlnh th~ khach quan, M Ihich lIng hlnh the mai.
I
Su thieu hut 6(:) qui ,no qua Ian phat sinh quan trang nhat la 2 phuong elicn. su h:tl
hoa trong quan h~ giua ngu6i vai nguai va su'xo cung cua be) ph:m hanh ehinh. R{ft
"h,"u nha xa hoi giao duc sqrn nhan rilllg slf Iicn quan giuake't c:iu XJ h"i twiYng hoc
va IhJnh lich giao:duc h9C sinh. Ho cho rilllg thanh vicn trwing h9c c6 Slf t,in tai t,ie
dong qua Jili, ph£im chat tac Gong qua 1'.liquye't dinh S\I thanh hai ella gi,io duc twong
hoc. Cling co the hoi, trang iket c:fu xa hQi twang h<;>c.nc'u tlnh hinh I,ic dung h.') tn)
giua cac 11nh VIIC tOl, se phal sinh khong khi hoc tap \'il gi,ing d,.':, tlit. Nguac I'll n,
tlnh h1nr tac dung'vai nhau khong tot khong khf hoc l:IP vii gi,ing clay ehuycn sang\U
huang xau, nhan vien hilllh chinh va thay gi,io c6 the VI Ihe' mil thay doi, chu\.c'n dl.hoe
si nh cling co tht tr6n hoc.

Qui mo truong hoc to hay nho ,inh ' ""']'~ clccnquan he giua c:ic thilJ1h \'ic'n Ilhil
twang. rift nhieu nha hoc gia phlrong T{IY llc'n h:lJ1h nghien Cl'ru mill deh r,"JJlg r:;1 \'C'
vfin de
nay.

Giua nh:ln vien hanh ch'inh wii nh<tu ma n6i. kl't qu,; nghic'n Cln, dil tin C:I\' \,' hl,i.
Aetonof mQt hoc gia nguai My :ho b]c'[ nh,ln vien himh ehinh sef nh{m hic,t !Cn eca 110 CI.,
licn quan [Jhu vai qui mo to ~ho, nhung co quan he chinh v6'i tfnh [ie'p nh:ln tin diin. Il1lic
do hung thu clla thanh vien v~i nhicm vu t6 chllc co quan hc phu \6'i qui me) to. nh().

340
 (jllb hoc ~iIlh \'~t th~iy gi,'tu. hue g;Ll .\l~'011g \V, 'vV. ;lYh)ll,Lhorn Ll,( ;,;.'!Lll hi~n C;:t(

ht,)( \lft.'l 4U~i 2.,-l()O ngu'~)j ',,' "', "lU:~qig 11\)<.': L1CJO' n:;;JlJ'i, lh~tY CO glio l;,il,)i~g
Il"U.tfll12

!}fUll hl~'l hlh': sinh. nhi~u h\lc gid gi,iu J~L cL; PIlL uinh ~<:i.C lfll'(>I)g hQc nay. HQ cho dmg
th:l) gillo qUl ml) [lin chil ye'u JUeL'ell) J,,'nh s{lch de nhiln biel l1uc SInn, nglrin uuuc nltdll
hie'l thlrimg l:l nhung hoc sinh c6 th:mh lieh cao, c,!c tot, cl!,; xau hOdy c6 bieu hi~n ddc
h'CL cin] ,bi del sli hoc sinh co
blc?Uhien blnh thuang thi ~ay bi liir:g _quen. C6 nglrai
th:Ul1chi chi ra fl'lllg li k min hoc clla nhling hQc sinh cua d.c truang co
qui rmi r(JI1gr'I'
1<'",.hoc "uh "1m th:l)' 0 Iruong khong duqc chll <; hoi).c coi tr<;mg la m91 trang nhling
nguy('n nh~lll chu y2"u.

(jllra th:iy Cl) ':l nh:,n "icn h:mh chinh, hQc gia nuoc My A.G Smith dii chi rd: Qui
1110liU, mg I1<'Ckhi mil ning Jan den SlI gia tang tang laP, ill~' gi.i.i quyet sai'sat va tra
ngai giua nh:lll vien himh chinh va thay ca giao the t~ng nhi~u, dingco the anh co
hlil'lIJg ,Jen ,li nhi~l tlnh giang d~y cua thay ca, Cling d6 nghien CUu clia h9C gia
BridgLs cung cho biet: Qui rna truang h9C anh huang den t'rlnh d<?tham gia quyet sach
tnrimg hoc ci"l th,,)' c6,thay ca cua truang qui rna Ion c6 ti l~ tham gia it han thfiy ca
tnr<Hlg qui mo nhc).

(;Iua hoc sinh v" hqc sinh m" n6i, nghien CUll cua ang Larson cho biet: D~i da so
hoc sinh Lill' trueing hoc qui m,\ nl1(')de kCt h,.m han ya Ihich nguai mlnh quen, luy
nhicn Lho dlt dc loai hO;tl dqng mil trUang h9C c6 qui rna Ian dua ra kha nhi~u nhung
hoc,inh tham gia khong nhicu hoflC chi tham gia ffi9t loai, lh~m chi c6 m<?t so dm
Ih:iy khli Iham gia hO,H dqng. }'Iq! nh,1 khoa h9C khac W.T. Campbell ding phut hien,
truiJng hoc qui m6 339 den ..138 nglloi Ii I~ tjlam gia Ia 300/J nhung trong eac truang qui
111016n nh:lt ti k tham gia chi c6 1'i~i,.
Qui nll) qu:, nho, kh6ng the ":m dl!ng mal each day oil va Ihich hqp nguon von giao
duc. phlil ,inh hieu qll,i khong kinh \C."oi gia th,mh don vi h9c sinh cao; qui rna qua 16n,
lai eli Ih2 phlit sinh hi2n luong kh6ng kinh Ie nhu su ma nh~l trang quan hi) con nguai va
Slf .\lJ clrng vc h'lI1h ehfnh. Hieu qwi qui ma kinh te giao dl!b chung chi c6 danh duqc til'
phia lniimg hoc Ctl qui lila thieh hop. '

IV, Quyet such qui 1110 giuo d~c thich hqp

Ll Lili e:le llUang hoc c6 Sl! "fm dung lhich hop \il elfiv dC, Ilguon \on nhlrng lai
h.h(Jllg phjt sinh nhvng t~ n~m XC1 cCrt1g trong h~lllh :.:hfnh V~l b~lthO~l trong quan h( vo'j
CUll IIgtrl.fI.

[<lll nhiell hoc gil', cho rtmg: Dc qu"el

uinh, qui rna giao duc Il1lch hL,lpnhal, cilia
\'ito Jlgllun tl1 Ij~u tJ"lfung hqc gi6ng nhau eLla cae lo~i hlnh[nguon v6'n co lh~ c1llI1g elc
pillfong phlip hoi qui dicu chinh 1110IhliC co lien quan gida so lliCing hoc sinh "il gill
th:,nll dlH] Ii hoc sinh. Binh lhllllng m,'mg nguon von lTla eac twang SCi dung plu\n lhfinh
2 l<Jlligia Ihi,nh Ili hl'n vi, gil; th'lI1h thong thuang, gia ban III ban lay gi{, th:lnh cCidinh
lbt deli. klen tnk \,' thiel hi Ifun chu, khi gia lhanh cac lo<~i nay c6 chi nhfil dinh, sCi
11I[llighoc si nh tnrimg hoc e:mg nhieu c':mg 101, quan he gilla gia thanh co dinh va qui
~lll) lrLrtjll~ hqc. :\cm hl11h 15 - 3.
 ..,,'

Gia
thanh
tu ban
don vi
h(.\c ...
sinh
I
i
I •
I,
so hQc sinh
I
Qlli 1110trucmg hoc cahg to gi,1 thilnh tu hlin dng kinh te.qui ml) truimg hoe'thieh
hqp nhfit co the khien qui m~ tfllemg hQC khong ngtmg 1110r(mg. de" ,fin dung (1Lroe100';
nhung khong pMt sinh thieu hut. khong kinh teo Do d6 !lm s61~ong hoc sinh thfch h(1p
nhat kh6ng ncn lay gia thar\h Ilr blln lilm d6i tu~mg ph,m tfeh, Thco phfm tfeh lLf lieu c6
lien quan. ral nhi~u hQc giallay sl! tuong quan giiia s61uqng hoc sinh"va gi,1 thimh Ihong
thuong blnh quan cua dem vf hQc sinh de xac dinh qlti mo do Ihfe'h hqp nh,il.
, so hQc sinh qui mo Ihf~h hqp nhfi!. blnn thuang !lm chrqc tfr giao di0m giiia dti thi gd
thanh bien te va gia Ihanh thpng thlremg blnh qu,m (xcm hlnh 15 - 2) khi s61uqng hoc sinh
truemg hQc dan dan tang len. gia thanh bien Ie ella m()i hQ(' sinh tfr gilim ([tng kn. Ilic ,t,\
gia (himh bien Ie m~c du Uin'g len. neu gi,1 Ihimh blnh qu,m dem "jhQc sinh dn gilim lh<
qui mo viln co the tiep t\lc rrio r9ng, Khi gia thi,nh blnh qufm hQ(' sinhkhong giiim. qui mo
do lai lit qui mo thlch hC1pnhiil. Khi gia thanh lh(mg tl1l1ang blnh qu,m ella m()i don vi hoe
sinh tM'p nhat chfnh la gillodiemgiCra do lhi gill thimh thong lhuong bien te vi, gill thanh
dan vi hQc sinh, 1'.19t khi gia thanh thong thuang hinh qufm dem ,'i hoc sinh gilim dc'll mlrc
lhfip nhal. co 2 kha nang thulmg x~ycn nhal duqc ngh! den:

1. 1'.16 hlnh ehii' Vi

1'.10hlnh chii U I,iy dS thi gill thanh th'ong lhuimg 1'1I1l m() l)~t.leChll vcu, gill lh,mh
blnh quan VI sollrang hoc ~inh !Clng Icn, dfin d:in giam b61 mil sau d6 Jai ll"mg kn. hinh
thai clia no .•..giong.•.. ehtr U 6,:, '['i:;'F"'.":' 1)" 1,',,,, dinh
" ~ Cl'" m'" lhlle ehtl U Ii, di0mlh,ip
nh,il cila gia lhanh oon vi hoc s;nh, <, !:iv ,so iLrang ilOC ,;nh hieu thi bAng diem d,nh de
guyc'! dinh so luang hlV' • "l, <l"; !TI() !hieh hap nh,i!. \16 lhlre b', 1l!(;'ng hinh ehtl U Iii
phu ..;.n'g lrln!'l 'Jr:"!j nh~;l h,.'

V6i en lit gi,l lhanh thong lhuimg clan vi hQe sinh

Q ia "oltwng
, ~, hoe sihh I
• I
C6nQ~ lhlre e:;[l<ln hlnh'UI Ia:
,
C,=a+bQ+CQ ,'(J)
,

Thea cong lhuc tren di~u ehinh IU lieu [hlrc 10', tfr so lher nh:il e6 ,he: I;m r" e,' hoc
sinh ella gia IhAnh blnh guah dan vi hQe sj~h: '

\
 2C!2<.)=b +2C(J
Khi gi,i lhimh thong thuang ella binh quan dan vi hQcsinh th[ip nhat, iii chi :,,,i
Ih:lllh llwng lhuill1g hinh quim oon \'i h()e sinh ma soluqng hQc sinh lang lhern ItrOng
d,i] lh.] klllg U:
0.-'
2C/2()=() trong 06 Q=-b/2C
.~
2. Hinh eher L
Sau khi \':1I1OWlg oi,y oti nguon W li~u, neu tiep tl,lc dau tu, con co the: xuathi~n
hicu qua kinh lC qui me,. D6 lhi wlIng quan gilia'so iuqng hqc sinh va gia thanh thong
Illlrilllg binh qu,m lhm \'i hoc sinh do nhi6u hlnh chli U dt nhau. Trang so t[it d cae
hinh eLr U cCtl nhau. khi rnlltnrang. gia th1mh thong thu~ng cua don vi hQc sinh eao
IIh,;1. li2'p lheu. \.i so iliong h()e sinh lClng nhii'u. gi,i lh1mh lic'p lUC tang, ,inh huong den
Ilr,mg gi,i t!l:,nh thong lhuimg Olln \'i hqc sinh. Do d,', liep tl,lc c!fiu W nhung sl! gia tang
gi,i lhi,nh lhi)ng lhuong binh quem d,m vi hoc sinh khong nhieu, nhung sau khi tier l~tC
,bu llf \'i gi,i thanh thong tlwifng binh '1u:"]noon vi hoc sinh duqc giam sau khi qui rno
nlt" r(Hlg Cling gi •.iITI. Dieu l1~lY khi(:n S;ltl ;.lj~ \'l.rqt qua qUI I1J()nh[\"t ujnh. 51! phat lricn vc
g"i lh:Ulh lhimg lhuimg binh qu[m dlill \i hue sinh viI su rno rong 'lui mo tro lh:mh rn(ll
II") h'lllh hien di) niH.)Ibn.

Cia Ihi,nh
.lh(JIlg Ilu((JIlg
., o,ln \.i
hue sinh

so 11<.'csinh ,
Tnlng ,lti . U] 1:, d6 lhi hinh U khi rno truang hQc, gi'\ thanh thong thuang dan vi
hoc sinh IllY lheo.qui rna mo re?ng va nhanh chong giam, U2 den U; la tiep tuc driu III
IIgUI'lll n';n. Vi so lliqng h9C sinh lang den luqng nhat d,nh, n!;u6n 'j,;ng anh huang den
gie, lhilllh billh quem oon vi h9C sinh Ilrong doi giam, khien gia thanh thong thuang binh
qU'"l ,lim \i iH)e s.inh .\ui,t hicn rno hlnh song cua hlnh U de? nh6. Do do, truang hue
lre,; qua 1 qUI Illl) nhu nh[,t. V'lIl dl,lng d[iy du ngu6n von de rna truang [hi 1<:' l." d:i"
ltr ngU\:Jll \"(ill. llt'll1g llilfi 1l1l1n)ng qui rn6. gia thanh thong thuongblJih qu ,',"h : !H'I..
,i'lh deu ,2 ti2.p We. If mul tr'lllh <I(lth"l' nhflt. cling se iii duy trl melt mu Itin], ',i'" II:
k,nlt lc. :'-i~u gi,i l!l:mh lh6ng IIHrlmg binh qU'lil dan V! hQc sinh va IU licu S0 luang 11<,>'
,inh lfl.' bi <I,:)bin!l qu,"] ,2 Ii, mLll IIIi) Itinh hai duang cong hO:le gUt i:, hinh ehll :..
L")Jlg tl!trL" l'ilU,'lll eua 2 dlft-lng CCll1~ I:t:
., .i .,
L,,=aTJ<.)
Du C.(JI1glltCre 121 <lieu chinh 1lI lieu thlre Ic' oat gia tri a.b. Itun nLta do ,6 nghjch
,lit" thCl nlt,,1 !li:1I thich ,6 iuong hue slIlh \hkh hqp nhril gia thilllh Ihong lhlrO"ng oon vi
11<1("nh llt,,1' nh:'l.
202<.) = ' h(J'
343
 ,
1I
16 r
,Chi khi cho bQ,2 = 0, hlI vay gia tri Q IiI v6 cung Ian Ii, qur:~1a Inrang Il"c dng
h n Cang tot, ma
hlnh chull tten tlllIc te chua tim cluac s6liro-ng hoc sinh qui mil Ihfch
~~ nha't, Qui m6 trlIeing ~Qc khong th~ ma
n;mg va han licurtmg c6 the ph,il sinh
n lfng thieu hut khong kinl! te nhu SlI biit hoa trona quan he con nglrai vii SlI X(~ cung
trang hanh chf~h. ' I . ". ~ . ~

, l'rlrang hQc phai c6 JJt qui mo' thfch' hap nhfit, ItTdo thi hlnh U dat dlrcrc chi Iii ~.
~~; 1116,t[lIang ~Qc .thf~h h# nhat, ~o~c ~Qi Ia qui ,mo ,thfch h,Op cflp l. v~dil?h ~Iucr~
va;lu qua kJl1,hIe ,qUI ~o glat dI,lc,..cac ~rlIdng hQc c~ the d~y t;, m?t q~,llmo n~o co th~ .,
I', d\lng day du, thlch hq nguon von, thong thuan,g ma nOI co the duy tn qUI mo
\1~Ch hgp cap 2, 3 (xem hI, h U2• U, trong 15-4). Mlrc dq to nhc, qui mc) nilY c6 II

glal qu.-
,,,
..i
'"
I
ll;llf) khilo philn tfch do th'j!U, han nUa Iqi dung bci Irq kT thu~lt qu,in I)' nguc'in \'lin d

\
 Ba:i f: Lo~i hloh va d6i sach q+i fib giao dl,lc
!

(jui Illl) gi,io duc dua \'ilo tlnh hlnh hi~n nay phai I~ thich hqp hay kh6ng c6 thi!
ph,m dlia li'Ill 03 ";',Ii: LO',li qui 1116qua nh6, lo~i qui IllO thfch hqp va lo~i qui m6 qua ro,

Dua \'ilO x~, th~' ph.it tri~n qui m6 giao d\lc co thel phan chia thanh 10\li lruong
[h,mh, llil d,nh I'a thu Ijho, I

:\c:rn xcI ,Icing thi,i hai phuong an phan chia tren qui Jo giao d\lc c6 9 lo~i hlnh.
I

. XeIil hlnh 15 - 1: Lo~i hinh qui mO ghio d\lc

t)t,I;, \~t;l-l .\lI ih~-phat lricn Lo,~jtruemg ~o~i on djnh LO'.tilhu nho
lhanh '

[)U~I\';h') lillh hinh hil.:.fi1\.1\

I.uai nhll
l lI~i I 2 3
l.u;li \tta 4 5' 6
!.o;ti l u;i km 7 81 9
I
1. Luai hinh truung tryanh voi qui rna qua nha i
I

Loai hinh twimg h<}cnilY \'1 qui m6 qua nha dan denim9t 56 t~ n~n.

;\/"I/,i: Khong lh~ phat huy d,iy dll lac dung clla tai nguyen nhu phong hQc, dung
cu. Ih"y e(l gi,ia. Gi,i lhi\nh binh qu,in dan vi h<}~sinh l~i c~o.
., !
11,,1 /,1: Nguon \'6n kh6ng the d,1l duoc klul nang v~n d\lng lhfch hqp. Vi d\l d':lY
hoc khllllg d~ ph:in c<lng. hai phu th,iy Cll gi,io qu,i nhi6u: diin den ganh nang qua Ian
Illi, nghi~p IU kh,) ehuy0n tinh: ha Iii \'i nh,m l'fC \'(,t luc \:6 h,lIl, kh6ng d~ sap xep co
hoi gi,io due phi, hop. nhu chuang trinh. s\f StlP x~'p ho,'1 d,?ng deu ng;heo nan.

Tnlilllg hoc lo"i ni,y eilng co' uu diem kh:LC. do san jwong kh~ng r9ng, s6 luqng
,h"y e(, gi,io. hoc sinh kh6ng nhicu. gilra [h'lY co gi,io va IhQc sinh 46 co h9i tiep xuc,
n.:u eli Ihe 1':111 dung tho,! hqp.co th~ n[lI1g cao chat luqng va hi~u qua giao d\lc. Cac
Inrimg hoc nay IhuQc q,'ui lrlnh lwong thanh, vi co th~ ph~t tri~n rna duqc coi trQng,
ngU(lIl d[iu tu co' dinh tang I~n, nhung dau lU qua n~ng d~ dAn den Sl! Iang phi, neu dau
tllVlli <1<)thfch hqp (I'ua phai) trong qua trlnh twong 'thanhic6th~ dAn den giam bOt gia
Ihill1h ,I,m vi hoc sinh, loai tru duac cac Ie nan. I

IXii I,ii ~ac loai Ir~Ong h<?~ nay, v~ s~ch luqc dau tlen phai nghien c(ru su \flI1g
II"l[('1I1g
lbn 'l;. Sll ph,it lri~n kinh t,y, su thay d6i ve dan s6 ya biet duoc luang cung (rng
nhc'll hoc ""0 tnrimg trong I,rong lai. ThCr hai trang qua trl1h phat trien twang hQc phai
,ip dlll.lg plwl1ng thCre IlH) rong lung buac, co d9ng di~u, fhinh s6 ~guOi dc lap: dc
kho". I lUliC khl so Itcong nguOi nhal d!nh chua d~t duqc la~ tang twong, kh6ng the d,iu
ltf nhi~L1 li,o .\,tY (ilrng phong hoc I'it tili san co' dinh, khie~ s6luqng nguoi dii vuQ1 qua
sCiIlrtlng 1,'11lcCi dinh vi, I'lr01 qu" kim ngaeh XUIII ra khO<lg nhieu, dau ttr c6 dinh vit S(f

gi" I:tng v~ 1,'11'hoc 1'[111 co th~ ch,"n. b6 ph'lI1 kim ngach xu[11 ra kh6ng nhi~u, b9 plHin
,kim ng"ch Vllut qua c6 th~ lam lhoi dlra \'ilO lap hQc M duy; trl s6luang lop it nhal.
 'I i
II. Lo~i 6n dinh v6i qui m6 qua nhii
,
Loai lop nay ngoai C? t~ nan l0<li hlnh qui rn6 nho. con do tinh "h,i n:ll1g ph"t
tri~n qua nM, tra thanh do~ tuqng kh6ng quan trang trang quyc't sach. Ngo,)i gi" thanh
dCln vi hoc sinh cao kh6n~ the bien <l6i, to ch'lt lh:iv c6 ~i,io. tdnh d,) hoc sinh di
xuong, tru "hi cac tieu di~m truangnay tra thanh q~)'ct s:ich nhu truang hoc trong
di~m. neu kh6ng thl h<;>csihh va thay c6 giao "h6ng the co c<ii ticn ni,o "hk Nhlrng
t
m9 khi tra thanh tieu diet v6 quyet sach, dau tu nguon "on 160 ph,ii nill1g cao gia
thanh blnh quan dCln vi h<;>csinh.

Truemg h<;>c;naykMnl the phat tri6n tra thanh !0<li hloh co qili m6 thieh hop. nc'u
duy trl tr<lng thai nay trang thai gian dai sc lang phi riit nhicu nguon v6n. Tru phi e(l
yeu cau d~c biet-H-fong ljuy~t sach kh6ng nen dinh ra su du)' lri tnfong. PhuCing ph"p
dieu chlnh co thetu 3 phuCiAg di~n duoi dily. .

Till; II/hil. S6 IUClnghdc sinh nh.ip hoc tll vung nimg (him "i, cac "hu \'lfe phu C:II1.
Sci dung phuCing phap phan bhia cac khu ",!c, se cho nhiing h<;>csinh "ung nang thim v,)
khu vuc ngoai thanh,
truang loai hlnh nay.
a tnrqng !Oi\i hlnh qui m6 160 va truemg thu hep qui rn6 nho vi,o

Till; lla;: Neu co the', :dan d'ln sc loai bo loai truemg hoc nay~ quy hoaeh vao I
a
tnlb:l); khu vue khac, hoaJ , loai hlnh qui m6 nho phil hClp.
I. .. •
nil; bo: N6, co yeu du d5c bict ph.]i duy trl dc truemg h<;>enay ehinh phtl ph,ii
h,\ Ini Kinh phi, ncu kh6ng thi twang nay khong co cach n.)o duy trl trinh do gi<ia due
nMt dinh. I

III. Lo~i tIm nhii v6i qui m6 qua nhii

I
Loai truemg hqc nay ngpa: te nan qui rn6 qU'1 nho, do h<;>esinh lllcmg lai co xu h'f('II'[
giam b6t ve so Iucmg, dau tu moi kha co the r1:'llh l!Lrne, luon Iuan ph.ii co su "hiiu haa
nguon von dil co, kh6ng chil hicu qU'1 khang kit in" khi the' gi.il11 xuong. til d6 de hinh
., I .
thanh moi tru6ng phat trien lam Iy hoc sinh "h6ng 16t..
.
Nguyen nhlin tao thanh cac truang hoc n;\)' so trc di h<;>cgi,irn.dan so di dai. qu,in
Iy kh6ng tot ho~c chucmg thnh kh6ng phil hqp nhu du. Khie'n tr'ui:rng na,' ph'It Iri0n
thanh qui m6 co milc d9 phu hqp va duy II" on dinh,'di~u do hl)an t'oill1 Ii, khong de. Do
do di6u dn phai SllY nghi qan dan IO'ai tru6ng nay. Phucmg llllrC~a Ih~ trang trlnh IU
khau hilO tl! nhien, phoi hqp ivoi s<ich luClc quy hoaeh "hu l'I!e. eung e6 lh~ 'II' dung Ihal'
d6i rn9t Ia tfnh thil tu, dua va~ cae tru6ng co ehllCing trinh giong nhatl va ,'ung phu ci'n.
j

IV. Lo~i phM trilfn qui1m6 thich hqp

i .
Truang h<;>cnay co nhfrng
, tru diem duai dil)':
Mnr Id. Gia thanh dan vi hoc sinh thiip nhiit
.

!fa; /d: Chuang trlnh giang day ella thiiy ci) g;'Io gi,im diin. c<i the ph';l hu\ 'I!

truong, gi,\o an giang d~y cJc tnrang h9c co the' cung cfir {,ing len nhi(;u. th[iy ct') ~l,io
co tht duy td tdnh do nhiit c1inh.

346
 -I ". !

Tuy nhien. de trLlang hoc loai nay dan dan philt tri~n, se c6 the dan dan tang nhiln
vicn himh ,hfnh. 51! tiep xuc giCra lhay ca giao va truang hoc dan dan kho khan, dong
thai ton tai xu th~'gia thanh htnh quilll don vi hoc sinh. D6i vai truang hoc nilY, trong
LIUY"I,,,dt dilu licn ph,li, poan t1<:h[tnh hlnh phat tri~n kihh te va dan s6 trang khu VLle
dei. Ulf ljnh so ILlong-hoe sinh nh,\p hoc trang wong lai, sau'd6 ap d\lllg hai phuong phap.

'['JI/f IIh,ir: Nc'u co the ph,it trien thanh hai truang hoc loai htnh qui rna thich hop,
,!<tu lic'n phi,i duy Ir) trlrimg ho, luai hlnh qui rna quii 16n, qn uung diiu III da c6. gi,irn
0,1\ di,u III khong ciin thi,,!. Dni Mn tuc co thai co thietlilp nhanh lruang khlic, hoilc
,\ay dung kn rn(l[ tnrimg hoc ,Ic" Jap khl\c, (lieu can tnirlh Iii khi tra thanh Iwang qui
rno qu,i 16n. luongdi,u tLl c6 clinh qu" lihi~u. neu khon~ thl twailg thanh vien hoac
,
Inrimg d(le iilp tao lhimh nhieu ngutln dau ttr c6 dinh bi bq phi khang dung duo"
, '

1I1/f lit/i. Nc'u khang the phat tri~n thanh hai 10<)itrtrang hoc vai rna hlnh qui rna
phl' hllp. khi eim ph,ii duy tri mol trtrang hOC vai rn6'hln~ qui ma qu,i ton ph,',i kip thai
t,ing dau III ,6 din!),l,tilg lap phim tel. Nhung neu s6 Itrqng hoc sinh vuqt qua qui rno
phil hop Lhi c6 the phan hoc sinh den cac trtrang nhung van duy trl qui rna phu hqp.

V. Loai hlnh ond!nh qui m6 phil hgp I

Luai hinh nil)' lhuge vilo lrang thai Iy wang cua qUillrna giao d\le, Sl! t61 hay xau
ve hicu 1<:hqui 1110hoim toim phu lhuQc vao su phan ph6 n9i b9 ngu6n v6n c6 hqp ly
hay kh()ng. vi lhc' sadl luo.: eLia de loai trtrang hOC nay ~iirn vi~c xay dl!ng chltieu a
philn ph(ii ngutln von n9i bQ hop I~'.

VI. Loai hlnh kh6ng phat trien v6i qui 1116 phil hgp
eh" tli! de lfl1l1ng 11I;>cnilY hien nay qui rna phu hqp, nhtrng do s6 luong hoc sinh
,
tLl(lIlg!ai Ca\U lhc'd,in d;in giam dlin, gili thanh blnh quan cpa dan vi h9C sinh tang cao, Iii
hicn,Luong liit nhicl1. Dai voi lrtrimg hoc nay, vaisach lugc phai c6 gftng dny trl,' s6 luqng
hoc,inh kh(>ng dUlhi chuycn llf dc trtrang hoc gfrn d6 hoac cac khoa khae nhiirn I11\1C
dich duy Iri qui 1110phll hqp. Tuy nhien neu vlluqng cung tfug eua hoc sinh qua nh6 hoac
chill luong giilllg cl;IYqua kel11 nen kh6 duy tr1 thi ding co th~ suy tfnh dCn viee loai b6 n6.

VII. LO<,li hlnh ph:it trien qui rna qua Ian

c'tc loai IrtrO'ng h9C nilY tiit nhien' Slr dung day du cong hieu nguon von hien e6.
ntwng gia thilllh blnh qwin cua don vi h9C sinh khang th~ thap han lo\\i hlnll qui 1116
phll hdp. 11,1n nCr" qui ma qua to nit de tao thanh cac kho khan nhu sl! b,lt hoi, trong
LIuan he <:on nguiJi ,ViiSif ,\0 cung v~ hanh chinh .. Neu tie~ tue phaT',l'icn de kh6 khan
kh,ic ngil\' ei,ng\u,il hlcn nhicu, til do ;lnh huang den hi~u ,qua giao duc.

S;i,h luo.: d6i I'(ji InriJng hoc c6 the (fnll Mn 2 phuon~ cli~n sau:
I/I/r 1I1"ii, Duy Iri qui m() hicn co khong rna rong them

nl/f I",i: Oif to;ln ILlllllg ,ung Ceng hoc sinh trang tuo~g lai klHi Ian, co the suy XCI
l!l'n "Mol 1)1i,ill ll"illh lUll" luc iii thiet !,i[l cae twang thanh vicn hoac xay dung ntl,l
Illfimg hoc d(le l'lp, iLic d6 ph,ii ehti )' villl dung d"y dli ngutln v6n co dinh dd. c6, khOng
dn \;1; 1'''11liLf lo,in diiu tu Ihic't bi hay xilY dlIng ca
dinh, de tranh Sir lang phi lili siln c6
dmh Sflll khl philn tnrimg.
 VIII. Loai h)nh 6n d!nh!qui rna qua !6n
eile Inrang••.• nilv
• ~
lrono<:=- IJam~lai
l....
so luana
. C
hac
.
sinh sf on dinh
'.
lai. ngnili
••.
gia Ihilnh
••..

blnh lJu'll! ella dun, vi hac siJ1h hai caa to ch,il thav co. li Ie hoc ,inh ,'iJ Ih;l\" cel giao.
vai tro Ih,iy co dell tr~ng t1n'! tr\mg kh~I'iIU(l'l1g.t1~h tr;.mg ~a~ung "c hi,nh ~hfnh~ hal
hoa trong qUOInh~ se khong ~,iu han niia. ,

SJch Itra'c doi voi cac trhang h9C nay c6: T/u'r 1Ih<i; la djnh ra lic'u chu,in ph'lll pheii
,nguon von n9i b9 hqp 'y,C~O'dl! khifn gia thanh dan vi h9C .sinh xu6ng (!C'n 06 Ih,ip
nhrit. Hoi h) I(lp ra 51! licn kf~ giiia [hay giaa. h9C sinh va nh,m ,'jen hilnh chfnh <J0 Iranh
sl! ph,tn chia ha;.ll d9ng ,iiiialhay co gi,!a va nhan vjcn hanh chfnh. ,'f dq mai .gi,io ,'i'~n
tham gia chi d\,a haat d~ng ~lla h9c sinh, tang Ihcm CO' h9i1ic'p xuc gifra th,i)" gi,io vii
hoc sinh, ' J

IX. Lo~i hinh chl;lrn ph at trilin v6i qui rna qua 1611
, I
Cic tmang h9c,nay m~~ dl! hi~n nay vi qui me) qu,! Ion m" co j!ia Ih,mh cao, hanh
chfnh khong lot, nhung qui rhod6 I,!i co xu the' gii'm b61. c;ic kho kh,ltl tren c6 the (Lin
drin yeu kern va th~rn chi bj (O'ai boo '

. Sach I.lrgc do; v~i cac t1uang,hac nay phai C~llly: Diu licn p.h,ii gi,im b61 (!;'jUIU c6
d{nh nhu so lugng phang h9c, thuang xuyen du tmh lugng cung lmg h9C slllh luang lal.
Cac truang h9c IO'ai hinh kefn ph at tri€n nay lrong mt;lt v"i n,u11 cung q5 hic'u hien linh
hinh solugng h9C, sinh nh~rl h9C d9t nhiL'n I"ltlg len. luc do sc khong cho r'tng !Jui me)
cac trua~g h?c na( c6 x_ut?f r;:a :9n~:
Ilr ~6 t'l~g I~cm phong hQc ,:i,
d,iu ~u lili ~;in c6
d!nh khac, neu kh,ang se calhe d,m den von nhan tOI trong luqng von. TIm hal 101 phal
chu y den
.. " m(H so. titi
-. san
.• c.o
I. djnh
"" th,lm hIll co the c6 ke' hoach eli,a th,;i. "I qui 111"
C
lmang h9 c6 xu the giarn bpt, cling khong can c6 thcm nhicu nguon "on mai.

Clic la,!i hinh qui rno Ituang h9c vit phuang lhuc di~u chinh ke tren trong el6 10ai :.~ "

hlnh 6n djnh voi qui rno thi5h hgp lit phuang Ihlrc qui rno ly luang nh,it. loai hlnh klnic
phai dicu chlnh trhh d9 khac nhau, phuang thuc thi riit nhicu. khong ngO'iJi t;'lIlg gi';m.
xay d\fng mai hu;j~- dii' b6 d~ n6 d~l la,!i hlnh qlli rno thieh hqp.
,

348
 Bai 3: Nghien cuu chung minh thvc t€ qui rna kinh t€ giao dl,lc

1. Thilnh qua nghien cuu nlJoc ngoai

Nghien ClIUnu,ie ngoc,i lien qmn dc'll qui ma kinh te giao due che, \C',' :,i ' _.".'
lJU~;( gi;\ khjl" r;'lt il.
, I

e,ie nh" hoc gi:, \Ii" nghien eCru cac tfw"ng iwe cae cap da ph,h hien co su t6i uu
<.In'l \'l'rj (~ic loai hinh thl\..'h IHJp Jlh~'t't.C,,'- lru'('(;~ 111":Cc6 Ch(li,.:1.l qLli m6 thlch dang l\h~-ll.
vel I,; che,1 g"io due cling fell 11LI tl"i lo,r; hinh qui mo Ihich hap nh,,1

Tnlng nghien clru gia Ifi ljui ma

t6t nhat trung h9C cab cap My, ket qua clla Liy la
I {j 7 5 ng Irlli, kel q u:, clla Donal D. Osbussu la
2244 nguoi!, ket qua cua Halen 1500 la
\'e, ~~-I-I nguifi, gi,i Iri binhquan Ia 1850. Tic 3 ket qua tren c6 the nhii.n ra, du6i hinh
,

I!lei, p!lellI b6 ngu{)n von hien co ella nu6c My, so' iuqng h9C sinh nhap h9C thich hqp
"'Ii gi,i lh'lnh
, thong Ihuong binh quim dan vi lhap nhat la khoimg 2000 nguoi,
, .
Ceil' lnrimg cung loai co gia tr; co' dinh tot nhal ve qui ma, cae tnrong khac nhau
do ceil' nhe,n Ili Ihi'::l bi. chi!! !trong t!lt,y co, gi,"ng day khk nhau va qui ma cling khang
{ltljllg dl)lIg.

Thir !I'll: giCra cae khoa kh,ie nhau do dieu kien yeu ~au nguon v6n khang thong
'nh,'1 ncn g"i tlil nh'!1 C!"I qui I11l)kh()ng gi6ng nhau. Thea nghien cuu gia tfi t6t nhi!t
L'lla ceie ng'l!\h kh,ic nhau ,1 \li do ong Tcweihu dii phat hi,~n ra, xem hinh 15-2. ram
IIinh 15.2: S6 hoc sinh 161 nhiillfOng clie nganh kh:ie nh;)" ii MI
l:- . ~-~~I_I.I~L~-- -~_=~~~:-
.._.."_"-.-..-_._~_
..~--_.--- SOluallu hoc sinh nhAo hoc tOl Ilhar
() nh.i 208 nguai
l'\)I\~ 1l!l;'UI binh lhubn~ 190 nguoi I
lhlr-k( \:t \"iL-1l(Ill'fl' ~ 227 nguoi
_I}!::'!.:. I"t".t .__ . "._._.._.__ ._... --1 __ -=-, O,-7_'",lg,-U..c0.:.i ------ --.J

(jiei" li"lIh, thi~'1 hi. c!l,!! iU(fIIg tIdy co

gi,io clla cac truong h9c chuyen mon tat d
d~li u; \'dn dling nguon \'6n co lien quan dcn nguon v6n va giao duc nghe nghicp,
lrling. li~u hoc khong giong nhau, s61lrong qui ma phil hap nhat cling tu nhien eli duc
"'L rl~lIg, Nghi~n ClCllkinh [c !ren phuong dien nay van chua phat hien, nhLrng baa ceio
'Ightell LllLl Ihlll1g lhlfang eung khong nhieu. Bao cao uy ban Carnagie My da dlra ra
11\,,1k~t IUIII]:InfOng dai hoc mo h9c vi tien SI va th~c SI nen c6 5000 den 10,000 nguoi,
hue ,icil Ia\ de mlln khoa hoc xa h9i lam chinh phai c6 1000 dcn 2500 h9c sinh,
IWung IHle Lhuyen dc mlll1 khoa h9C, nen c6 2000 - 5000 i](?c sinh. Baa cao nay chi I'd
ceiL Iwilllg !I'K Lhu'~n Illlm dn co dU0C thity giao, thiCt bi s,ich bao va dc dUlig CU co
chuycli 1ll,1ILI)e """ dung (t:iy dl' nguon von va Slr d\\llg chung mot cach thich hl;Jp, qui
Ill() l"LJ;lIHi ph~'ll tll hml ~o q'ri Ci.ll' tnrong chuyen nghi~p va: tnrang ti0u hQc, V! v~ly lXlo
c,i" dlld I'd 11\,'11'iui [1)0 phll hop nil,') nhi!t. Ne'L, IIlll'c Slr phat huy kh"1 ,,,-,ng :;i,;o dLle' eI"i
hUL'. ph,il hu\ !lieu qu:\ 'lui Illl, kinh qui ma dng lilIl d,ng llit. plLit hi:,,, ngh;,'" ,.,'1:,
10',
ll1;.l~ 1l~-t111.~<Lll (by eua \15. tLf l"~il"[rLr(\!1~'. ,-bi ho~ r:6i Lic'ng .:\ 11~\( ph:'lJ (.'1:) ~::~i:u" :.",:J":
kill lliiC'l h! thue nghi~m '\ikh b~iu \-;l l,') dl~lL LI1;.; co c111l;,
..... II~,II",~ \_~-) dl~tllh l~nj L<tO.

DUt',{ ['11111hlllh tIl). Gtc lrLftJrlg h(.JC l-;"I]};; l.ll]] -.:rj :.;~rLIng h(J.~ j~ '.Ii.;, .1:1\., i .;

the: lUll Lll dUUl .. (2LIJ Ill~.l tnrcmg (L.li hoc 16"n llhLt lh~ ll~l.Ylh.] '-u II ]lh:l'l h[lllg "<ill IlgUl'll.
 ,i
- I
nhieu nM[ la hang [film nglilin nguai trer len, eli: twang hoc loai n,iy deu ph,ii co mo[
, bo ph,ln qu,ln ly phiJ:c tap de duy [rl su nhip nhang gifra van dung '-'I muc tieu nguon
g
von_ Nhu- vay khOli kh6 liI~ cho quan he can nglrai c,ing b,rr ho,', '-a chinh s;ich c,ing
XOclrng, tir d6 dJn ,kn hieu'qua khOng kinhtC'. _
' !

IL Thanh qua "lghien

_'-_
cuu trong
I
nuO'c

''<lroc ta lien hanh ng~ien cU:u qui mo kinh [e' gi<lo due som nh;11 la gi,io su nglriri
DCli LO<1n. Lam Van D~t. 9ng dii phan tfeh [6ng hap tu lieu qui mo Imang hoc duC'c
hoc vicn [rung h\lc den tir ~ J tmang Dill Loan cung cap vao n:'1111964, [rang kip hoc
bei duang nh;\n vien hanh chinh dai h9c chinh tri dau tien, kt'[ qu,i d:i ph,ll hicn qui 111'\
[hfeh hqp nhal clla
2400 nguai,
g
. twang frun h9c Dai Loan la 1800.2210. a Dili Ric Iii :!:!(I(l

Nam 1968. trang lu~nl van thac sl clla nh'l h9c gia LIn Thuc Trinh -'Ngi/{('n r(rll
qllY m6 kinll lioGnll trung life qune lidu tlleil/II pl/(j'Deii Bdr ". )'IY 46 twang [rung hoc
[ren toan Dai Bae thanh lap' tmac nam 1963 I;lm doi tuang. tie-n hitnh nghicn Clr~ v,;'n
de quy mo lwang' h9c, Trarlg 46 twang h9c d6. quy mo binh qu,ln clla 3:! tnrirng thU(K
vao khu vuc [hanh pho Ian, ~o luang hoc sinh dang ky tren J 500 nguai. so !Lrang nglrlli
VUat qua 4000 cO 3 twang) 2/3 so luqng d'lng ky twang hoc Iren 2500 ngrr(1i. nhltng
1/2 so luqng [rI1ang h9c da~g ky tren 3000 nguai, Quy mo thfeh hap nh,!"t mil nghi(-n
cU:uda phat hi~n Iii 4006 ng~ai,
i I

Nghien cU:u v6 van d6 ljuy m6 gi,io duc d'ii luc kh(mg nhieu. nl1l(ng ph:in l<1n
nghieng v6 tim hi6u quy rna h9c t,)p ella de twang dai hoc eao dimg Gi;io sIr Man
Duy Phuong clla :lwang D~ Ric Kinh da [ie'n hanh dieu tra Iren ph',lm vi r(mg c;ic [inh
Thiem Tay, Quy Chau, H6 !B~c tir 4/1989 Mn 4/1990 "!a ch\ln cac b,in m'lu C'IU th;inh
, d,ing nilm [rang vi~n tnrang pho Ihong. Ir9ng die'm clla
nen lir 114 tnrang dai hoc cao
dc tinh va loan cjuoc, lhll tbap himg van so Ji~u, Tren ca nay. h9 dung phuong Ph,lp sa
quy hOi da nguyen lie'n ha,hh phan tfch ,'0 lieu, va tie'n hanh rna phong hilnh vi gi,i
thanh h\lc sinh clla giao due dai hoc eao d<lng, Xem hlnh 15.3, _
I

Hlnh 15.3: 1\016 phong h,lnh vi gin thanh gino due dai h\>c CllO dang
Gi,i Ihlmh blnh quan hoc sinh
Qui
.1:1 i
Ti Je llOCsinh \";1 (hti\' l"6 -----
.100 '5: '-1 s:1 I
ma 276.1 25~_) J n:1
500 2801 2118 i 2CJ(I("'--
1000 128.1 1956 I
tnrong 2.105 2087 17.1R
2000 2200 1759 j 15~1
4000 1988
, hoc 2157 1661 [
6000 1939 I 16,c I 1~~B

I 8000
10000
21~1
2132 I'-
2 J 27 i
.
191~
------
19C,1 !

1009
I
1506 I
15R6 I
1.19~
J 378 I
1.170 i
c "--- J 582 I J 3().~ I
._--~----
ILr hinh 15 3 c6 the' thay m9t c;ich r6 rimg dng, gia thanh hinh quim hoc sinh
gi:io duc dai hoc cao dang IUY thea su rna rong ljuy ma tnrimg hoe ,-il Sir nilng cao
. ktl th:iv~c;au:
~i",llU(ll1 co va hoc sinh coj XII the gi,lm Xuong_ Tir b,lng bie'u n,h co tl16 <llra ra "i,i

[hanh Tlllr
blnh llhrii: cao, mo cart twang hoe ni,y nho. khi Ii Ie thav co_va hoc si nh th,rp, gi,i
quan QUj

350
 , '~: rna giao duc rna
nut I",i: Gia thimh blnh quan hQc sinh tllYthea sl,Irna f<?ngclla quy
gilirn, Quy rna trllang hoc cimg IOn. khi rna f<~mg.t6cd9 gi clla giii' thanh blnh qUEmse
cang cham h;i. Khi q~y rna blnh quan hi 4000, ti 1~giam gia thanh blnb quan la 0,012; quy
me) blnh qU"IniiI 5000 nguoi thlli Ie lhiip la 0,008 va dfu1dl1n c6 xu the ha xuCing(1<;'11
0
•
C6 lh~ xemlLI bang 15-3, soluQ'ng hoc sinh d~l 4000 nglliJi, gia l!limh t'Jnh 'F"', Ill:"lr [,',,','
rang tLIngblloc cua quy rnotrllong hoc mang l'.1ik!lii nha, cling co th~ noi. k!, 'jl.IY "1'" c,ic
." lrui)'ng ulli h9C dlll-lOOOnglloi, s2 lic'p c(m ucn guymol!lic!l h",p.
fJut ha: Quy rnb lruang hqc lW.lJlg dui L1/)i '"oi V[tll d(: li'.;l h:1~:1l-1 gi<.l llJimh 111ll nai,
li.:l kiem gia thimh blnh qUEmdo n'lli~ cao Ii Ie thay co giab viI hoc sinh 1111111g lai dmg
tra n<:n ro r~t. cling n6i len anh huang cua guy rna gian~ day doi v(li gil' l!limil blnh
quim kha Ion. ., !

Ngoili fa, dat rillac la c6 khang it hQc gia dii tien haqh khao s,lt hlru fch v6 van de
huu ich quy rna twang trung hoc chuyen nghi~p ho(lc '1!lCcao khu wc nao d6, rn91 a
s6 nguoi uil lhay duQ'c anh hllong cua guy rna trllang hQc vai gia lhanh blnh qufm cua
hl)c sinh. Ill)' n!lienJang tiec la, quy rna lwong hQc thea khu vl,Icnghien CtIUkhang c6
nguiJi dUll rll kie'n ngh! l)1ang tfnh quyet sach.

Ill. f)()i such va hi~n lr~ng qui m6 giao dl}.ccua,nuac ta

• N'"l1 1990 uit lie'n hanh dieu chinh s6 li~u rna "Niell giam Ih6;lg ke gitio d(/c Tl'lIllg
QI/{;i'"ClIng dp. (J~ phan lfch hien tn.mg quy rna cae twang d,!i hQc cao drmg va twang
trung hqc chu)'<:nnghi<:p.lrung hQCchu)'<:n,trung h9C ph6thang, ti~u hQc, xern bang 15-4.

1. Tieu h(Jc
B,ing IS-ot: Qui m6giao d9c ti~u h(Jc nam 1990
! , S6 luc,1llg trui1l1g h9C so ngubi hqc it lmi'lng Qui mO binh quan
i I nruoiH! l (n"ubi) (n"ubi)
I'" --.---.------c.-- ..
,,,__ Thitll~£ho ,i 26565 1341 JI784j---~' 505
QU~UI hU\"~1l I ~2279 13045,7J4 309
I __
~~~[h0n
t-- i 697228 95956344 138
i T()Il!! IhlP 1 766072 122413,842
, 160
'I'll bling 15--1c6 the' lhay; {!lIt I1MI, quy rna blnh qu~n ti~u hQc chi 111160 nguoi,
cling chfnh la blnh qufm rnoi cap chi 27 nguoi, tu Ii I~ hi~u c!l,mgtai ll,Ic,v~tll,Ic,nhan luc
Illi, I}(',i.1'0riLngla lh,ip; 1!llt Iwi, lu tlnh hlnh phan b6 quy rna twang hQc thl thlmh ph6 >
thi triin > nong thon nguyen nh,1n can ban clla tlnh hlnh k€ tren 111 cho b6 c,Ie tnro-ng a
h()c kil,ing IHlpI~. lhi'::l diem phfllllan, "cac IIz6Il de'll co lrilong liell hqc" 1'.10 thanb kim
ngach mQl Sll lh0n nghi.:rn lrQng, dan den quy rnal1lrn vi~c bac trtrang h9c khii thftp.
I
,,
2. Trung hl,lc phD thong

351
 I ~,
M<Jt truang hQc CO 31cap (SC1 lrung va cao lrung) ngu(jn t/;iiy co gdo. lhiet hi
giang day duac v~n dl!ng ~iiy du, thich hqp. m<Sim<Jl cap kh(>ng it han 6 l<il). toim
tr.lI'ang k.hoii~g 1000 ~m, ~h~n.g bang 15.5 cho lhay guy mo lrung hoc thiip han gi,i Iri
nay. thuQc vao guy mo gua hha. ,',

Ngaiti ra. tu'bang 15.~chUng ta co the' thfiy dugc tlnh hlnh phim b6 'luy mo d:iu
ngll'oi lrung hQc phil thong:! Tinh> Thanh pho> Nong tMn, VI sao co the' xuiit hien
hien wang nity? Nguyen nhflll chu yeu nay co 2 phuang di~n: l\1<JtIii Irung hoc chuycn
nghiep thi tran, thanh phol::o si!c hiip dan, khong it hQc sinh thiinh pho sau khi t6t
nghiep trung hQc ca so de~ muon vao hQc a cac truang trung hoc chuyen nghicp.
nhlfllg dieu kien hQc t,ip de
truang tl:ung hoc chu)'en nghiep thi Iriin kem. chiit luong
cac (!"[fang hQc th,rp, anh hu0ng Ilfluang hQc sinh nong Ih()n \'il thi triin cho r;'mg "/r;n
d({i Iwc la vinll 1Ii!'I'" nen tip
c<ich dc'n hoc 6 trung h<;Jcpho Ih(lng. til d<i d'"1 Mn quy
mo truang trung hoc pho thong tinh thi ttiin Ian han thanh pho: hai lit dllt1l1g nlm meli
m<Jt Ihi tran deu co it nhat rot tnrang trung li<;Jc,tir d6 dan den S\I philll l,in \'C 116cuc
truang h<;Jc,guy mo binh gUfn truang h<;JctMp han tMnh pho va ihj triin.
J ,
3. Trung hgc d~y ng~e
,
Bang 15-6: Quy\n6 m(H lnr<mg lrung hgc d~y nghe nam 1990
SS hf<;n)glruimg h9c 56 luqng h9C sinh Qui me) binh
_Oruim ) dang hoc (nguiti ) uiinln !fer; I -_-l
2513 99520~ i 3% :
2339 780037 33.11
43/2 117~828 272
, 9164 2950069 322 I
Til bang 15.6 co th€ tnay, thi! I guy mo binh lluim tr\lang lrung hoc day nghc Ii,
322 ngllai, duO'ng 'nhien la llJa nM, thi! 2, tu tlnh hinh ph,in h<5co the' Ih,,)' thimh ph<i >
tinh > nong lhon. ! I
' ,

So siinh bang 15- 5 vqi bang J5.6 ta th"y, quy m6 gi,io dyc trung hoc day ngb"
thirp han trung h<;Jcphil lh66g. Dieu nay chu yeu lit do chung ta co mot rai nhin kh,ic
doi vai truang lrung hoc d\l~ nghe. nong thon bi€u hi9n cang r6. Hien /la)'. de bilc ticn
boi va can cai deu cho riin~ trung h9C chuyen lit "bar <Ide dill/(ri 1,)11/ '. til dc\ d,'u1 ,l(n
hien tuO'ng khong,binh thllo-pg do lit thiinh lich kc~ Rat nhicu tnlang trung hoc n(lI1g
hi
ng 9p do van uenguon h96 sinh ma dm thfiy nguy ce:r "sin II Irill". kh6ng the' klHing
"'reo \1611de. ban 'hil clio "i mit treo b,lng chu)'en nghi9p. thid Ji,p gi<lo trlnh cao ciip.
M baa tOn truang hoc. . i
4. Cac
' t nrong
.' t rung hi
Igc c h'uyen ng h"I~p

Bang 15-7: QUY m6 gia6duc lru<mg hgc trung hoc chu.ycn nghicp Mun /990
~------

Tnrc>'no cang nuhie

--
i SCi luqng ~ruanghqc,
' (rruan) (n°tTO!) __
1
---~---I----'.---:--"._--"--' "_. ',
so lugng ~~;.Ul\"it'll Qu.] mr."l hi"l~h
gU<llll-Clfl[c1t)
J
I TnrcJ"llQ n6ng llQhie 900 I
62-1.19..1 ---2"iJ
:~Tnr~'!2ij;'im__
!\ghi~L _ 377 I 18S1J~ i ~0C) i
I Tnrem I hoc
---'-
' '0 J
-t----.---.
27~871--'-'-'
._~- _.
--WI'
. ....:.-:--~
I Tnre-~1_[.~.i_~h_i_nh
__ . ..... }f:>°.1 30S39~ I __ . ..."., J :
' TnrO'JlQ,chillh lri )h,1 !U{lt 553 '. __ ._ 270785 I __ ~C)0-1
=r;-'ll():~~_~~c'
dlle the' than 1.1J ~35~2 I .1.12
1
\
J 5J .1Q75 I . '-.=_222..
I TrLfllll':2 ll~lIl' lhu;t[ I~O 31232 .
22~ 1

[~I'rLr;J~~..~~11}~_;\-_i
11 _ : 1026 677282 66;1
9-1 39565 . -121-
~~~I~!=~2.I,.-'._U_l.I_L _
L~_I_~I1=_h\IP ~ __ ----- 3982 224~373 564 i

Til h:,ng 15-7 L'() Lh" thCIY. thli L guy mo giao' dyc blnh quan truang chuy~n
nghi~p I:, 56 .• nguiri. dn lh;lp. Lhli ~: theo trlnh tt! sap xepto. ! '
nh6 quy mo blnh quan:
I

Twimg ,()I1g nghicp> truo-ng su ph;lm > truang y h9c '" tNang Him nghi~p > twang tai
,hinh > 'tnlimg hill1h ~hfnh > twang ngh~ lhu~t '" truang th~lhao.

5. Truong dai hoc cao dang

Tong sotruahg. h9c "jen d'.li h9C cao dang nam 199Q lil 1075 truang. ~6 h9C sinh
clC twong 1:, ~06.270.000 nguai. guy 1110blnh quiin Iil 1919 nguai. tlnh hlnbphan b6
eu the :\"111h;ing \5 ..8
B,ing IS-X: Qui IllU trucmg h<!c dlli hoc cao diing;ph6 thong n3m 1990
Don vi: TruOng
1001
de'l)
15.0111 .... 20.?1
,', den '1., ,$l.ffP.'
1
J 3.001- I .. 4,
..001
~OOO.. .-5000
Tren
du6i
1000 150b '2000 '3000: 1
'.:, 5001
. I 4 4 I '. 7 3 8' 23
3~ -17 . 43 63 38 10 33
7 16 41 .c 23' 5 a a
3 3 '. 3 1 I 0 0
23 41 17 26 6 a a
65 69 50 28 12 8 IS
3 4 3 a a 0 a
2~ 23 13 II 3 3 0
9 5 a 4 I 0 a
6 6 I. a a a a
8 a 01 • a 0.' 0'" 0
W II .81 .9 I I 0 .",0
7')2 229 .....146; .. 172 70 29 . :.' 11
..' .... J . ., I
lil hang 1;;-8 co
th~ thiry. quy I11l1truang dlli h9cca'j dang so luarlg nhicu nhiit a 1
500 - .\000 nglriri. quy m0 (lai hoc tcing hl'P thong thuang Ion han vien lruang khac.¥.
gCm 50'; 'iuy I11litnlimg tr~n 5000, thll hai Iii vien tluang sf! pham viI KHTN. .
. . \ ;

Til ph"lll tfeh tr~n cll the thu duqc kcl lu~n duoi day. 'thunhat quy 1110giao duc
lILlimg hoc nhtl Iwong cao dang. trung h9C chuyennghiep, ph6 thong. litu h9cdfin dfin
be di. quy 1110gi;io du, khong kinh te. thu hai lie ph an b6 6 cac vung nia n6i, Ih'U1h lhi
> tinh > nill\g lhon. thll ba tic phCIIlbel ehuyen nghiep rna noi. s6 luang t6ng hap> coni!>
nghiep> SII phum ... the duc, nghc thufl!. . . .,.

Vi gi:"n bOt, th'll11 chi loui bo eeie t~ nun khong kii)h Ie do guy 1110gua nh6 t,,Io
thilllh. dua \':10 hien trang giao duc co the ap dtlng 2 sach I~qc sau:
rIlIl ,,",ii, <li'::udlinh ,uc bo trung lieu hge. d~rc biN Iii di6u chinh lai mang luoi
trui-Hlg lieu tH.le (1 n()ng thOll.

Co b:"l tHing lh'"l nllll( la. dell ") Inrimg ticu h9C. moi Ih! Iriln Jeu co lrung h9C.
III ,I<',t,.", Lh:,nh cue dien tWllllg hoc qu" phCln t;,n. J:lIn eho so luqng hoc sinh khong duo
D" ehuyc'n dl)i tinh hinh n:,,,. ,,', th" :'p dung hai phuong thlre mot noi kcL ehuy"n 1:,
'").:::,
 Inriing Irung tieu hoc co sCi luqng hoc sinh khilJ1"; dll de Inr''>llg 1"111C:IIl, hai Ii! ""0 \'"

'111,1nchia, Pluin b6 Ihiet bi

Iriell sang dc tnrollg khk, '. ..
v,,
hoc sinh, Ih:iv e,i ella InrernQ hoc kh')nQ e(\ lien ,1<,phat
.... "-

dicu ehinh kc't e,y., ehuy,'n nghi,'p hoc "ICIl ,hi hoc, Irlln); IHle. ell m61 s6
Tilli'lwi,
hoe "~ll \'1 d')1 lieu ehu:in nhieu khoa,lao 111'"111Slf ph:111I,ill de dic'm chuvcn ll);hiep
lllmng m6i khoa ehicu sinh sCi Ilrollg I,.'i II. KhilJ1); il c,ic Inrimg dOli hoc Ifllll); hoc "illiG ...
111<; {(},ill r/i<'n ", vira khollg co d,ic ,dc, lai 1',](1Ihil11h Illlh hlllh ch:,', Ilmll); );i,;o ';"11, Ii Ie
Ihiet bi khong cao, Vi du nhu a
Tinh Giallg T(l ~ Inri1Il); ,tt I,ham "" ~ Inrilll); chuycn
kheing co khoa the d\le. 3 twang khong e6 khoa m~' lhu,\!, :; 'tnrim); kh"lJ1g C<lkhoa am
nhac, l\,1(lls6lnrimg kh,ill:l11g vc r,m llhac "" mi" thll'\! ,kll qua I,,;], n"i """ c,' klHla Ihe
due thl xay phOllg the duc, e6 khoa "lll-nhae Ihi \:,)' phi'll); :nll nh'ic do rll' ph,ii 1<')11 t['~n
h'lIlg Vall den hang Iricl! dling de x,iy. thiel hi khilng ,kn. II Ie SIC dung khi'n); COlOdc
dib'm chuycn nghi~p c:ill ,it'n hilllh dieu chinh hO'p I~', d6i ",1; m';1 .Iii di,'n ki"ll khlillg
Ih~ lic'p 1\,C Ihi Ih,ing '1,1<,de phlrOll); Ih,re "cI;'llg Ilg'(llg 1'1I,il{ I 1Iill, d/ll.",'i, r/,ij ", ~uc
lic'n licn hqp gilra de lnrimg ,1;ln d:in khien c;ic quy mi, Inrilll); hoc l'(; \n Ih,; phi, hap,
danh clttqc hit;tl qu,i 'lliy m6 ~inh Ie'.' :.~
, , :.:... '

M:ty n,nn g'ln ,1:Iy. quy ill0 gi,io duc Irung hoc. chny,'n kh,,;]. ph,'; 1111'"); ,ku ph'll
sinh thay d6i Ian. 'luy mo plult trie'll r(lng vii d'ill drill Imp I~' ho,l. :\elll h,in); 15 _ II. 1"-
10. 15 - II, 15 - 12.

Bang lS-9tlnh hinh bie'n d(Jng qui mo hoc sinh tron~ lnrimg chllyen khoa phii
th(Jng n;lJn I '.1'.15, 1'.1'.1')
Khu,\'uc, N'"1119'1'1' --or -....._.....-'\;illl 1"'15 \ 11k 1:1I1g-l
56 twang &') hIs binh J Sl,', truiyn~ ~\ h'<..hinh lrw"fnp h/~ I
LJlIilll _L , ~P!:!.!.! ,_.. 1. h'lnll qUill) I
Tcillghc'P 597 5()~1 ('16 ,;~.1-l'-".:i7.J.l!
Sac Kinh 57 ' ~62~ 61 -=-".=,,~::~L-l~2.7 :~'-' __ -l~/ 1 .
111icn T,ln 18 520.~ 11) •. _}2~(.1 .... :'6.78
I!illl;), 20 .__ .57.2-1...__ ._ .... .. 21... -ll:il .,H9
Snn'1'.-,v 12 i 61 7...J._L.__ I_~ . ~_~:~~ ._.___ .-).t.78
N()i r\'lo~g J J I 379\) ;-.-.-_. J.~_.__ ... ~_~~)I_~_..,_,._.. J 1.~6
Lieu Ninh 36 5571 i Y) ...;J ] r, ~ 3:'.35
-:iin-,''''
i

CilLillll 23 5-l11 I .----- ..57~.- 7-l-l'J

I/;)ri.c;;;g'Gi;\n~ 20 6f(ill~--=~~-::-:!I~:- -~-(;;;S'''U,\3
I Thu(1n~-t!;ii 24 7:i(]2 n
---_._- .._-- _ .. -"_.
.'1''', .
-._.
JS,.1S
Giang To 42 6861 I "__ .~s _. .L~j ,"{ Y'.iJ1 '
Chici Gj~ll~ IS 633.1 J 2() ----.-3-7.~.:~.:
----,- (If)/):)

tI;;Ir:'0-;---~-- 19 5138_L ..__ y-:~~~._~~_~~~I_:-_-_-~_

51'n
I Pink Ki,Yn II ' 6525 ; ~~~LL
__ __
.
._.!.~
.._.
')~)9
I Gian~ Titv
~_S(ill D,;:1[:. ,__
---H-I
~2 I
5:i20 1 ,")'1,;
;(-,()8-:-----..---~---JTJ~i-------
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--
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! IIlllhe
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,
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37;
_
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---.-, 12-;--_._---6(1)(J-.i-
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IS
35
II)
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.jJ~'1
J"I"l1
0
"."il.'7~..

.:,r, . .'-:()!
:~~j~J
f Quang Dong, .
1I, ng iI\'
_._-J=-~-,--~1t/'
,
. 61~6'
,)
~7 ~~~~_--~.~1-~- -'
71
1!J
J fiii Naill
. QaT'
Ttl Xlly~n
,
I
JiL
J7
-
i ~8-1
31%L
!
=-'~=:~__j};~'~__ ....-;(.0~.;'
Qui Ch;',u 37 _ii!~2 i-.-. .__.27 . .. _,J~~I~~ .;-;-C~
8 -l6,~7
Van Nam
II --
, ---.--"--l~--' IJ :-21 jj.25 I
Tay Tano ~X2,1 .~J~::' .." i-.'-l~

.154
4 -")76 ';
'~=--=-__==--J--'- ~ _._._.._. _.T:~~__ _(~/jj
 ,
:''il1i~(~l'
iJ V , 31 i 5535 33 ,3697 .49.72
Cam:rLi~ I lOT 4880 .
10, .. 3619 '., . 34,84
'l11.1nhI Iii ! ~i 1886 5 1196 57.69
~inh I b i, ~l 3097 5 1779 74.09
Tall Cuun!.! I
.
12 i 3900 14 2573 51.57

B,ing 15-10 trinh II! sap xep qui molD nganh cua40 tru01ig dl,li hqc cao dling
.. T~n truang
phlS thong 1999
'1 SOh}, SOhqc I Ten lwbug SO hIs SOh"c
(d;.li hl.'I,.') dang hl.)(" ,inh dang hqc sinh
! (nguoil I nghien cuu (nglIoi) nghien
__ .! 1_' cuu.
.~'hi~.(.~i~~Il~
__, .__!_~66(J() 1-- 662~ Duong Chau 22723 339
~Tu XU';'II
;-,_ '
,
••••
212iu ,
0 •. __ • __ • •• _ ••• • __
302~ Thuon. Hai 20860 1077
I T,H.'h"u . 211lJl! 763 Thanh Hoa 19939 7387
~(Ji~~~:~)-I~~~I.~~:nll~lrn!.!Hid
~~ 18033 I 4100 SlI oham Nam Kinh 17797 866
I Cung:--'ghiqJCip :--'hi 17:')S I 3~1~ Dang Chau 17284 446
I T;'1Il !
[-U;;;;".:I~---- -----.-:1 17(.N7 3281 Bac Kinh '- .. 16565 6907
1976
~~;~'01~-1:':;~~~=
-~:: :~;~~
:. 309 f)on~ Bac
KHTN Hoa Trun2 '
16217
,15627 3692
Cong "ghi.:p ()u.lng
Dong ._ .1
. I. 155.60 I 678
185 Ni.tm K'inh ~\~;
.'" '; } :~,;':i '..,
15964 3656

1 Narn XUdng' I 1~5S9. 461 Glao lh6ri~Tav An,., , " 1,4580 3549
J:;!illi_ C,'n ~Iinh: 1~38~ 583 Thien Tan ' " i . 14109 , 2703
JYn~'.'J'.lbc~!~
__ , 13992 o Giaohon. Tav Nam 13843 1551
~~li~,lI'"!lac ,13588 397 Su oham Hoa Nam 13551 606
--.?Upha~~lI h') 1\~lIn . 13502 , 770 II. Dan 13419 4355
-. KilT;>; :-;"111 Kinh : 13342 i 1~02 Di~nIl,IClhuy Iqi va 13307 1714
i Itin ,
"KIf,,, 110" ""111 , 13286 j 1954 KHTNDai Li~n 13177 246S
Vii Ibn 13013 i 3205 Dong Nam 12901 . ,2529
r Th •.llll 0.~(ung .__ 12869 ! o l-lilIl' khoh~ Bac Kinh i2854 2536
Ilop Phl
[ CO'l~~H.~~\.'P .~ 12850 I 774 Trun,' San " 12713 2326
[(\)i~g.£!~.~~.~P
Trung~_. 12627 , 1263 I Cong nghlep T,i\~IC "1 12578 2191

B:ing 15.II b,ing linh hlnh bien deii qui mo hocsinh lrong tru'img chuyim khoa
phu Ihong lIam 1995, 1999
i-'Kill" \ ,,;.--- [-=---==~~
I St', lrLflJIIg.
~,il111999
S() tll!\.' 'linh Ilqc sinh SOtWang
.Nam 1995
S6 hqc sinh Hqc sinh
I
hinh blnh qllan

L.----~,_ I
'.
quan moi mOi lrubug,
.
truon.
.t.I.'!J2.... __ 474 I M78253 1853 438 .
6,15382 1~05
~ -1'~Jlll!
llac KLIth
L___
7' 9565 1366
,4 : 3941 985
,
Thi~nT~\~_ . ) 3955 1318 2 I3167 "
1584
IIi! ll,\c ,~ I 63046 225.2 26 38233' 1'17 '
-' I 1
I
•
SUIl T~lY II i 20201 1836 '13 15932 122
e------.-! 7983 998 7 4174 59 ,
N()i i\lll[~L-.
1-. SI
Li~lI Ninh 'S ! 44330 1583 .' 25 35382 1415
C~i(Li.m 17 21962 1292 16 19665 1229
.

f 1~IC l;~~~
1 I~I 30330 1596 .17 21073 1240
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Giang
-
, ~~
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,.1
, .__ .-._.
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Thuang Hai 17 282.11 ---
IMI ! IS '(l') I , i 11-62
Giang T6 30 58016
193~ ! 29 532~~L __ 1X36
~hjct Giang 18 29944 166~ 17; 211231
: i\n Buy 18 .1688.1 20~91' 15 : I%56 I
I

Phuc Kie'n
!
I 1s-.------:O()2~-r--- - ~_Ii-..I~
Gil1n<"T,\v
19
20
31994
335.53
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1678 17 J~- 2~670.i----- 1~51 ..•.
51n D6ng 20 3687~ I8~~ i, 18 ' 32627 I I~ I'
J:jj\ NI1m
,I
38 7234~ 190~ L-- --:'2 -----.j7006T----
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J ~(,<)

lip Bi,e .
20 45815 22()J i ---21~---.--.~;T~r)((--...__.- J-,(J~
. i __~ ~ . .__.. _
1-16 Nam 29
i 62731.
Quang . •
24 58851
. 216.1
2-l~2
Li ~X ,
IS
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3)-t(l-4 i
L----_:'.~-('~)r;-l'
" -t
Don. . ~ I

O""no I,\V 17 28324 1666.....•I

--._ - -- _
~---I,JJii+---IIO'-l
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Hai Nam I 1795 1795: 1 IJ')I ; ,-j,)-, :
Ttl Xuv,;n 29 61462
; L-.- . -•. __
.._
.. ~__
• ~._ J
2119-r 27 J032') I I~')~
Qui Chilu 12 18891 157~1 13 I------IO~~-~l--- SOO

Van Nam 22685 17~5 ' I~ . 11(16.1i 10051

13
T;lv Tano
Thi~m Till'
Cam TIle I
o
12
8
o
21587
162521
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203_'
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'I
r{-~ -::~i~;';IE:~=-_~:_~_Jj
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7 ' 10793 I 1,~, :
i ; 'I - I-
Thanh Hai 2 1831 9 16 .', ..i.::..rtcJ rc:~~J
Ninh lIa 1 872 872i 2. IS3'l1 'J201.
i I J
839QL __..__-'-~2.').J
o
nn Own 5 7946 1589 ! 7~
lliing 15-12 tinh hlnh thay d6i ljui mu tuycn sinh trung hoc 119XO.J9'J7)

_ _._-~_.
.. ...•
~,!
;-1111 1990 .P().6 249_8 --_._---
,

L_0:Ull
1991 ~35_8 243_8 i
L':.-' <.1111
1992 ..
~48_1- 234.7
~,\m 1993 478_1 228_fT
-.
I Nom 1994 512_7 243.4 I
109.'1
I N,\lll
i---.------ 572.lJ 2736 I
---------~--_.--------.-.
, N,1m 1()96 592.7 2R2.2 !
IN,\m 1997 --: ---(;(,5tj-J----._ --:122-:6~-------.-

356
 CHVONG XVI: CONG TRUC TINH HI~U ICH KINH TE
GIAO Dl)C
•
Ilic'u ich kinh I':: gi,io due. eung co Ih.i goi Iii gia lr! kinh te' gi,io due. nguon Ihu
kll\h Ie gl'io due ya hi.::~ '[U" kinh k giao due. no ehu trang ,.io lae'dung kinh te gi'lo
due. lili ",n kinh t2' mil glaO due mang lai co lue eung gOl iii gia lri kinh te ngoai bo
gj~iu dUL. Day Ll LhL! d0 lrul1g t~irn elLa nghicn elfU kinh le gi~l.o dl:lC h9c.

Bili 1: D~c diem hi~u ich kinh te giao dl,lc

1. Kh:1i nicl11 eC1ban

11i2u qua kinh 12' gi,io d\le I" ehi SU so sanh v~ so lUang gifra haD phi lao dQng
lrung linh ILte giao due ,'i li.:n Ihll lao kinh Ie:' mil giao due co duge. Blnh thuang mil
noi hi2u qui, kinh t2' giao ,hlc J:,
hi2u fell 'ju6e d,in til dau tLr xu h9i VilO giao due va dua
,ilo nhlrng d,iu IU nil) dar dUGC Sau khi can doi so sanh, sau khi lay nguon thu nhap
qUGe ,bn lLii dunc boi Ihuang ,Liu 1Ugi,io due con thila, solugng thila do, ehfnh Iii hi~u
ieh kinh 12'd,iu 1Ugi,io due,
H ieu ieh klnh k' gi,io due cO ih.' Iii \'1 mo, nhu so sanh gifra diiu tl! giao due xu hoi
,i, Ihu nh"fl quac d,m. Vi dll. nhung n'lm 20 the ky 20 Lien Xo di dii bilt dau co ke
hoaeh I (J n"'111gi,io due bit bUQc. vii dJ d,iu tU 1,662 ti rup, M co so tre di hoc la 4 trieu
,12'n ~ tri2u. Khi dil hoim Ihimh ke hoaeh giao dllc, thu nhi\p qu6e dan mil so lugng hge
sinh [(it nghi2p lao n2n chi lrang yong 5 n"m dat 2 ty rup, ngoai vii;e boi thuang dau llf
gi,il) due I'a elHl du 1''.1mC)t iI, dong thai [ucii Ih9 eu.a m6i ngl!ai lao dQng khong chi Iii 5
n:lI11mi, lit .jO lkn 50 n:II11.do d6 gia Ir! mung lai kh6ng chi la 2 ty rup mil la 60 ty dCn
70 ly nip, I[i~u qu" kinh k gi,io due VI mo nay Iii co kha quan, ciing la ration. Quoe teO
el,ng ,LI cip dung phulillg phap nil)'. I-1i~u ieh kinh te vi mo eua giao dlle Ii, ,U so s,inh
g'lra d"u IU e:1 nh'lli ,i,
Ihu Ih"p e,i nh,m trung giao due. Dung hii;u feh nay d6 Ljuan s(,1
ngudi 1l2p nh'ln giao due li~u ell lhirh hqp kh6ng?

11.Quail sat hi~u ieh kinh tc giao d~e nhu the nao
(Juan sal hi~u ieh kinh Ie gi,io due eo the lien hilnh til goc do khk niull. [:in". 161'
kh:,e nh"u. khfa eanh kh:,e nhau.
l
I. Q uan s,'tt tu goe do kinh te. hoe
\2u ehllng ta ,if dung khai niem kinh te hoc, nhu vay dau lien phai eoi gi,io due
lc, hual dong kinll l~' ,!:le lhll s,in xu,ir ":11 chill. hi~u feh kinh te giao due phCrc lap hon
nhi2l1 SLlIlli hoat d()ng kinh Ie "in xu:it ViiI ch,it Ihong thuang. Hoat dQng kinh Ie thOng
thUtlllg l~l ~L.(d6i chi2\1 gilta d.-ill ttf V~ls~in phfiln, nhtrng vi~c doi chieu gifra siin xuf{t
gicio due ,i,
d:iu Ilt gi,i,) due r,it Ii, phrie tap. Tit goc do dau IU giao due mi, noi, no ph:,i
hall g\lI11,Llu Ilt gi:,o due \nte li~'p. d,iu III giao due gian tiep, gia lhanh eo hoi giao due,

357
 rut Ilrdll1 thoi gian lao dono ella ngtrai lao d()J1g ":1 th('ri gian rH~hi-"rl!..!(1i ttf Slf h\' ~inh Ch(l
giao ~Iue. 5'ln ~phi;m gi,io dile eun; tllO'ng e1(;i;Ill"rc lap. hao gl;1ll Iii; nhicu plll'l"ng dlc'n.
nhu kinh Ie lang IWang, ng'lai lao d9ng do lic'p nhilll (e!troe) gi,io due ,f 1ll')1 Illtfc ,k,
nh;it dinh. niing eao tri thue van hmiyil tr1nh do kllhuM "il nilng eao tl Ie 1,1<1dl,ng "'"
xu:il. Itt do d'ln de'n sl! tang tnrang thu nh:lp kinh !C.qu6e dilll. 1"lIlg tnlling II,U nh:'1'. \hu
nh"p qune dan tang len lir giao due clem lai. sau khi gi,il11 cii etiu Ilr gi,io due IlH>ng I'lng
sc mang l?i sir gia tang hiqu feh ea nhitn vii Ihu nhilp xa hl)i. nil ng,)n 'lr kh,ie hid giCla
n~u6n~hu nh~p. :nglr~i lao'~9ng ~ie'p ~hiln.ngll<')n gi,io due.nh:ilLllnh. Iii ,11',~nil n:lIlg lao
toan dlcnnang I\re san XUfl, dlral c!tcu klcn Ihlre hlen phan ho lao dong "a eanh Iranh
eong bttng, co Ihe' se dan den su e9 hep kho,ing deh Ihu nh,'1' lrong ph'ln phl;i 11111
nh"p; e'li thi~n himh vi k'in'h te'. chfnh Iii ngui1i lao d')ng dlrol gi,in due nh"'1 d'nh Iii ell',
']khien hQ co the' PO?t d9ngJkinhte co khoa hoc. -"in xuiil "il licu clilng Iwp 1".'l1 dung
,thoi gian hap Iy.ehi phoi ~hi tieu kinh !C.gia dinh. nhlr 'ilY eung I:, Ihtl d'l';c hicu q",i
;kinh Ie, hay /1Qi lit hi~u iCh;ph;ln phoi gi,io due. ei)n e,i hicu qua klTlh k ng,,:,i gi,io dul'.
,hieu feh henl hlnh vit hi~u feh v(lhlnh. ttle Iii th')ng qua'll Ihay dl)i q"an nlclll xii h(,i
:dao cIlre IIH1n Iy do giao d\le dem ekn. lir do nhiing ,inh hlf,rng ,ll-n ph,il Iric'n k,nh k.
nhicu !tic co the' gOI Ia Ihu nh(lp \'1' hinh "il Ihu nhi,p licin limg. hieu ieh chung Ih:,n
giao d\le. Tom 1,li. I(rgoe d9 kinh Ie hoc quan "il 'h'i0u feh kinh Ie' gi;;o due c<i -;. J1~hja
r9ng 16n. Hi~u feh kinh le'nay eei the' Ifnh t(nin. cling eei th0' dtlng hinh Ih(fe I;c'n k di'
bi~u hien. co m9t so lit kh6ng th~ tfnh to,;n. cling khllllg co e,;eh n'lo dlmg hinh 1'.1',
litn te bi~u hi~n.

2. Quan sat Itt lang hlp kh;\c nhau

Hieu feh kinh Ie giaodue hlnh Ihtle bieu hien kinh !C.gi,;o due. kh"ng gi'in~ nlm
llnh vl!e san xuat V~l chat 1a Irl!e tiep Vlt dan 'nh:it. Rin Ih:m nei eei Ifnh khlie chie', ""
tfnh da (fing 16p, c-'>lang 16p lai bieu hien Iii loai hinh e1" ehllng. lIii'n n'I\ nc'u \,'1 Ill'
goe d9 ehieu r9ng va chieu sau nhiin Ihli'cgi,i Iri kinh te gi,io due. hiiu hi;1 cei Ihi' ch,a
lam 4 ('lng; T/11(',,!I,ii la gi;io due co the' b!ii dlrii'ng !tre lunng lao (k'ng ,,'ri 'Ii Ilfong nh,,1
dinh va ehftl IUQ'ng nhfi! dinh. 1111; Il<Ii Iii gi,io due eei the n,m~ eao II ll- .'an xu,il lao
delng. 1111;iJa lit giao d\le co the' I;lng thu nhilp qulie dim. rill; iiI Ii, gi;,o due e() Ihi: I:"'.~
Ihu nh,!p kinh te ea nhftn .

.1 Quan s;\1 Itt goc dO mieu t'l ltl;)n Iy \'1 1110'

!;lieu feh kinh Ie giao due bieu hi~n J:I gi,in due c6 Ihc eung e,ip elm \,' h(lI m"1 k,'
n,lng kllhu':'1 khoa hoc nh[1 ph,il hien. ph,il Illinh. cei e111;ngu Ihic', kc' ,:, ngh;i'n uru
khna hnc ciii c,iell 1116i.h6i citrii'ng Inc Ilrong lao e16ng cao e,ip ph lie 1'.'1'.g";o due C(, Ihc
cung c'IP eho \ii h,)i mIll d9i ngu Ian e1ll11gn'1111b,it "" sir dung kllhu'll s,in \U,.,-, licn
lien. ni'"g C;l(1trinh e10 kj Ihuill ngllai 1'10 d'ing: gi"o due eei IhL' eung ["'I' cho ,;;, h("
]1"1(')1 l('jj I1PCt nh:"lll '-j(:'J1 qU~ll'l J) kllhu(1l \';1 s~il1 xu;i! n;~lm hilt tr'lnh d() c()n~ !l~hJc'p hO;I,
ll'ln~ eln Irinh do lju,in Iy Ijnh vue ':In \u;it V:lt ehiit: gi,io due ce', Ihc n,mg call I,',nh e10
V'1ll 11O,ikhna hoc loan xii h9i. de' sir dung r(lI1g riii "in philm Ill,')i. ek ph,)'(';'1 ki thn:,1
khoa hQe lien tie'n va nfll1g eao dieu kien chufln hi. tftng ellimg ehicu i'<'ng. chicu' "ltI ",I
ho,; kho:! hoc ehn kj IhuM s'ln xu:it. gi,io due L'(i Ihc !:Ull eho nh:,n Ih,ie kh"a hoc (feh
luy xii h(li, kj Ihuill sitll .\II:il vi, kinh nghicm s;in -xuiit ,1,;' h'.'o Ion ,:, lruvcn h,i. ph,il
Irien lu".' 11ICfng."tll XU<l1hin', Iluii Iri Ihlfe khoa hne.
o • _ \.

358
 III. iHe diem hi~u ieh kinh Ie giao d~e
11,0u ich kinh l~' glao due nhu hinh 16,1:
Kc'[ hor Llo dong rri ll;e \il r-:----
.\";Ili~,:;1<' [,) .;hSlll::fUlli lieu L l~~
~ III dt (11:\'[
d,m~ ! ,[,1'1: ~~
I [U. \
1.1i,)

'I :;J..1I.) \ ..•. 1 ~I..lU

Klloa hoc tro thanh xuJt
I duc I I duc i~I;;I_tricn ki thU~l! {nK
, . I l..hClJ./io..: tIer
I ,~_

---.. Ql1~1\rit,h ,gl.i,) d~c •• ,. Qua trinh san xu,Yt \';~Il cl1[11
•. ll:':ll i'..:h ~Ilih,k- [I'li":: 11O:P 4' •• , Hi~u ich kinh Ie' cuoi clmg

Hinh 16.1: Sa do hieu ieh kinh Ie gi:io d~e

I'h'"1 lieh bi~u (hl'c.:: Trang qua lrinh 1uu lrinh hi~u ich kinh Ie gi,io due. co lh~
Ih:,y dl"), ,u d<ii dli0'u.lliong ling. giCra hi0u feh kinh te Slln xuiit V~l ehal lr,fe lieI' vi,
h,0u feh kinh 10'gi"o clue.. co mOl so dile diem nha nhu sau:
FIJlI ,,1i,'I. 11I~u ["h kinh k gi"o due eo 2 hlnh lhue bi~u hi~n, mi)l la hinh (hue
bi~u jlicn live li0p. d,','u lLfgi:lO due "" ,hiillh qu,i tai san xuat hIe lUling lao di)ng. Duoi
sv cbu llf giao due nh'!l dinh. ILle liiong lao d9ng lhuan th~e va lVe lUling lao di)ng ph lie
1'-,1'h,'11d'I,\ng r" cimg. nhi~u. hi0u ich kinh Ie cang eao; mi)t lo~i khae nCra la hinh lhlle
bi~u hic'n eUl;; CLIng, Ihu nh"p quoe dilll lang lr).lang do tang twang dilu lU giao duc.
" ehi01l1 Ii lnHlg lrong loilT] bc) lhu nhilp quoe dilll,
FlJlI 1i,,1. d'lu III giao due dlr co lh~ ph,il sinh lhanh qua giao dlle, boi duong toi
luy0n r:t llie luong ta" cit:lng Ihu'ln [hue viI 1ue lUling lao dong phuc tap, M phat trit'n
kho" h"e kilhu':I!. Kh{lIlg lh~ lnlC liep s,in xuiil ra eua ci\i kinh te, chi khi ket hop giCra
III li0u s:m ,\U,il ,',H eh,il ,illhilllh qua gi,io due, moi eo the; san xuii1 ra hieu ieh kinh teo
rJllr h". linh loanhi0u
ieh kinh Ie' gi,io due. khong tht truc ti(l' be,t ,1Clutir diill 1lI,
ph,'u ,\U'lt ph"l (i! lue ILrong lao dl)ng lrong linh vue s,in xuiil V:'l eh,,[ lic:p nhftn lrinh d9
gi"" due. hicu ich kinh 10'do li0u h"o kinh phi giao due.
11111 /If. do hi0u idl kinh k gi,io due eli d'le lfnh lren, lien d";l Mn mOl s6 dae
di(:1l1 I.Ltc hi~'t. hj~l1 I,,:h kinh k: gi~io dl.IC Cc1 tfnh gi~ln ttCP, ltlC dl;lng ch~\1n, lac dl.l!lg dZli,
IIhl~U Li .•.
: dl.1I1g\':l Cl,.l1,lllh dicli kL~Il.

i)" hi0u ich kinh IC'gi,io due Cll nhlrng chiC ditm
(ren, n"n clmg quyel dinh d"c
d,em plmong thlle linh lOan. CLInglll"ng I"i kho kh,m nhSI (lInh clto viee [[nh IO'1l1hi~u
ieh k,nh k' gl,io due,
/J,III 11,'11. ([nh 1,,,'lIrhi0u qu:t kinh Ie gi,io due dn e6 dicu kienlicn de nhal dinh:
Thl'l nh"I. e,ul b"" d"m ch"l luong gi,io duc. hoi duong nhan lili phil hap de nhu
cCIUki'lh k ,\ft Ih)i,Tllli h"i. c:in ph,',i b"o (Lun luc lliong lao dong dlrac b6i duong eo
lh~ l'!lUIl \'iC'L'. 11m \'i0c (IUn1 gi~l C()Jlg \'i~c trang ccle nganh SaIl xWlt V(\l chat Tht.'r ba.
u") g~;1I1gdllllg dLlIlg ngu(Ji l~un dLlng \'i~c. chi cq c1ieu ki~n ke tren, m6i co 1116lung bu6c
"uy ,\~t Lk"Jl me") th~rc tin.h to~ln \':\ phuong thue tfnh loan Cl,l thti.

359
 TlIl( !wi lit trone, tfnh to~n hieu feh kinh te' gi,io due ehi eo thi':\im dLl!.1Cnh0'ng gi,i
tri giln giang, tfnh tm1n kh6ng tht ehfnh x,ie, Nguyen nhilO C,hll yt'u, lit lii~'u ieh kinil Ie"
gi"o due kh6ng t6n tai d(>e liip, no Ih6 hien o'b'ln th,in nglroi lao dill:&, hieu qu,i ella nl>
Ian voi ti6n thu lao ella ngirai lao d(>n&, kh6 co Ihe: tfnh to,in ehfnh :de. diiu tlf gi,io due
•
kh6ng tn!e tiep t,ie dyng v1lO:sun philm vill ehilt. ma !ai e6 I,ie dUJi\, \'oi nglliri, I'i the' su
trao d6i s'ln phiim v~t chat ~h6ng the:tr\re tiep tfnh to,in qli gi.ftri (hiu III gi,io dye.
, nh,lIng co. the, th6n;g q.ua tharh ~u:~ g~,io (~ue' de: lf~h to:in ,hiel~,q?,i: kinh Ie:, Tfnh lo,~n
lhanh qua glao dye ban tMn no rat la plme t',Jp, rill kho co the \aC; dmh (nnh d\l glao
dye e'lpl sciv6i t~inh dge'l~ 2', co the: tilOghao nhieu hi~u feh kinh' Ii;: hun n0'a, n,'mg
Ille lao d(>ngClIa con ngllailh s\r luang quan voi luai e(mg I,ie. lu(;i I,ie. Ifnh e,ich "i, IIr
Illang, than Iht, r,n kho co Ihe: xae dinh Ifnh to,in ,!troc kh,i nilOg,kinh tC gi,io duc d(ll'
l~p; con nfra, giao dye co 2 ehu-e nilng quan tr9ng. co ehlre nilng Ihlle diiy phal Irien "in
xuilt. tilng thu nh,)p kinh lc,;lai co tal' dung n,ing cao tinh thiin Jon nguilj, hai c,ii ri,'1
" I.
kho philn laeh. Tir tlnh hlnh! hi9n nay Illir n6i., Iren Ihe' gilli chua Ul nglriri cc', Ihe dc
dinh
. ai co the lfnh '.10;lnOU'OGs61ieu
:. ehfnh x,ie hieu
. fch kinh te' ....
~j,io due. da Sl-; tinhI"
toan mang tfnh tlreinf\ c,in, tfnh kh,i! qu,it, eho di, nhu vily. nhlfng trjnh d(, llr IIr<H1p
c6ng....viec. tuai n~h6, su kh,ic hie:l ki [iluill, CJC nhil kilhuill ~i,\o due
'. . de nu6e deu 111;
Itre tim loi viln M hoc bua niiY, '

],

I,

360
 Bili 2: H~ thong chi tieu hi~u ich kinh t€ ghio dl;lC

L Hi~u ich gillo dl;lC

Lil c'hi sl1longhoi, lang lruang thu nh~p quac dan do giao d~c dftu IU dem I~i,
•• phuong lhue tfnh toan el! the Ii, dung t6ng hi~u ich giao d~c lrang thoi gian nhili d,nh
ele trir eli tong gia thimh giao dl!e thoi ky nay, chfnh Iii hi~u fch kinh 16 giao due, .

n. Ti I~ hi~u .
ich gillo
.'
dl;lC
'. .. I. .

Le, <:hisu d6iehi,,'u giiia t6ng hi~u leh giao duc vii tclnggia thanh giao duc, .

Cong lhue:
lliou ich ghio due xlOO%
= Gii.! thimh giao dl;lC

'frong tlnh hlnh thong thuong. hi~u feh giao d~c luOn luOn dung ti I~ hi~u fch giao
dl!<:hieu hien, . ,
".
Clll1g lhlrc:
Tono hiou ieh gi,io due - tong gia thimh giao due x 100%
=
Tong giti thaoh ghio dlJ.c

Do lrlnh do 2i,\o due khae nhau e6 ti Ie hieu ich khac nhau. Do d6, Ii Ie hieu ich'
giao due el) the ~hitn bi~; theo tfnh t~)antrlnh'd9 giao d~c khac nhau: .' .
•• Ct'lllg lhlre: . ,..,.~,""

x 100%
Ti l~ hi~u lj'U;i gi.io dl;jc =
Thai h,)n [Hie lo~i A x (hi~u qua nam giao d~c lo~i B +
IO;.li :\
Gi;i Ihanh If'!e liet> nam lo~i A) . . .

Cong thlre tlnh wan Iii ti k hi~u ich giao dl!c cua m9t nhii bac hQc My: \
L
. Tien Illungeua h(,.)('sinh lot nghi~p IOl;li d61_ Ti~n luang hQc sinh
Ti I~hi~u qu,l tOl nghi~p {fU(lc IOi.~i . .
;< 100')'0
gi;io dl,l(, = ..'
I):;u Ilf giao d~e do " "~ . -i
:, ',-

Ti Ie hi~u feh giao d~c so diuIg ella My (nam 1929 -1957) Iii 35%, hi~u [cohgiao
d~e trung h,?c Ii, lor" ti Ie hi~u feh giao d~c d,!i hqc sao d[lI\g Iii 11 %, Ii Ie hi~u ich
giao due blnh qU[lI\xii hQi Iii 17,3%, cong thuc c~thEla:
Ti~n illOng h9' ~inh 161nghi~p li~u hQc-lien luang nguoi
Ti l~ l\II:=U'IU:lt khonglH)C x 100% = 35%
gi;lO (!l,II: 'IV d.'ufg

361
 Ti l~hi~u"L1ftt . Tien 111dng 119C sinh tot nghi~'r trun~ h(.1C- li~Jl lUlfn~

gilio dl.IC trung hQc sinh tOI nghi~p tieu hQc

hf!c = cl;\u
<

w gi,\o d9c trung I1t:c

Ti.1S' hi~u suSt . Ti~n im(ng hqc :-;inh [(it nghi~'p cao di:lng (\;.li !It.'l--
-.
gi'<1od~lC caD. = Tien ltran:g hQe-'sinh tot nghi~p [fung IH.1C __ x lOne,: = II f;'
I
. ci<1ng,d~li hQC Diill tu gi:l0 (h.1C cal) di~lIlgd•.li IJt;'l"

Plnrcmg lhu~ Ifnh loan [I I~ hi~ufch gi,io clue hlnh qU;ll1 xa hi,i. Ii IL-hi0u ich gi,in.
clue blnh qUflO kh6ng ph;\i I~ e('>ng chung hicu feh gi,io due de loai. m'l Iii Lili Ii Irnng
. chiel111rong dilu !II giao clyc.cac cfip 1'"11 111~1lquycn ~(i.I;;n IIro1 nh;ln Ii IL-hiell ich \"I"i
nhau. Nhu v~y chfllh Iii 11111/;I! clong gop gi,io cluc de cfip \"(~il<1ng hicu ich hinh '1";ll1
giao clyc, sau cia 16ng c('>ng Jili l110i co the: tim ,Illoc Ii Ic hicu feh gi,;o duc h'",h '1";1ll iii
17,3%. Phuong ph,ip Ifnh [04n Ii I~ gi,io cl\IC blnh qU;Ill.

Cac cfip, Ii I~ cIilu llf gi,io cl\IC [rqng tclng so Ii k hicu feh. II IL-hie'u icl.1. d6ng g6p
doi vai t6ng Ii I~ hi~u fch giao cluc.
1 Giao duc li~ti h<;>c . = 9.8(";'
, Giao clue lrung hoc . :
Gi,io duc d,li:I~<;>e
'cao d~ll1g

9 •self0 +:'.+ .J + _...9 ("- 17 ._7Y'(

-0f.f' 7 c' - (0"
~,lt1 -_ 17 ..,c.( I

III. Dong gop eUa ghio tJ~C v6i thu nh~p quae chin
Chi lieu dong gop cu,i gi,io duc v6i thu nh;lp qu6c rLhl "kill Ihimh gi,i Iri Ir",,~'
Ih'li tTnh vii gia Iri tr,lIlg th,ii dong.
C<ll1g lhuc :

GiJ Iri tuyci doi = mlre tang Ihrrmg Ihu nhilp qu6c d;m x Ii 10 hicll feh gi,io duc h'lIlh '1u"n

Thll nh,-~pqu6c dfln m;l b;:\o cio gi;it)~d~l( Il,"tn~kS' dlf,t ra - Ihu
Gi;\ tri .tuerng d6i = nh,~p qu"6e dim gi;:io dl.':.5.() (~l~_. .._~__
,_.. _
Thu nh;)p qu6c d;'Ul h;lo c;io ki - Thu nh;'lp (jilt'll' d:tJJ Ct'l fl1nh

IV. Dong gop giao d~c !dai voi ti l~ san xuiit lao citing
Ti 1C s,in xu,,! lao <Iring Iii chi s61lrrmg ~,in ph;im Irnng d'1I1 "j Ihiri gi"n "in ,inh r"
ho~c Iii Iu'ong lao dong lieu ~ao lrong d"n vi Ihili glan. 0:h;lIl 1'-;'''Ih hlfc.1I1g,1l-n II k "in
xuallao c1c)ng lit Iren nhieu!phuong di~n. IiI gr\c d<:)1'ln. chI.' yc." nr\i ,1l-n e<', ".; Ilrung
ngubi lao d,ing va lrang thiel bi ki thu~1l lao d<JIlg. Ulra \"i,o phill1g nghie'n Clfulhlfe •
nghi(~J)J kinh Ie xii h('>igiao .d\IC qu6e dflll Licn X() cu '"'I
nghie'n u'11i c1ie:uIr" J;inh Ie; ir
CJI Lim Trung Quoc cho bi{t, dong g6p gi,io dlle ,"'ri ,.:in de n;1I1g L"" Ii Ie '''n \u,il I""
dong, lu phflll tfeh chi ticu don hang co th.: qllan "il lif m;\y plllf<ing dien "'II:
\

362
 I. .\nh huong luc luung lao dong trlnh d9 giaa d~e kh:ie nhau doi vai vi~e
hoi'li thanh ngaeh dinh san xuat

Nhflll 10 anh hu,ing den \'i~c hoilll thanh ng<,lch dinh san xual la nhieu phuong
di0n, "hu [hiel bi s,ill\uf([. lrinh di' lU luang cua nhfm vien, nam cong Ilie, lrlnh do
qu"n 1(' ngh" nghicp '" lrinh d6 giao due nghc nghiep. cac dieu ki~n lUang dong, nhu
,f,y lnnh e\(' gi,io due ngh" nghi~p co anh hU0ng Ian den hoan thunh ng,\lch dinh san
",u"t. Nghi~n eleu dl~U Ira cho bie'[ lrinh dQ giao dllcph6 c~p cua cong nhan cao'han
III "I eap I" l'lllg Irtf'1ng. hinh qU"lll ngaeh dinh s,in xufil mil may m6c chelaO I" 1,5%
(ic'n 2.2{'~.

1 .. \nh huulIg cua lue luung lao d9ng trinh d9 gia\! d~e khac nhau doi vai toe
do lIalll 1>:11eong trillh moi, ki Ihuat mm, nang eaa ki thu~t

"Io[. IIh" n ~hicn dru Li0n X6 cli eho biet,. bill dau Iii' nam tht! 6, thai han
~" . duac.
g""" due eao 11101IIf,n1. c(lIlg nh:111n:un b:'l eong Irinh mai: ki Ihu~,l mai binh quf,n tang
oil)'; . Trinh do ,f,n dung. n,'u11b"1l e(lIlg nghc moi, kllhuftt co li~n quan Mn lrinh do
gl~i\l due.

J.\nh huullg luc Iuullg lau dJng trinh do gi:io due khae nhau doi v6i trinh
do, so illOng Gii cach ki Ihuat, kien nghi hop Iy hoa

Theo h"n di~u Ira ,.~ mill nh" 111")'cua Ih:lllh pho Thimh DQ, nam 1977 ,lC'n 1979
lrong ""lg .1 nal1l di, [i(:n h:lIlh phful tkh lOS hang mllc di each mai kl thu:il. quan he
gilL, 11"lh lk, gi,"o due el'" nhlrng IIglriJi duqc doi mai v~ hang mllc deSi moi ia trang
Illll ngu,n Itil nghiep ebi hoe ehlly~n nghi~p co 6 nguoi thlJ'c: hi~n d.icach kl thuf,1
chil'tll {).f/ ~"(r~n [(')ng ~t)h~lI1g Il1l.lC. ' .
. . I
lJN) nglriJI [rong 100 nguoi liit nghi~p[rung hQc thuC:hi~n di c'ach kl thuat chiem
O,()l)('( lrung lc>ng die h~.lngmyc.
,I
.. (1.1.\ ,nguili lfOng 100 s6 hQcsinh t~l n,~,hi~p ca, s0 ,thu~ h,i~nilcai dch ki IhU~~
clllelll (1,1.''.' hang lllllC. lIuc smh lOt nghlcp IICUhoc ~a mu chula krnong. .
Nghi0n elrt! di~n Ira Clla Lien X6 cha bieltr1nh dQ giao; cI~c ~ong nhfm.!TI0i lfin
n"ng cao IllUI c:ip, l~ Irung hop Iy hoa nguoi kicn nghi binh quan taflg~, cong nhCtn
dlroe gi,iu due lrung hoe "" cong nhiln chua duac giaa d~c lrung h,;,c haan toan, kien
nglll hup l~' hua lren mill ki lhuill "'10 gfip -I Ian; t[nh sang '[i;lO,t[nh l[ch luy lren m~t kl
thu,'l eua eong nhfln dlrere gi,io dliC h~ cao dflllg so vai cang nhan chi, co 4 nam pheSc~p
gi,io duc cal.' IHlll .10 ck'n gO I,in.

-I. ..\nh IllIlrng luc luung lao dong trinh dii giao dlJc khac nhau v6i trlnh.d9 ki
lhllil! "in :wiit
T'lnh d" ki lhu'll san .\lIfil c6 [he: ph'lIl lhanh kl thua[ uu til, kilhuat binh thuang,
ki lhual k<'m. Thea di~u tra phfll1 :w(rng khllng gam S'lI1 Xll,il oto so I truong xufm vi,
l'h~lll :\L((lllg lh>llg IL.rc'ch2' (~.IOgi~Yy ('jl L~:lIncho bi0't:
.I (I{J'; n~lfiJi
~ hue
_."
,LII huc ,!al loai. e(rng~ nh'lI1 gi6i lrang so c,'c cong nhCtn co trinh
d() pIll) tlH"lIlg lrung hoc th"1c6ng llh~1I1gi6i chiem 50C;!u-60CX;: trang so C,tC d'mg nhfln co

363
 I[[nh do duo[ I[ung hoc Ihl cong nhiln gl')[ chlC'm'R.S':'c-2".Y;
~ L
Then qr ,llc'lI I]"" lS
cong nhim co IUOI nghe xap xi nhall (lla phim xuang s,in xui,r h,inh ,,'[ngell" \lr,,,,~ "\c
o 10 Tnrano Co Xui\l1 eho Ihiiv lr1nh do vim htla ,,:, Irlnh dCl ki tlllle'll C<1111,"iiIlc'n hc' \,"ii
p. ••

nhau: C()ng nhill1 co

trlnh do d,li hoc. c6ng nhill1 giGi chic'l11 75';, kh,; chic'J1l 2.'i(;, hinh
Ihuang chiC'm 0%. Cong nhim co trlnh d9 phc1 thCll1g trung hoc. loa; gi,)i eh;c'm -1-1A';.
kh" ehic"m 44.6% , blnh thLTong chi.:m II rc. CCll1gnhim Ct"ilr1nh dC, dln!1 Irun~ hne. inai
gilli ehibn 9,7%. kh" chic"1116R.R%, blnh Ilurang ehic'l11 22(';,

5, .-\nh hLIcmg eua sIre lao dong (I cae trinh do viln h,)" kh,ic nh"u ,kn ehilt
IHong san pham

Ti Ie .'<In ph,im etat ticu chu:ln V:I trlnh et,) \'im he',,, Ct', mC;i Ilcn hc' \,',i niLIlI. Then
Ihnng kc ella phitn XLrang truc chuyen d()ng nh:, m"y ehc' 1<10 " Ii, TnriHlg \:U"IIl: Dn
phim wong tien h:\I1h dao tao ":, boi dLIang so CilP V:I trung eiip ,1<\i \-(,i e,ie Ct\ng nl1:ln
m,!i luyen nam 1966 ncn so s,in phiim eo ehiit itT,mg dat li('u ehlliln ,1Iroe niln~ kn. I\i'm
1977 dat 77%, nam 1978 ti\l1g len 80.9r;;., niun 1'179 dat S9Ji(c.

6, Anh h\I('mg eua lLIe hrqng lao dong 0 Gil' Irinh do villl Ill):! kh,ie nhau doi
"oi SLIhoim hao eua thiet bi

Moi guan he gifra tr1nh de? \'iln hoa va e()ng ell s,in "\uiit. chi licll h'ln m(", Ihlc'l hi.
TIleo dieu Ira eua kho dung eu 10 xuang s,in xu,il truc ehU\'cn etl\ng nh:1 m,i\ ehl' lao 0
10 Truong Xuan. eticu Ira danh gi" hao l11ill1dung eu kh()ng hlnh thlrirng Ih;in~ -1/1')~n.
lrflng so ~lhfrng nguiri lilm h6n~ dung cu. trinh :Il) !'TTH ~':i Tile\' ceiL1J n~I;,"i ehic,'m
19%. du6i PTCS co 39 ngLIoi ehic'm S 1ri: gi,i Iri Ihict hai !'TTH chic'l11 9';, PTCS \;1
dtT6i PTCS la 91 %, .

Anh huang ella trlnh de? "an haa eJC'nchi licu tilt1g truong eu,1 "lrc Llo tlC'ng san
xuiit nlw sal.':

hien cl}a cang nhftn \'icn chCfe \"eli Ii l~ l[\l1~

TllI( Ill1til, c(ing'-.... ~tnrC11ll..:•.. L\{l (h')J1l..:•.. l.;ilJl
xuiit. Thea hiiu hc't xi nghicp cong nghicJ1 II linh Cit Linn. trnng l111'rcliln~ I[Irll[)g la()
dong slin xuiil tu nilI11 1952 den 1978116 philt1 l11:1Irinh '\(' gi,in due lilng kn Irl1ng nhiln
\'icn gi"n duc chiel11 192%, •

Thrr hoi. danh gia ti Ic lao uong'Clll

\":\1 \l',i de Irinh tll\ \'iln h,-'" ~"l,il nh,"[ u')
the:lp dung phuong phap h.; so gi,in ht\" 1:lo ,long ",in\,,:il.
Qua dieu Ira ngllu nhicn lhu thilp d,r'.ie eie loai I,,; l[c" kh:ie nh,"1. S"" tll'\ elli
Irlnh de? van haa tot llghiep THCS clla slrc lao tlCll1g s,in "\u:il 1:, IflO';. nhlr thc ,,'\ Ihc
giilll hoa:

tvHI cllli' hO;k hie'l il ~,1;\1Igi.lo - I.\'rp I Ti lL' );\[1 dl'lJl!..: <;;\11 \u:tl"!\' (
Trinh d \';'111 hoa li(:u !JC.1C Lfrp 1 . !<ip -l Ti k Lin ell"ll ';U1 \U;'l! (\~t,
Trinh d \':"111h{I;\ lii"lI he,le L,ip 5 . Ilip (, Ti 10 LHl e!l''!l ";111 \\];'11 ~I.:',
rrin!l ti \',in !loa TJ-ICS L,ip 7 . kip 9 Ti k b.o (\(111 ",in \lL.l1 1(\('"
Trinh c1 PTrJ-I Urp 10- 16p 11 Ti l~' L\O (!I"'!) '';In \[1:\1 12'.F,
Tr'll;11d d:lj hoc N;lm lhlr J -t Ti k LH1 dr'll "';lrl \11:1\ 1~')',
Trii-,h c1 n~hien eCru "inh N,irn l!ll) I - 3 Ti 101;to(h\n '';In \\)iYI I:':)',
 Tlllr hu, titi li~u chi ti~u (i I~ so gio lam vi~c eua nhan vi en va (r(nh dq van h6a, C6
the ,ip dung phul1llg phap Jon gian h6a (i I~ gio lam eua nhan vie,n, T~eo ~if9i6u (ra doi
a
voi -I khu Cl~lIIgnghi~p C0 khf. co sue lao d(>ng (rinh d(> vanh6a kha~ nha,li.,e6 10 weii
ngh~. lrong do II l~ .s,C>gio l~m1gi~lnh6a: ". ", .
N(:u mi Irinh J() 'Cln hoa lieu hQC (lap 1, lap 2) lit m(>( (hi (i l~mu ehfr 0,95; (ieu
hoc kIp 3 '" 1.03: lieu h,)( 161' 5 lit 1.06: (rung hQe lap 8 lil 1,08; PTTH lop 10 lil UN:
." D"i hue nfl1l1tilli 2 Ii, 1.1,

V. (;jau d l;Ic dlli \oi st! gia tang tim nh~lp ell nh3n
Lui kh kinh t.:gi,io Juc hieu hi~n euoi cung a
su gia tang thu nhap cii nhiln elta
nguiri I",) d'.lIIg. Luong Jfiu lU kinh phi giao duc eua nguoi 1"0 dling ICll1gkhic'n cho lhu
nhflp kinh ,c'd nhflll ICIng,Trung Quoe "I'
d,lIIg kh6ng giong v6i de Illr6e plnrollg ["y.'

THIIlg Quiic: D"u lU giao due d nhilll -+ trinh d(> hQe van -+ eong hicn xu h6i -+
['-lIIg Ihu nh"p kinh Ii:'ci nhfin:

Nlftle ngo:li: Diiu lLCgi,io due ca nhim -+ Ir'lI1h d9 h"e vitn -> (,ing thu nhap ea
nhflll-t Cling hic'n :-;ii h,:)i,

!\Itrc llll( "nhflp kinh Ii "" Irinh de) villi h6" eua ca nhfm hay gia dlnh c6moi quan
hc ,.tli ilf1'lll. Theo b,iu ",\'htin "tin nh,.il h,!" " ra ngay 11/4/1986, trang eu(>e di6u tra
36667 h'J , ,'I 2625 lh('n t1 28 tinh th'lI1h ph6, nillil 1984 (hu nh~p nang than, mu cher a
Ii, 2X-Inh"n dfll\ l~, ticu hoc 1:1385 nhilll dan (c, (rung hQc so 466' nhan dan Ie, phei sa
Ihc'lI1g tlung hoc 1" 556 nhilll dilll IC, (rung h(,)c ehuyen ;;gIii~p i~
756 nh'fin d~n' t~, Thu
'.
nhil(l binti 'Iu;\n ella c,ie ht) (flllg len eung. vai (rlnhd(> vlinh6a; trinhd(> (rung hQc
ehuycll nghi~fJ b,\ng3,6'jiin I11Uehii. ph6 thong trung hQc biing 2,96 'hln mu ehii, Hi~n
ttrt.mg n:lY llin 1<lir:ll'nhicu a cae nUDe IfI~n (he g.iai, Thu nh~p ea nhan (rong nganh gi,lo
due (thu nh:lp IICnhilll giilo tllle) chi la (hu nh~p (huan cua eli nlJan khi tiel' nh~n ffi(>1
e:ip, 111~)1
hl,ih Ihtre gi;io d~e n:lO d6, (hu nh~p kinh te thu duqc suo(doi trll di phi chi
ticu giao tllle (gi" ili'lf1h glaD duc). Trang (hao tae thong ke c~ (he, e6 the (ien hanh so
"inlY thu nhitp co t1lr(lc III giaoduc ca doi va (Oan b9 dau (u giao d~9' the tinh (min co
Ihli nhi,p d 'nhiul (rang giao due a 111(>( cap gino due hay nganh giao due nilo d6, con c6
Ihe d,inh gi,i gia Iri lhu nhil(l d nhitn hO(lc Ii l~ thu nh~p blnh quan hang nflm, D6 1:1
cilll ctC J" 'iuycl t1inh Gi nhiln li,Ypnhilll gi,io d~c hoae lieI' nh~n cap d(> giao d~e nao,
Thu nh:.lp l,:ll:1 Gt nh:tn khi ti2"p '1l1U nil"p 'au kili lot 11lU nMp Iwac khi tot
nh(lIl (;\p dlJ g.i;iu lil,li.." U:ll.l J\~l' ::: nghi~p Cua CLip dt) gi,lo - nghiep Clla cC'P dq giao dill'
d l.IC nao do nao dj
Vi du gi,i Iri eoilg lhtre Ihu nhilp ca nhilll ella sinh vicn tot 'lghi~p
Gi:i tr! thu llll:)p ,:lla sinh ". HI 1 , Ct
"i••n Ill! n~hicp = 13. C = [I !,J
,_, (+1) (l+t)
" I-(!
p,1 +1 ')'

, Cr
L,
)-
= 7:"i" (l + i)'
 B: Thu nh~p kinh Ie
B,: Thu nh,ip moi nCun
C: Phi gi,lo J,IC himg nilm vilci<; phi khk
C1: Ph, tr~rc tieL V~lgillll ti(p gil\O lIl.le m{)i n;-un
i: Ti Ie •••
Xcm bic'u <1616.2
','

Bang 16.2 Hie'll eM fllu nhilJ) - tlll;i

;':h\1
, • ;"
J',l).;p,
Ill,'

Bodi

Trang bi6u d6, tqa d6 truc ho:mh hieu lhi lu<~i. Ye "" Yn Ihu nh"p <f iti" ttll',i ei'a
111,)tsinh vien ttll, nghi~p 11,)i I]()(- v:, ttit n~hiep trung h<.,c, f),ri;n~ nghi,'llg n Ihu nh"p
fila sinh vi en [ot nghie[J d •.li hqc (kn 65 [u,)i:
i C,' gi{) th:mh gi.\o due true lic'p.
C, ': (/i.\ Ih:mh gi,io due en h(,i.
C=C,'+C;,
B,= (Ye-Yn),
C,=( C, +C,),

C<'lIlg Ihl\'c h.'!ng O. S"Ul!<\ 11m i. iii, Ihu nk!!, ,I<'tuttr gl<;o due COl nh:m
f3:ing 16.3 cho thay (lLrclIlgIhu nhClfl d nh"n ,1 IlIa tu"j t,rinh ,I" "'11 h,',,, kh,;" nhau
,11\'19 n,inl 1973. gi.l djnh trong de dicu k,en linh hu('ing nlnr '''u: Ihu nh'If' 1'lI1g kn khi
tW:1j l;.11l~ Vil ciing do trlnh (1<) \';"in IH1;l 1,-111&Ill~\ 1:"Ing. Tr()n.~ hl('U dr', ~ dl(ill.~:\.f1 hi~'lJ
Ihj pl1;-lll hi~1 "inil "ien d,.li hc.)C \';\ !lc.)C "inh plu"j tl1{")llg lrLlIl~ he Il" mnJ)g J1lUC'lJl dc,ll dtrc,1C
d dili. Trang dieu kien so sinh vien lfit nghiep Ih,)" l11iin nhll ,,'ill C'I<' -.:,',il,:,i. Ilk die'lll
E. duO'ng giip biell :hi cao. Nc'u nlm so sinh "i,'n ,tai hoc [,'I ngh"'I" nil,:" lh'l clln~ cC'P
l;ing S', m;\ yell ctiu kh6ng lhay d()i. lhtl nh;)p gi;im \t1t")ng E', dlf(m~ c()n~ hl'~'ntil! IlJoi
n.ghC:lh'-l'p till! du"qc. t(rc sc c6 hi~n tlfl,l'ng h,\ng t<St nghl~'p !f';li lHI m;'lllflfnf: th;Yp.

\
 B~ing 16.3 Bi~u do Ihu nhap - luoi, Irinh dQ van hoa ca nhan

• S S'
,
,
,,
,
• ,,
,. .
5000 ,
,
.- Jl
.
,
'.
•,
,
•
: E'

3000 D'

22 l~ S S' Saluqng sinh vi en

e;i dai .lnru 1 tat nghi~p d~)ihqc
(Luling ho(1C Ilmng e,i uai) . II

l
I
I
I

367
 i
J.
i,

, .! - iI''''
,t' .

Bai 3: Cong thue tfnh hi~u ich kinh te gi<io due

, I
.':

C(}Jlg thck t{nh gi,i If! hi0n thai ella hi,~u ieh gi,io tlue,

,J.

Trang do:

E""1: Gi,i tf! hi9n Ihai ella hieu ieh gi,io tlue
C, : Gia thanh diiu tLrgi,io due ,I 111,)tthili kS' nil() ,1<'}
B, : Laiieh dat dlrqe a I11C)tth,')i kS. nilo d(\ ella gi,in tlue
t: Tho'i gian gi,i thanh ph,it sinh v[lioi ieh Lhll ,1Lroe
i : T5' Ie ehtl l~uan ella nguai quy.:t saeh ,
'.
Gi,li thich:

Do gia thanh giao d\Je phim ph6i then n:1111tic: Ir,i. lui ieh Ihu du')'e eUa gi,io due
do hoc sinh sau khi tot nghiep thu (hr0'e tirng niU11, nh,-;I dinh li(;n hanh elicu chinh gi,i
e<l. Gia tfi i0'i feh thu du0'e sau khi dicu ehinh trir ,Ii gi,i tri hi('11 th,'r; eua gi,i Ihilrlll 1';,io
tlue b,tllg gia tri hi011 Lhai ella Ini feh gi,io due. Trnng ell) I;eu ,huiln In'; iell C<.'} \11(: tlo
nguo'i quyet dinh lue d6 x,ic dinh.
- .•..
C6ng thue tfnh ti Ie 10'1ieh dallhroe ella gi',io due vii gi,i thimh gi,io due:
,b
1/ c II

B/C= I"'(!+i)!' /I-'-.,

,.,(1+1)

Trang lhi:
I'
i, .
BiC:Ti 10 gi" thilllh gi,lo due vii Ini ieh g;,io due Ihu ,IW)e

B: L'.i; feh gi;io due thu (hme

C: Gi,i thimh giao due

8, : Lo'i feh 1;;,\0 due Lhu (hre!e (1 Ih,'li ky n,'lO d,>

e,: Gi,\ thilnh diiu tlf g,IO due (llhi)i KY' n,'lo el6
T: Tho'i gi',ll1 ph,it sinh ,gi'l thill1h vii loi fell Lhu ,hroe
;: 1'i iC' 10'; ,ell

Cl}Jlg Ih(re Ifnll gi6'i han Ihu nh':lp gi,io due. C(mg link lli\)' tinh gi,i tllilrlll g;,in due
1':1I1,S Ihem do thu nh,)p giao due tang Irong 111()1thili gian nh,YI dinh. Gi,i IIl,ulll gi,in due
•
Ih:lI1h thcYi '-'5' l::lng. thl! nh~Lr gi.io clt,le Jil lhu nh;)p-I<-mg len dn Ilrng th{'l'j giill1 ~i(lo
];'] .~.'i;_1
dl,I,:~. (ji;i dinh /{ty tl1t5i gii.ll1 l;lng 1~'1K 11;"1m. n:l1l1 \(")t nghi~'r iii n:1Il1 tlHl nh;I'1. CC'lllg t!llfc
~i,i tr! gici'i han gi,i Ihanh K l1il111sau iiI:
\
 .'. -I .. :,

Trong do:

C, Ii, gij lhomh gi,io due t:,ng kn cua J nam, c6ng thuc gioi han thu nh(,p Iii

.-
Ci,i lei hi~n thili gilii h:in Ihu nh:,p:'

Cong Ihirc tinh thu nh':lp gi,io dllC binh quan

(.\"ll1g lilue gi~i trj ~i~'nlhc.ri gi~i th~\nhgiao dl;lc

Cong Ihi(c gd thiH1h hi~n thai thu nh:tp giao duc

i' '
~:

C.: Gia tf! hi~n thai c;ua gia thanh giao d~c
B. : Gi,i tf! hi~n thai clla thu nh~p giau d~c
C, : IX,u tlr gia thitnh giao due thai ky nilO d6
••
b, : Thu nh:lp gi,io duc thai k)' nilo d6
i: T~'I~ loi feh

(ii:',i thich: Cong Ihtrc ni,y tinh tlr khi d nhan duqc giao d~c, qua cac giai dO\1l1
gi:iu duc kh"c nhau. clio ,kn giai doan UlWC giao duc cao nhut. Gia If! blnh quan ella
tliu nhap dc giai dO'lIl gie,,, duc kh:\c nliau Gi,', dinh thai gian dilu tu gia thanh giao
uuc "i, thili gian thunh''11 gi:to du,~ ph'!l sinh b nilu nhau.
Cong Ihue linh lik gi,in hoa suc lao dqng.
Ti I~ gt~'lI1hoa SlfC lao d9ng hay cbn g9i Ia h9 so gi~ln h6a sue lao c1<)ng, la gi~ln .
hoa Ilfong lao dlll1g pilue t,'P th'lnh lao dqng dan. gian.
Ct"lI1gIllt(e gi:ln hlia ,6 n:im dlfqc giao d~c:
Ti !~glan hll;\ Trinh dl~fi;io tIl.IC clIa :-;uc lao dqllg a Ciip gi,\Ll Ol}C 11;10 d6
!au dl.\ng =
Trinh dq gi:io lil.IC ella StIC lao d~lllg a Cfip lieu chuan IltlO do I
I.
Vi du: N<'u co; ,,'re lao u(lIlg 6 Iflnil do gi:to duc li6u hoc lop 4 11'6xu6ng 1:, "',
chu:in co 11:,n. Iii I thi:

369
 a - lap 4: 1 :

L'°P)-oP)=
- I' 6: (5+G)f2,-. 137
4 :
Lap 7 - l6'p 9 =2 ,,:
,
i
(0 +[12),'.',_2, =2.75
L6'p,IO-I,\'p]2=_~,_
••••
i'4

Lti'p 13- ](lp 16= (lJJIG):2 • ! = 3.62

,4

Giiin hoa e6ilg [hue lh~o gia hoe lhl e6ng thue lit:
Tl"lng s6 g.'ill lao d~'lI1g tlllll)C trinh d(l gi;to <It,1( n;lo ,!l'l ,,\ ( tw";j n~hl 11lf1l- lW";j
Ti I~ gi •.in hoa t6t Ilghj~p)
SLfc lao d(lng
Tohg so gjb lao d(mg Ihu(x: Irlnh d<) ricu chu:in n;l(l d,f' " lIlJl",j n~hihUll. lU(;j
IOlnghiep!
C6ng lhue don gi,in h6a lao d(l1lg hlnh Ljuilll xa h,)i:
Ti l~ don giall haa lao dqng Ti I~ don gi.in h6a "tTc lao
Ti l~ r;.' r;ic In:.li lao
binh quan (Iheo Irinh dl) = d(lIlg Iheo Ir;nh d,) "'Ill h"" -' <1(\11&{rL'n 16n& ''"If(
v,ln hoa) khac nh"u
Ian d('ng

Ti Ie d<1n gi,in hoa lao :ri Ie dan gjjn hda Slrc Jao Ti J~ r;. <:<lc10;~j'1;10(h'ln~ C{l lrinh
d\lng hinh qu"n (.theo = ilqng Il1eo trinh d() \.,In h6a x d(' \"{tIl h(\,1 Ill' •....Juc lr~.n I{;n~ lao
gia h(,1C) kh,k nhau d0ng kh;ic nhau
Oing thue linh Ii I~luong gi,\o due
,

Vi clu: Ti 19luong xa h~i lrang gi,\o clue de tmimg dai hoc eao dilI1g. e<lflg Iht'rc lit:
II ~)

I (C"
,=-;\
+ w, ), (I + rr' = I (W."IJ',
I .1
I, 11~,. I

Trol1g <16:

Cn: Gi,i Ihitnh lrt!e d,tu ;111vilo 4 flrlm eua x,1 h<)i !
W,: Gia thanh eo h6i! ....
1 .' ,

Ii Wn-W,: SIr khac bier tHu nh,ip

, I
r: Ti 19 thit lao

Khi l[nh to,ln. ngoili suYixct cJe'nthu nhrlp. eon nen them thuc'llll; nhrlp tr<tel10 x;1 h,:)i,
Vi dll: W,' =W, + T,
\V n '= \V + T I) f1 i
•
T, \'~I Tn lii. lhue mil trurlg hQc ph6 th6ng \';l d,.\i h(.)c Ira.C.: 1;"\tc")ng 11(.,.p,iii li~'u ella
gi,\ thimh giao clue them chi ;lni xa ht;Ji, C<lL1gIhlfe 1:1:
o . i J.,

I(e'" + w', ),'(1 + ,.'r' =\I(W" IJ' ,)(]-,. I '

(m-J /_ I

37()
 r: Ti k luong X~Ihili

T,,>T,. Co'> C;;'

C.,'. C,,> T" -T.
• Trong Inrilng hlip binh Ilurimg. Ii I~ luong xii h9i Ihfip hon Ii l~luong IU nh[ln .
eDng Ihire IInh Ii I~ luong gilo dye Ihong Ihuang:
.. Vi du: Cong lhlie linh luang gilo dl,le thong Ihuang elHl d~i hQc (bao gom Ii I"
Ilf<1l\gdai hoc. lrung hoc. ph61hilllg CO sa)." . I'

Tinh dlryc gil" dye 15 n[Ull. gia sII 101 nghi~p d~ihQesau 43 nam lilln vi~e, M~
65luor: . l.
"
)(C +11'),(1 +1')'
"
= L(W"JV,,),(I+rf'
"
,.,

C: Gi" lhilnh gi,,!) due Inle li,,'p

w: Thu nhilp b''';'dl

\V II: ~.lr(nlg ella ~;gtflli tot' nghi~t)(1i,1i h<.>c
W,,: Luong (;UailguiJi khling co Irinh d9 vfln hoa .

I~:T~' k luang binh 111llirng

ClIng lhife linh II k luong gi,io due d nh[ln.
4.:

)l(' .IJ' 1,I1Trl' = 2:(11'".11',).(1+1')

,.,
i rOil:': d,i:
C" : Gi,i lh,mh Intc li,,'p ella dai hye

5,,: Gi<i Ihill1h «1 h'li

IW" . W,,): Sll kh,ie bid Ihu nhil])

(liil ,if Irinh ,10 <bi hlle .• n'"IIll. 101 nghi~p dai hQc co Ih~ lam vige den 65 lUcli, lilln
"i.:e dUde .•3 Mnll. r: '1'1k lUling ttl nh[lI1. b~n tr<ii la gia lhal",h, ben ph'li Iii hicu feh.

Cllng Illife linh II k 111'1l\gh~n lrong gi,io due (Ii l~ thu nhlip bCI'lronggiao due):

....
-'., hi. _ ~C!
, -'--'-L--
~(l.r)' ,.,('+1')'
I •

hi: Gi,i lri hi~n lai Ihu nhilp gi"o due ,1 Ihoi k)' nao d6

CI: Gil Ihilnh gi,il) dlle diiu ttl '1lhili k)' nilo d6

l: Thili gi'ln gill Ihilnh ph,il sinh vii Ihu nh,ip thu dlrqe

r T~' k Ihu nhilp' b~n lrong gi,io due(li Ie giao due hi~n 1~li)
C\mg Ihife linh I; k Ihn nhilp gi,io due b,ie dai hoc:
J71
 "" ,.~

R=-,-
B-C
!C
Trang do:
,
R: TY I~ thu nh~p gi<i9 d\lc b\IC dai h<;>c Ii
B: Thu nh~p tang len~a giaa cluc d,1i hac (lhu nhilp ~inh ,'i~'n l(il nghiep dai hoc
va tOI nghi~p trung h<;ic). j' '.' .J.

. . C: Gia thi\n~ hay phi iaa d~c bac dai h9c. ,:

1lhilp d
Phuong T,ly dllllgph ,ang phap
nhflll gi<io cluc bac <!f,lih<;>c.
ti 1<;Ihu nh,ip nc'n Irnng. e"~g tlllie' tinh IJ k thtl
• .
I

o! ~~

L(C. + [V,), (I + r)"=' I (lI"".\f, I. (I ~ r)

Tmn G do'
,., •
"-.1,' I,
I
,'"
Cn:Gia thanh ha~c phi'lr\rc tifp lrang -+ n,im
W,: Thu nhflp b6 di trdng khi hac
Wn: Luong thu nhflp s\lu khi tot nghi.;p dai hoc
M,: Luang thu nh~p s~u khilOI nghicp trung hac
r: Ti Ie thu nh~p ca nhj\n .
Gia Slr sau khi tot nghi:ep Jam dugc 43 nilm.
C6ng IhtfC tinn Ihunhilp gi,ia duc Irung h9c "

:B-C
R='--
C
Trong do:
R: TY Ie thu -nh~p giaa:d\lc trung h9c
B: Thu nhflp giaa d\lci trung h()c (Ihu nhilp tot
nghi0p ph,; lJl6ng lrung hoc- Ihu
nhap 101 nghi~p trung h9C cO' sa)
C : G',la I I'lan h"'glaa
" cI\lc; I

C6ng Ihuc tinh thu nh\ip giaa d\IC ella e'>ng nhi1ll "ien:
I
Ti J~ thu nh~pc6ng = Ng~ch thu nh,)p kinh.hY C(lllg Ilh;hl \"il'n' gi;io elm \ I ,.)',
nhan \'~engiao dl;Jc T6ng,gi.l thItnh gi.l0 d~IC clla Ct.mg nhilll \.i0n
C6ng thuc tinh ti Ietflli
. I
nhflp
.
d nhilll nh,in "ien -ei,\" due: .
Ty I~tho nh~p . Luctng dl,a 'nh<in \'i~ LUl"l'J1g clla nhilfl \.il'll

ca nMn nhan = sau khi duac gi,io due , khi nh,'pJ!'.'E ._,'. ,_ ,
vien gi1io dl;lc t Gia lhItnh gi;in tiL'l) \';1 tn.rc ti~;pell" ci nh;'111
C6ng Ihtrc linh Ihu nh~b kinh tf diiu tlr gian due:
Thu nh(lp kinh
IC"dati IH gicio _ -Thu nhap
- qu6c d,In
:' so nguoi lao d(lflg lrinh d() "tift h,\\ n;."l& IL'1l •
ch,lc Tl~ngso ngtrbi 1;10 + s,•. n~uifib;-d(m!:! khi
dQng: then n~h~ trJllh d~,\-;.tIl h('I;l kn
~l;l~lf

372
 , ,
-
Ctll1!! thuc [[nh loi kh dilu HI kinh
.
Ie giao duc chi€m tt Ie tang truong thu nh~p
qu<"ic dim:
11lU nh"p quac Thu nh~p quoc dan
dall do gi.io dl;1c do giao duc [~O ra ky
___
l.~}~l.!~.t!!.ft
y
dilu- x I00';,
I.ui i,:11 dJ.ll tU Kinh [\0
=
gi~illdul.: \ ~l Lilli i1h;,q1 Thu nh;~p qu6(' dan
Thu nh~p quoc dan
"l LId": lLm l:lllg h:n th":0 b;.io cao dinh thai ky dau
.'" kS
Cong lhlre linil II l~ hoi Illlan diiu lU gi:io duc:
ri Ie c,,, Thu nh:lp quoc dan x SO ngub; lao dqng hi trlnh dq
tlll~lnd.1U III = ~ vAn hoa lang len , xloo%
gl:1d tll.h."
T~'ng ~6 I1guoi hw dQng a x phi .gia9 duc blnhl quan dliu
.i uinh lhj \Oan hO,t khac nhau nguai aI
cac trlnh dO van h6a
! •
khac nhau

T\)Ilg ",,"j \'l"ill = I. phi hinh qU~1Il dau nguoi cae ,'( so ngLIai theo Sl! nghi~p cua x 100%
Ikh lliy .\;\ Ill.•i i.:;'ipgi.io dl,l(' da tOI nghi~'p xii hqi cac rouc hQc luc

Cling lhlrc linh Ii I~ thu nh(tp giao duc:

Ti It: lim nh;;tp LUl1ng ,inh \'i.:n tot nghi~p Luong' sinh vien to[ nghi~p
gi;iu til.'': kl'lL).L n~tY kIl6a trLIac x 100%
=
Phi gl;i.o.dl;!c sinh \'icn 16t nghi~pkh61nfiy

C6ng lhlfe ph:'m tieh t:lIlg luc:ng 1110"nggiao dl.lccua cng Shuerci ngllai My:
".

1'.= :~~:"-.r
< ..'I)" "

, -.':
1',: Cling hi~'n ella gi:io duc doi vai ti I~ t:lng twang thu nh~p quac dan

.\ K", D(J t:mg tnfcmg diiu tu giao due trang thai gian nhat drnh
..'I Y: Ti I~ t:tng trlfong thu nhilp quae dan'trong thai gian nhat d!nh

r,,: Ti Ie thu nh:lp d:iu llf giao duc binh qli:in lrang thai gian nh:il dinh
I
I
Clmg lillie tfnh Ilfc:ng ,'on thea 6ng Shucrci nguai

E ,=
,
LOBi
,eI
My:
l
E ,: T O:Ul h(> IlflHlg ,on gi:io d\IC ton dqng trong thai 'kS' nhat dinh

Ci : Phf hoi dlfong hinh quan d:lu nguoi a cfip tat nghi~p nao d6
• Bi: 5<:;lao d(mgcli ,'i~c

n: Chi de tnrimg e:ip khoic nhau

C(mg lhlie tinh Ii Ie lllll nil:lp giao duc eita cng Beikeer:

373
 i
I
I "V'
'\ 1/-.
\"
/
C+~,,=L. i
, i.' (I + r)
Trang d6: i
,
C: Gici thanh giao d\IC tr\fc tiep n,im thu 10
, ,
X,,: Thu nh(ip b6 di khl dlrqc gi,io d\IC den n,im ther 10 ' ' oj.

Xi: Thu nh~p; cu<\nhfrn~ Iiguai dlrqcgi,io duc tlc'n n,irn ther Y'
Yi:Thu nh~p ella ngu9i gi,io duc Mn n,im Ihl! 10
n: T6ngs6 nam mil ngVai duqc gi,in duc 10 n'-\l11dal (ht<./c
, I
i: Nam quansal ~

C6ng llluc li~h Ihl\nh~r gi,io d\rc clla Silelunilin nglri/i \"ga:
I '
R _2(W -IV,,)
': C
.;-

Trall,~ d6: : .:>

.::.:

R ,: TY It; 11m nh~p gi,io d~c

,
W: Luang sinh vien lot nghicpkh6a nil)'
Wp: Luang sinh vien 101 nghicp kh6a Inr(IC
C: Gin thanh 'gino d\IC :

C6ng therc linh "phi - hi~1Iich" clla nhil kinh'lc Hy Jar Shakalu('puiun,i
' , ,

Trang rtf):

r: Liii suii'! ng[ln hang

0: Gin phI giao d\IC trong thai gian nilo do

Bt: Lai feh (ht, nh,ip kirlh Ie gi,io duc trong thi/i kS' n'lo (tc\
I: Thai giant nam)

D[(u ph~1bic'u (hi Ihai g(an dJ qua

,
C6ng Ihuc chic! kh[lu hi:cn (',\i lui feh kinll !C' gi<io duc
C6ng lhuc chic! kh[iu hi'9n (',Ii thu nh(lp ho,k d,iu lLrtien (rong qu;, kill!
V=
, E(I+r)'
"

Tmllg fft):

V, : Gia tri hi~n lai •

),
E, : Dau Itf hoac sOli~n Ih\rc Ie' chi ra Clla I n'lm (nrC1C
,
r: Lqi nhu~n ngiin himg ;
t: N,im d,iulliho~c dau lao cach n{!i,y ,iay

374
 Ci>ng lhuc chicl kh:iu hi~n 1,.liIhu nh,!p ho~c tien chi trong mQt "
so nam
I ,_,: •..'
qua khu:
" '.

v, = L" £l(l .•.r)'

,-,
v, Gi:i lr! hicnl,ii,
E, Dau lU ho~c so !i~n IhlIC Ie chi ra cua ('nam lr~oc
.~ r: Loi. nhu:lI1 .' "
.e. n",m han"e

l: N:lm dau w h'oac d,lu Vi10 cach ngay nay ,

.' ..,'. i
Olllg lhuc chicl kh:iu hi~n lai Ihu nh~p ho~c chi rIra nam' giao dl,lc wong lui,
. .' I j •

, "
I . r' . I,.
, ", 'i .• "'i,,< " "j

i: .1'. t'.. ,, ~ . ',I

i -,'
" ,
Olll" =:: lhuc Ion>!
••• 'IU,i!
I

v - L. £, , i
,
',-, (l+r)'
1\, ' :
t .', "'.
Trung <it): ' "I
V, Gi:i Ir! hi~n 1,.li i''. Ii:"
! .

El: Tuong lai ,au nfun lhu I Ihu nhap ho~c chi tn! dlI i[~~;," ,.,.~'.',' ' ", '

r: Lqi nhu:lI1 ng:m hang

I: N:llll d:iu lU hO:ICdau "'10 dch ngay nay

Cong (huc Ifnh h'lI11 luqr1g s,ln xu:il "on nhan 1\IC

HC= b..+ b,E+ b,H.+b. k (1)

liC=AE~, x E:, x K~ x R~m

'(tong di'J:
Cong lhllC( I):

I IC: S,in ph:im nin nh:ln Illc

E: Trinh dl? gi.il> due dt nlHin hicn co

K: Von ":ll ch:il: 13,,- B,: hc so phuong Irinh h6i qui

C,ing lhue (2)

E ,S<i n:Ul1gi,io duc chinh quy

E '\ Kinh nghi~m liml vi~c Ci.t nhilll

R: T"i nguycnlll nhicn

..\: f[,mg so

375
 c-.
C6ng th(rc (1) Qitu k;en yeu du lit quan h~ gil"ra Ilrelng hic'n ~ti dinh cl"C 1;:,1' loai
tru nhau.:
~
~
C6ng thue (2) di~u ki~n yeu du lit dc nhfln t6 gi;i cJinh c6 ;inh hlrc'1"l1g1;ln nhal:.
C6ng thue tinh tieu ehu;ln phi binh tlitrin\g CU'I tnrang h'oe.
... ,'" .
Day la cong thCre ella m(>t hge g;;l" ngtrai Lien Xo cD. 1lJco C(;ng thlre nilY chi ra
. clling ng;.leh dinh kinhphi dan vi ke' hO~leh thfra sO' de tinh !o;;n. Don ,,; k(; hnach thira
so c6 the duqexac djnh boi m~ng lu6'i tnrang h9c, s616'p, sO' ILrong hoc sinh r'f tnrirng.
C6ng thue tinh ehi tieu bJnh:qufln hang nam s(i !Lrong hoc sinh "it mang Ilr(,; tnr'\ng
hoc la:

K,= (k, x !TI,) + (k2x m2): 12

Ho~e K,= k, -t; (k 2- k,) JTl2 : 12

K,. S6nguai guy djnh bJtIh quim hitng n;\I11. .,

k, 56 nguai guy dinh eua mang !Lr6'itwang tieu hoc ke' hoach n"m
m,1lJang e6 hi~u'l,!,e'cuk m~lJ1g!Lr6'itnrang tfr nilITItnrac chll\'(:n ete'n
,
1
I
I
k 2 M~ng Jucri truang sau khi thu nht) hoac ml! r(Jng
11121lJang c6 hi~u I,!,e eua m~tng ILr6'itnra,ng mlli.

376
 CHUaNG xVII: eACH TINH HIEU
. ICH KINH TE mAo DUC
.

, . Bai 1:Cach tinh ti I~ don gUm hOa.lao d(lng

.~
Th~o Ii lu(tn cua />.f.;cv': gi,im lao d9ng phuc I\iP tue la gian hoalao d9ng, xac dinh
(i Ie gi:lI1hoa lao d9ng (h~ sp gian hoa), thea lugng quan h~ nhal d!nh; lam eho luqng lao
dang phllc tap (hitnh don gi,in. tinh ra xem sau khi gjan hoa lugng la? d9ng tang len do
nhill1 (0 gi,io d\lc lit b~tonhieu. tinh xcm dorg gop cila luqng lao d(lng lang len d6i voj 51!
(ang tnrilng cua kinht':'lJu6~ dan.

L BU<1ct[nlt thong tquqng

.. " ,.~:_,' ,. .
BlIllCIll!)t: Xac dinh thai k)' baa do vit sa ky tinh loan, vaih6ng ke gialri '56 nguCri
lao d9ng \'il (hli nhitpqu6c dim (J 2 nam nay.

Buac hai: Xac djnh mqi gioi va thuoc do sir d\lng Ii I~ gian hoa I~o d(lng, tfnh ra gia
tri C\l th.: cua ti Ie gi,ln hoa suc lao d9ng. coi trung gian va Ihuoc do cua gian hoa sue lao
uQng Iii chu ye'u: I .

(I) Coi luang nguili lao d9ng trung gian ,

i
(2) Coi so nam dugc giao duc eila nguCrilao "(lng Ihuocl do .
,
(3) Coi hqc phi ~ua nguoi lao d9ng dugc giao d\lc lieu chuan
(~) Coi Ii l~ lao d()ng s,in XU,ltcila nguCri lao d9ng eo trlnh d9: van hoa t(\Ora la
thuoc do

Buoc ba: Tinh can so.

(h6ng ke chi liet li~l vao bang Ii I~ dan gjan hoa blnh quan
baa cao himg nam \'il thili k)' diiu. Cang thue tfnh (Dan do la:'
1'i k don g i"n hc\a lao Ti I'; gi"n bOa sue lao
;1: 1'i I~ % ,6 nguo; lao d6ng i1 eae
d01lg binh qUi.in hiUlg dting' (hUGe do gian hoa x trlnh d6 van hoa liMe nhall tren ,6
n~im naa do ngua; lao d(>ng.
B'IlICb6n: Tinh IU\lI1gluang lao u(lng tang len do nhiin t6gi;io d\Jc. Cang thuc tfnh lit:
. .. . .

Tung so lall dl\ng , Ti I~ gi"n hoa lao d<?ngbinh quAn 1'60g,6 sue lao d<?ng(h,!e re
Blt'lc n,ll11:Tfnh IllUCdong g6p cua giao d\Jc d6i vai 51!tang truang ella kinh Ie.
hu,k thu nhitp quoc dim. ,
I
Lugng lao d9ng lang I

Gi,i tri waneo d6i: Ti I~dong gop ; X 100%

Tcing lu<;tnglao dOng

. C6ng (huc gia lr.i tuyC( doi: Muc lang tniang thu nh~p qu6e dan x Ti I~ thu nh~ll
'Iuac dim dU<:Jcbao do. .
eic buoc Ifnh lh'uo, 'do gian h6a khac nhau: ., ,

377
 Coi ti~n luong la m6i gi6'i: Nhit kinh Ie hge Sitclumilin ella Lien Xil c\' ,!J :ip dung
:aeh tinh nay tic nit s6'm, 6ng tinh mued6ng g6p ella giao due thi'i kl d:lu deh mang
:"ien X6 thang Igi d6i v6'i kinh te qu6e df\l1., i',' ",'
Blr6'e m9t: Coi tj~n luong I~ m6i gioi Xile dinh Ii J~ gi:in hO'1 lao di'ng. coi ILr!ing dp
t
n9 la nen. hlY thu nh[l!' m9! na,m ella Ilrong eflp 1116tM linn don ,'i lao l!i1ng gi:in hoa. ....
;"'ue fiy Lien X6 ap dllng ehe l!9 luang g6m 17 e:Yp. eu tf\llg mt,i cip Itmng b 1;"lIlg0.2
:!<iIl vi.. lao d6ng gian ho;1. nhu b,ing. J 7. L
:fij'
).}c
:uanc
t 2 3 4 '-5' ('-.-7----.S: '0---1 O'i-iT'II2';-'i- , j ~ TI~)'1'1(, Tl
jan vj I t,2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3 13.4 3,S 4.2 i U , 5.~ T;;--;-o;.-TX1
:ao
Milt'
i
f
;, i ;__ . :....J
Bangl7.!: Quan h~ dan "! lao d<)ng viI e:lp bile ILrong
C6ng thCre tinh:
x= ! + 0,2 x (n-l)
Trong d6 X la so don vi lao d9ng. n Iii cfip 11(le.
Sau d6 deli lirang binh 'quflll ella ngtroi efip I \'o'i trinh c1(, gi:ln due khi\c nhau Ihanh
dan vi lao dQng binh quf\l1.
BI.r6c hai. linh 11m nhiip ILrong hinh qU;1I1ci dili ella nglriri Ian l!,'.'ng c", limh l!i, v,in
1""1 c:ll' n'lo do.
Cung Ihue:
Thu nhf,p hrang blnh qu~n ,= TIll! nh,1p ca n:\111luang x dr.ll1 \'1 1;'\111 "il'c '\ .~.; n;"1Il1
h:)c I hinh qU;"lTl (c"\Jlg l;ic

Vi du:

Trinh d9 van hoa 0, khling dlrge dao tao ehinh quy

Don vi e6ng tile 2,37
S6 n[1111e6ng tac 37 nam
TllU "hap d nfun cap 1 ella nguai do 1-+0 rup
140x2.37x3=12266 nip
Buoe ba, linh nhiln t6 giao due d6ng g6p eho thu nhftp qu<'ic d:,n, l!h'" ,lieu tra va
d:inh giil Sitclumilin, Lien X6 eli khi d6 Ihu nhflp quiie d[1Il h:\ng 3 Ifin l11ile I'f"ng. tinh
Ihu nh[lJ1 luang hlnh quf\ll v6'i thu nhflp quiie dim Ihilng qua eiip hile Itr'l'rlg tinb r:l mire
lang IUt1ng,.,. Sau (16 eoi mue luung tang linn trung gian. ph;11\ :inh mt'rc l:'mi' thu nhf,p
quoe dflll. Vi du nguai lao dQng dlrge gii\O due qua 8 n:im tao ra thu nh::,p quill' dim 1:, •
~0770 X 2 = 61540 rup.
Ti Ie tl1ll nbftp l:'mg len khi (hrOe gi,in duc lrl'ng lhu nh:,p quiic dim 1:"

378
1
 I X13.': 615 .•0 x IOO~l '" 30'k

dei ehinh Ii, don~,gop eua nguoi lao d(lI1g vilO thu nh~p qu6e d~n sau 8 nam duqe
gi.lo dl:il:.

Dung luang li1m ,trung gian g,an hoa lao d(mg, n6 e6 uu vi~t, va hlln ehe rieng.
Trang di~u ki~n phar :thcn kinh te himg hoa va kinh te thi truong, 'luang eila nguoi lao
d(lIlg Ii, hinh Ihai keuiph eua nguoi lao d9Ilg,ve CO' ban e6 th~ n6i len d6ng gop it nhieu
ei,a nglCoi tao d(lIIg. d:1C bid trang dieu ki~n.phan ph6i lao d(>ng, nguoi lao d(mg d,!a v~o
n'-lllg xu,it d':: huang Wong. dung luang de lam Ihuae do gi,tn hoa lao'd(>ng, khi xem x~t
"ie di'::u ki~n kh,ic e6th':: .ip dung no, Nhung dung luang lam thuae do ti'le gi.tn hoa ~~
tinh lo,in. co haneh~' leln. nh:,n 10 anh huang den luang euanguoi lao:d(>ng nhieu mal, a
ngoi,i nh,in 10 gi.io dye con nhl~u nhan to' khae, luarfg eua nguoi lap d(>ng la do phan
phoi ei,a Ihu nhap '1uoe dan chi la m(>t ph an gia tri tllo ra eilanguoi hio d(>ng, kh6ng th~
phi,n anh lOi,n b6 gia Hi tao ra eua nguoi lao d(>ng; trang tjnh hinh l(rang thu nh~p eua
nguili lao d(lllg Ihe IlCI' va Iri lue bi d,io I(>n thi kh6ng th~ dung luang lam thuae do s,!
gii.tfl hOi-t. \ ,.,,1

II. each dung kinl~phi

..:;~
giao dl,lc lam thtrac do don giil~ hoa lao d(lng
-Oleu ,\hic. boi dm!mg lao d(>ng phu-e t,.IPeao, so vai lao d(>ng binh thuong ciin wang
d6i nhicu phi gi.io due. dong thai eung e6 the dung s,! kh';e:bi~t phf b~i duong lao d(>ng
don giinl vi, phi boi duling lao dong phu-e tap M xae dinh ti I~giat;l hoa lao d(>ng, tien hanh
"ieh [inh gi.in ho.i Lt~ dong. Trang quyen s,ieh "Killli Ie' Ii(!c Ciao dl,lC Quoe dUll" do 6ng
Kesiurnicln Li~n Xo ell chil bi~n llii eu Ihe' sir dlJng phuang phap nay nhlI sau:
• I ". .1 .
BlClie O1(l[: X,ic dlnh n:nn d:iu vii nam bao do. nam 1965 la nam GaU , nam 1970 lit
n:nn b,!o cao. Sall d~) th')ng k~ ra Ii Ie ph:in tram trang so nguoi lao d(>ng co viee lam vai
(rinh lkl v,in lw.i kh,ic nh"u. so lao dong vi, gia tri thu nhap quocdan xem bang 17.2.
---- --------~..
, I.U;11 1.1~jdl lll~
Naill 1965 N,lm 1970

I
L\'ng l\h~.ut: ' ..
- Chua [loll lU\'~n
8% 7%
- R~'ll 11IY~1l Jo (bn~ 37% 33%
- 'i h'lIlh ,hue 37% ,. , 38%
1 Cin h\.)('huy~n mdn:
I- fXI dU0C d~lo tao- tnll Ig c.:i"p 10% , 130(,
-_J?_~}~,!~.
dilo [;ltJ:CIll c;"P 8% I
9iJ~,
"
Blillg 17.2:' I'lulll trlim stic lao d(lng theo d(l tay IIghe la(" d(lllg
BUI'le h"i' Liy kirih phi giao due lilO1Ihuac do Ii I~ gian hoa lao d(>ng. Coi nglCoi lao
dong ch,e" dUlie ri-n luy~n li,01 CII sa. Xlie dinh la I; la nglIoi ren luy~n dO-dang 1,01;
nglciJi dunc ri-n luyen lhinlh thuc 1.3; NglIOi lao dong dlIqe'ren luycri trung ph6 thong
trung hoc dlUy~n nghi~p Iii I..'9: dlIqc ren luycn trang dai hoc !a2,07.
Bu,ie ba: Tinh Ii I~ dlin gi.in hoa binh qu:m:
li I~dUll ~l~iJl = Y (Ti k don gi,in ho.1 lao dQJlg ella x
hu:i hlnh qLJ~\1l Ti I~ cap giao dl;iC va hillh thue
phi gi;io due khile nhall giao d~c khac nhau)

379
 GiD loai g;aO duc
Ni1m I

] p'":n J959 0"01 1970

.--'--.
:
,
\1,iml')i5
Toim b6 nglCbi co viee
i . 100 ! 1m j ._Ir!(~;
Nouai duac g;,io duc da; hoc .
NUlla; chua duac giao duc <tai hoc
Gi,io duc lrung hoc diuven nghii:p
I D
1.2 U !
(" !
'-I~~I
~.~ I ~.
Ci,io due trullg hoc pho th(mg
CIlLfa chroe dilO lao hei trun!!
Tiel! hoc vii cilrac dao 1ao 8 n~{mhoc
hoc I
5.S
7.1
~5.:\:
1
105!
] :':~~=-~.=~~.-
."'1.1
~.'~1:~.:~1
. '---1
]1.3.

",J-1i
-,_.:. •. -=--.;
, -
56.3 i -__ --2:l:! ..._._.~~_!
B~lng 17.3: Ti I~ so ngub'j co trinh d(> v~i-nhoa kluic nhau theo so ngm',.i c<i vlre

Kit. qua tinh 10,ln: Ti I~ gian hoa sue lao dong hlnh <juilll C{,a n'lI11 1%:' Iii 1.2-1:
nftm 1970 lit 1.26..

BLloe b6n: Tinh dong gop ella gi,\o due d6i "Iii 1'lIlg Imimg ki nh tc' hO(le Ihu nh'lJl
quae dan:

k.]
J = x IOO(~
j.1

K: Ti Ie I,ingtn,.cmg lao d()Jlg phlk tap

K= 1,26/1,24"'1,02
J: Ti Ie tang twong quae dim:
J = 289,9 (t)- NDT 11:"101 t 970)
1 " 15
i t 97,5 ely NDT n"m 196,';)
I
Cong tht'Te thay the:
1,02-1
J = x 100% = 4~~.
U-I

KCl qU'l tinh toan noi len dong g6p eho str t[lIlg ITlfI'mg kinh tL- ci,a gi,io due liT n,"n
1965 den 1970 iiI 4%.

Dilllg phi giao due lam thuoe do dn ehu }' c;ie diem ,au:
nil; 11M;: Chi khi diim b,lo eh:il IIT(1I1ggi<\o due. ,,'j
n:1111gdo due cilng 1;11\.phi giao
d\le eilllg nhieu, dilllg phi gi,\o due IaI11Ihlrlie do ,u gi,in 1m,! Ihi 111
,'Ii c6 }' nghia.
Till; !wi: Tlnrang l11iln6i I;iy kinh phi giao due liull Ilmae do gi,in ho,i T;il khc') nc'li r6
VI phi gi,io due nhieu chITa ehflc hieu qua kinh 10' eao nc-', [rinh dr) qu,in I,' khi1ng eao.
tien lili v;H eh,il nh'I'; hre sc lang phi riil ~h<" n"i.

Till; ba: Twoe mat k~i kinh Ie [hi IrITong nlTOe la 1l1l'>'iph,il ITic'n. kinh k hilJlg hoa
•
khong phat ITi6n. nguon kinh phi kh6ng on dinh. lam Ihiri khilJlg nen dilJ1g Ihlfl'rc do nay
Ihi tol han.

,
 ------------------

III. Cach tinh giall hoa lao dQllg dung so nam giao d\lc lam tlmoc do
Cach nay dua vao nguyen I)' lao d(mg phuc t'!-Pcfln tieu ton thoi gian.
•
I. Clich gian hua lau d(lIlg dung so mim h9C !iUl1tl1l16c do '.Lay Trung Quoc
lilIn "j d u)
."
O'tt,ic milt: :'\ac di nh n,lm diiu va n[Ul1baa cau, thong ke thu nh~p quae dilJl cua
l(rug ngltiJi. Sll nguiJi I,,;) 119ng.Nam 1952 thu nh~p quoc~anlil 66,4 ty NDT (th~o gia cit
clla 197') d~ linh); so nguiJi lao dong Iii 20729 v,!-nngl10i (Lao dqng thea ngilnh c6ng
nghiep. Ilting nghi~p, kie'n true, v(lIl tai. thuang nghi~p) Theo bao cao ky nam 1978 thu
nh(tp 'lucie d,iniit 30lt5' NDT, solao d<;JngIii 39856 vl,Inngl1oi.,
BlrclChai: X,ic d!nh'li Ie gia;l hoa lao dqng. Lay sue lao dqhg trlnh dq 16p 41i1m tieu
chuitn co b,ln ia I, ti Ie gian hoa luo dqng cua cae trlnh dq van hoa khac Iii:
, • 6 ?
UII' 5.6 (lieu h9C) = P+4 J:_. = 1,375

OtrtlCb,,: Philn biet li I~ gian hoa lao dqng blnh quan cua nam dau va nam bao cao.
Cong thue I:t:
Ti I~ htJ•.i IoU> Ti I~ % cae lao d<ing e6
gi~'lll Ti I~ gian ho. lao d9ng iJ lrinh
= x rdnh van h6a kh<ie nhau
lh)ng binh qU~lI1 d.;>van ho,i kh<ic nhau
theo ~6ng 56 lao d<ing

,
- Ti l~ (,~nam 1951 Ti J~ ~inam j 978 Ti I~ gi,\n 11001. T,x T2x
r- ___ . '(1',1 ' ('1',) x :1
[]:'.'.nJ-'!!'.'!.L 9.1.6 55,5 I 0,94 0,56
'.-- --..,...---_.
N •.im h..r[1 5=0 4,64 1- 14,6 1,375 0;,06 0,20
N:lln kip 7.~ ,0.932 i ' ' 25,159 2 am 0,50
N,illl lup 10-12 0.737 I 4,041 2,75 am 0,11
N :1111 It11'1.1.16 0,116 I 0,7 3,625 0,00 0,03
Nal11lt.ip17.19 .. 0.0034 I 0,006 4,5 0,00 0,00
Ti I~gi;'1I1 hll;! lao
Jt)ng._b"tnh lju:1Il I D,04 L:1,40

Bang 17,.j: Ke'l 'lUll tfnh Ii Ie gian hoa lao d9ng binh quan

381
 ,
r 'J
! ~;
1 I'. i'.
J~
I Ti I~ gian ho~ lao d(mg binh quan nam 1952 Iii 1.0-1 nam 19~8.. Iii 1.-10.
B . b' C'l I I
Lloe 6n: ~l Llqng hlo d\>ng phCre l,.lp quy ra luang lao tl,?ng dHn gi,in co c(lIlg
thlre la: : i '. .. , , .;,
LV(,Jnglao d(~mgphuc ;t~p guy fa h.rqng (~~ng -"0 1'i I~' 'drry1 !~iiill ho;\ 1:10 (1(111~
lao d(Hlg don gic~n th~o tong lao ki9ng' = 11"10dc)ng xii ,x hinh quiln J!
xa hqi ' j" h()]
I
..•.
Xem b,tng 17.5,
l I :--::lIn 1952 . t \\'In-, 1-()7-~ --i
I.Ti I~ dan ginn h6a lao d(>ng b,nh' qui\n(c.i-) I .,_'()._O,.. ,: -,1~- !. _ ..-. __ .. -- __ .',.•.'.IJ~"
••.J,-_.~(_.~J'
2.T6ng lao d(>ng xii hqj(v~n nguai) I " " ,
3.Llrgng lao dqngtang len sa.u.kl1i quy fa Iheo Ii I" gi.;in II
h011blnh quan lao dOng( J)X(2)-(2))
i
.
i
S2').16)
.
1:i')Je.J:
I
:. i
T6ng 56 lao d(lng sau kr,i quy ra(v'\I1 ngtrai)(2)+ 1'3) I 2 J 55.16, I' "~~7n~
,', I ,- I
Ti I~ c., lao d(>l1glang Jen sau khi guy ra (3): (-I) IC.i) ~-,-~-'--:;K~
.'.~5
i I' I
I .__ . • • __ .1

Bang 17.5: Ket qua t1nh hrang lao d\>ng dan gian
Bucre nam: Tfnh d6ng g6p eua gJ.\O d\le dai \,(1i thll nh{lp qll,;e thin.
Tang lrtrOng fua lhll nh\lp quae thin. ehu y0'u tltra \'ao lao d'lIlg l,ing \'il sCrelao [kll1[:
san xU<lttang, Trang d6 l1<ingcao sue lao d\>ng Siln xu,'it Iii quan trt,'ng, Nh{lIl I,i n;'lIlg eao
sCre lao d(mg s,ln XUal e6 rat nhieu, dac bict Iii ,inh hut'tng r{11ltin clia trinh d" 1;, Ihu,il
nguoi lao d(ll1g va :dieu ki~n k, thll(ll lao d\>ng, Do deu co l116i quilll h~ (nrc tiCI' \,(1i gi<io
, .
d\le. N[lm 1952-1978 Ii Ie lftng truong thu nhap quac dim eua Trllng QuCie. XClll h,ing 17.0.
Bang 17.6: Ti tn,Jllg cae nhan to trong hing tnr&ng thu nl\,ip quae diln etia
Trung Quoe (n,1'1111952, 197R)' ,
~Itrc: t;ln~ II--I~:in-~,;g-l
~tli~j~-~-l..hi0~~1~

r ~:,~I~: drill
I =o--:-,--,--,--;c--:7==-o=-

qu6c (3 010-6-14) • i
I!_("-I'-'r,i~n"_'
,I,r",i
('e1I~;',Ic,:-'l~n~ J
_(,,~'~~)
; Il III ~ "ll( ('f
---::::='~-i;:;~
J

I. Bo' ph;;n s61uc IU'!Jlg lao d(lng (ang len c6 dugc I

f-:(",3-:,9,..,8)::.:-
6,:---:-~20::.:77-2-:-9,-
) ::.:32:;.:0'-.3::.:2"--___.--,--,---,---
Xc..' __ -c.__ __ _L. " ... _.. ...

2. B9 phi)1l c6 dugc nhd ll~lng cao jl;ing SUill siin .\lISt lao cll)ng: 175~ ..,2 i 7..L 10
(2366-612.68) . i

I
----.:----i,-------
i-:oT:-I'l-)n-g-d"'6:-: ~ :~I-').-5.-' j'----.--.~:i6
1.13<)ph;Jn en du(.,e nhi.r n[lIlg cao trlnh d(l ki thll~1t l~rc ]w:mg 1,10 !
(~.i~.6-25.0.i)
~.~J(mg • .__. 0_. ._
j 2.13<) ph(lll co dlTqc nha lrang bj ki Ihu(lt q~.'.:1:
I (1753.32-819.55) :

-----------~-----. __ .___l

382
 Th.:,) k~'t 'Iu,i nil ra. ngaeh tang thu nh~pquoc dan tll nam 1952-1978 em
3.U,'; (x 1,'))5 t~. NDTJ. Jua \"10 nilllg eao tdnh di? klthu~t lao di?ng. gia dinh trang do
e{, 3/5 tI" la,) dong nilng eao trinh di? van hoa dem I~i thea so nam. thl 1952-1978 gia~
due Trullg (Ju,ie d,ing g",p eh" sU tilllg tru6'ng kinh tela.20.8%(khoang49,4ty NDT).
'";' I' I . _'
l
Liiy Li~n :\0 eli l,u11di~n hinh. Li.:n X6 eli elipg dung cayh tinh hi~u feh kinh Ie d6,
•• eu lh~ nlw sau:

BlI,'Ie Illl.'I.. \ae dinh nirm dau va n[U11bao Clio, sau d6 thong ke so nguo-i lao d(lng,
tltu nltilp Ljulie dilll ella Illt)i ngul)i. Thea tili lieu "/.:illiJ Ie' !wc glcio (hlc qulie ddn" eua
Kessitani,uI Licn Xi) eli .\,ie tlinh nlLl11dilu Iii 1960, thu nluip quoc dan lit 1-'15ty nip, so
ngtlili !all c11,ng 1,170,) Iricu Ilglllli, .\,ie dinh n,im 1975 la nam bao do, tilu nhiLp 'jul;e
dilll Ii, ,,62, -It)' rllp, sli nguiJi lao dllllg Iii 91.5 tri~u nguai.

BtC,I,' hai, .\ae dinh II k gi,in It{,a suc lao di?ng, Lien X6 cli gia dinh neu trlnh di?lao
d<:lI1gphlce tap ti~u h"c 1t"':LCnguiJi lao dQng giao dl,lc chua 4u 7 nam iii h~ s6 "gldll htJu
{i,;u l'!1I1<il' (,i ."i", cui 1:, I: ti k gi,in hcia lao dQng cao so voi trlnh do lao d(lng d6 Iii:

L,'ip 7 1:1 I ,2
L"p X_l) iiI!..'
Gi,i,) due trung hu~ pha thollg lit J ,6

Trullg 11<.'cchuycn Ilghicp \'il dai h"c 1:11,9

fJai hIlL' 1,1 2.3

BUllc ba. ti k gi,in hoa lao dong blnh qu.in eua ky dau va ky baa C<lo. C6ng thuc
tfnh I",in 1:1: '
Ti I..; g.i:lll h\;,\ (j I~ :;i.•Jl h0.1 bo d0/lg Ii I~ phau tram
l~tI) d')l1g =:: ~ iJ (rillh II,) \;"1Jl hOot x ~lk l,tO dc)ng 6
b':nh qll~'\il kll~i.: nll.llI Irillh dc) gi:io d1.;1c

Ir2n I()ll~ :-0 lao d('ng

Kl:lljU'1 tinh loan: nilm 1960 ti Ie hlnh l]uill1 hill1g nam la 1.24; nam 1975 la 1,43.

BlC,'iL'h,in. l]UY 1tr,lIlg lao dong phlie [,.tp thanh luqng lao di?ng dan gian.

Cong Ihlre tinlt lit:

Trung IU\lllg Ia'l d<Hl~ Tllll!!•. 'II)
' IUlfl1"
'c Ti I~ gian hoa
Sl) lh>l1g ptllh: (,.Il'
1;\1) =:: l:ll} lh)ng xa h<)i x lao dQng
lJlIY th:tIlh !all d(lIlg binh llU:1Il
dl 'll ~i:t11

Kl:lljU,i tfnh to,in:

S() llglflii lao d~>l1g l~'lllgkn ~au 11~-lIn 1960 la 87,4 tri<;u ngl10i

So ll~lc,\i
••••
Iall Lllll1~t:lI1~
••.•••••
len ,au n:lI11 1975 l:t 130.3• Irieu
•
nuuai.
.:;;>

X7,-Ilric'u nglllii.- 70.5 tricllnglfai = 16.9Iri.:u nglftJi

383
 " ::
J;'''~
" I; .
So IUQ'ngngtroi lao dQ'ng tang thi!'e te lit: Nilm
Iii 38,8 trieu nglfoi. J 960 Iii I 6.~ lricu nglri'i: n,lm 1975

! . ,
Bu'6"enam, tfnh tmin dong gop eliil'gi,io due el6i \,(1ikinh tc'lju()e dfln.

DJutien tfn~ toan fa tll~Ilfqng lao dQng do nftng eao trlr;hcl(,','an h6a tren ([lng so
lao dQng, trang do: i
..•.
Nam1960: /6,9: 87,41100% '" 19.3%
N,im 1975: J8,8: 130,3 x 100% '" 30%
. 1'- ~

TIm e6ng hien eho thu' nhflp qil6e dim. lrong d6:
N;tmI960: j 45 ty rup:x 19,3% "'28 t)' nip
Nam 1975: f62,4 ty r~p x 30%", 108. 7 t~:rup
• I
108,7- 28= 80,7ty;rup
. I

80,7 ty rup nay Ia phlin tang len do trinh elQ \';10 h~)a 1'~lOglen trong ngach 1'lng
tfUong thunh~p quoe dan tlJ-nam 1960 elen nilm 19'75. Trnng el6li Ie t'ln£ phiin lhu nb(tp
quoe dan t[nh nhtr sau: !<ty 362.4 ty rup trlf eli J ~5 I); nip t!troe SO.7 I)"'n'tp Ilfe :';0.7: :2 I 7X
x 100% "'37,1%. . .
Xem C!!,tM bang 17.7:; 17.8.
Chi lieu ---_ .•._-
N<irn 1%0
! Ti J~ rh;.in IrtlJ1l
! ellil n;-Hl1 1975 \'a
StlC lao d6ng lrang liph V,!C san xuiil 1%0«;1
(tri~u ngltoi) .. : I i I
a. 56 Iltqng tuy~t d61 , ,
b. Lao d6ng d\ra vito giao d~c mitltwang thitnh 70.5 . 91.51 1.10
T6ng s6 . i 16.9 i 39.3 I 2.13
Ti I~ bie.n d(mg tren t6ng so i
, : I
, 87,4 i 130.8 ,
150
19.3' ., 30.U I
Quy "'n xuiil c6 djnh (ly nip. tinJ1thea ty gia)
.Quy eo djnh d6i 'v6'i klla nfmg tr4ng bi lao d(mg(tinh
'6(, -;-.
- i
-r-., nt-I-- .
/55
.'28
nip blnh quan l1loi c6ng nhan) ,
.1205 i 8105/
I
lIhu nh;~p quae cHin(r)i nIp, tinh [~eo [)':gia)
/.15.0
-..
~-_L ...
'trong dO,cong nhan thimll [h~(ccia gi,io d~lc 2.19.9
171 Ie phan tram i
Tin'; thea tS' nip. . !
~rong tl I~lao dqng :s<ll1 xllat(1i~h Vile s,tn ;ql.rq so
thu nhftp qu6e dim do. nguiti thea hghc t~o la 19..1 : .10.J 156
27.9
~--- I 205f> ....
: _- ..
J(i,~.f>
3S9.2
-----_ _~~,?_01 In') '}
-'- ...- _.'.'. J
Bang 17.7: Chi tieu co ban ciia tling tru&ng thu nhilp qttlJC diln clia Lien Xi, di IiI
' nam 1960 Mn 1975

384
 ,------- T6c dO tan
I Chi tku Tram lri~u TOng 56
I ni
I N ••.
l..:ach l~in~
•.
tJ.\."J thu .I
lfUlHll! •• IU;J1l ,.
I Ilh;,p ,!ulie J,,"
(662~--l-l5uJ '
; Trung Jll 1 2174 100 , 250,0 6,3
... ':,
I SO b~) dl)(\t!. duJ. \"~10 do I'
-
lan~1 ~ 1511-7(J50Ix2056 , 432 19,9 129,8 1,75
I ~ilS
lao
bu dt)ng dl.r,l Y:UJ [,llIg
dt.lilg "'~.ln .\U,.ll (~17,~ ty nip- ;
ti I~' :
17~2 80,1 193,3 4,5
1 ~3.2 l~'rtip) ~
TruIH!' d0: I

J)ua n:Hl~ C•.tO

~'~10 trinh d() lh:l/lb 1
th~L" \':1 gl.io :Il,lC c6ng Ilh~n \ i2n '
I I IOx6- 2 7'J I 807 37,1 389,2 9,4
: [)l,ra \':11) 1\;t11g. ,.:;.t~l[rinh tll) lLlng '.
: hi I,H) dl)l1:.! ( 17~2- X07i
i • ~
I
935 43,0 252,9 6,4
I
I
L. . _

I.l,ing 17.1': :\gaeh cae nhilll t6 tang thu nh*p quae dantu- naill 1%0.1%7

2. Phuung ph,ip dung tlll10e du gian hoa b,\ng t5ng s6 giCi hge

I'lwong ph,ip £lilY do h"c gi,i kinh te Trung Quoe dLla ra. each nghi chi! yc'u eua
llng iii lhta \'ilo so gia hl,lCil hay nhi.:u th':Q guy ,dinh eua rig1lOh giao dl!c Eim thLloe do;
lit till linh Il,1iieh 1',10 ra khong giong nhau do Irlnh d9 lao d9ng phue t(lP khae nhau, trlnh
d6 \';111hlla kh,ic nhau.

eie bLllk \'il cae dieu kicn eu the nhLl sau-:'

Tlu; Jlluji: Liy lic !llt)i lot nghicp Ih.:o ehe d9 h9C nhLl sau: .

Tieu h"c 5 nCun. nClm lot nghi~p II !Ueli; ...•

. \
,,' .'

Trung hc;>cCli sCi3 £lam. nam tot nghi~p 1;4 tUeli;

Trullg hqe pho Ihollg 3 n;U11.n;lm tot nghicp 17 !U5i;

Dai hqe .+ hok 5 n;U11.n;U11tot nghi~p 21 tUeli;

rill; 1",/: Lly III lulii cong lac d doi eua nguoi lao d9ng, giii dinh Nhi\ nLloe quy
dinh IUlli l:un "icc liC'n h':llu6i 55, i

nil; hu . .so gio hue ella nglloi lao tl(Jng lrang de giai dOl,1llhde lieu hge Iii .+500
giil, c:ip 2 iii 2700 gill. c;ip 3 I:I 2600 gio, d,!i hge 1114000 gi~. i .
rill; 1/(: Thcu cac s(i licu lrcn. so gia hl)c e,i doi eua nguoi lao d9ng theo giai doan
lic'p Ilh'lll giao duc. tlill:1 Ilcgng ebng \'i~c.

S,l glllllglti)i !au tlllllg lrillh til) lieu hoc:

.+50() x155. 11)= J 9S00(J (,6 gia)

385
 So gia nguai !lao d9ng ~rlnh d9 trung hoe co sa:
(2700 +'!500)X(5l-14)
, , = 295200 (so gia)
So gia nguai lao ct9ng trlnh do trung hge pho thong:
,

(2600+2700+4500)x (55-17)=372400 (Srl gj,l)

: ~
So gia nguai:lao d9ng "rlnh d9 dai hoe:
(baa gom titu hoe, tru~g hoe co ~a,pho thong trung hoc)
1 (4000+2700+2600+4000)x(55_21)= 469200 (so gio)
I ,
: Tlllf niim: GiJ dinh lay trlnh du 1"111bOa tieu hoc Jilmticu chu,in m I,,;n. iii
198000: 198000= 1: nhlr the till de trinh' do v:in hoa eao h~n eo sli chu\cn l!<'iinlm sau:
' l
. I" " .
StIe lao d6ng giai doan :trung hge co S(1: 295200: I Yi\()(J()" 1.4'1
S ' , 'd I h '
tIe lao dong glal oan .trung oe phu thong: 372400: IYi\(JOO" 1,i\S
StIe lao d9ng giai do,!n 'ctai hge: 469200: 19S(lOO "2,,\7
,
Can so gian hoa lhue te lil: lieu hoe I: trung h~e CC1 s"l 1.49:trullg hl'e ph,') Ih('llg
]',88; clai hge 2,37.

Ole eon so gi<1nhoa nay, tra thanh luang gi,i tri lao dung phlre i:lP ,'llrlllh dl" '-;111h6a
kh,ic nhau. Gia dinh co the yeu cau dong g6p \'ilo kinh Ie qu6e d,m ei,a tr'mh ,!<"lieu hoc
hoe lrang so gia hge, va tiep do tfnh duge dong gop \'ilo kinh Ic' cil<1de trinh (!<,)kh,;e.

Uil diem euapl1lrong pluip gi,in hoa nil) bieu hicn s6 g'iil hoc thea quy ehnh e6 on
dinh. de dang tfnhto;in. Nhuge diem la: Till; nl"ir. kh(mg tfnh (!C'n eim ,,\ mi, ehlr \'il bic'l
ft chii'; Thr; hai, s6gia hoe giai do;\I1 dai hoe. trung hoe, tieu hoc chi c,m htmg "e luullg.
ma khong xct Mn ehSt luang gia hge.

L:iy tong so gia hge vit so n:im hoc litm thtr<:i'cdo gi,in hoil, til If Ill'IIl hal' kh,ich
quan thue Ie ma noi la co tf\lh khoa hoc. Rai vI. trlnh du ki Ihu,\! ','i, n,mg life sail \U,;t
eua nguai lao dQng lit co mol quan he Mn thai gian (hroe giao duc' nhieu hay fl. hem nlIa
dimg co the lien Iqi va on dihh. Nhung khi SiI clung eu Ihe thi ph,ii chtl \: rill; IIh,ii. C!(ii
vai nguai lao dong. so n;lm giao due chi iiI mot hinh,lh,ii licm n,mg. nh,it dinh C'"1 ,ltI;1
vao Iinh vuc san xuSt vat eh,it mai co the ehll)'c'n Ihimh hlnh th,ii lillie il': filii !I,ll, nguiTi
dlr,~C giao due Irong so n:im 'giao due dn ph,ii I,i)' eh,it luong gi;i" dlle ",m IIL'IIchll"n.
phil ho'p vai yeu du quy each va ch,il luong gi,io dlle, nc'tl chi dua ""0
"'In h"ng Ihi
kh6ng danh gi<i het duge trlr)h d9 v;1n hoa thue te. khi climg 111lI(ledo ni" c<',the' tr,\nh
,hroe vice dlra vao ehilnghla ""In btll1g vi\ hQc lue.

IV. Phlf<mg ph;\p gi;in haa lao d6ng I);\ng each I[iy ti Ie san xu[it lao d()ng
lam lieu chuan
I

U 11I,)nd6 dtfa vao 5 yell 16 ,1nh hlrimg chi, )'(11 ei,a Ii Ii: 1,,0 d('ng "'" \11:'1. ,1<',""
Trinh cia thanh lhlle binh qll :,n lao dong eila e(l1lg nh"n. Irinh d(, qll,in 1\' ,i,
~C:t Iwp \'1

386
 , I.

h,ii, lrinh di>khoa hoc ki thuilt va nilng l\lc v~n d\lng trong san xuat.: trlnh d(l philt huy ru
lieu \;,t chilt. di~u ki~n lU nhien va boi canh chinh trio Co ih~thay rapg (rong do co nhieu
I .' yeu tILco m(ii lien h~ twc tic'p d.!n Irtnh d(l vim h6a. tif dO dung Ii I~ tuong quan giiia Iqi
" i
• 1<:hella 'Ire lao dong trlnh d9 \'illl hoa'khac nhau lam thup-c do giaq d\lp, de qllan satlqi
. ieh kinh k' gi;io due lit co the. II :' 1';\' "" '
.-
"
• I
CiL' hllGe c\llh:.:' cua phlcong phap nay nhu sau: .'
13ll,iem<;>t..de dinh nilm b;io do va nilm ban ,lilu. thong ke C\I Ihe so lao 09ng 1':1
Lhunh:lp Ljuoe diln cua moi nguoi,

13ll,ichai. :detlinh ti I~ gi;ln h6a suc lao d(lng. Xac d,nh Ii I'; gi,in h6a suc lao d9ng
s;in ,\U,'l ,I cae lrinh dc) \'im h6a khac nhau, thea dieu Ira 'ngau nhien Ihong thuang. khi
a
ph:lIl'l1<:h lie lieu rut I}Idlll1e cac so li~u Ii I~ lao d9ng san XUal dc trinh d9 van h6a
kh;ie nil<lll.rllt ngiiu nili0n eunsobinh quilll cac ban ng1mh khac nhau, xac d,nh ti I~ gian
h,',a !au lklilg. II,'c gil, nguol Trung Quoc tien hanh nghipn cuu so; b9. chu yeu c6 hai
c;ieh tinh: ; ,'

I. Ti Ie ghin hoa suc lau d(mg san xuat

k ..., .
U'y ngllili t(it Ilghi~p trung hqc w sa !:Im lieu chuap, ti I~ lao d9ng san XUalcua
ngulli Iall d,?ng <1c<ic(rinh dl? \':In h6a khac nhau nhu sau: ' '

1'i l~ lao c6110 s,i.n xufil 58%

Ti Ie lao' dOna san xual 65%
Ti Ie lao dOn san XU"! 88%
Ti Ie lao dOn san xua't 100%
Ti Ie lao dOn san xuil! 124%
Ti ,I~ lao dOn sJiri X"at 139%
Ti Ie lao dOn san xua'[ 181%

2. Ti Ie ghin hoa hieu qua giiJ lam

,
a
Thetl di~u tra ella hlln ngilllh CO' khi Trung Quae, nguai lao dong co ]() tu6i nghe
<> '. •

ell lrinh lk, \"111 hoa kh,iC nhau. coi lieu h9C lap 1- lap 2 lam chuan.la 1, ti I~ gian hoa 56
gill 1'1111 ella "ie [r1nil dl' V'1ll hoa kh,icnhu sau: '"
'.
ib lam 0,95
iblitm I
ib litm 1,03
ib lani 1,06
ia lam 1,09, '
ib Iilm 1,09
ib lilln 1.1
13lC,',l'
ba. tinh ph:lIl bi; "ic lau d<)ng cua dc lr1nhd9 v[m h6a ~l1ac nhau, C\l lhe' tinh
tll,ill ra h'lll l',ill k~' v" d:iu 11"111. v1trinh d9 vim h6a duqc n[mg caD thtluqng lao dong tbu
I..ftrlJc l;"lJlg k'il.

387
 I", !
Btrac bon, tfnh chi so phu hW ngtrai lao d(mg co Irlnh d9 d;l h'oakh,k nhau <''1 n~m
dau, dtra ra tic dau! ky va den ky bao cao, VIti Ie ph,ln Iram ella lab d~ng !<ingI<'ndOlr1nh
dq Winhoa tang len chiem t6ng Itrqng lao dqng, '

Btrac nam, tfnh theo hi~u feh kinh te hang nam clla giaod~c. ,)3ao g6m tfnh hrqng
lao dqng tang len 'do trlnh dq van hoa Iflng himg nam: linh Itrong'lhu' nh;:lpq\loc d,'ul I'ing
hang nam; tfnh do;ng g6p hang nam clla gi,lo d\lc d6i vai Ii Ie !<ingIlll'l nh,ip quoc dim. ~.
. . i . I' .

Dung til~ laodqngsarj xuatclla ngtrai lao d9ng lil1TIIhuo'c 00. n6 cung c6 lru o'iem
va nhtrqc di6m. TJu di6m la' tfrih Ir\TCticp den hi~u feh kinh Ie' gi,io due.. vii cling lUang
doi sat lhljc te; nhuqc di6m :Ia cac phuong di~n ,tnh hlrong dc'n 1'10 dong s,ln xu,:,!. \'f du
tU6i ngh~, IU6i clla ngu-ai lao d9ng, chill IU(lng clla III lj~u va Irailg hi k'i [hUilt trong qua
trlnh san xU<lt.ra(kho c6 thei ph,in giao d\lc ra d(>c lilp tfnh t()<ln!rill k!]6 linh, Khi dllllg
,'phtrang pliap nay ~anchu y Mitl nay., . ,,' . ' ,

Ngoai ra, con lay gia tr! s,tn xuiit lei'nnha lao ra lrong qu;I Irl~lh s,in xUi,1viiI chi'l
clla nguai lao d(>ng a,cac trinh d(>van h6a khac nhau lilm Ii I~ gi,ln'h6a lao U(Hlg.Ca,h
gian h6a nay c6 [h,~phan anh chan [hl!c moi quan h~ sollT<J'nggi'ilrj kinh 1(:va g'i,io d'L.
nhtrng gia tr! ma hglTai Jao d(>ng lao ra cuoi ClIng tlCUIon riil nhicu' slrc lao d<:Hlg\'il riil
kh6 Ifnh tmln. chi c6 lh6 ph'an ,Inh Ihong qua gi,i Ir! s,in philm. nhulhc c6 linh gi,ln [icp
khi Ifnh toan.'

1 •

388
 : ..

Bai 2: Phuong phap phan tich nhan t~ va ph40ng phap

phan tlch so du

.-
',(

1. Phuong phap phan tich so du

:rh"o each ph,m lich cua ong Shurerei nguoi My hay con gqi Iii phuong phap phan
lkh ILfongl'lng tl:iu IiI. Trong d6 eong thue va cae bWJe sau:
Buoc mOL,tfnhiioCtncan s61ang Irlfong kinh te eua thoi ky dau vit baa eao.
Khi d6, ong .de dinh nam l'i29 a My lit nam dau, nam 1957 la nam baa cao, Ih6ng
k'::ra k.:l qU'llang Iruang lhai k)' nay nhu 0 bang sau:
....,
i I (Thai k)' dau) (Thoi ky bao cao) I
Phan tang (ll nam
I ..... _.. ___ . _...__.._~. ' I Nam 1919
-,- Nam 11957 I 1929- .1957. -,-
, 3C2; , 152 .'
[ ( II Thu nh:'!) quo" d:",.
r---.----
I ~21T011g lhllllh,.p
I, 150
orieu dO \a)
112.5
«(rieu dOli,)
226,5
!

'.
(!rieu dO 1a1
114
1,,,)dong I '. (!ri~lI dO la)
orieu do la) (lri~u 00' la)
111\75'.( L_._ . i
I
;

~9,2 68 188
(3) Tong os':; ngulJi lao d.l)ng . i
n ~,'I'tl~-~l~~i)
jlll:!.}lL.
hinh qU •.tIl n..lm
..
1929 ;
!
(trieu nguoi)
2287
(dO la)
(lrieu nouoi1 (trieu nguoi)

1151 T.ing Ihll nh"p lao diHlg binh I .

155,5
«(ri~u dO 1.)
t~llI:ln nal1l IY29 [(~I\(3IJ ,
j 71
I
161 Kh.k bid lao dl\ng binh quan
nal1lll.)~l)\ilI957 r{2H511 1
I I
535
, ~,
.-
(tri~u 00 \a)
.. ' .
.

( 7, I'llng lk:h lliy c.Liu tu.gi •.io Jl;lc i 180 :

I (lrieu do la) (trieu 'dO la) ';.'

Bang 17.9: Bllng thong ke so du tiing truong kinh d ella My naIii 1929"1957' .
BltCichai, dllulhco phuong phap lfnlt toanhflm so sail xuii! ulp'trung truyen'th6ng,
lill1 ra so du lang twang' kinh te qu6cdan. C6ng thue ham ~6 tang tmong eua
Kchudallgdasi Et:

Trong .:ong thue

1': luong s,in xu,it :"

L: IW.lIlg lao dl)ng d~ill \'~tO

C: I[[(.lngvon d'lll IU ,'flO

A ,il a Ii, h:lllg sCi,'\>0, I>a>O.
C)ng dLfa vito ca.: sCi lieu l'lllg Iwong kinh Ie th6ng ke trang bang, phan tfch thu
nh:,p 'luCi.:d'lll cila nLfcJ'::-'15' n'Hn 1929 Ii, 150 ty d61a, tang den nam 19571a 302 ty do
Ia(th"ll t[nh 1O,ingia c,i kh6ng thay doi nam 1956), theo 11nh hlnh phan phoi thu nh~p
'luli" ,bn lh(ji k5' ni,y vii each ph:1lllfeh ham so lap trung san xuat (75% 111luong, 25% lit

389
 I
'I . ..
von vat chat), tfnh toan natj11929 trang thu nh,lp qu6c d;m ph;in cling hien 1"0 Lklllg s,in
xU[lt Iii: 150ty dola 75%", il2,5 Iy dola. n;lm 1957 Iii 302.\75r;", 226.5 1\' d,) I,,: IllOg so
lao d(mg til nam '1929 Iii 49,2 tri~u nglrai tang len n,lm 1957 Ii, 68 Irieu ngliill: IfHi nh;,p
quae clan blnh qu[m tao ra nam 1929 Iii 1555 do la. mil IhLle k ngtriri 1"0 c!')ng ('(ing hic'n
n"\1111957 Iii 226,5 ty dola! thila 71 ty do la. D6 ehlnh Iii Ihira ,Ii I;mg Irtri1Jlg klllh Ie hay
nh:1I1tif thira so. I I

, ~;r~~ h,~: ciing Phu~nl, pha~. do ~ugng p~,in ~hlfe_I( .. I~r~ ria. Ilfung d;iu Ilf gr,;o due
Lua Iho\ ky nay, ~ong Ihue finh von grao clue treh luy .\a hor nhlf sau:
ng
T,i !feh lOy von ' (bhl giao d\le binh quan x S6 ngu"l 161ng~ier \,'q
gi,io due trang xa != L:
I~t nghiep gi,io due e'le de m're hoe kh,ic nh"u
hOI i
,
erp, IrOngxii'h(,;
"
,
I , ,

I Nam In'! , 1957

JI \.[U11 ,
Ph;u 1 I;lllf: n'-un
(I )Thu nhap quae dan I,
l' )~()- I (JS 7
I, 150 i, .102 I
(frieu do I,,) I."~
(Trieu d(,li.l) , i
(2)T6ng so lao d\lng'
-'I- ITr it'll (~c'\ la)
!
(.1)Phi rich JOygiao d\le ella lao ~(Jng
.. "
~9.:
(Trieu n!2lfiri J , (Tri(.'u' ncu(rj
, l
GS I

I
IS
ITf ~~.'--!"1,,s.!0j)
J. J.
I 180' I 5.::::'
! .1,S).
I (Trid] d(l 1;\) (Tri~rJ de:, l<!j
(~)Phi giao d~e lao !dong binh qWi.n nrU11 I ITr ie.:.u d(l b)
r(J):(2}j I, 19:91 3659
(di,I,,) I
I
(S) Theo phi lleh 10." giao ducj binh
qU;"1n
I , .

dong nam 1929 [(4){(2)j ! lao .=J()

(6) Str kh,ic hiel rich lOygiiio dl'c billh qnitll 1"0
dc;ng Ilam 1957 l'ilI929[(3H5)J I
I I
I
,
I
~-
(ofriL'tI (!c"lla,1
--_ •• -....:_ .. --'----.

:::.'.()
i
,,
(lr
___ .__ ..1-.._ ._ .••.•__

(Trie.:'u ch\ 1~1 (T,

Bang 17.10:, Bang tin~ luqng von dau ftr'gi;io due nlIae \15'n:lm 1929.]957
Nhln vao bang ta e6 th~ thay lugng d[iu Iii gi,io duc t6n don,!! niUll 19~9 iii I ~() I~' \10
la. Ilrang d,iu Ilf giao d\lc t6~ dQng blnh qufln d[iu nguai Iii 3659 d,) la, Dimg r/ n'ng phiip
1If
do luang, dung Ilf<;l'nglieu eh'ufin dfiu tlr nitm 1929 dc' [)nh Ilf,l'r1gcl:iu tlf liin dong n:tJ1l IY.~7
Iii 249 Iy do la. NJurng Slf Ih1lrc !lrgng Ion dQng d6 Ii, 535 i~"doh, Dilng luong ,bu tli Ion
dong Ihuc Ie nam 1957 trifdi luqng el[iu tlr khong Ihue teOlil~49 I~: di) la. [[('re-I)nh Iii
khoiing 286 Iy doJa. 06 eh)nh lit ItrC:1ng,Uu It\ gi,;o cluc Ion d~,)tlgIhlre str eu" nu<rc ~ 1\.
I ,
Bu6e bon, thong qua t(nh Igi fch gi,io elllC. I[nh' ra ,hing gl"r clla gi,io due \(ji 1;1J1,!!
Imang kinh te quoe cI,in, I
I
Cong thue Ilnh ti Ie thtl nh[lp gi,io clue:
, I
Ti Ie thu
= (L~ong sinh I I'ten lot Luqng •.•inh \'iL'Tl ((it
nh,)p gi,io nghi~p khoa nily br(fn~d;iu
clue nghi~p khda rwoe) , tu ~inh \'il'n-
161nf:hj~.p
kh(l;\ '~;lY

Ti.lq rhu nhap gi,lo = OU'lngiOInghiep

due sa cilp . Luang mu ChUl D:ill Ilr gi;in dl.!C ::::.,sr(
tl~U hot
! ie.:'"uhoc

390
 LlIang 101 nghl~p dau {II giao =10%
T, Ie ,hll 11l1l,mg tOl nghi~p -
dlIC, trung
~.. lrulI::; h.,..: lrung hq.:- lieu h9C)
h9C
•
t,:-
.- ,Ti l~'lila nh',I!, d~.li ;;; du~.ICl~ llll nghi~p - Lll(YJ1g101 nghi~p'
Irung h9C)
dau
d~ih9C
'af gi,l.O d9C =11 ~'(,

Ih.lL: lr~1lill,)"-

NU(lC ~ 15' 1I:,m 1l)~';I-1957 Ii I~ thu nh~p giuo dl!c d.C cap pharr bi~t: gl'lo d~le sa cap
))( t'. gi~lu dl;lc lrung ht.)c 1(J(;. gi.l.o d~lC:d~.lihQc 11 ~10,

Ti k Ihu nh:'pgi,i'o dut binh qU:ln thco nhu cau xu hQi: khi tinh toan .thu llh~p giuo
duc b'lllh qU:lIl, kho;;g pliai chi tinhthem vao moi cap gi'IO d\!c Ii l~ thu nh~p, kh6ng
dilllg cach lfnh binh qU:ln so hoc, mi, coi Ii lC d(lu tu giao d~lC rae cal' III mQt quyen so,
ph:lIl bid ,,',i
lhu nh:,p ClIC'moi ngl((ll, nlur Ihe e6 Ihe: tfnh dllCje c16ng g6p ella Ii Ie thu
Ilh;:l(l gi;l~l Lit,h.:trlHlg L;i2 L~~tPgiau dl;lL Cllllj cung cqng l'.1i co ~h,6tfnh ra kCL qua.
T, k ,buIll glli" dlkb'''lh quem n:un 1929- 19570 nuae My liI17,3%. Xem bang 17.11.
l:X~'::'i1~i,i"ciU"-;--'j ;-ll;:- ;:hT':;;;-[;:;;;g ,b;;-llI Ti l~ thu nh~p' TOilgd6ng g6p cGalhiJ nh(lp
,, , :~i,io uUqtO'lll tx), . glao dlIc
r~:-- 2Sc; 35%1 28%x35%=9,8%
! l'i~lI
hI.'''':
r~. - . ~5c; 10% 45%xlO%=4,5%
i
'jung hl~~ ..
27c, II % ' 27%xll %=2,97%
j l)~1h,l(
. 17,27'!'o (gAn bfing 17,3C,~)'
rcji~~r!
~'lIlhqu:in
-.
Bang 17.11: B:ing linh
". Ii 1~lhu
. nlu)p giao d~e binh qulin
, . aMy [jam
l 19:49-1957
;," ,
Ti k lhu nh(lp binh qU:ln glao c1l!e e6 th~tfnh ra d6ng'g6p cua ding truong kinh te
qUc1c diln. Dong g6p cua gi:lo dl!e doi vai Sll tang trllong kinh te nlltc tyly nam 1929-
1';157, gi:, Iri lhu nhlip thu:in I:t: .'

286 I)' d61a x 17,N '",-19,5% ty d61a

eiia t.-i hinh thai Ii,: gi,i Iri thu nh(lp kinh Ie quoe diin eua giao d,t,le nam 1957 lang
\l' ,,"I 1929 Ii, -19,:1 di, I,,:
n02-150) I)' d61,,100% '" 33%
D\i (;, d" Ihu nhi,p quiie dim do gi,io due t'.IOra l,ing so vai I6ng Ihu nh~p quoe dan
(;, 3.\'.; . ell'll l[nh llllinn"y d~ ei,p tk"n each do phill1 sIr thflt eua ham so siin xu:;!. 6 dilY
gi,',1 lhieu SCi qua 2 each: '
fjilln s,i "in .\u:it"Kcbudaokdasi Slim nhat do hai nha kinh te Chicago P.H.Dougids
vi, nh" t(l,in 1\l.1CC. \V.Cobb niun 20 ella the k)' 20 dlla rll.. Hai 6ng nghien CUll nhill1 to
:'Ulh lnrimg sU ph:it trl~n "in .\U:il clJ:l lao dQng va von trang thai ky tllo ra san xu:;t viI
dlc'.'l himl sii sCm.\U:ll. goi tCltIii h'lm so "in xuat Kebuc1aokelasi:

l
391
 '.I, .

Trang do:
Ii
)1 .
Y: san XUal, "j)

K: luang v6h dau tu ; , .1 ,

'.. I . I;

~: :~:n:a:at~;r~:: ~~h::::::~ai
n
lao d9 g) ..•.
p: tfnh dan Jili cua lad dong 's,ln xuiit :;
A: hling 56 Jlr)nh dq kt t~U(ll qu,ln Iy) i'
:a ~: j! .. .
Cong thuc '1 y bieu thi quan h.; tuang h6 gifra iLrQ'ngdiiu I~r\'on \'il IUQ'ng s,in xuat
ra lrong mqt die~ ki~n ki thu~l s,in xu,n nhii! djnh. sau dli 0 phJang TilY cli m~)t,s6 nha
kinh te hQ'c dii thay d6i cong thuc tn~n m9t each hQ'P I~. di tfnh I<?an 1,Ie'.dung 16'q vii nh6
clla giao d\lc khi IUQ'ngsan ~Uiil ra lang, Cong lhuc sau khi dicu chinh nhu 5,1\':
: , Y=AIt"LnT
I

T: bien iLrQ'ngtien
.'
bq ki; thu~l baa gilm ca giao 'd 1,1 c

Nhu the, khlma IUQ'ngid,iu lU lao d9ng va ItrQ'ng van d,iullrbi,c'n d(lIlg Ihl1)6 khong
thi noir6h01m loan nguyen 'rthanbic'n dl)ng 5,ln xuiit. C6 th{ 11rtJlhiiy ngU~;L'n nMn
lrang nhan 10 giao d\IC va khoa hQ'c tien bl), Trang tfnh hicu fch~inh tc' gi<iC1dIlL', co lht
Slr d\lng cong thlre nay, Co m(ll hQ'Cgin khi phrm tfch l<ic dung c~ta'gi,io due d6i \'(Ii lilng
tnrang kinh tc, trang cong Ihuc lren . dii tnrc tiep lltra vila nhiml6diiulUgi,io duc,
Cong thue lit:
, ,

. ; Y=AKaLnE'
I ,

Trang do:
I , !;
E: thtfa s6 giao d\lc
L .
F
1': [inh dan hili s,\n ~uiit clla gi,io d\IC I;!!
Mql hQ'c gia Lien Xo:cli cling dtra ra de nh,ln la nimg q'ao Irlnh d~ Ihi':;1 kc' "a
nghien cuu khoa hoc. trlnh do lhanh thuc trang lao tl6ng \'il gliih due. n~oiii lien <lriu tlr
,,;; lao d9ng driu ttl 'baa gOIl1;I~ong ham ~6 s,\n ~Uiil. j\ih; thC' ~oi::c<i~ nh'l~l 16 <I'IU""10 co
phf lim'l Ihict kc. nghicn clru khoa hoc, phf nrmg cao Irlnh' ~!<iihill1h IhuL' "" gi,io due.
Cong [huc do Iii:

Trang do:

Q: kinh phi nang ca~, Irlnh d9 v,ln hoa Ihimh lhuc

R: kinh phi lam Ihie't kc \'il nghien dru khoa hoe •
,
cr: linh d~n hoi san ~U[il clla thie't xc' \'a nghicn elm kho;1 hot:

I'

.,
 Cieh do ph,m"ulh(11 Ii, e,ieh mel nha kinh te: h<;Jcphuong T[IY do lac di,lI1g cua cae
nl1;l1\ l,i t:ln~- IfU,lIl~ klnh
. tt -
Tfung J,; e,ieh nghi elf ban Ii, Jlra 1"10 nguyen Iy gi,l d!nh ph{m s\llh,)t, tlf d6 lilm
\U,iL pheil di~11l lk l,nlt e:'e Illai bie'n Itoa eo Ih':: phcit sinh trang v~n hanh kinh teo C{lch
n'IY ,ir dung lfllng ",m c:ltuy.:n duo'Jlg sit trang tang twong kinh te, Ham y cua phan s\l
.- llt,'L lit: lltLcnh,it. 11l,:JlSlf "iee hay su I'~I dil Ion lai lrang lich SU, gii\ dinh no khC1I1gIon
lai. du" ,,,,t1 d6 Ji linh ke'l 'iu" ell the .dy ra lrang v[ln h'lIlh kinh Ie, ThLf Itai. mOl 'If ..,'tl
hay hien ILlllllg ,lin kltCH)gI,m lai, gi" dinh c6 16n lai, sau d6 JIm \':'ll do de lluh hau 'iua
lL'tn lkn lrung hO'.11dong kinh Ie:. Khi I[nh hi~u [eh kinh te giao di,LC,ell Ih,', tiling phtl'lJllg
ph:,p n'IY de linh citing gop nhicu il eua giao due v6i ,,-mg wf6ng kinh tl" qU0c d'lI1. ('"cit
eu lite 1:1.eo lit': gia SU chi lieu giatl due lfong lltbi gian I", O. hoiic gi,; dinh chi lieu d6 ,va
clti lieu ~L:'Odue IhLIe Ii' co su chenh keh !!ia tri, thflm trf c6 lhi gi'l ,il chi lieu !!i,io duc
'10 I'Hl h~lIl ehllieu giao d"c ;h\lc te: n'hu Ihe d~ai dieu ki~n t6ng~gj{1 tr! ao lron~ co t~i
h'm Illfn l,'ng gi,i lfi .[hM. \'hlf th.: dn X{IC dinh duqc tOng gia tri chi lieu trang giao d,,'c.
Trung chi "i co 'u ehc.jjh keh giCra ,\0 v,i thti'c dung de giai thfeh S\l chenh I~ch giCra dc
I,;ilg gi,i lfi tlllle \." ,io. PhlKJng ph:'p nay thie'u d9 lin ci).y. I

II.Phuung phap philn tfeh nhiln t6 tang tWOng kinh te

I'hutlng ph:'p lll;h hieu feh kinh Ie' giao d"e cua 6ng'Danisson';nguai My; phuong
ph<ip nay dUlJC phulJngT'IY coi la phuong phap hay va ty mi nhatkhi tfnh to<ln hi~u feh
kinh l(: gl~io Lit.le.
Tfung khi nghien ctm so Iuqng hoa kinh le'h<;Jc gia'l d\!c 1')0 ra " m9t so tac d\!ng e6
llnh s~insl~.lO. .

Cie hUl'le linlt eu lh.: nhu sau:

Ru,ie ml:'!' .de dinlt k~ h,ill do "il k$' dau, c6 th6 thong ke lai li~u cae so li~u lien
quaIl. D"ni,"JIl by n[lm 1929 1:1n'lIn CC1 SO', nftm 1957 la nflm baa cao.
h'lIlg liel ke ti k e,ic nlt'ln 10 [rang ti l~ tflng IrUang Ihu nh~p quae dfln a My ..
:\c:rn h'll)!! 17.12 __ .
._---~-_.- .~.
(w6ng
~h:lll [\)t~in~ Ti l~lang Ti l~ ph an tram tang tnrang:
._--- ._. -.- ...__ ._- -------_. lruanQ. blnh auan hilnO nam
I llw nh,.lp d
ill/Ii ••.. .111 [h~[\:I~' 2,93 100
I l. \) "Ling hr'.Jl1g t ()Ilg Ihu'nh;"tp tl:t ti l~I:lllg lfU(lllg do IU(,mg von 2 69
- ~~ _l~~l)~~~!;-lU ~ ~h)l~"til!!I

f (. (I k' [;lll~dllll rl1n~ 1.10

d~; bl2n doi Unl.! l,57 54
[ UlJ ..i .[i~:{rl_l~ :~l.!£~~)
[h\~~lu;,n bm \'i~(.'IhlfL'hY '0,80 27
.. .... _ .•.- , •..
: l~) Ti 1..:'tlll~ tnf, 1l~1.
_- do [,ic dtill" !!i;io due 0.67 . 23
[ 131 Ti I.: 1.\11:; In (llllg dll. [;i••' dl,lllg lllL"/1 d0i eli;! woi uk va gi6i 0.10 4
lr '(Inh
- ----- .:' - .. - .. - .. ,- - _._-+~---~------_.
. 2. II k 1;111~Iftl,1 1.~~~~!.:I_~:~~I\~~:Yln taolhitllh 0,43 L5
['ii(l:c;l~~-gir~~,I~g-~
:111!tll)lJ~ •.:U.t ltrun~ d4.11lyi d.-ill \~IO 0.93 :;1
---
[.1 PhUI1I12 h_l~~~.U=. _\.lJ-.~dll.lllh 11~hil'll dtlll dlYI~
_\1~0:~~~~I~(::l~_{_.~f 0.34 .- -.- ---- -_I.';
.._ ...,
I
l 1'.1
~. ••..dUll~
.__.__lfll~ ( I ~!.l£_~i.!:\_'~;:
." •.._~ Iri Illlfe laO lh;\llh
I~'~I~!.!:: 0\9 ._-_._.'_] ....
7

B,ing 17.12: B,ing liet ki: Ii Ii: e,ic nhiln tulrungti Ii: li'tng tmung thu nh'ljJ quoe c1illl
li :'115' n,irn 1929- 1957

3<J3
 :! ;
"

!I;~;,
Buae hai. t6ng hap tinh s\r khae bi9t luan!!
nguai co viee va dm!e giao due trang 8 n,lm. blnh quim c;i~; lrlnli dl) \',in hlia cua
,
Xem bang 17.13. i
,
erp hoc so mim hoim Ihilnh h9C.
,
Trinh d(l tunng d6i (hu ;: : I f~'s6 rhiin :inh l;te
Ti~u hoc nh;ip binh qufin(r( I .;.L...i~~!.'~g_giii0dl,lC<r"(J ...•.
0 ,0 I." ~,, 70
•.
J : 1-4 6:\ j.
, ..;-:
I 5~7 Sfl i
. 79
, Sf.:
8
! Trun,e hoc I 100 I, : 100
I-J
L ,
.
11:\
.j " 109
.:' D",. h9C ,
I-J
I-H) .11• ,

12.J
......_- ----c;o;-
I 16:\[ ,
; .j : I"H~ I
eJ:\j lSI;
Bang 17.13: Ban~ tinh 51! kln1c bi~t !lrang bi.nh quan Cliangrrm 'ilO d(mg co frinh de?
v;ln hoa khne nhau
Buae ba, d6rlg gop eua giao d\le doi v(li kinh tc' 'luCie dim

Dl!a vao ban:g tren, eoi nguai lam vice a

de irinh dc) \'ill1'hela kh,ic nhau qfi cae
n,lm thanh h~ so, theo nam tang tmang, tim ra chi so hinh tllOiithai k~' d,iu. KLetqu,i rinh
toan (gia sir co 3/5, Ia anh hlrang giao due huu hinh): '

So tang trtra~g eua tae O\lllg gi,io due ,inh huang toan k~'1,119.?r~
So tang tnrarlg eua tae dynggi,io due ;inh huang binh quiln J\ill!g n,im iii O.9Yi,.
I . :
•
Nlur da biet t11~ thu nh,ip quoe d;in toan k~' Iii 7Y~
Do do O,93%x73%= 0,68%
•
0.68% ehinh la d6ng g6p eho t<1ngtuang kinh te' khi nimg eao trinh do \';'111hlia. Da
bie't ti 16 tang truo'ng thu nh~p Cjuoe d;in la 2.93r~. ncn hi0u ieh kinh lC' clia g;;,n dye
trang thu nhtlp qu6e dim la: (0.68:2.93) x IOO~~,'" 2.,r;..
j;
Bu6'e b6n. phim tfeh dong gop ella tri thtre lrong tilllg trtTr'rnghnh tL'
Trang con sQ ng,)eh tang truang kinh te hang nilll1. ngoili tinh tkn t,ic dunQ nnh
huang tnre tiep ella gi,io d~e ra. van con du ra mclt ~O dtr nh,) .. 'Xi dlr nl1(', nilY lit u; tae
dyng tieh Iii)' kien'lhue va tang kien thCre vai m6i quan he gi;in liC,'plrong gi,in due. ..\nh
huo'ng~ ella t:ln;!,
~ ki,,'n thCre vii tfeh luI'. kic'n thCre chie'1ll (uyr; . . de nh;1T1t6 hien
ll()n~
n
d9 g. Neu !hC0 gi,\ din!, eua.()ng Dainison thi trong ,inh Inn'rng ClI'1 Ifeh lOy ki0'n thlre vA
trtng kicn lhlre, eiing eho ning e6 3/5 IA ,inh hlru-ng huu hinh ella gi;,o due. nhtl th0' hicu
feh kinh te clo ntlng cao trJnh d6 van h6a I:
0,(j8~;,+ 0.59% x 3/5= J .034%:
J .304r;f ;2.93 = 35%

N6i 1'6 trang 2.93% Ii I~ t~ng tnrang thll nhilp qu6e d;in ella Ih(li K" d,iu \'il Inim h9
thai Ky b,io do c6 35% la lac d\tng giao due.

Cich pban tfeh nhan to kinh te ella Danisson e<1melt so <1;:lediem sau:
\

394
 ( I ) ()ng eoi I,il d c,ie nh'lIl t6 1'lIlg twcmg kinh te tll' phuong di~n Ion toan phan lam
ha loai Ion. Vi uu bi~'li el,ing dinh Iwong va don vi dau vao, von, nhaI! Ilfc.
" .
Nh'lIl 16 giao due ..:ila suc lao d(lIlg thu(lc vao ph~m vi von lao d(lng. Trang so sod6
Ih~m mOl butlc phun lieh. 7 y~'u 10 do lit: I

.- • S6 nguai lill1Hi~e vii c:lu lhanh tinh each, tu6i lac.

i
(,
• S,i gill I:un vi~e hao gom nhill1 c6ng lam vicckh6ng ca th,ing.

• Llc'.1Jlg'onlo nha (k~ c.l dat)

.I
• So nam giao due cua nhill1 viCn lam vi~c

• eii thi~n ph'lIl ph6i titi nguyen. ehu yeu giam Ii l~ lao d(lng Slr dl,lI1ghi~u su;it thiip .

• Trinh el,i Ihue hi~n qUY m6 kinh te, danh gia bang SIf rna r(lng cua thi twang

• Ti~n tri~n lri Ihli..:, hao gom SLIlien b9 eua kien Ihue quan Iy vit ki lhu~t, ung
til.lIlt! lrung san -'liSt.

- .-
Ba \,~'u 16 Ir~n litiluCln!! lao dilllg dilu vila.
. \ .
Y"u Ili Ih,'C-+ 1,,11rnn~ ,6n d,iu \"10
'I' -
fb y~u 1\; "'u I~l:itl~ "In .\u,it lue lLIong s,In Xual eua dan vi dau vao .
.12, Khi linh loan lLr,mg hinh quilll ngLIo-i lao d(lng theotrlnh d9 giao d,IC cae dp,
\)ng ph,il hien Ih:(,' chi ":0 .i/<, 1:1gi,io du..: huu hinh, co lac dl!ng anh huang IIVC liep Mn
lunng. Ilk b [rung gi.io due huu hinh V'I gi.io duc v6 h1nh, chi co giao dl!c huu hinh mai
":1' I,ie dUllg ,Inl1 Illfl'1Jlg..:u Ihl: lkn Sir kh,i..: bil'l vc IICl1Ilgella nglrai lao d9ng.
(." l'lwong pheip linh 10'Ili ":lla l)ng xuiil phal Ilr nguai lao d(mg:a tr1nh d9 giao dl!c
"i..: cYp. chlr khlillg xu,il pheil llr kinh phi. kco u:,i ni~n han giao dl!c nguai lao d9ng duQ'c
eoi I" nh:1Il 16 ..:,1b'll1l,ul1 1'lIlg Inl(';ng kinh I~'. CiIU yeu ia thong qua giatri tuong doi cua
Ii k lan~ IrLl'lllg hinh qU'lIl l11bi n'1I11nl:' ph,"tn i;..:h noi ro .','ill'ldc, chu kh6ng ph,!i phitn
lich ""n d~ Ih()ng qua gi,I Iri lUyd dc); Irong d k5'. han nu'a 6ng chi tinh 3/5 tric dl!ng cua
giao uuc. ,i ,'ay E.F.Deni,onlinh 10(1111)'" lrong cila giao d~c lJong ti'l~ tang twang kinh
il: '1uc';c di'lIl liIluling ,rc;i I' l11i. 'U \"l';j .iY.; gj:1 Iri !lIang doi eua T.W. Schultz Iinh thiip
hUll 10 1
(111 chi~;I1l 2.~((.
(.

I'l1ll'ilig ph.ip I;nh el'" ling d,in diin da di SiIU, mong mtlon phan tfeh toan b6 cac
nh'1I1 Ic';,inh hlll)ng Illi t'lIlg lrlll:rng kinh Ic'l]uoediln va phat trien'siin xual .. Sall khi 6ng
pl1'111I;..:h c;i,' nh'lIl [(i .gi;io due \',' dc nh'lI1 to kha..: 6ng ph,il hi~n ra v'ln con 11191s6 cJll
Imlng d'Ji nhl) c1llCaduo..: 1'1111 r6. lie"p ll!C phun tich sau them, ph an tich them m(lt buoc ve
su l'lIlg li~'n ,,:, ti<:h lu5' el,a tri thll": \'il nhung cong hieiJ ve ung dl!ng tua no doi voi lang
trultllg kinh k.

(lng eoi ,Ir li.:'n tri~n ,,:(,a Iri thlr..: iii nhill1 10 quan trQng niHil clla Li\l1gtruang vi, duy
lri 1'1I1gInr"lll~ kinh l~'. I'hll'lllg ph,ip ph'\I1 tfeh da nhill1 to nay ycu e<lUph.1i !lIllng lill1 va
[O'1Ildien. ell "nh hll,'tIlg 10 1'1n 16; \'i~e nghi~n cllu solLIQ'ng hoa kinh Ie hQC giao duc.
 ---- -------

. i
, J,
j I
J ,., \.

1 "I
1.-;.

Bfli 3: Phuong phap t1nh khat!.

, . !<.
. ~i

, .
•
1. Phuong phap t1nh h\~u qua kinh te giao dl,Ic ciia J.R.WaIsh
.
, .

Phuong phap tinh Ihul nh*p giao d~c clla ],R.\Valsh ngui1i~'r5' con goi 1:1 phuong '" .
phap quy d6i gi,11tri hi~n t~i. M(lch suy nghi' co ban clla no la dling (gi,i Ih,mh) chi phi
gi:lo dllc crt nhan so sanh voi thu nh~p dinh k)' d~ linh to,ifi hi~u ich gi,io eliIC. Trang khi
tinh toan kha'u lriI ck nha~ t6 Ii I'; tit vong va ti Ie co vicc lin11. dllng m(lt muc lai sufit
nlHlt d!nh de qUYid6i Ihu n~~p hang nam Inrac d~ weii vc huu t!J¥nhgi:i Iri hi~n tai. tinh
t6ng c(mg thu nh~p t!nh clla cac cfip tnrong hQc (Irung hQc chuycn, nghiep tnt/c'n) "a dc
10(li chuyen ngilOh d?i hQc. C6ng thue gia Ir! hi.;n I~i thu nh:lp la: :
I ,
I
so van con eua n;lm 0:10 do sau kh! 101nghi~p
I [---- _
56 von c61.:hi tot nghi~p C1 m(l\ li"inh dQ
gi,io due nao d6 I

,
Trong c6ng th(rc:- n la:s6 nam sau khi tot nghicp

- r.lii liii suat ngan hilOg.

I .
Cong~thuc s6 hoc clla no la:',
"

I
n :P[.Ej.W, .i
1I
I--- •
I i= I: Qi .(1+r)'

Trong c6ng thuc:

- PIa 56 nguoi v!ln can: sau khi 16t nghi.;p m(>t nflm nao do. i.
- Q; la 56 nguoi von co'khi t6t nghi~p
,
a m(>! trlnh "i~
d(> gi:\o d~Q nao do
. :'!-
- Ella ti I~ co vi~e lam ella m(>t niim niw do, ".

- WI la luong binh quan trong nam do.

- n la so nam sau khi t6t nghi.;p.
I
- r la liii suat ngan himg. :

Thuyet minh: Khi sit d~ng phuong phap nilY cfin co dicu ki.;~ gia Ihic'!. V'I cOng co
d(ic di€m ella no. Vi dll: Ner\ b~l dfiu tinh IiI hQc sinh dal Mn do tubi nhflp hQc gi:\o duc
trung cfip, vi phaisuy nghi' pen d(> lu6i lao dong. dong thai can ph:ii suy nghi' dc'n kh<i
nang thu nh:!p clla nguoi tiep nh~n gi:\o due vii gia e,i thi Imung clia no ml'i c6 the' so
sanh dUQ'e kh<i nang thu nh~p hi~n nay vii Ihu nhap lrong Wong lai: gi,io di.'C lrung cap
tra len va giao dyc cac nganh chuyen nghi.;p a
dai hQC vlin c6 d,ic Inrng tlf b,;n noi
chung, va trong dicu ki~n co Ihu nhap cao th) can phai Ir,; m61 di gi,1 hoflC chi phi: khi
tra I?i chi phi co the mang Iqi nhutln blnh qutlIl kh6ng Ihfip han Wi su:'il ngflIl h'lllg: vicc
tfnh toan thu nh~ptrong tuang lai IriI vi~c suy nghi' Mn chic't kh'lu ti Ic tit "ong "il ti Ie cli
,
396
 viee !:lIn 1',1.. .. cun ph,ii tinh khau IrLIbimg mot liii suat nhat djnh (4%), quy d6i lhu nhap
ccic n'lIn ella nh'lI1 ,;en lnroe d9 woi "c
huu (65-70 lUYlLIng ngimh) quy d6i lhanh gia tri
hien lai. tinh long w:m hl?- linh lhu nhap kinh l~' co gia tr! hi~n t:;li sau giao dlJc. Tinh loan
eu lh~ ke't qU'1 lhu nh:lp h:inh I': eo th.: Ian nhc h:hac nhau, nhung xu huang co. ban van la
gia tri hicn lai Clla lhll nh:lp gi~io due caD han gia lr! hi~n lai cua chi phi giao dlJc. Chung
" '

." Illinh r'"lg ,bu llf eho gi,io due la h:inh te, phu hqp vaj quy Iuflt dau tu tl! ban nO'ichung .

II. Phtwng phap tiuh hi~u qua kinh te giao d",e eua Khomalov
Phullng ph~ip nay do hoe gia kinh te giao duc cua Lien X6 cu Khomalov de ra.
lXiu lien \,ng gi:1I1 hoa l,ic dlJng clla gi;io dlJc lhanh cac he so lao dong. lic'p tlieo eta
IUemg nhllllg eting hkn eua giao d\le doi vai nen kinh te quoc dfln, ","cm !lei!lg 17.1 'I.
Bang 17.1-t: Bang tinh loan nhii'ng eong hien eua giao dlJ.c doi vai nen kinh Ie

-r ,_._----
quae dan
-
.1 19~0 1960 Gia s6 nam 1960
II
lang so vai n<"Ull

_ .._. -_._--_ ..- 19~0

[i""[So-;,gl I\Ji bo J{)ng 5~.6 68,,; 13.8
d,,; Ill, Illg lang kn I 10.4 20.4 10.0
I; Ii. l) IUi.11lg
llln~..•
'. ;

65.00 88.8 23.8

~
I 1 (I k l~iI.: d~lng gi;io tlt.l>: (I) I 16.09, 23.0% 7%

ITf:rh~
,
I
n
h:.ip
111.\ I ~I ;; (..,
J
411l)";'" lnn C! I i
I
33.5
5.4
146.6
33.7
113.1
28.3
: (31: (2 I 25.0%
-
Ph,'in Ill,'l trong h:mg: SO luang nglrlii lao d9ng bi~u th! thong ~ua dieu chlnh d~i
Ilrong. Th~Ll (inh hlnh clia nh:ln "ien dang I:ml vicc loim b9 nganh .
kinh, te qu6c dan cua
Lien X,') Cll Juac ph:ln theo trlnh d6 giao dlJc va quy djnh: h~ s6 mqc ~9 phuc I:;lP lao
d\lOg. ngulJi lao Jong a trlnh do lhSp nhlit dii qua giao dlJC sa d~ng Iii m9t, nguoi lao
d(ing d" qua gi:lo due "0 dimg tro Ii:n la 1,2, nguoi lao d9ng dil quail nitm giao dlJc la
1.3, ngHlii lao d<:Jngd5 qua 8.9 nllln giao duclii 1,4, h~s6.nguoi lao'd9ngdii qua giab
duc trung hoe chuyen nghi2p V:l ch.ua qua het giao dlJc d~i h9C, cao d~ng Iii 1,9, h~ s~;-'
ngHiJi l'lll d(Jng tOI nghiep Jai h()c Iii 2.3. Tiep I\!C can Clr vao h~ so phuc l~p lao 09ng
e,ic trlllh ,kJ giao J\!C khae nhau. linh h~ s6 phuc lap ,b,nh quan t~p nguoi 1<10 d9n. 91e
dHa V:I,Jgia quy~n songuili. h.; ,,'i blnh qulin duqc duara nam 1940 l~ 1,19, IlrC HI hes6
lrlnh ,k, phtie t'IP hlnh quilll nilIll 1\l-tO cao han d~i'luqng la9 d9ng la Q.19. Dung lhua s6
ngl(liilao uling 5-t,6 nilY C<1 u,li luqng Iitng them la I 0,4, li~p IlJC tim: ra tcing dai Itr~lllg
ngH,li lao (klllg ni,m 19-10 I:t 6500. Theo plll(ang phap naY: 11m ra ddqc t6ng d~i luqng
ngH'li Ia,J ,kJng n'lIn I LJ60 1:1 88.8. Nhu vay, .viec nang caD lrlnh d9 g'iao duc blnh quan
dang dLrl.le.\lr Iy' btmg "iec limg (bl! tl! vila lU'qng lao d9llg.
Ti Ie clla tling dai IHlmg ehillh 1:1 h2 sotl Ie tac dung giao dlJc:

• 10.-1: 65.0'" 0.16 ( 16', )

he ,.-i n:IY l'li the" gi~1Ilho~i thilllh: " = C: (I + C)

397
 I
!

Trang d6: - e Iii h~ so lac d\lng giao d~c.

- C Iii Ii l~ tang lirqng h~ so idnh d(J phuc tap binh gt)f\n.

. i .
Khi C = 0,19, .

0.19
e=
= 0.16 (I6ri)
1+ 0,19
i ••••
Khi C=0,3' .,
0.3
e= . i ,
= 0.23 (2W) ': :
I + 0.3
i.
i,
. Phan hai trang bang, thu nh(lp guac dfm Iii 33,S VilO nam '19-10, nam 1960 Iii 146,6,
muc chenh Iech Iii 113,1, th'ang gua dong thu hai (!) x (2) sc c6' duqc b(J ph,in thu nh~p
guac dan chiu huang cua gi~o d\lc. .,
i .
Nam 1940 Iii 5,4, so s~nh nam 1960 vai nam 19-10. do nangcao trJnh eli) giao d\lc
bJnh quan mil tang 25% b(J:ph~n tang len thu nhflp'quac dfm {rang Ihu 'nh,\p quac dan,
a
tuc Iii phan hai: (3): (2), ttIC la '
28.3
= 0,25(25%)
113,1

III. Phuo'ng phap do IUO'ngvon nhiin life

Phuong phap do IU,<lngvon nhan !lTc cung goi lit phul1ng ph,ip gi,i Iri hien t(li. Day
la phuang phap do luang cHi phi elui v6'i hi~u qu,i kinh Ic' giao' ellIC. ItTc Iii phlTO'ng phap
guy d6i ra hi~n t~i difa thea liii. C<ic h<;>cgiii phlTang TflY chu ye'u phii bic'n ap dung
phuang phap nay. H<;>cho rang. trang elieu ki~n canh tranh. Slfc s,in xufil gi()i h'.m ca nhan
!lTang dlTO'I1gvai muc luang cua h<;>.VI v(IY gia tri kinh Ic' elfiuiu ,',in nhan IllC co Ih~ tfnh
dl!a vllO t6ng mucluO'l1g ca qai cua m(JI nguai va gia Iri hien lai.Nc't1 m(Jl nglTai yay tien
M dau lu vao giao d\!c thl h9 phiii tfnh liii. Dfiu lu gi,io duc !fnh theo gi,i tri hicn thai vii
hi~u qua kinh te rna no mang I(li, khi !fnh ph,ii tfnh sp lien elii ticu de' nhfm duqc 51!giao
'
duc trang qua khu, a ,

hi~n t::ii phai tfnh nhieu han m(Jt chut. sau nily khi tfnh 1IlUnh~p (;
hi~n l(li.phai Ifnh it di m(Jt C?ut, I~ang thuang lil sau lhang sau khi t61 nghic!" VI sau khi
tot 'nghi~p dn co m(Jt thai gian de tim vi~c han nfra sa chi phf binh quan m6i n,\m trang
qua khu. cung la trang thai gian h<;>c.Vi d\!, dlmg phuang ph,ip nity de' tfnh chi phf hoac
cai gia cua sinh vien d(li h<;>c;co th~ ap dung cang thuc duai dflY:
-4

I C,(1+i).t
t= I

Trang do: C Iil chi phi ~o~c gia tri

t lit thai gian (nani)

398
 . i blai ,uiit ngim himg.

K; hii:u phu blhiJi gian lrong 4ua khu (tinh ve phia tnr6c).
N".u thiri gian hl.'e Jai hqc 1,1bon nam, to: cong thuc tren c6 the tinh duerc chi phi
• eho b,:;n n'llll hoc Jai hoc liinlu,n Iii:

••••
C.- I (
I + 1)
. I (',II+i)'

C,(!+i/

Tlnh l()ng c(mg ht,'i/1n,"url 1;.,11se ra chi phi ho~c g;:l de hoc: IJi}.i hoc.
Sau Ju ti2'p lUe tinh lhu nh,lp Lli\g Lh21llelta sinh yicll,au kbi Li;cIlghi?p. Gi,l thiet:
Ml'l /,i. by ILrung I:1ll1lhlrtie de) t:w llile'p. liiy S,f khac bi~t giu:u thu nh~p luong phlin :'nh
nhicu it eua lhu:'nhilp: 11,li hi. ~~ IUl)i tal nghi~p d~i hqc, litm vicc den nam 65 lu6i, Lhoi
gian e,~ng t,ie I:1.n nilllY: 13" hi. sau khi tOlnghiep di lam ngay. C6ng thuc tinh ella n61il:
.l..1

~ Il.lt~il
1=0

R Jai di<:n eho thu nhilp. tefe l:l Slf kh'IC bi~t giu:a luerng cila sau khi tot nghi~p d~i
hue vii Ilfllng sau khi tCit nghi2p lrung hoc a elmg d9 tu6i. Kct qua la, thu nluip 16n hern
chi phi huilL' gi,i. C6ng thefe:
-1.1 .-1
2:.: H.l1-t-i)\ > ~ Cll-:'"iJ"
l=ll 1=-1
Chi rhi cho gi:'o due Jai hoc. cuo dtll1g a dc nu6c phuerng Tay va m9t s6 qu6c gia
Ir2n Lhc.gi,'li. ,6 llrong ,licn ella chi phi ella quae gia va Chinh phil kh<i it, hall het lit yeu
du sinh liell dile bid h ,inh ,i2n Inlong oai hoc tlr nh,in vay lien M hqc, vaylien lhl
dn phi,i tr,', I,ii. ,i "i,y ,ir dung pllliOng ph,ip quy deli ra gia tri hi~n t~i, ,tinh ty suat giiia ti
Ic thu nh,.p di,u llf gi,io due eli nhim ,." Ii I" liii suiit cua ngan ,hang, tu 9ieu qua kinh ted6
Ill" suy nghl Xclll di hoc dai hoc. dilU ill eho giao ollc c6 kirih te kh6ng? Nhln tu g6e d9
e,i llh,\n ti"p nhiln gilio duc oai h('>c. cao orlllg di! tinh ra ,hi~llquit:kinh Ie giao dllc ..
l'II[["l1g ph,ip ni,y III gl;e ,t<.> hicu qu,! kinh te drill ttr eho gi~o d~,c cU)lhfln dil ph'ln ,inh
dlC,)C 11l,:'U qU~l kinh l~'gi •.iu Lit.te..

IV. Phuong phap philI1 tich do lui.rng chi phi va hi~u qua giao dtJ.c
Du quCi tr;l1h gi,'>o due trong ,i,i nilm hO'ln thilllh rna gia tri gi,io dllc thl can ph'li chi
lri, thcu tllng n'\I11. hun nua hicu qlt" kinh>\e' gi'lo,d,le von c6 1inh hi~u qld chum, phili
,au khi h"'"1 lh'"lh gi,",o due lllUili lll,iy nill11 mai diin d,in lhi! hien ra,vlthe chi phi gi:'o
due <I hicu qua gi,'>o due phai olflle quy doi ra giCilri hien tai.

399
 Chon mQt nam nao do, sau khi tot nghiep Iilm mac. lay claj' IH?Clilm \'i duo chi phi
dai h9c lit: . .. .
-]
.;.:-
.C = L: (,Cl+it'
t=-m

T;.')n~~dei: - in Iii s6 n;(m hoc

. dai.. hoc, 4 nam hoac .5 nam hOl'C
."
li, tri s6 kh,ic.
'.
...•.
.,
- C, th€ hi~l; chi phi clla nam thu l.
- i Iii Hii SUal blnh quan.
, ,
Thu nh~p l~lJg them do di h9C dai h9C. cac nhil kinh te Ji9c phuong Hy deu ap
dljng su khac bi~tive luang M ph an anh dicu tren, gia tr! thu nh,lp cua no Ii,:
I. n .
l3= L: B,(l +i)"'
t=O I
I ! •

Trang d6 B lit do h9c t1\ii h9c mit tflllg them thu nhflp (1 nftin ther t: Bt Iii luang cila ')
":-
sinh vien tot nghi~p d;~i h9d vit luang clla h9c sinh ,lot nghicp trllng h9C nam Ihu t; n Iii
thai gian litm vi~d sau khi tot nghi~p, nc'u 22 lu6i tot nghicp dai hoc. thiri gian c6ng tac
lit 65 tu6i, tuc lit IT = 65 - 22 = 43.

Giang ttr g6c dQ kinh te h9c. khi chi co B> = C. dau tu gi,lo due m(li Iii c6 Iqi, IUC
lit dieu ki9n dau tt.! lit: . .
,
n -I
L B,(f +i)" " L: (.(\ +i)'
thO t=-m

Ti Ie thu nhftp dau tu giao d,!c iii:

B- C'
r =
C -I

] L: (.(\ +i r'
, , t=-m
J
" J.
Ti 19 thu nhi\p kinh t€:giao d~tc G.Bacharopotibs cua trui:tng cl\li h9c Chicago Clla
My: Ong d~t gia thiet lit mot hoc sinh.,;ay t(en ngflll hilllg di h9c. liii suiil ngilll hilllg lil r,
ph;li ca'o han so vai liii suiil blnhquilll i ltrc Ii, r> i. hi6n nhicn r Cilllg 16n Ih, C cilJ1g t,ing
!en, khi r Ian dCn mQt mtre cl6 nhiit clinh Ihl B = C. ,.ll'ilv cClng lhtrc tinh iii:
n -1
I: 13,(1+r)" ~ I: C.(1+r)"
1=0 l~-rn

n
I: (Bi C,l( I +r)' = 0
l=-n1 ,

400
 (iiili phlillng trinh lim ra R eh,nh 1:\ Ii I~ thu nh~p dau III giao d~e,

V. 1'1ilIUng phap tinh hieu 4ua kinh Ie dau IU giao dl;lCdoanh nghi~p
•

,- IJlw,mg ph;jp l,nil hl~u qua kinh I': dau lU giao duc doanh nghi~i! ci)1l ~;:l
plwulIg pkip linh hi~u qua killh l~' gi;io dye ngh~ nghi~p, bao gam bel loai ~',: lhe SeW:
I. Phuung ph,ip tillh su sanh ghin hoa kinh Ie
~i

IJllllung ph<ip nil: C(ln goi 1:1phuong phap kh,li qUiil llr'Jng tLwni, quail CO dinh don
g,all, I'hLIlJilg ph,ip nil: 1'1phVtmg philp lhuang dUQ'c up dUllf lwng lIghi0n CClUktnh Ie
ht}C ~i~ll) d~ll' Illfl'fC ngu:ti. \l~J Lui ILr\fng tlrong quan tlr0ng d6i lin dinh giL"ra gi{w d~IC don
gi;in \'" lang lnlimg kinh l~' 1:1111 li~u chuiin do dcm, Chu&n do dCIH nil)' dii (llrQ'e eilc nh,\
kinh l~ Ih,lC"UY ra \':l c'Ulig nhan. ilIe I" trong toan bQ mu-e lang 'ruong ella Ihu nhilp quoe
,bll lhi khu"1I1g 70'; lrd kll I:t do n'1I1g eao ti I~slln xuf;1 lao dQng xii h(li, mil lrong do
l,nh dLllic' kho,ing -,U'; C() dlC'!c 1:1nha nilllg cao Irlnh dQ ,giao duc vii ki nang slln XUi'lt
cill' nguiri lao dung: lIgu:,i ra kho;ing -,O'}, eo dUQ'c la dlfa vao tang cuang trang thict b! k'i
111Ll"lCh" nguili "'0 ,klllg, L,iy d,) IilIll C'III ell c6 th~ khui quat c6ng thu-e l,nh hieu quit
killh l,.: gi~iu J~h
.'. I1gh~ Jlghi~p do~tI1h l1ghi~p nhtr sau:
(j= I' .\ 70'; ,\ .,()';
Trullg c6ng Ihirc d6 G 1,1lhu nh(lp giuo dye, PIa rou-e tang tnrong kinh te cua
doanh nghi~p,
I'huung philp n'l: dUll giilll de lhlfe hi~n', d~ lhao tac nhung chi tim duqe ra giu \r!
g,in dilllg, \ i n() dua ,'ilO mill ILCtlI1gwong doi co dinh kh6ng thay d6i lam rn6 lhu-e (may,)'
d" lin" hi~u qua kinh {0' gi.io '~uc n~he n~hi~p clla cae nganh san xuat vai trlnh d9[ki
lhuat khung glLJng nl1<lu. llll~u lInh chlllh xac. '
2. Phuung phap linh ti Ii: lhu nh(lp duu tu,cho giao d~c c6ngnhan vien
""lcling ph<ip nil: 1:1dua \"IU "IU khi (lilu IU eho giao dye e6ng nhan vien, so sl\nh
gilla lhu nh'lp dll nilng cao Gic ki nimg s,in xufit 11)0 ra va dilu tu ehb giao duc e6ng nhan
\'ic'n, lilll ra tl'! ,ii, [\,'>1nHll Glch d(1n gi.in. Ii I~ thu nh~p giao d~c nghc! nghi~p c6ng nhlin
\'i~n nk,n \'I'li ,bll IU gl:IIl due CiHIg nh'1I1 vi~n thu duqe hi~u 'lUll kinh te giao d\IC cling
n"iln \ ,~n, Cie hu,'J'c linh cUlh~ nlw sau:

!lu,i, 11101. [[nh "i iU(lng nh'ln vkn {rang doanh ncihiep duqe ~i,\o due, lu-c 1:1so
[Ul/II,:! Clll1g Ilh~'lfl \'i~n IlL'P 1111;)11
plllClfllg di~'n gi~lo d~lc. dung p de bieu thj.

Ii/f,it' linh "hi

!ttli, ,,'i
t."lng IncciIlg dinh milc slin XUI\[ cua nhan vien duqc giuo d\IC
lrung dll~Ulh Ilghi~'p h~IY I..'{)[l gl.li [;\ h~ s6 di\o (,.lO, dung 0 u6 bicu th!.
11,(/;'(" hu, tfnh Illlf\.: Ullg tnrl.Jllg il/i nlIu(tl1 ella doanh nghi~p I.r. ,"
dinlt L1', Ih~ cui I,n nhu'ln lrung Ihi!i di"l11 moc 1,1 PI 111\"c". ,"".1', .':~ l
"
i_ -I' :

•
 ',' :

gian tuong ting, b~o g6m chi phf giao due tme tiep vii chi phf giao'due gian tic'p. dung F
de bieu thi. I , ,

Baac lliim, tfnh ti I~ thu nh~p dau tu giao d\le eong nh,in vicn eua cloanh nghi~p,
dung E M bi€u th~, eong thde eua no Hi: •
I,
'] 013 (P, ,..P,) "
B= , x 100%
I ,I' F.i
,, B/rac sall,tf~h hi~u qu& kinh te giao due eolig nh,in vicn. clung G dC bic'u thi. Itle la
Ifiy E nhan vai mue dau tu glao due eong nhan vicn F. cong tMc lit: ,
' I
G=ExF I
I

3. Phu<YIlg phap !fnh ~i~u qua kinh te gi<\o clt}e cang nhim "ien cloanh nghi~p
I . ; .
Day Iii phuO"ng phap tU7ng doi e\l the no ehuyeu g6m nam buae sau:
Buae m(>t, x~e dinh na(n eua thai diem moe vii thai di~m h,lo e,lo. dong Ihai (fnh ra
mue ehenh.l~eh gi'ua ~ue tahg tmang tjnh elia doanh nghi~p bang "i~e so "inh hai nam,
!tIc Iii: ' ,

Mue tang trtiang [ia tri san phiim tjnh = gia tri s,\n phiim tinh trong thcli di6m baa
cao - gia tri san pliii'm tjr,h thai di€m moe.

Buae hai, tfnh mue tang tmang t6ng thu nhflp lao dong sling. thea quy dinh thong
thuang cluqe quae, te suy do~n. trong gia trj s,in ph,lm tinh co khoang 70% Iii clua vaa
sang tao clla lao d(>ng song. t(re Iii:

T6ng [hu nhai) lao d9ng song = gia trj san phfim I!nh X 700"
Tfnh t6ng thu nh~p lao d(>ng song Trung Quae co khi sir dung:
T6ng thu nhi!p lao d(>nd song = gia trj s'ln phfim tjnh - (thue' + Iqi nhuill1)
Cong thue ella no Iii:

M(re titng truang t6ng ihu nhflp lao d(mg sling = [gi,ilr'i s,\n phiim tinh thai di€m
bao e,io - (Ihue + Iqi nhufll1))!- [gi,i tri sim phiim tinh Ihai die!" ITJ()C _ (thuc'+ loi nhui!n)]
BUGe ba. tfnhso ehenh II~eh mue thu nhap lao d(>~g (mlre luerng).
I
TOng tllu nh;)p 1:10 dQng
\ [Cre illl; nh~lpblnh quao I~o dQng ~ ~ _

T6ng so cong nhim vicn (({lng so nprOi lao dC'In£ I

So ehcnh l~ch mue thn nhap blnh quan lao <I\ing = t6lig thu nhilp lao <l6ng trong
Ihai diem b,lo do,. thu l,hi!p hlnh qufll1 lrong thi1i diem m(ie x tiing s6 c(mg nhim vicn
lrong thai di€m baa eao.

Buae bon. mue tang tru6ng d,lu tu gi'lo due e6ng nhill1 \'ien (c'o the gi,i dinh 101 boi.
cltrong toan bo so eong nhan vien tlong cln'''1h nghicp hoitc diiu tli giao duc milt bi) phan
cong nh,in vien),

402
 ~ Ilre l:mg HUGng (!au lLl giao due eang nhan vien = (dau tu giao dl,le nam 0 thOi
di~fll b:,o do) - (dau lLlgiao due thai di~m moe) a !.
f3Ue)eneim. tinh 1I Ie thu nhap giao due eang nhan vien, doanh ngri~p
Thu nhap luang sau khi cong Thu nh~p luang khi

.. '
Ti It: tllu IItup ~I~iu
•.
,:,,'Ill);!.
IltUIl
till':
n JU~1l1h ll~hiL'r
\ l •..• =
nhan yi~n dvqc giao dl,1c - c6ng nhAn "len nh*p hqc
x 100%
Chi phi giao dl,lc lrong thai gian
rang nhan vi~11 tllrqc giilo dl;lC

BU(le "iu. tinh thu nh:,p kinh te gi,1Od~e ella eang nhan vi en ella doanh nghi~p.
Thu nh:lp kinh Ii' gi:lll d~e cang nhi\ll vien = (mile tang Iruang dau tu giao dl,le eang
nh:"1 \i0n) \ (Ii k Ihu i1h:,p dau lLl giau due eang nhan vien)x (ti I~ eang nhan vien duqe
gi~iu due).

VI. So sanh quae te hi~u qua kinh,te dau tu giao dl;lC

N:"n 1973 G. P,aehar dai hoc Chicago My dii xua! bai, euon sach "sosanh (11l(ie //
1/111IIh,i/, gi,i" dill' ". Ihang qua "icc nghicn eUu t6ng hqp phan tfeh ~ieu qua kinh te xii
h,'" d,',u ILigi,ill due cua ).' l1LiUC tfcn thi' gioi. ang dii rut ra duqe mot so ket.iu,in mang
Iinh qu: IL".'t.
,
I. () nhlrng tinh huong n6i chung, Ii I~ thu nhap dau lu giad dl,lC eao hon ti Ie
lhu nhap (blu tu ,at chal, ciing cau honlai stilit IIgan~illlg t\J6ng t/Iubng .
I . '. . .

I'h'U1 lich nghi0n Clru eha [h:iy. ti Ie thu nliap d nhan dau tLl giao dl,le n6i chung
d0u call hdn IW,. \LlO1qua !iii su:il ngi\ll hilllg. d~e bi~t IiI nhling nuoddang ph,it tri~n c6
Lhu nh"p qu,ie d"lI1 hinh qu"lIl diiu ngLloi 100 dola My tra',xuong, ti ~~ thu~nhap dau lU
gi,io duc c."o hem Ii k Ihu nhi\p dau lLl ",it chiit, dieu nay hQu' nhu dlifro lhanh ,Ill,?l hien
tLt(Jllgn') linh 'iuy lu:,t. Dong thai nghicn eLrUcan cho thilY rihung IllIO~ c6 thu nhiip quac
diLtl hinh quiln ,liiu nglfiJi thiip hun 1000 do la Mv thl ti Ie :thu nhap ~iao dl,lc)huongla
ILJl!',. Li k Lhu nhi,p (teiu lLf \'(11 chiil tlwang Ii, chi c6 l5.1%, ti l~ thi! nh!ip dau t\rgiao
due celll h'lIl Ii k diiu lLf ehiit 4-5'}.,',H i !. I

Th,'ll "ich Itllh CL'" Kh,"I" Li0n xa eli Ihu nh,ip d"u tll,giao dl,le ~ual nip L,O.5-0.6
rllp. trt)lIg ~hi dt', di,u III I Il'P "ilo san Xui,1tili s,in co
djnh chi e6 duqc0.44 rup, dieu nilY
cLing Illli n.~)Y~lll d~ tr2n. i

2. '11 I~ thu nhilp diiu tLl giao due eua nhling nu6c dang phM tri~n thucrng eau
hun ti Ie thu nh,:\p d:lu tLl ghlu due cua nhfrng nunc phat tri~n
!)i0u II:" cling tfe) Ihilllh hien \LIang mang linh 'luy luiLt, VI the n6 eang e6 y nghla
~II,h Il' km L", trung \I,'e d'iu tLIgiao duc ella nhling quoe gia dang ph at tri~n. Phan tfeh
nghl0n'clfu eho th,iy nhlrng 'IUOCgia e6 thu nhap quae dim b1nh 'luan Iii 19.9% cao hon
nhltrlg nLi"C pkil [ri~n luOO db la My. [i lc lhu nhilp gi:io due blnh quan chi e6 kho,ing
~y;. I'ILln Ilch nghiL'n ClfU.nhCrng quac gia c6 thu nh~ quae dan blnh quim khming 100
do b ,\ II' Ihi II k Lhu nh'lp giao due Ii, cao nh,,!. eon thu nhilp 'luoe d,in binh quilll Miu

403
 ngui:li sau khi d~tduqe iii 1900 do la My thl ti Ie thu nhap eliiu tu kha thiip. sau elo sc co
kha nan"b dan dan tang len. nlJung van th,rp han Irlnh do ella cae qu()e gia elan~ I,h"t trien,
' 'I , •••. .".... '-

3. So sanh phan tich hghien eUu con ph<\t hi~n duae, fi 16 thu nhap giao due w
' ,

clang thUOng caD han ti I~ Ihu nh~p giao dl)e frung cap ya clai hoc, caD d~ng
I
Dieu niiy eho thay p~6 cAp giao dl)e bat buoe sa elflllg ngh!a kinh te' quan co ~.
tn;>ng. Theo ph An .tich, so sa ph 33 quae gia Iren the" giai Ii Ie thu nhilp xii he,; hinh qu,in
giao dl)e so dang Iii 19.4%, ~i l~ thu nhAp binh quan gi,io dlle d nh"lll iii Yi. ti J(: Ihu n
nhap xahOI binh qUAn glao tl\lC trung efip la 13.5'7c. Ii Ie Ihu nhilp hinh quilll gi,io due ca
nhflll Iii 16.3%, Ii I~ thu nh~h xii h9; binh quan giaD due (hi; hQc cao (J;ing Ii, IIYi. Ii Ie
thu nh~p giao d\le'ea nhan d 17.6%.
I
4. Tili lieu elieu tra gan day ella ngan hang fhe' gi6i
I I

Tfnh ti I~ thu nhap xii h9i ella 44 quae giit a viio nhli'ng giai eloan ph"1 Ilien kinh Ie
khac nhau, xem bang 17.15.: 17.16.
..•.-~
..
Bang 17.15: Ti I~ thu nh~p xli h(Ji giao d\ll: cae cap elm cae quae gia khac nhall (%)
cae cifp bac q,uOcgia ,
~
i Trinh d6 gi,io due
Giao due Giao due I
, tii,i.('l due

Cic quae gia dang phattri€n ';

sa d,:mg
27
trung cflp I dai IH,Il' (in di~ng II
Cae quae gia a mere gil"ra 16
16 .1
1~ ,
13
Gk quae gia ph,it [ri~n ~----..I_---_.- '___ 10
.,
;1 10 I
~ 9
Bang 17.16: suthenh leeh fhu nluip giira cae ca'p giao due eua cae loai hinh quae
gia khac nha u
Trinh d9 gi,io due : Cae quae gia dang pMt Iri€n Cae qu6c gia ph.11 lricll
Giao due SCi d,jng (ehi~6) (w sa) :
100 ,
Gi;lO tlt.le tnlllg cSp -~Q..
239 I~O
Giao dLled'ii h<;>ceao d:lng i
639 219 ,

Ngllon gae tlt li~u: Cu6n "coi hi "'01 !oai gi,io clue ,Mu Ill" eGa G.Psacharoroubs
do Tmong Tuong dieh dang Iren ""(i/lg Ihcii gilio clue /lgo(1i qu,j(. ". ,1985 (5).
5. S61i~u fu li~u thu thftp va ti I~ thu nhap giao duc
!
Phan chia Ii Ie Ihu nh~p giao due binh quim tren Ihe" gi6i the'o loai hinh qll<ic g;a va
lrinh do 'giao d\le. Ihe hi~n Ir6ng
, b'\ng 17. j 7 va hinh 17.1.
,

404
~.---------------

Bang 17.17: Ii l~ Ihu nh~p ghio dl,lc binh qUlin ('Yo)

I Khu "lk' Ti Ie lhu nha xa hoi Ti Ie thu nha tu Man

i
CiI;'1.0due J Giao due Giao due (Hao due Oiao due Oi,\o dl!e
~LJ dang II lrung' d~i'h.~. ~so dang trun~' dai hoc
c,'tp caD U[Ulg " ," ca~ caodilrig
..•.. :.1 I
C~ic(ll~.ti hinh
qu&: gi~l
----_._--~- -----
.Q~~ I~~ ~-- 26 I 17 13 , 45 26 32
Chau r\ 27 15 13 31 15 18
, 23 23
eh'''1 ~Ii'L" [inh 26 I ' 18 16 32
C~i\.~~~;-ph~il
tri~(i ~if1llll,: I 13 10 8 17 13 13
IrUIl~ :
;-CC11Il;': ~~;Iph;ir tri~:n. T~liIi~u 1I 9 12 12
khong
I
1•••• - __ ._--_._---
'. • _
phtl hdp ,

Ngulin gl)C tIl li0u: Tr"ng 159 cuon "I;'/(/mg plll;i kiljlz lit giao :ciL.lc plll({1ng Tdy",
nh'l ,\U:il kln dOlihoc ,'U ('hOlm Bilc Kinh. 1990.

itl
~IJ [i Ie thu qh~p tlJ nMn
3[1
2(J
1<,
(J

(ii,i\,.) dt.I': ~lf d,:lIlg Giao dl,JC trung. c{\P Giao dl.;!c d~i p-qc cao dang

Hinh 17.1: SIr chenh l~ch gifra Ii I~ thu nh~pgifraghio dre tu nhar va Ihu nh~p xii
hqi Chilu I'hi ~ ' I i
Nguon g6c ttr li0u: Trang 160 giang bang l7: l7 I. . 'I' . j
, Thu nh:l!, ttr b:ll1 nh'll1 ,iuc V'l lU ban v~t th~t quae te, phlln chia t~eo lo,!i hlnh qU'1~
glll.lh~hl~l1l1hubllngI7.IS. I~.. ; ,',,', ,.
I .' I '. -

Ilan~ 17.IX: Thu nh,ip IU ball nhiln luc va tu ban vat th;)t qUDe te; (ph~nelJ.ia theo
, lo,!i hlrih qUDe gia) r'". ,; ,','.." •.
. I' .
.-
l.u~.Lihlnh I "himQ nillTI60 elm lhe ki 20 ' NhlinQ nam 70 eua the kv 20
Tv bim v~t lh~t
qlh}..: gi;l
I
Tu b,in nhan
It,re
Tv b,in v~lth~t
''Tv bim
Il!e
nhan
'

,
!
I i,
r-c---'---:--'---
I 20>15
, 15> 13
~_~iiS.~~
__
g'~~ l.!
d~l~ hjt lri~;l1
8<10 , ' 9<11
l. ~"~i~lJ.~~~~~~J)h~l ({[~-

Ngulil1 gtlC lU li~u: Giang b,ing 17,17 .

405
 ~--- ...•.

) Thu nh*p p~an 10~i .theo thi truang suc lao dong. rna blnh -:uan he gifra Ii Ie san
xuat lao d(mg va giao duc IrlIang h9C. nhtr hlnh 17.2. bang 17.19_ b,ing 17.20
! I. _ . ,,'.' ' . •

Thu nhitp'/Ii I" lao d9ng san xu.'r

,
I
,

••••

Giiio dl;lC nhit lWall!!

Th, tnrCrIlf! ngu6n ];ll.' d9ng C<:lI1h lranh

111U nh~r/ti I" lao d9ng san XUilI

...
'."

Ti I~ lao d9ng s;:in:\uc:il

. /
.•.•.
/.
- 11ll! nh~p

/
/ ~

Gi;io c!t.lc nll:1 lnrimg

Thj InIOnI' nguon lao d9ng c6 I<ich(rc conI' dO'1Il

Thu nh~p/Ii I~ lao d9ng san XUilI

•

/ /
...•. - Ti I~ lao o(>ng s,in xU[lt

111U nh:ip

GiilO dvc nhll tnrl"1ng

Th, lnran,g nguon lao d(>ng c6 !rirdl ot) gi,lo tll.le 1..1<.li
h(}C. cao d~ng

Hlnh 17.2: So' do 1111, hinh quail hi, gi(ra ti I~lao dong s:in xu:"it va gi:\o duc
nhil trtriYng
Nguon gac tulicu: Giang b,ing 17.17.

406
-----------------

B,ing 17.1 'I: Ti Ie thu nhap giao due ella ll1qt so nucre ehinh tn~n the gi6i co trlnh dq
giao d~e khae nhau (%)

Nom linh ~ ' ' Ti k Ihu nhap xii h6i Ti I~Ihu nhiip eli nhiin
• , (il;tn Jl.lC (ii,io dl;lC Giao dl:lC Giao d~c Giao d~c Giao d~c
1 'H' Liang trung cap d~i hQC saqang !rung cap, dai hoc'
i ,cao dAn~ ca~ da."n~
r
! \!2 '-r 19)1) 17,S ; 14,0 9.7 155.1 19.5 13.6
I C~Hl~llb I ~)61 ; 11.7 t4.0 16.3 19.7
l'Anh I I%6 I' " ; 3.6 8.2 6.2 12.0
r Nh,,, ,1')61 I 5,0 6,0 6.0 9,0
f'I~--r 1\)65 (: 5,2 5.5 \8,5 10.4
r .~I~:\i~0-'~.--7
-- -1-~)6J : 25,0 17,0 no : 32.0 ; 23.0 29,0
._- -_.~ -- ---------
Br<.l\1I1 I 1\)62 10,7, 17,2 14.5 ; 11.3 , 21.4 38.1
;-C-t~jl~-"'."-_.:'- -"l~)0-- 24,0 I 16,9 12,2
----,---
.~ 1%0 20.2 16,8 12,7 24.7 19.2 14.3
I'bilipl''.!'..':: L_.!~66 ; 21.0 11.0 7.5 I 20.0 12.5
j'! --Nil! ..-----
eli I"n I 1%6 I
-T--~---~- 19.4 13,2 20,0 14,7
ih~lll~l I 196",} I~.O 13.(J 16,5 24.5 17,0 37,0

~~~I~I .L__.. ~~6S I 21. 7 !. 19,2 8,8 " 30.0 27.4

~_~J:::~'~~~
__._.__
.."\)6~__ . 23.0 i 1281 17,0 30,0 14,0 34,0 I

Ngu,'n goc lLl li~u: Trang 62. cuon "so ."'{/lh 'IIiOC Ie" Ilw nl/l7P giao'dl.'c" ella
G.Psachamjlouhs. San f'rancisco.1973.
, ,

B,ing 17.20: nhiing cung hie'n cua giao d~c Trung Quoe va tien lJ(> khoa hQc ki
thu~it dui Hii tang tmung thu nh:'\p quoc dan va so sanh l!eh sir v6i My, Lien xo eii
'-"~~--~'11Crng (Dnghi~'ncua Nhiing c6';g hien NgllOi Ihl!chi~n Hnh
I
tien b<)kho" hqc ki Ihual . cua gii.i,o dl;Jd d6i v6'i
, d6i "oi '(lOg lruang thu tallgtrubn\g lhu i
.. .. __ ..._L .- nh{lI) quoe dilll (~:() nhap quac dan ('Yo) i
1.1":11 Xl> l..:tl 1'!61-196') , 37.8 I Khomalov,
:-:i~U!QU6\.-' -'f 1952.197S I, 34.9 i .20.9 0:)
Trun\! QlILi~ !
1952.197S I ,
I , 17.6 KnucLam
TrUll!! ()Ul)"': -r
1952.1 'J7S I .9.4 L(rdng Vi Kien ,

, ~Iy" ..
, 1929"1957 ! i : ' :33 T,W.Schuliz ,
J'" ,

.
, \Iv I.. 1929.196~.L 27.6 (2) I .' 12.3 EF.Deriison .,
..--------- I
l.il.'ll Xl) 1..'(1
. -----_~- --- r
; 1'!6(,.I'J75 i i 27 Law' " ",' ,
.1.r~!.!gJJ~~i.!~_. _; I')6~.19S'2';
.--_._-_."-_. ;- . 20 (3) i Slt Thanh Kl Dang
~.L.... l- .._---_ ..._- ...._-
~!-.!.~~
.. 30.1 20

Chu \': (I) Cuon "kh,/i /jll"l kinh l<'"Il(1C gici(l dl.'C" t6 nghien cuJ kinh 'tehQcgi.1o
due 10ill1 qu6e. nhil xu,it b,in nhill1d,in Thanh Hai, 1983. ,- ,
(2) C6ng hi~'n ph,it lri~n tri Ihuc d6i vcritang Inrang kin~ teo
1.1)Chi b'lll gum cong nghi~jl d nucrc.

407
\
 CHlJONG XVIII: LAO DONG CVA GIAO VIE;'\' VA TIEN THO LAO

Su phat tri~n ella khoa hoc kT thu,it, su hung thinh ella nen ki nh Ie'. Ih,im chi Slr ticn
6 ella loan bo xa hoi deu duae quyet dinh bai vj~e nftng eao to ekil ngllai lao d(lJ1g \a dao
9
t~o mal luang 16n nguiJl Iii;, dat lieu chui\n .. Nang eao 10 ehal nglri1i lao d(H1g ,.il t!ilo tao
nguai tiii d~u khohg the: tiie~ rai eong vi~e eua giao vien. Gi,io "ien Iii nglriri 16 cluee va
nguai lhue hien qua Irinh d~y hQe. Kli6ng c6 lao d9ng eua nglrili gi,io vicn Ihi kh(lJ1g co
a
deh nilO time hien duae viee diio tao nglri1i lai eae ehuy~n ngimh va n,ing (';\(1 Ii; chat
nguai lao d9ng. Vi vay lao d(mg eua giao vien la dieu kien quan trong Ihue d:iy ph,it Iri<in
sire s,ln xuat vii tien bo eua khoa hoc ki lhuflt. Trc.mg 1:lm ella clnrO'ng nilY Ii, him ve d:ie
die:m COban eua lao d9ng ella gi,io vien vii hieu qu,l eong lac. tien Ihu lao ma \<io ,long eua
giao vien nen e6 duqe, lam the nao M Ihue d~ysu luu clang e(la giao vien lrong c1ieu kien
eua nen kinh te thi truang, lIU hoa vice dieu d9ng bo tri doi ngG gi,io vien. Dieu ni,y e6 lac
dung thue d~y rat l&n, doi va.i vi~e ph,it trie:n su nghiep gi,io due ella Trung Quoc

Bai 1: Dl)e di~m va hi~u suat lao d(>ngella giao "ien

1. Dl?-cdiem lao d(mg cua gino vicn

Lao dong ella giao vien so va.i lao d(lJ1g de nganh nghe kh,ic. e6 m(1\ ,6 '\':le die:m
n6i bat sau, ehinh Iii tinh dge lap, tinh tIl ehu trang lao clung ella gi,io vien. linh phlfe tap
vii tinh sang tao eua lao d9ng giao vien, tinh hieu qua !flU dai vii tinh hi~u qu<i eh:lm eua
lao dong giao vieri ...

1. Tinh dc?c J:IP va tinh tu chu cua lao dc?ng giao "ien

Gi,io d\le nha truang la m9t qua trlnh dilo tao c6 ke hoach. c6 mue (lieh. c6 10 ehiIe,
e6 he thong va anh huang tai hQc sinh. Giao vjen lrang qua trinh lao [long nil\' chi, veu Iii
truyen Ih\1 kien thire ehahoc sinh, ph'lt tritin kh,i n'-lllg elta hoc sinh. x,iy dlrng ncn "",
cach ella C,l.c em. Tom !?i myc dfch lao u(mg ella gi<io \ icn 1;1d;lO 1,.10 n011 nhCfng rung
d,in xu h9i ehu nghTa c6 ly lUang, e6 dao diIc. e6 V'-lllhoa. c6 k<' IU:Il. Diell nil)' quyet
r!inh h~oong eua giao vien tfit nhicn e6 tinh de)e J:1Pvii linh IU chll.
D6i tuong ];, ) don!, eua giao vitn Iii con nglrai, la hoc sinh. Gi<io 'ic'n ph,ii lien
hanh lao dong v:it'v'l doc Up ,he'
mai c6 lii:n h,u,h giao due Iren nhieu phuong dien doi
","i IK." sinh nhu ph:im eh:it .Iao du',. III !II"'''~. I !c'n thlre khoa hoc "'I kinilng ldo dong ...
1;111(;" <:h" hoc sinh ph,il II'i(:n mol deh toill1 dien. Vice gi,io "ic'n t:,p Irung "i1(1 nghien
eLi)! r.\,.: :: lfO'llg <.la.,,' h:.,e \';1 gi;lo trlnh. hicn <:Oiln V;t stra chua giitO jn. day hoc \';'-1 phy dao.
1\')ehll'( ill] lI~:hjl7'lJ1IJO:IClhac LIp. chCra bai 1;.)/1 ... dell dll" \';In 1;lIJ ckmg c1()c !;:1I1 );'1chinh.
Cho LIlt de: d~IO [t,w hQc sinh thanh tIli khong ph<.ii II, Val (ra ril'ng hl~t ella gl;lo \'!l'n nllO
do, Ci~ins\l' rh6i hqp ella giao vicn elie bQ m(m cling co g.1ng. nhuJJg gt<.lo ,'jell Cill' h(l mon
khong ph,i; I:t eung lao dong vai nhau trong ci1ng melt Ihili gian. mill ,1J" diC'm. Cllllg mot
\

408
 d(" IU"llg, Cllll e,ie h",,1 d(Hlg 1:'1)the nhLl 1(lp the giao "ien eung ehui;~ b~ bai, tham quan,
Irao d,)i day hoc. Irao d61 kinh nghiem ... eung ph.ii d\fa (ren ca so
ea nh:m gi.io "i,;n
nghiL'm lue.L'lI1 Ih:lI1 doc \;tp di ,:w nghien eCru, Neu khong Ihl nhCrng hoat dong t"p Ih~
n,'ykh"hg Ihe UJ hicu 'Iua lOt. Ih'll11chi se chi dling lai 0 hioh thlle,
Tlf ,k, cli the Ih:iy, IllY Ihill1h qu.l lao dqng eua giao Vle\1 "on e6 tinh tiip lh~ nhLlng
,kii ','Ii hinh IhLfe \;to d(\ng eLIa gi.h) "ien rna noi thl la lao :d(mg dLla :"ilo ca nhan li\ chil
yeu, u., \illh Joc bp '" linh tlf chu,
,
I)" ,be diem ni,y eua lao dong giao ,,"en rna yeu cau giao "icn phili co to eh:;t III
llIUlIg chillh In '" 16 chill I'im 110.1khoa hge wang doi eao, eung phai co th.ii do tLl giae
bo clollg "i, nhid hll~el ngh~ nghiep cao, neu khong khong th~ hoi\ll'thimh Lot de kh:lU
lrung Cl"1l1g\i~c d~.tYIh.)('....:ling k.h6ng the nang cao n1Ql each to~J.n Ji:~n Ch[ll I uqng ~t<:io
due, I)" dile' diem ni,y l'lJ:l lao d(mg glao "ien eung yeu cau' nguai qulm If trang eOng uie
quan Ii 112nLhtl tJ\Hlg tl'ji \'i~c n~Ulg CIO to chat gi<lO vien, cht1 lrQng huy dQng tinh nang
dong t:lllI quail \.:u~t gl~'I(\ \len ChLf IdH")[lg th~ v(1I1dl;lng dan gian cae '~llll; d(J~1I1,. qll~\n Ii.
lrc ~r.
sid ch:,ll. [~.Hl.•.•
2, Tinh phllc tap Iii tfnh s.ing t,IO cua lao dQng giao vien
2./. Tinh jlhllc rap,clia lao {"inK gilio l'iI!1l

1.,,,1dllllg ella giao 'I~n Ii,mot loai lao dong trf oe, trach nhiem eua giao vien vua iiI
I •
da~ h"c '"fa Ii, day nglflli. 'nlimh qu.1 lao dong eua giao vien t~p trung the hien b.in a
lh.,n hue sinh, La" d(lllg ditO lao con ngtrili xiiy d\fng can ngLlai la mQt l0<li lao d(>ng trf
,',c phlle 1"1' ,i, ,ill "a Tfnh phlrc lap eua lao d(>ng,giao vien'ehu yeu tl~e hi~n doi wqdg a
ella gi:,,: \'len, t," chi,l ban Ih"n clia gi.io':ien "~i'nhi.;-m v,~ ~~ ~i.aO..~ie1. Phil..i~an~ va,e,,~"
NUl "l' dm ltrcmg ella lao dong glao vlen khong phat la dOl nrqng lao,d9ng bl h
lhlflmg mi, la nhling eun ngtrai song d(mg, I:hli~:g h.?e ~inh v?n ~6, tfnhi~h!I ,~(>ng ~~~tba;
Tmng lao dong eua glao \'len khong ch, co yeu tp nang d9ng cua g'lI0 vlen ma con co
y(-"u 16 nCU1g (.h)ng ella hl/C sinh. . '(
, I.
Nell nlnf qll.i lrinh day he,ll khling co m(>t moi lien h~ nao vai tinh nang dqng e!Ia ea
Ilhan Ill'e sinh lhi qll,i lrinh do khOng the th\fe hicn dLlqe, Chinh djje !diemnay~c quyet
dlnh r"ng nglflli th,i, gi:,u lrong qua lrinh [hue diiy hge sinh e4a mlnh phili eo nhung
bien d(l~ n', nu,e dfeh ni,u d6, [w.oe hr:t phai de, eho ~~e~~eljd~ bien thim~ doi;lwng
illnil IhLlc'milL' dlch ella ltCban lhan hoc Sinh, hmh thanh nen nhung:hoat cl9ng co mue
dieh Ll,a nglrili hue Sinh, Chi nhling khi nilo nhlilig hoa, clong co mile etfeh clla ngLloi
tidy gi.iu ,il nhlmg hU"1 dling co mue dfeh eua ngLlai h9C sinh co hhung'moi lien he
nung linh ch,il qllY 11Ii,1Ihi ng,roi lhay gi,io mai e6 Ihe IhLle hien ettrqe mue clfeh ella
m inh ngal ,(',i ehinh d(i, 11llmg d6, Ngoili ra doi ttrong Jilin viee el,a nglrai thfiy gi,io cung
ehinil Ii, ngllili hue sinh lrong qua Irlnh phal lrien bic'n etoi: nglroi hoc sinh Irong nhung
hu,,1 d'HIg ella ehfnh han II1:,n minh eung Ilion khling ngu'ng bien dbi, The eh,'lt vi, linh
th~'Ul llia ngulJi hl.K" ..•lnll Cling c6 nhCrng bien d6i khac nhau ve d(lC tnfng tubi l•.tc cling
nhu e:' linh qlla nhleu Ihili ki kh,',c nhJu, H(ln nlia, qu.i trinh Ian len vii trtrong Ihill1h ella
Ilgu\1i ht.h.: -;lllh-dlli llllJllg 1~llnyi~'L' ella ngLfc1i theiy gi •.Io con ch~u •.'tnh hWJ'ng ttf nhi~u ph fa

409
 I

ii, . :
nlw: Gia dinh, nba twang iva moi tnrang xa h0i, Nguai hge ,inh nhu iii mot ehll th~;
ph~\m vi hO'.lt d01~g ella ng~ai hoc sinh cung e6 the' VLr91ra khoi gi(ri han rham vi lac~
dong eila nguai Ipay giao, !Bc'iiV~IY.trang qu,! trlnh hic'n d6i ella ehfnh h,in than nguili~'
e
hg sinh. e6 nit lihieu yeu 16 khong phiii duqe hlnh thanh tu dU(1i m dr.n (hit ella ngu~i ,
lhay gi'lo, Cling thfnh dieu: nay dii dan den viec hlnl1 thimh nen nhiclI nh,m to bien d6i '
khong the' kh6ng
, ,

ehe dU'r;11trang qua trlnh lao d0ng gi,ing day ella nguili tidy giao, : ....
iJi hoi Ph~' de e~p den nhiing nh'i11 to nay dong thai trong qu,i trlnh lao'
Nguai Ihay giao (r
g
, . d0n . va linn Vi~e.!eua mlnh phai dlfa ra nhiing dieu ti.:'t m.ang tfnh eh,n d(mg. th'li, Nguili
[hay giao trang qua trlnh I m vi~c cua mlnh can ph,ii quan ,at. tim hicu m(lt each dn .
than, dieu tra ngl~ien cuu m:t cach 11 mi. lien h~ k.:'t hqp tir nhicli phuong di~n, v;m dung.
1l10t each t6ng hqp nhiing nhiln 16 tfeh cue lir tren nhicu phuong di~n, dong thai lfch c~
loai tru nhiirig nh~n to b;it Iqi, nham thuc d;iy qua trinh phAI trie'n lilnh m',mh eila nguili
hoe sinh, Chfnh 4
1cdi~m d'iii tLrqng lam vi~c ella nglrai thay giao
t'.lP trang qua trln~ lam vi~e!clia nguai thay gi~lo,
,c
quy.:'t dinh tfnhphuc
j. ,

XlSt lren goc d0 yeu edu ve 16 chat eila ban th,1n nglfai lhay gi,iu. qua trlnh lam vi~c
ella nguai lhay gif!O la va ej'lIlg phue I~\r va kho kh;IIl, Nglrai til thirang noi "mlloll gidng
clio lI!}c sinll lIi~[I:III(jl:ngl,:(i l:I~Y gil!o pl/(iilli<:i, m,lfiri", Ng~aj th'.~y gi,io d()i hoi, phai ~lt
lrang b! eho millh m91 VOl ben tlwe van hoa glao due trel1 nhlcu phUlmg dl,n, phal
tl;uang xuyen ,I,I!\n~u d?i klen Ih~e, khong ~gung hQc t~IP gian khl)~ t\r ti.:'p sue lye eh,o
ban thiln, nghlen :euu 1m h~u glang day. n;lm h,lt duae quy luat eung nhtr nghe Ih~at
hng qua Irlnh gil.ing d'.ly,..f~cung ehfnh J':le dil'm nilY Jii 'luyi:'t dinh tfnh.eh,it gian kh.6
~hue
I t\lP trong quk. trlnh lao 0ng lam vi~e eila nglrai til,iy giao,
, I

i XISI Iren godd0 Iraeh phiem gi,!od\lelllil,nglrai th,iy gi,lo ph~ii g,inh de till co th~
Ihay rang IrQng I~ach dam 11hi~m ci'la ngtrili th,ly gi'IO Iii dlfl1e xU'lt phat tir tren nhieu
phuong di~n va nhieu goe ~(l, Nguai th,iy gi,lo vua ph~ii clay hQc, i'ira ph,ii gi<io d~e can
nguai: vua phai t~uyen d,!-~ kien thue, vira ph,\j ph'll trie'n trf tlI~ cho nglrili hQ~ sinh;
ngoai ra can ph,ii ;vua biel quan Wm de'n vi~e hQe t~r eOng nhtr 1lr ltrllng da nglraihQc
sinh, vua phai biel quan tach den 5I! ph,it tric'n lill1h m,lI1h ella hqt sinh minh: 1ll0~ill?t
phai giup eho mil, 11101hgelsinh e6 the' phat trie'n m0t Clleh loim di~n trong m(,i tmung
tap t?~, ,m':1 ~hae ~h~i,. gi~P{' ho ~Qe sinh d~, e6 ,thl' ~h~lt tr:cn ~(11 ~,ich t,?im, dic~ va d~y
du ve ea ea tmh 'fa tal nan , Nhm chung tat ea nhtrng (hcu na~: dcu thc hlcn tmh phuc
lap, tfnh gian kh6 lrang qUi!. rlnh lao d(lng va lam vice eila nguai th,iy gi,io,

X6t Iren goe d0 Itrqnd eong vi~e mil nglfll'i thiiy giao ph,ii (him nh'ln, e6 th~ n6i
eong vi~e ella ngliO'; th,ly gi;io khong chi hil'U hi~n c'iiao d6ng trf oe Illa elm bic'u hi~n a
ca,lao,d0n~ eh,\n 'tay Iren nl~t Cl1,ang d0 ~h,it dinh, ,cungc6 n,ghia ~ang 1I,6IilmQt,eo~g
vt({e vUa mel mOl tmh th,ln ~ua ton hao tn I\re, Ngum th'IY glao rhat chuan hi twae bal
giang, len lap, vtra phai dan~ nh~1n eong vi~c Chll nhiem: "ua pluii tie'n hill1h day phi! d\la,
ehu'a hai tap ehohoe sinh,) vua ph,ii to ehue de hoat dl'Jng' gi,I(J duc trong va ngaai
tnrClng. t!()n~ thili ,Ii,e'nhanh inhieu hu6i. gar,go tra~ d6i "ai
phu h~vnh Clla tirng :anhan
•
1
hQc S1I1h,Co Ihe QOI rang 1 0ng - ngOaI gw len lop. trang - ngo<ll rham "I tnf(mg hQc
deu la moi tru'ong ,EuTIvi~c eila nglfai lh;IY gi,io; giiJlCn lap _ gill tan ea, s<ing "1m _ dem ,
khuya eung deu lit gia lam !vi~e eila ngtrai th,!y giao, Xct m(lt dch chi Ii tren pllllling

4]1)
dicn t:11llIi co th~ ket lU:lII r'tng cong viec clla nguai thay giao Iii nhieu 1'0 h~n, cong viec
ella ll~lf,'1tth:,: khon~ Ihc cili thuan tuy tinh toan tren khoi IUeing cong vi~c clla tam tieng
Jllllg. hu.

Chi 1ll('1 viii phlr"n~ tllen n0u Iren cling du hlnh thanh nen nhung d~c diem mang
tinh ekit phCrc tap lron~ ei'n~ vi~c cua nguai thay giao,
2,2, Tinh sting (ao Irong eDng ,'iee etill nguDitlulY giao I
i
Cil"" due Iii rnl:,t hi) rnon ngh0 thu:It, Bat IU\lII Iii qua trlnh d~y hQc hay la qU{1trl?h
~J,i" due, d0u '" mOL qua Irlnh m:lu Ihuan mang tinh chatiphtk tap,:cling chinh la mQI
'iU" [rinh la" d6n~ \il[n ,iec rnang tinh chSI sang tao tl mi trau chuot c'ua nguai thay giab,
hl',i 'e,y Ill', di,i hili nguiJi th:,y gi,io phil co nang Ilf~ viI ngh~ thu~t cao ve 11nh vlfC giao
tlue, ~I"le JCI~ia() duc giang day lil rnol qua trinh ;nang nhung quy lu(lt , va nguyentac co
lhc l"all lilli, lUY nhi0n do Joi wong eua giao d\Jc la nguai mang nhung tu tuong tltlh
e,,,n ,il ehiu,nhi~u anh huang cua xa hoi tren nhieu phuong dien; cung co the 1a nhung
thieu nhl .nhi di'!lg, nhirng thanh thi~'u nien dang trang giai doan tfUO;lg thanh mang day
e.i linh. Ill' lil nWI Ihc' he n:lIIg J6ng vii hoat bal. ngoai ra moi truang gi{,o cluc cling iuon
lu()n kh'lI1g ngCrrjg bii'n tllli, boi "("Y Ji~udo cling quyet dinh rttng ng\.roilhay glao lrong
qu,i Irlnh lao don~,i, li"n "icc cua minh can phai co tinh sang t\lo \Calinh d9C l\,p cao,
tllHl~ Ihi,i n~uili theiy gieio b"11bl(()c ph,ii xu:it phal tv tll1h hlnh thuc Ie
di! ti€ri hanh cong
\-i~'cgijll dl..lc gi.'mgd •.1Y 1l1t>1 c.kh dJ)' s{ing t<.1O.

Tlllh ~~il1g t,.H) t[\)ll~ u'H1g \-I~C ella ngucl"i lhfiy gi,lO tnr6c het duqc bieu hi~n trong
'1ua Irinh da, huc Trlll\~ '1u,i lrinh day hoc. nguai lh:iy giao khong the chi gi,in dan
~i'''l~ hi,i h:mg deh gieing ngu,'cn thea noi dung sach giao khoa, ma phai biet chuyen
hua 1":1Il hI:>nhun~ nh:11\ t,'j kic'n IhCre. nhung lU tuang va tinh dm duqc duc k€t, duqc
nglllig dlln~ lai trong gi"o Irinh lhimh nhung kien lhuc, nfll1g IlfC vatu lUong, tlnh cam
ei,a minh, d6n~ Ihai ph"i bic'l e:ln eU ":lO nhung d:IC di~m ctta hQc sinh d~ ti€n hanh sap
'\L'P ':1 Irl' lilJh Iai tCrd'llI. Cll nlw ':IY moi co the: truyen th~ ki€n thU'~ toi hQc sinh trang
'1u,i lrinh gi,mg day, 1-I\nh thlrc lao d'~lllg ",m vi~c mang tfnh chat sangt~o nhu v~y khong
ph,ii h:lt dr eUl;n seiell tHrong ,L'm nilocling c6 th~ If giai duqc,
I ' ';
Tinh eh,il "ill~ lau lron~ qu,i trinh lao d9ng lam vi~c ella nguai thay gi{,o con dIrac
hil:u hien il scr ph:ln hid d6i xir cua nguai th:iy giao doi vC"ilung hoc sinh, Nguai thiiy
~i,iu ph"i lic'p ,'\llc !'un ,'icc ,,'ri muon vim doi lUqng hQc sinh khac nhau, moi mol hoc
sinh L"" Ih~ coi nhlllil m,:>lthc' gi6i d:lc bie!. Nglrai lhay giao vua ph iii 'boi duang cho hQc
sinh Ir0n e,1 ,,'I e:m cI'r muc ti0u th6ng nhat, vua phai biet chu y dell nhung die:m khac
I\hau lhuoe "~ e,i lfnh ei,a hoc M tien hilllh 1ua chQn nhung phuong phap kh,lc nhau
"h:lI11 "h,il lric" Iwn nua nhimg nct d tfnh viI uu di2m cua hQc sinh, Trang qua lrlnh lao
dun~ liu11 ,'icc eua Illinh, n~lrai lhay gi,io ph,ii hiel can Clr vaa nhung doituqng khac
Ilhau, nhimg I](:>idung ~iao due kh,ic nhau va nhung dieu ki~n giao d\Jc khac nhau, d6ng
Ihili ,an dung nhim~ kicn lhlre. I,\i nilllg vi, kinh nghiem cua b,m t1ul11clC:lien h:lllh nhimg
nghieu 'lru ,il Itwc nghi~m mOLeach cloc lap, lU d,)t ra nhung phlrang ,in v:\ phuGng ph'lI]
~i,io due gi,mg day mUI)n hinh ll1u()n vc, lLldoc 1:1Plien hill1h nhul1g s,ing lao ngllL th"e"
"""ll h,"1 dLfU( nhun~ ki n:m~ gi'''lg dOlI', hlnh Ihimh nen I1hung phong each vi, ct"e Inrl1c

411
 I

kh,ic nhau trong dC)ng tae gjaa due gi,ing day. Glng \"ai sllph,it tricn eua Ihili <lai V;I Sll
tien ba ella khaa ,hoc. nai qung clla nherng [;Ii li.;u giang ,L!ay' cling khong ngirng [hrac
chinh Ii. slra doi. !;Jencanh q6 16 chill tri lU<;eua nglloi hQc sinh cling khang ngirng dtroc
bi(n doi va nim,!! caa. Chinh c1ieu nay da quyet dinh rflllg lrong m[it qua Irinh gi,io clue
gi,ing day cu the. khang the;16n tai nhung quy dinh khang he c6 chill bien d[ii n;lO. <lieu
nay co the eai nht! ""ifC giap due gicing d(l\' crJ pl/l(lfIlg pl/(ip ;,I/lOig 1~/i kli,;ng c,; plll(rfng
plltip ('ri' <iinli .., nh\r v~Y ci\n$ yeu cau nglloi thi;y gi,io lrong qua trinh lao c1<:mggi,illg clay
eua mlnh ,. h can phili: Iuan kh6hg I ngtrng tim loi sang 1'.\0 nhling ngh~ Ihuill gi,io clue gi,ing
d ,IY mC1l O'n. i I ..

3. Tinh hi~ulqua ch~rr va hi~u qua lau dili trong qua !rinh lao c1(jngcua ngu:iri
thay giao

412
 , 'I
, I 'I
'1U:, chilm mi, coi nhJ nhling gia tr! xii hqi mung Ifnh hi~u qua lati d~i, ttt d6 xem thuQ:ng
'u l"lJ lkmg clia nglrUi thiiy giall, Soi YilYchunglu bat buqe phai xUllt ph at til nhling qJun
di"lIl I:tu dai, xuilt pl,at til liim cao chien luge cua sif nghi~p kinhteva phat trien xa ~qi
d" d:inh gia ~' ngh;" ~lll,i tdnh lao d(JJlg el,a nguai thay gi:io, til d6 1\\0 1\IP nen mtil iap
lju;.in kil d•.'l) .'/(ill sa ir(lll'.! ,1(/(1" [rone [oim xah6i.
" , ' ,', - ".', .
" ~.
1 l.

.- II. T(J chlrcl tronq qua tr1nh lao d(mg

• "
cua ngum thay gia?
I
I. Y ngh;u cua ,icc quy dinh hIqng c<ing vi~e ella n~ltOi thay\giao
; t ,

Cling ,icc CII" nguiJi thiiy giao doi heii ph,H Ifnh loan lugng e,6ng viec, quy c1inh
llrong e\lllg ,'icc eua ilglrai Ihiiy giao tlIe lit mQl Ihu phap quan IrOn& trang vi~c t{) ehuc
C\l\\g "'CC clla nguiJi 'ih:lY gi,io. bai "ilY can phai th\le hil;n che dq dinh lugng e6ng viee
CII" nglfi,i Ihiiy giao. Vi~u nilY Cl) 'gi cho Yicc 10 ch(re quan If e6ng )'i~e eua nguai lhay
gi,ill. nil1lg C'"' L'iliit llrong,gi,io "ien. giup eho nguai giau vien duqe !1tIong nhling gl rna
hu. ,\lfll~
.•.. d~ill~
.•. dLfUL'
-,'
h~r('llle.
" •.. '

Thuc hien ehe' li~ Jjnh Ilrong eong vice eua nguai Ihay giaose G6 Iqi cho vi~e quan
Ii gi,ill "ien. t'>lli[khi ~a co JU0e nhling '1uy dinh ve luqng e6ng vi~e cita nguai thiiy giao,
chllng la Cling ,Z: ell lii\)1 IhllOc do ciln bCll1gv~ khoi luqng c6ng vil;e eita h9, til d6 nguai
!:un cpng [,ic '1u,in Ii'lnrti'ng htle sZ: lilY Jci liun can cli: de lien hanh ,d6n doc, gi,im sal,
ki"lll II'''. nlw ,'ilY sZ:~,i,
Iho?nil1lg cao Irinh dQ '1ulin Ii lrang nha truang.

Tlllf,' hien ehhl<i Jinh IUl1ng c6ng "icc cua. nguai tluly giao Se c61qi eho vil;e nill1g
eaO eh:.il Ilrqng Joi n~iI giao "ien Irong nha trUll1lg. Do che QQdinh luqng e6ng vi~e cua
nglf'Ji Ihiiy giao 'Iuy dinh so luqng. chill IU9'ng. Ihai h•.lil e6ng, vil;e Vilnhi~m vI! rna nguai
(hiiy giao dn ph:ii hoilll thi1l1h. do "I!y mil Iren th,!C Ie da quy dinh mqt thai gian lao
Jl'lng lilt yeu xa h(li c~a nguoi Ihiiy gi,io dC (wiln Ihanh m6t luqng eong vil;e nhat dinh.
~ ,-' ,.

l':lw V':'Ydo?hoi1l1 thilllh etinh muc cong vii:c theo nhu da quy dinh, nguai thay'giao
phai Ilf tlang hi Imit ,?n tili lieu' phong ph'u, nghicn eUu ki can!! phUC1I1r;phap giill1g d\ly, t\l
minh c:',i lie'n m(l[ phuong phap giao duc gi,ing dl.lYphu hqp vai ban than, De- e6 the lam
,lltUc nhu ,iry. nglriJi th:iy giao ph:ii luon khong ngtrng n6 life hge t~p;, nang eao Irlnh dq
chinh Iii "il tllnh tI,\ c1~uyen man eua b,in Ilu\n. Nhll v~y se dfin thue day S,! hlnh thimh mqt
d(li IIgCt gi~iu \ ic'n \'lrt1 m:,lllh \':1 kh()ng nglrng n:\Ilg caD cha~luqng .c~a dqi n~G' g,~ao vien.
9, ' '

ThLfChien chi:' d\\ dinh ILrqng cong vi~e cita nguai thay giao se co Iqi eho vil;cquan
Irid thue hien nilllg C;lll tfnh rfeh we. tfnh chu etqng va tfnh sang I\lO'trangql!a trlnh lao
th)ng ella ngu(li thity J:i;.il) tr0n C(1 SO IlgUY~11 tftc phan 'c6ng lao d9ng v~ ngLly~n uk huang
thea lhilllh tfeh. Tr'Jl1g giai Joan lliiueua Ihai ki chu nghiaia I1qi, Jao:dqng ehinh la mqt
plllrl1ng ph:'11111llUsi'1h Clla moi nguiJi dilll, nhlrng n6 cung kh6ng phiii'la nhti du duy
nhiit Imng eu(ie song fila mol nglrai. Neu nhu kh6ng co ~~t yeu caulhong nhal ve kh6i
ILtOngc(lng "iec. se cli Iho?J[1lI den [lnh lrang "/eim nhil!// /eim it cling chi nhu n/w//, /eim
huy /,/111 Ii,;' ciing Clhi~lg {'(; ~i kilt}£''' giong nhu C1 thai kl baa cap each thly nhieu nam

""
413
 truae. Thl1e hien ehe d9 dinh luang eang vice cua nguoi lhiiy gi,;o. clong thai ph6i ket hop
gifra kh6i lUang eang vi~e eua nguoi thiiy gi,io vai thu lao lao u9ng clla ho lai I"(ii nhau thl
co th~ thlle day nguai thay giao xuat ph<it tiI goe d9 lai ich thiE! thim Clla chfnh mlnh d~
quan tam den s6luo'ng cung nhu ehal ILrang lrang c<ing vicc ma ho dang I:lm. hcn canh d6
thuc day nguai thay giao phat huy m61 each a,iy du tfnh tirh nrc. linh chl'} de)ng va tinh
sang tao eua ban than. n6 lue khong ngirng nhtun hoim thilt1h nhlrng nhicm \u mil mlnh
dang ganh v,ie, til d6luon kh6ng ngung nang cao ch'lt Ilrang gi,io due gi,ing dav.
J. Nguyen tile quy dinh lugng c6ng vi~c clla nguo; lhay giao

Vicc guy diilh luo,]g eong vice ella nguoi lhiiy gi,io ph,ii tu,in thll thco ha nguyen
!<ic chti ye'u dlrai day:

2.1. Nguyelltde toan di4n qUail triet tIme hiell thea phuf1I1Keluim Kifio dill'
Xuat phat tiI goc d9 phuang eh,im giao d~e. hoc sinh dUlYi Slr chi h,;" da,' del , l"
tidy co gi,io. khong nhiing doi hoi phili n{lIn h,)t dlrge nhiing ki,Yn thlre \'C 1'"111 ho,i khoa
hoc giJo due rna con phai hi6u biet duge nhiing ki n,mg lao dong ticn lien: kh('ng nhfrng
d6i hoi phai co dliqe su giac, ng9 tu tuang ehu nghia,xii h6i cling nhlr ph,ii c6 (hroc pham
ch,lt d\IO due eao dep, rna con ciin ph,li co su ph,it tric'n limh manh e,i \C thc' chitt va tam
h6n. Bai V(IY, tra~gI lue quy , dinh luqng e6ng vice ella nguoi thiiy gi,io thi \'ie'c kicn tri
quan tri~t lhlie hi~n theo nguyen t{le phlrang ehilm gi,io due Iii m(ll phuong ph,ip toan
di~n lrang vi~e khao sat trlnh do ella nguoi thiiy gi,io. Ngoil'i vice tinh to,in IhiYi gian
cong vi~e ma ngupi giao vi en ciin ph,li hoiln thilt1h nhicm \'U ella minh ra. cim ph,ii tinh
den thai gian rna nguoi lhay giao ph'li sir dung nhieu hinh thlic kh,ie nhau dc tie:n hanh
giao duc ttr luongf'va giao d~e phiim chitt dao dlic cho hoe sinh. cling nh\r ph,ii tinh den
lhai gian rna ngui\1i thay giap .Jhai bo ra etC hlrang d[,n hoc sinh ella minh thaITI gia cac
hlnh thue sinh hoJ't nhiim nilng eao the ehiit cho hoc sinh. b6i cltrong cho hoe sinh nhfrng
tlnh earn t6t d~p, rang eao hang I\rc tham my eho hoc sinh \'a b6i dtrong eho hoc sinh
nhiing ki nang lao'd(Jng. ;
I

2.2. Nguyen Me Ilha trrrilllg fd)' eOllg J'i~e day hoc him chli

Cong lac giao due la mot eang tac Ir9ng dicm ciIa nh" tnrimg. hCli v,",y quy tlinh
lugng cong viee c~a nguai thay giao d6i hoi ph<ii kicn trl thvc hicn thea nguyen t,k lay
c6ng viec d;:ty h9d, lam ehi'l" giai quyet mol each dung dill] ~oi quan hc gilra c6ng vice
e
~ay hg va cae cMg vi9c khae, eoi luqng e(mg vice gi,ing day clia ngviri th;i" g";o Ii, 111(i1
c:hi'l the irong toan:b6 kh6i luqng c6ng vice.
, I.

2.3. Nguyelltde My thili giall fao dong tdi ye'u xli hoi lrim Cf1Sf;

Trang loan b6 qua lr,nh giao due. do nguycn nhim doi ttrong gi,io due kh(lng gi6ng
nhau, dicu kien gi,io dlle khae nhau. tr,nh u,) gi;io vien khiie nhall. h,ii \":'S' Ihili gian lao
d6ng ciin co de' ngv6i thiiy giao co the hoim thanh nH)1 khl;i IU(1ng c(mg vilT giao du:
gi,tng day nhal dinh eung se'khae nhau. 8(1i VilYtrang khi quy dinh Ivang c(mg \icc cua
ngu6i thaI' gi,lo. quyft khong the' chi dlra vilo thai gian Jao d(mg kh,ie nhall ci", flrng c:i
Ilh:'1l ck l~m can cu, ma clva' tren thai gian lao dong t,n \'c'lI x,i h(,i IiII11ef1 sc". TI,ili gl"n
);w dong tat yeu xa h6i cua nguai lhiiy giao dimg de chi thili gian lao d(mg li'l IC'U dn

414
 lhicl khi ,ir dung melt trlnh do lao dqng lhimh thuc cua nguai th~y giao de nhar,., hoan
thimh nHlt nhicm nl giao due hay day hQc nao do trong mqt di6u ki~n day hoc thong
tlllllJr1g. Liy thili gian iao dC)J1glcit yc'u xii hoi de lam co sa quy dinh luang cong vicc ella
• n~Lrl}i
.•.. . ~ial} c:h'lc c:h"n ,i' Ibn tkn \"iee
lhcj\" . hlnh thanh nen nhiing mau thuan giCra. thai
gian lau dong Cii bid \:1 lhili gian lao dqng tal yeu xii hqi. Trong tlnh hlnh tat ca dc dieu
kicn kh,ic: cling wong (king. thai gian lao dqng ca nhan cua nhling nguai thfiv gl.10 eo
trinh do c:all lhLriil1g'their hun thili gian lao oqng tfil yeu xii hqi, ngut;ic lai thai g"uI lao
dung e,i nh:in eua nherng nguili theiy gi,ioc6 trlnh 06 lhail thuCmg t~ao hcm so voi thUi
gian lao dl"l11glal <u .\Cih,}i. Trnng dicu kien quan triet thuc hien tren co so nguyen tftc
pheln e0ng lal) Lit:}ng.thi mcw thu[m gilia thaigian lao dong Cll nhan va thai gian lao do~g
tcil ycu xCihoi e6 th~dem lai t,ic clung c6 ,:u marih me, thue dflY nguai giao vien n6 l\K
hoc IClp. gian kho nghicn cuu. khong ngt:rng nang cao trlnll dq' dlfnh tr~ va lrlnh i1q
ehuycn nllln ell" bemlh,in. l:
HI. Hi~u4ua lao d(Jng cua nguai thay gi*o i
, ~. :!
Hicu quil lao oc?ng cua nguai lhfiy giao la chi Sl!'n6 ll!'~ chung suc cUa ea thay va tro
nhclm d~ d'.ltdu<.1e mlll lhimh qu,; gj:.\a OUClrang mqt kho~ng thai gi:an nhut oinh.Trang
linh hlnh tcit ee, de di~u kienkh:.\c eung wang dong, muc di? .cao tha~ !chac nhau'y6 hi~u
quel lao dong cua nguoi Ih,iy giao chi! ycu dung M quyet dinh trlnh'dq clla nguOi thay
gi'lo. l\ hll ngul1i lhciy gi:'\,) gioi lhuimg ph,h thong qua vi~c eai tien ph~ong phap giao dl)c
gi,ing day de khic'n dlo b,in than chi ph,ii b6 ra mqt chut thOj gian lao dqng ca nhan, d6ng
lhili eung gil'p cho hoc: sinh cua mlnh khong phaf ton nhit'u,thai gian lao dqng, ma cii hai
b0n \"'"l dCIl ,0 lh~ giill1h ,!ut.ic nhling lhanh qua giao dl)c tolOno Neu I)hu nguai thay giao
chi bi~'l sir dung phuong rh:.\p I,ing lh~m slrc ep va g:.\nh n~ng eho hQc sinh clla mlnh bling
Ci'Ch gian thcm nhi~u hili lC'p M giill1h dlI<iC Ihanh qua giao dl)c, thl hi~n nhien rling day
hl}iln lDilll khl}ng rhai iii \ICC n"ng cao hi~u qua lao d9ng ella nguai thay giao.
D~ne,ng c'aa hicu qu,ilao d6ng ella ng'lai lh,iy giaoco th~ sir dl)ng'nhi6u bi~n phap
kh,ic ,;ha,l. c:klllg han nlHllclng cUlmg vi~e hoi duong cho dqi ngu giao vien, nang cao to
chcil eho d,}i ngu gi,io \'icn: tfll1g cuong viec quan I( d~y hQc ella giao vien; khuyen khfch
c,ic lhei\" gi,io ,ip dung nhi~u rhlrtillg ph:.\p gi:.\o duc hien d~i hoa; ci\.i Ihlen d.c di6u ki~n
,inh hoat \'ell ch,it cho gi,io \'ien.
3.1. Sli dllllg cdc biellpiuip day hoc hi?n dqi Izod, dllng Ilhii:lig (hie'fbi !lien dai
hod de" [rang hi clza Iliui fnru"'g
. I .' .
Cic thic\ hi lhlre nghic111 gi,ing day tmng nhillnrang !'tnhling di6u kien tfit ycu d6
nh.'-un n:'lflg (~Hlhi~u qua ta() d(mg Clli.l ngLfoi th[i); gi,to. Qpl~"tr1nh l~toet9ng ella n,~Lr~'i
lh",. gi,i" dLl"C IhLrc hicn trcn co ,(I cfln eu lh,o nhCrng di6u ki?n v(u chat day hoc nhfi!
dinh trollg nh:1 lnri.lng. \'hll khi nh" tnrlJtlg co OLlt;ienhu'ng phuong ph:.\p va thiel hi gi:.\a
Juc' hicn lbi !l",i. ngulil lh",' gi,iu ,,\ lh~ chi thong qua lIlO! khoell1g thlii gian b.) di}ll;!
11 dn ngLIl nhlfng ("l) th~ ~i~IIlh dUl.i( nhCrng lh2lnh ql1~'\gdo d\lc to lon. Vi~c ling dt,lll,-; : ,\
2
Ihld hi lL" hue licn tic'nlrllng nhillrLr0ng nhu m"y chicL', m:.\y vi.tfnh ... dii.giup 00 r,il
nhicu Irlll1g ,i,'C: n"ng cau !licu qu" bo dong ella nguai thfiy giao. TllY nhien xem xci

415
tren tlnh hlnh thuc
. te clla cae truano ~ trung hoc va ti~u hoc
. tronac thili ~ian ~iin clilv
. c6 th0
thay rang. dieu kien giang dii-Y tii-i so c10ng lruang hoc can thie"tl th6n. dn ph;ii tfmg
CHong cLlu IU cho gi;io d\lc, cai tien dc c1icu lien d;))' hoc tai dc truong trung "CI ti0u
hoc. cung dip diiy ducae thiet bi thl!c nghiem day hoc thco tieu ehuiin quy c1inh Clla Nha
nu6e. timg bu6c Slr d\mg cac phueJ'ng phap V'I thie't bi d;.IYhoc hiclu1ai ho;\ c1CIr'lIlg bi
cho lruong hoc, nhiim tao ra nhfrng dieu ki~n liit yeu cho viec nillig caD hieu qu,i lao
dong clla nguoi thay giao.
3.2. Nang caD to' chat chtnh tri I'd nghiep I'll cho Ilgum giao •.iell

" To chatchfnh Iri va nghiep vu ella nguoi thilY giao caD hay th;"ip. SLi phong phil
trong kinh nghiem giang day cung nhlT mlTc d<;Jthcmh thuc vc phlTong ph,\p gi;ing day se
truc liep quyel dinhhieu quii lao dong Clla nguiJi lhi;y gi,\o. ?\gUili thilY gi(,o e<; phiim
ch'ltc1,)o c1lTCttr tucmg tot, c6 von tri thuc sitU rQng VCInflng !LTCnghiep "\1 cao e6 the chi
dn mot khoang thoi £.Ian ngan nhung gianh duClt: nhi"mg th:mh qua lao dimg lo l(ln. Oiu
n6i "II/(i~\,gitii iii co ira hay" c~fnh la cau noi M bi0u dal c1ao If silu silc n:lY.
i' . '
3.3. Tang Clfo'llg cong tac qlldn [{ giao duc giallg day
" , .
Qm\ [rlnh giao :d\lc la mQt hQ'p tac phftn cong vita chi tie't vira nghiem khilc chflt che.
bao gam mot trlnh ttl cae khilu. cac trlnh tU lien h.; chat ehe. Trong ct6 ne"tl nhu chi dn
ph at sinh sai s6t 0 n1Qt khau nao d6 thl deu co kh,i nimg I'lm ;inh ht((1Ilg ckn t(l:m hi, qua
trlnh giao d\lc. Boi v~y vi~c tang euang cong tac qu;in Ii trong nhcI 'twong. 1:1111 t(it e6ng
tac t6 chuc giao duc dii-Y hoc chinh I:t licn ,IC nh,"n n'lng eao hieu qu;i lao di)ng cua
nguai thay giao, Nguoi l11nh dao nha twang ph"i nam btll OU."Cqtiy lu;H gi;io due. quen
thuoc nghi~p vu gi,\6 dllC, xay d\mg dlrqc m0t th~ che' qu,in If thichlwp trong n,:,i hi, nha
truang. duai Sl! trq bup cua phtlClng chflm giao d\lc tlnrc hien ke"t hop de nhim t6 lrnng
yeu trong qua trlnh~ giao duc lai vai nhau Illot deh e6 khoa hoc. gil'p cho miii quan h~
gifra cac can bQ cohg nhan vien chue trang [ocm \h0 nh'l tnri1l1g ke't hop "(Ii nhau mOl
dch ehi)\ che. Chi 'c6 nhu vilY rn6i c6 th~ nill1g eao hieu qu,i Ian dill1g clla ngtr<\i Ihay
gi;\o. Neu nhu cong tac quan If ella nha twang khilllg chill ehe thi ehn dil ngtrili Ih:,y giao
phai ba ra nhi6u cong SlfCn6 l[l"c nhu the nao. eung chi e6 kh,i n,-mg th:mh eiH1g mill nita,
nhu V'IYchac chtll1 khong thi! dat duqc th:lI1h qu" gi,io duc,
3.4. Cdi thi~Il' Vii nang caD dii!u kih, sinh hoat •.cit cheii CI/a IlJi[((jj t!lei." Jiicin

Q~a trlnh lao dong ell<; ngnoi \h,;y giao I'l milt qu,\ \rlnh lao dimg phlrc tap, giau
11nh Ch[lt s~lng'- tao.'dua
. . .
trcn ca the 1~\ll1chtl. N[:Lr('lj
1..-....
~I<io \'icn n~():ti
,-.
dinh J11UCc6n!!"- vice.
lrang••... tam •...gia cl6n~,-.h6 ra. can hac) '.!,6m tinh muc . dich tron~ ciJll~
...~.. "lee. chiiT1~ han nhu
....
nguc)'i thfiy glaO u!) th~ ;-\Lt'clung ll1()'l gian ngoi\i glt1 len 16'p dechU[lJl bj hili ~i~lng. chua
h~',iUp.. Ifong r;-/) \ s6 kh;\u nhLr nghicn clru tili lL~u. chu:in hj b:li gi;ing-'. Jl~LT(yith("iy
gl c61llC 6'11 ph,,; I:llll viec them d ban clem. Chinh dilc die'm n,,," Irnng qua Irinh lao
dQng eua ngtrO'i lhClY gi,lo da khic'n cho vi~c c~iithi~n \'~t n[mg cau diCIt J.il~n "inh hoa! v~l
chilt elul ngtro-i [hill' giao tra lhanh mot ho ph':\11eilll lh:lIlh nen "icc Cil thic'n dieu kien
c6ng vi9c ci\a ngu:bi thfiy giao. 80i \'t)Y. xu;\t ph at ill lL)c dic'n1 lao d{)ng ct'l;! n~tr(l'i th{iy
gi,io thl viec di Ihien va nang eao c1icll kien sinh hoat ,';H eh,it eho ho cllllg chinh 1,1mot
c1uong loi Celb;"n quan trong nhAIll nang eao hieu qu,i lao <.1(1f1~ clla ngLTillth,;," glao.

4J6
 '! ,' •.
I

Bai 2: Thu lao 1 lao dqng eua nguJiih~y ~ilio

I. Can Clr Ii lu;;'n \"C lhu lao lao d<)ng clIa ngubi thfty giao I

. ~ i
Vi~e de dinh dn ell If luim \'c
[hu lao lao d9ng cua riguai lhay igiuochu yeu bao
ginll If IU:Ullo"i hinh klll;i hrlmg lao dC;ll1gse guy':! djnh vi~e 1hu nh~n duqc nhling chung
iucu klll,i I,rting "tn ph:im. giu Iri lao dong do nhling nguai lao d(lng [rong nhling nganh
IIgh0 phllC l"p "ing tc.'U1'" g:ip nhieu I:in nhling gia Irj lao d9ng duqc sung 1•.tO boi nhling
Ilguiri LUll 'tec trong nhCrng ngimh nghc dan gian; can ell vao nguyen rac guy doi gia Irj
eLI" n~l~ kinh I': thi tnrimg ,it quy !U,:'Igi.i Irj d~ xae djnh. '

I. \'iec x.k dinh kho.in lil;n luang cho nguai giao vien bal bU9C phai quan Iri~l
can dr [ren nguyen l,lcph6i hap giiia lao d(mg va lhanh qua

Tai Trung (juoe. nili, gi<io Iii nglrili lao <.long xii h9i ehu nghi'a, cong vi~c lao d(lng
,'L'" nglCl'lI [hay giao Ii, ,lr <.l6ng g6p ciiu [hirnh trang yeu lrang slf,nghiep lao dong xii hOi
,i, il,)i ChLInghia. Bll' 'e,y nguyen tt,c philn phoi s.tn phJm lieu dung eho d nh:m nglrili
lao dilllg XJ hili chi, ngh!" phim ph6, theo lao <.long. eGng thich h9'P voi nguycn de ph:m
pheii s.in ph:il11 lieu dlmgcho d nhimtfOng t(lp [h~ giao vien.'Nguyen de phim phoi thea
Ltu d<Hl,g h;ll) g{)111 ha t~ing ~. ng.hiJ:
1- Llu dung lit lien dc eho sLIph:m ph6i

, Lto dong lit tlHr6c do elta Slr ph:m phoi

.'- CUI eLi '';'0 sci Ilrting \'i, ch:lt ILIung lao <.long M lien himh phim phoi

~.) ILflJllg lao lh)ng ~~ dlfl}L' (,~-lnelf trcn Il1lfC d<) d~li ng~n trang th.oigian lao dQng
,.. . .1."

ling nlHr I11lfeell) uhicu hay it lrong Clrimg d9 lao d9ng de; guyet di~h. :Thaigian lao
long dlrde d~ c:,p (1 (by chi, y~'u uung dC chi thai g[an laQ dQng tiitjyeu xii h6i, chu:
JIl)ng ph"i thili gian lao d,)ng d nh:tn. Ch:il !trong lao dong:cung chin:h duqe xae djnh
I'fa lr~n e,l ,,'1 I11lredo phlre lap ella eong V[~C lao d(lng, Laotd9hgc6 [he phanTa tMnh
'"0 (!()ng phlfe lap \il lao (!(Hlg gi,in don. Lao <.l9ng gian dan ;dung de ~hi cong vi~c lao
I"llg lll'l Irollg el,i uhCmg nglrili ni Mtng !tIC lao d9ng pho thong c6 Ih~ lam lhrqc I11QIso
l)Ug "[c'C n,1O d6; Lao dong phuc I'.\P dung M chi cong vi~c:lao d(lng Ma nhCrng nguai
,Il) ,kHlg n') lrinh di) ehuy~n man eao ph.ii Irai qua ffi9t qua Irinh b6i duongva ren luy~n
riuh do chuycn 1116nella 1111nh1110ic6 th~ Ihuc hi~n dU(je. "Lao d(JII,,; bill;' qllcill gidll
(i 1I11/(llg IJ/(/f(' kl/(/(' II/lUll ciing Jlllir tI JIlJii~lg lillJi d~/i \'lIn: Iwu kltllc: nJrau (frlu mung
/(1"11

IlIin~ /lul, c!"ii ki"ie 1l1i,1I1, III." IlIi/l'lI Il'IJlIg 11/(;1 .r" I>rii 11//(1; dilll> IIIi I/(J mallg lilll> cl>cii
Illii d(1I11 I.df! "(i!l,~' lJIilll'.; [fJlIi cluj! {{(o"llg de)'; pJU(C 1~IP It} lao d(mg g(ijJ Jlltii!u Idn lao
!(Jug gilili ./rfn. ri Ih{ Il/(i{ Ilf(fng II/I(i /0(1 d(inX plll(C (~/P h(lng 111(jl Itr(fIlg /0)1 lao d(Jng
I,ill ,/,,/1", Trong dieu ki,'n IIh:lt <.llllh "c Ilrong Ih,\i gian lao <.long, thl' lao eho lao dong

4[7
 phue tap phai thuang eao han thu lao eho lao dong gi'1n don. Chng ,'ie'e l'lf) ,1('n~ ell"
nglrai th;;y gi'lo IiI mot eong vice lao dong trf tic mang tinh "ing tao ,." rhl'le lap. chi ("('
nhiing•... ngllai
'- eli! tirng dlfr<e gi,io oue va b6i dUong.....-
trinh de', chu\"c!] Ille'H1Ihi m,',; (() Ihe'
d,im nh;CIll eong lac gl,io due ella mo[ nguai Ih;iy gi'lo. em cli thea ngll\'l:n Lk ph:lI1
phoi thea ida de'mg va thimh qu,t, mere Jlrong blnh qu;m ella nglriri Ihii,' gi,io C:1I1rhl,i e",'
han so voi mue luang blnh qu;m ella nhfrng nganh nghe kh<ic

2. Vice x,\( djnh mue luang eua nguOi Ihny giao doi hoi ph,ii tUilll lilli theo qu,
Iwit kinh lethi truong

Vi,'c hinl' 111:,,'11\':1 ph IiI Iri0n th0 che' Clll' nen kinh 10' till truirng '0 gi,ip eho he;i
e,;nh klllh tc vi mh c,',a ng'lnh giao rlue ph'lt .<inh nhCcng hic'n d..-iiIllang Ifnh chllt Cri h,in.
Tmng di"lI ki,;n ct'!:! nell kinr ,', Ih; lnrirng. t;it c;\ de yeu 16 "in .\u:it hllO "e')1ll SlC Ilw
(1()" , 'O;l!] d,h ella can ngITi'J' ("0 ,leu tra. thanh l;it yc'u: tae dung dim h:,v trong "ieT
1'1,'-;, !wp ",'"""j) :'" nguycn nh:m luc eua nen kinh tc' ph'lt tri0n nhanh cl1<"H1",1lruc Ih0
l1'l'n ng,',y ciJng 1'0 ,'el. Nen kinh Ie Ihi twang vira iii m(ll co he',i 16t. "ira 1,11lle"1Ih,ieh Ih,ie
\ "t-jCllllg nghiem trQng doi vei \fi~c thi{YI I(lp d(>i ngli gi~io "ien. Nh.\m n;l!lg elU 1(.\eh;"11
el,a nguai gi,io "ien va chal luqng gi,io duc, dn'ph,ii thu Illit nhtrng nh;",,) t,,, lru lu ,Il-
trang bi mot luc luang giao vien vfrng manh, dong lhi'i ph,ii ekii ml'; q"an ni"m cO" "'1\1
phuong ph,ip gu',\n If truyen thong, b;it bUQe ph,ii coi trong dia "i .\~ h(li cOng nlm j,,; iell
eong cong ella nglrai th'IY gi,io; ben c,)nh d6 cOng ph,;i e,',n Cl"r"ilo ngu)('n t;',c "iii tn '"
co ehe'lhi Int"ang M gi,ii quyct nhfrng van M c1,ii ng0 ,kii "(,i nglriri Ih,'i)'g"io, Ih,re hie'n
C;ll1 bAng cung 'tau tien !trang ella nglririlh;iy gi,io. Gi,io ouc nghla "U I;, m('t 'U nghiep
cong fch 1'0 cl"!g d':le bicr. viee phoi hap DO tri nguon lili nguyen trong gi,io d"c (han
gom d nguon tai nguyen nhanluc 'nguai th'l)' gi,io) qU)c't ~he'1I1gth0 "',Iii '1"II('n~ Ii",i"'.
Tuy nhicn trang dieu kien boi dnh kinh to VI me', Clla Ih0 chc' nen kinh 10 thi Inri",,,.
eung nhu trang giai doan guyet d!nh lien luang doi vo-i nglrai gi,io l"ien, di,i h"i btlt hue')c
phiii tuan (hu theo guy lua! kinh te Ihi truang. Du eho co thira nh,in hal" kh,"ng th; Ir0n
thlrc te van dang ton Ii)i mot thi twang ve !tre Ilrang lao ,1<"1I1g. Chl1 dll r"lI1g ngne'1I1t'li
nguyen giao due (bao gom ca nguon lili nguyen nh;"1 lIre) trong giai ,hln hie'n nav
khong ph,\i chi t~6ng qua thi tmang mo-i e6 th0 tie'n hilnh ho tri phr'ii ho'p. tm nl1lcn di('11
nay cung khong 'dong nghi"a voi vice eho rAng nguiJ; th;"i) gi,io ~he'1I1gchiu '11111hlr,"ng 611'
nhling Ifn hieu ve gia d cua thi twang lao c1l111g,'\"0\1 gi,i ,if thu nh:'I1 CIII! ng'lI,i th:!,
giao th,ip han so voi Ihu nhap eua cae ngill1h nghe kh'll". I,YtY"ll se d"n ,kn tinh Ir"ng I,rc
n
luong'lao d9 g voi eh;it luang eaa nil" sf ehuI'en h'i(rng '<Ing c;ic ngi!nh LIn de'JI)" kh,ic.
tit d6 eung .Ie keo thea kh<i n'ing (hieu hut trang dhi ngu gi,io ";cn, ,L',n lkn 'li gi'lm Slil
trang chat luang giao due, dong nghla voi vice gi,in lie'p ];'(m han ehe sa phill Iricn cill'
nen kinh te quoc dan.

II. SIJ phat tri~n "3 bien doi ve mile tien luang eho nguui thiiy gi;io [J
Trung Quoe

Sau ngo)' thill1h 1:11'd,it mroe, ehe' dll da; ngo "C licn ilT<'"I1g
el,"),"',, gi,;n "c'n ,', Trun"
()ur'ic di! Cr) nh;eu bie'n doi to lon, eung e6 th0 ntii r"ng uaO"c II"", Cl<"",1,111Ihen lirng 1];"1111.

,1 ! ::
 ,

,Ltc' hicl Li k~ lie kill ehL' dlnh r~ mOl ch~' do tien ILIong mai thl n(>i dung va co cau tien
!LIlIng dlo ngLIili [hilygi~u cling eli nhicu bic'n doi 16'0, chillh s\l bien doi nay cung dii
hieu hien r~ nhi~u d,k ,(!tern moi, lUy v~y van con ton tai khii ~hieu vande can duge tUng
hu,'tl' gi~'tiqllY~'l. \
i
I. "!tung dien lJi(n th'l\ dui lrung rhe d6 lien luong rua nguai tMy giao sau
ngilY thilnh lap nUlIe

Tn,ng [hili ki diiuxilY dung diil nLItlC, Nhi, nLIae luon luonnha.l manh den v'ln de
_hcnh kdl lUlIllg d6i I/m [fLlllg Lilu nh'lp gilia nguiJi lao d(>ng lei 6e va nhling nguai lao
I"ng eh;1I1 l"Y, eli Ilhicu khu hilllh ehinh Ian da ehe d}nh ra tIeU chu:in tien ILIang, ve co
"ill llcn iL[<lllg,'il" ngLt(li IhilY gi"o I'oi Lien ILIang eua ngLIoi eong nhanla nhLI nhau, Sau
,,,m I'):i~, :"hi,nl«'le illLtc' hicnircil co Sll1<lv ,e:kkhu hanh eh/nh Ian lam don vi lhi di2m
ll[('le d'lll ell dleh che'tI,,' liL'n ILf<lllg, lhl!; hi~n ehe dq cap' phat luang lheo 'dflllg e'lp
,ghicp III eho dili ngu giall .l'i~1l Lrang nha truang, Vao na~l 1956, silu khi thue hien
h'>!lg nhal ehc di, li~n lUling li~n Ie thl su khae bi~l ve lien ILIdng ella ngLlai !hiy giao vii
lL:ll ILftlllg ella nhung. ngl'Coi lao u911g chan tay ngay dmg tra!ncn ro net. Sal! nan1 1957,
Inh hinh h"11,Ltu cli nhi0u ehuyen hien khae, lieu ehu:in ve lien luang von coda Iml! di
,ie dung dlClI licl sU ehellh keh giCr" licn ILIong eua nguiJi l~o d(>ng lei 6e va nguoi lao,
long eh"lIl l,", SLtehcilh'keh I('in co lrong lienllfClilg d,tn d\rgc lhu hep I~i, lien luang!
i,,, nguiJi'lhiiy gi,io eung, da XUiil hi~n xu lh~' ng'lY mot eli xLlo'ng, Sau nam 1977, bat dau
.uiil hi~n Illll[ hi~n llC'.Hlg'cIa" ngltqe I'C thu nhilp ella ngLIiJi th~ygiao vanhling nguoi lao
long eh,'111uy,' ,\I,k elu IC co h,;n lien lLr'lng eua nguai thay $i:lo kh6ng giong nhLI mCre
,rlfn~ ei", nillin~ n~Lti1i I"l)don~ ehilll lOll, tu\' nhi~n \'e co b,1n ~a n6i th] lien luang co
"tn :iu nhlrng l~gu:1i lao ,l,)ng :hilll tay ~au khi da 'khau trll hb,'iien IhJa-ng, tiell IW-cap
" c,ie khoan phu cilp kh,ie lhi lhltemg iiI COlOhun so vai lien luong eua pglrai lhay gi,\o,
'all eu ,hco sCi licll lhlilig k~ ella cue Ihong k~ '1u6e gia, VilO nam 1978, trang so cae
11<,,111 li~1I IUliflg binh '1uc,n Lhuoc I ~ nhol11 ngilllhnghe dii che dinh tren ph~m vi trang
' (. '
:l lllflie, [hi "l licn IlCllIIg ella nhCrng gi;\o vien VUdn b(> e6nll nhan vien chCre lam vi~e
1I e,k h'"1 ng'lllh gi,io due (hroe,~'p I'i tri thiip nha!. MCre d(> ehenh l~eh dao gilia thu
h"p ei"l IIglrili giao ,i~1I ,,' thu nhilp eua nhCrng ngLIai lao d(>'ng chan t<jy ngay cang tra
ell nghiel11 lrong, "gal ,au dli Chinh phll Trung Quoe d,; l\la eh~n nhieu bi~n phap
h:lIll ea, lillen l;nh hinh ,li-IIng(\ I~ [I~n IWlIIg doi vai ngLIai g(ao vien, Tit nam 1977 den
:llll 1<)7'.)llit lhue hicn h"i lilll di~u ehinh tien ILIong doi vai Im9t bq ptL)11can bo cong
II"n lien cill'ce lrollg [,'IP Lh~ nhi, llllimg; 1"10 11;-1111 1982 lOan b(> giao vien, e6ng nh,in
IL'1l d(:u dl(UC l;"Ulg thL'1l1 llH)1 !lUre Iuu'ng, a l11<)l so b9 ph(lIl nhful vicn con dUl.;JC t •.-mg
Ic'lll ha, nllre Iwmg; lIiun 1<)8:i lIllIe IlI~n cii dch ehe de) lien luong, toan bqc6ng nhan
IL'lIcill'le "'Ill I'icc lai de lnt'1ng dOli hoc ColOdflng moi ngLIoi deu dLIoe tang them 18
. IIlg li~n luong, II e,ic lnrimg lrung hoc "I tieu hoc mCre lang len la 23 dong moi ngLIoi;
'Ill 1%6 sau khi dLIlle Chinh phu ph~ duyCl da \",leh ra chi lieu eho hai muaiv(1Il lao
Ing ehuyc'n Ill(\n, de III lll" cLi the lien hilllh vi~c lIra ChOll, tuy~n dl,lflg doi ngu giao v;('n
It) Gte lrLrllllg u)ng L:lr ttr m(H ..,,6 gi •.lo viell tv Glc dOll vi dtll1 l~p. Chfnh nhlrng bien
l:ip nZI}"lLi thLk d •.'lY "j('c J:li ngQ chtY de) ti~n Ilrong d6i v6i ngtrbi thfiy gi,{o dJ. co nhCfIlg
II [hicn II nllicu I1llte dl' khcie nh"u, Tuy nhicn, cLing ll,e do lhi thu nhrlp Iring len eil:!

41')
 nguai eong nhaneung nhieu hon So vai nguai th:iy gi,io, nhu V:\\' \':in de ehe'nh ICch d,;o gi[r"
1 thu nhap ella nguai lhay giao va nhl:rng nguai lao dong eh:m tay \'"n chua dune gi,ii ljll\'C"
i Nam 1984, he th6ng giuo d\le phci thong Irong to,m th'''lh rhci Rile Kinh <1;;I:tn 1«01
thue hien eong lac thi diem cai each dong bel tcing hap t(cn W so J,-;yehe <1(,tdeh nhie'm
,ella nguai hieu ~ruOng, ehe d9 mai d,im nh:m vi tri eong t<ic \'a ehe' do lam kho,in <1inh
m,lfe.tien I~ang d:en ph~lm ~ihan ~9~ tr:lm .tnran.!! trll,ng h:1C \';'.licli hoc 16'n niH) I'\m tl('n
dc, lay :he.d9 ~I~n lua,ng tf~ng ~91 b? eacal~ nha tnrU1~g I"m n,?1 ~lIng dlU \ell, den n"m
1988 da lIen ha~h tnen khat toan dl<;n t,lI thanh pho Rae Kmh. dong Ihm T1l0rong i I 111
vi trong ca nuaq. Bi~n philp cai each nay dii n:mg e"o mlic tien luong cho ngulli gJ:io
vien, qu.ln tri~t 111l!ehien t6t nguyen t.1c ph:m ph6i Iheo lao dClng va lh:mh '1l1,i. lren m('1
mue do nl1.1t di~h co the ,thue d.)y tinh tieh cue ei'a nglrl1i th:i,. gi,io. Ill' nhlen, ct.ng
dong thai lam tang euang s,! ehenh J~eh gifra de tnrang hoc \'('Yinhall. lir ,1<',",in ,kn I;nh
trang b,-;tcan bang veca h9i giuo due nghia Vll,

2. Nhiing h9i dung :va dae diem c!l'; ye'll trang ehe' d6 mUi vI' licn IInmg eho
ngubi thay giao'
i
Ngay 01/10/1993, Trung lrong D,\ng \':, Qu6e'\'lI \'ien <1;;r" '1l1,'e;1dinh Ihi h'lllh l,il
deh ehe d9 lien luang d6i vai cae don vi himh ehlnh su nghiep b"o g(im Cl liic Inrllllg
lieu hoc vii lrung hoc, Vai chrang 16i Ilr wong ehil dao iiI: ll11i nh:il - "Iho,il Ulr;/ ,h/
do ", ILle la de dan vi hanh, chinh su nghiep V'I c<ie ca qllan ?'h'l mrtre lU gi,ii Ihocil kh,,;
ehe d6 tien Ilrong: thu hai ~ "ph<ill In,II' clii dan ", Ilrc IiI de <1'111 \'i hanh chinh 'If nghiep
lrang d Iwoe e:lll elr vao diie ditrn dc ng:lllh nghe tie' ph:ln Ihanh n,lrn Inai, trong ,16
g;Jo due, nghien' ellu khaa hoc. y tc'," ph:1n lh:lllh loa; Ihli nh:il: tilli ha- ""Ii,ill ",,;, .I,",j
iliii", lUc IiI lren co
sa phan lo~i nhu dii neu'o ['ren. can elr \':'0 plwong lIllie ng'ln "ieh \,;,
[inh chcll ella don vi M khu bi~1 lh,mh ha loai I;nh hinh kh,ie nh'lu (kinh phf ng,\n s:ieh
[o;ln clinh l11ue, I;lnl1 phi ngan saeh ehenh leeh d,nh T11lre\"1 I[r 10' kinh phi), Cle tlnn \'1
h,mh ehillh ~ic\o d:te
'-- -.... l11i\ng lfnh eh,Yt ei"l n~:,n,,;ch
~ dlr lo,in lo,m .<1inh
- . mlic, Trtr('rn~
•.. hoc
Ihu(lC 111(\1Irong C<ICcion vi h'mh ehrnh giJo due Iheo tfnh eh,'il ng:m s:ich <Iu l",in I''''n
dinl1 mti'c,

Che d9 tien Itrong mai ,ip d\lllg cl6i veli pham \'i nh'l lnrl1J1g ehll \'e'U h"n g()11111,1"
noi dung ehrnh duoi day:

2,1. M6 lIillll I'a slfciii, tlla,,11 che'c1,j tielllrrO'llg

Che d9 lienlJuan!! dUc1eg<;>itttt iii che til) lien luong tlimg e:Yptheo chl'rc "U (~j Ihu:'11
Irong lruang li~u h<;>eva In:mg h<;>c.Tien luang eho de e,in ho e(mg nh:ln vi('n c1llic nkl
Iruang ehu yeu qo hai yeu't6 IiI tien I[rang theo dimg c<Ypkilhu:11 nghicp \U \"1 lie
C<lphlnh lhanh nen, Tiell l.rong lheo d"lllg c:ip kilhll,H nghiep \U lrong khn,ing Ihi" gl'"1
nMt dinh e6 Ihe' eoi nh[r m.;,t b6 ph(m luong cloi c(i tllnh Il'Ong eu Che'lien 1'lOng, Chl'l "('U
dung M the hien mUe do phue t~p nang ne ve n:lllg lue. Ir,ich nhiem. Sir c6ng h,0'n tliii \'(11
eong viee lao d9ng: vice lhue hien l,-mg luelng dinh kl 1:1mol ble'n rh,ip nh"1111Ih(' h,('n "r
ehenh leeh ve thanh lfeh eong vice qua tirng n,"n, Ti('n Ira c,ip han g(im eh'fe n'\llg (11;1
lien luang "sn;lg", ehu yeu dilng tie' chi "r "henh keh gllTa dc loai hinl1 ,Uc UICI11\'0

420
 eLIung 1'1 C()ng \'i~e:' lhimh lich e6ng laC, so luqng cling nhu ehal luqng laO' d6ng eua
nguili nhilll \i~n, Tmng loan the co cau khai luqng tien luong lhuQc ph~m vi talm truong,
li~n luong thel) dang dp nghi~p \U c1l1em 70'';', lien trq cap chiem 30 %,

. 2,2. Tiell IUOIlIi tiuu (MilK C{i'pkllhluilllghiep I'll .

Ch0 ,I., 110n hr'!ll'g m,ii dii quy dinh \'i~c Ian IU9t lhLIe hi~n tJ~u ellUin lien lLIong
Ihel) d"lllg l'iip ngh{':'p \U d6i \6i gi,io \'i~n, nhan vien hanh ehfnh va ngu-ai eong nhan.
Ti0u Lilllitn lien ILICiflg,ip dung lheo C0 eiiu ma lr(m mQt ehue v\l da eiip b~e, dan xen I,ln
nhau. IUy nlH0n 111lf,lien hrong lheo djng ciip nghiep vu lhuang khong bi trung lap.

2.3. Cht'do 1m cd;)

T,o e,ip '" 111',>1
hi, philn hi.:n ILIqng lmng W diu tien: ILIang eua nhu lwong. No phim
,inh mnl GiLiI eu lh~. lruc li~'p. vii linh ha~l so luqng, e~al luqng cong viee thl1e te eua
nhullg e:ill bn eong nhim v'ien ehlcc. dong lhoi 111ang eh~e I,ang c1~,ebid lrang taun bQ
ell': d(, LiL'n IL(Oilg..

2.-1. Che dri C,iIlK 1,W'IIKchollK tillrimg

. I:,

Ch0 d,:, li0n IlC<)llgmlii dii ell nhung 'luyel uinh ehi~h xae doi voi ehe d<) limg cilp
dlllh k', V'" lc,ng Itrong thong thlcimg. bao gom hai phuong; di~n: tieu ehufrn lang cflp uinh
ki vi, dieu ehinh lien Ilcllng dinh ki, I'hia nh" trLIang se ti€n hlmh tlwe hi~n ehe uQ kiem
tra nghi~111 ngi'l v'i, limg ciip dinh ki. Qu)' oinh eu hai nam se tien hunh dieu ehinh m<)l
i .
liin liC:uehui,n Ira cilp luang leng voi li~u ehuiin tien luang.
1
2.5. Chedo lieli Ihuong

Cie ehinh such lrong ehe ut'>lien lhuang moi bao gqm cae nQ\ dung ehu yeu thuoe
hal linh \ ,ce saU: lhlC nhiil Ii. nhflllg nguoi gi,io vien da eonhfrng eoog hien to Ion eha su
nghi~p bl)i lilrilng nhi,n t:li lru tu tho diilnLIoc; ha~e nhfrl\g can b6 hong nhan vien ehue
dii ui nh,~u cllng hi01l no luc I'ln lao. gii\l1h uLIqe nhi~u thilnh qua to Ion trang Sl1 nghiep
eili eiL'l1 gi,io due giang day. ph"i giilllh cha ho nhfrng khoan tieri thuang nhu doi v6i
nhflllg nhi,n v'i~n ki lhui,t co chuycn m6n kh,ie; thu hai Iii doi voi' nhfrng can bo c6ng
nhi,n \'i0n Chli£' dii lr,ii qua ki kh,\o sat can lhuang eha h9 mQt khaan tien lUang duong
\'1.1i til:'n iUl)llg th.i.ng \'~turnoi djp clloi n:1I11.

2,(;. Chillh .Hieh klwl'e;,

. khicil d!ii l'oi 1l111(llgsillh'
. . de;, cDllg /tic
vien tifl /,ghiep
;

tai 1I111(IlK1'l'"K kl,,; kh(lll

Ch~ do li~n ILIllI1gm6i dii lluy d!nh, dn conhfrng ehinh saeh uu dai doi voi nhfrng
sinh \i~n lot nghicp d.:n c6ng lac a n6ng thon hailc nhfrng vung co di~u kien kinh te kho
khilil. Dlii Vlli l,'ll ei, nhung hoc sinh tot nghicp tai de trLIang lrung hac Ira len nhill1 e6ng
l,ic lai nhfeng Vl\l1g bi~n gioi xa xoi ha(le nhflng vung c6 nen kinh Ie kh6 kh'\l1 lhi u~u
khl)ng eip Ilfling thlre li,p. mil co lh~ Inrc liep dinh dip, Tieu ehufrn li~n luong uinh cap
U') Ih0 call giil' hai hu::,e giip ba so v6i mlrc luong cila nhfrrjg nh,in vien binh thuong khac.
Ngoiu ra elll1 co quy l!lnh, Ih:lI1h 1(,1'che 09 Ira dip lai cae khu vile xa xoi, hoae khu we
ellil nhicu kh6 kh"ln. qua do ue lh~ hi~n ehinh s,kh khfcll Ie nhan "ien den eong lac lai
,. I

nhung khu vue xa xui \i, g':lJ) nhi0u kh6 kh,"l. '

I
I
421
 2.7. Thl che" quan Ii liii" "rung

Nham tang cuang co che' b,lodalTt \'~ (Wi ng(> (ien ltrnng l1.()j q'lI ngw'ri gi;lo \.icn.
dong Ihoi lang wang CCiche tlCkhich 1~;,I}.!Jl',\" ,e~~pong nh" tnriJng. ,,'ha Illrc";Csc c<.iSU
can thiep, c6 sl! ki€m so;\( VI mo, quan If'phim ciip va lien himh che dL) kho,in t.Iinh mlic
li~n iu'O'ng,

Ch€ dQ lien ludne; rnai trtng nha truong co nhting thIe diem chi, yc'u nhlc 'au:
-,
liTho,1t khoi ~\Irang bu"c vai co quan vc che' d,) lien Ilcl1ng. xi,y d\CIlg m(lt chl' ll()
tien IUClngdQc I~p, th~ hien nhting d~c diem cua nghc gi,io,

2/ Liun n6i b~lt:nguyen l,k ph,in phoi thco lao el(mg. Iru I'ict ho,i ell ehL' khich 10 I'e
licl: ilCClng, I I

. 3/ Nang cao I1!ll'c IUClng'trang mQI ph',lm vi nhiil elinh. di,c niel, Ii, nim& cao mt'rc
luang eho nhfrng
,
nhi\n
,
vien cap, cao;
I

4/ XfIy dl!ng mpl CCIche tiing ciir dinh k1. t[mg !tran& lh(lng Ihlrirng :
i

5iXiiy dung nl91 CCiche h'lo d'im ve lien !tcong' cho nf'uili tidy &,,!o. the' hiL'n SIC
quan Wm. ung h9 va'Mo v~ dol vai gia~ due CC1Sl1: '

6/ SI! can Ihi~p:vil sl! dieu tiel VI m6 ella Nhi, fllrc";C'c ke'l IHlp n"i ':Iuyen In ehl; phflll
phoi vi mo cua dia phICClng..cung nhu CCIsa :

J. NhiIng van de m6'huat hi~n trong vi~c lhuc hien cile' e1<) lien luuni! me;'j ,!iIi
vo; giao vien I, ' I
,
Sau khi.lhl!c hi0n che d9 lien luO'ng m6'j doi I:ai ngulli giao liL'n. tien !t1<1'Jlgciip ch"
nglcoi giao vien currgdii c6 sl!'l[mg len khJ cao. Juy nhicn, XC~l xct IrL'n tinh hinh thn
te, v'ln can. Ion t<,limOl so v'ln ,16 nhu sau:

1/ Mt'cc tang titn Iuo'ng gianh cho nglcili thfi)' gi,\o phf;" illIl hi han che' hl"i SlC,!!ia
tiing Vfllgi~i. ,,: .
i.
2/ SI! h')n,che \Ie vfin d~ dai ngo tien IIC(1I1gva~ clm t(in I"i nhiL:u I';-;n I.L elma throe
gi,ii Ljuyel, can cll' thto nhting thong ke cua cue Ih6ng kc qu6c gia n;'m 191.)-1.t ronI' s(i J Ii
nganh nghe Ian cua Inen kinh Ie Lju6c dilll, thi Illt'rc Itcl1ng hlnh Ljufm eli" nghe nhi, gi.;io
a
dUng vi trf I J.

3/ V~mll'c li~n luollg doi vai nglrili gi,\o vien. phiin nh:, tnrilIlg tlC sill' xe'p eliiL;!'.l
mOl phfin Ian. Do v,it giJ ngay cang len cao, ncn tien Ilwng thnc Ie eua nglri1i gi;\o \'Ie"
eung gi,im xllong. Nhitu khll vl!c da 19i d\lng ng1l6n nhi,n Ii,; \';'11 Inc cua ehinh ilia
plwang minh M t<ing ti Ie 11'9cap, nguyen nn[ln do trong kho,in tiL:n Ivong eho gi'lo I'i:~n
eeSmC)1rh:in It";n la do nha twang chi lni, nen SLf chcnh Itch I',~ IllI'rC tit'.l !tmng ei", g"i()
vien gitia dc twang 'ngilY ci\ng Ih~ hi~n r6 hon.
:

4/ Hien ttt9ng keo dai lieh IttCll1gcua th,t)' gi;\o viin c\>n t(in tai. IT"ic dll che d() lien
i1rO'ng mai da quy diflh rang tai nhfcng khu mc li,i ehfnh kho kh'-'n. thi liL:n Iuong chi tr;i
elm nguoi gi;\o vien s'c do cfir hlly~n 10 lieu qll<in Ii. tuy nhicn sau khi Ihuc hi,:'!] eh,: d,') tien
!trrmg mai, hien IU9ng keo dai n911c(1I1gd6i vai ngnoi gi,\o l'iL'n e<l Ilie I'an ci)n I(;n t'.';
\

422
 m. !\hung ban khoan suy ngh. ve vi~c giai quyet van de tien luang d6i
\lJi nuuiJi "i<io "ien
'" '"
\Il(e licn Ilr'Jilg giilllh eho nguili giao \'ien Iii mQt bQ phan e[it! thilnh nen nguon tili
nguyen dm gi,io due, trung <lICUkien eita nen kinh te th! truang, phuong thue ph6i hap
ehll"n hi nguun tiunguy en giao dye eling e6 nhieu bien d6i, trang d6 giai doan giao dye
nghi" \'U \,' dIe do liCn ItrLlIlg giilllh eho nglfoi giao vien se duqe bao dam lren co sa
nguon ng:1Il seidl lili ehinh ell" Chinh phil: lwng giai dm,lIl gi,io dye phi nghia vu, thi xct
lh,Yy r,'ulg cLIng e:in liiy ng,'n ,:'eh ti,i ehfnh ella Chinh phu de lilln co so chit yeu. lUy
nhien \ icc lu" dHln n1l.'( ,',ieh lhfch ching w ehc thi truong se do ph,ia nhi, truong 10 lieu
/l1llL ph~Ul. I

II eh':' ,h, lien luong ,hii \OJ nglrili glad v;en bill bUOf: do ng:in :s,ieh Chinh phu +im
b"o, Trong gi"i~o"n h~en .n"y. T~ung Qu6e.thlfe.hi~?h~an~ eh~1.lo ~i~u,kinh ~.hi ~hO
g'''o dlle 'Ill" ~h~~u'c()n chrang khae nhau, tren mQt mue d? nao do co the gmt quyet d qe
nhCrng m:lU thu"n k~o di,i \'C vice thicli kinh phi gi~o dl)e, tuy nhien, do nguyen n an
nguon kinh phf eho gi,io due e6 milt plliin li\ do phia nha &uong tu 10 li~u, nen tat ycu se
d'in den hiCn tlrl'ng 'll,il e[1Il b[lIlg \'e
lien luang eho giao itien giiia cae truong vO'i nhau,'
dl'lIg lhi,i,,: d"1Il ckJi linh Ir"ng ,Iua nhau ehuyen dan vi ~ong tae e,ua,cae lhay giao, vii
kel 'I u,' Ii, e,ie Ih:iy gl,io gioi dCli xin ehuyen den cae truorjg e6 thu rjb*p eao M d~y hOC,
nlnr \'"V dl,',e ehe,n ,6 d"Ul d.'n linh Irang m[,t can bt,ng ve co
hQi gia9 dye ngh'ia vy trong
giai .loan g':'o d\IC ilghia \11 hiCn nay. tlr do cling keo slf xuat hi~n eua hang 10'.11viin de,
fl,li ;"y. \~l tren mot khia e"nh "',u dill mil n6j, ehe do lien luang eita nguoi giao'vien
nen dU~fCChinh phu b,m dam. ehu khong nen ehi dan thuall do phia ~hil tWang 10 li~u.

21 ViCe liuyC'1 c1inh ehC' d(> lien luang eho nguoi giao vien btll :buQe phai lUill1 lheo
nguyCn lelcquy lu,\( cl,a nen kinh IC'lhi tnrong, Gi,io due. d(le biN li\ giao due nghia vu El
n\l)l 'u ngiller e,lIlg ieh (bc hiel Trong boi canh kinh tcvl mo eua th~ ehe kinh Ie thi
Illfi'''g. "h" nu,',c ulng e:in lu:,n Ihit lh~o nhling quy 11Ii,tkinh te thi wrong trong khi
"U\~l dmh \ ,',n d~ di,i "g'l lien IWing d6i \'6i nguoi thay giao, Trel1 thue te luon ton tai
mt"H-. Lhi tn(lm~~ \ll"i ... . - 1~IO dong
Il1l)t luc Ilfl)'n~ I~l giao vien, mac
......•... .. du nguon lai nguyen giao
duc Iball grim c\ nguiJi gi,iLJ "iCn) kh(1I1g ph,ii duqe b6 trf phoi hop (ren C0 sa th! truong,
lu\'- "hien .tleu n:,,'. eQn~~khon~cci •... n£hi"
•... EllH'.lroi £iao vier! , khong heehiu ,\nh
•...•... huang ella
nhLfIl~•...
(in hieu
.•...
~ici c,i Ihi. InriJl1~ •...
Ilre Iuon!!
.••...
lao dono.
• 0
Neu \lhu ti6n luang'.
eua nguoi glao
\ien Ih"lr 111mluung ella nhCfIlg "h:lI1 \'i~n thuoe cae nganhngh6 khae, ([il yeu sc dan den
linh (rang Itre lUling \Iii chiil Itr(1'tlgcao nay sc ehuy~n huO'pg sang e,icnganh nghekhae,
L:llllg lil d(') d~~lI1d(:n \t.r lhi0'u Ill.lt \'~ (ien IHO'ng giitllh chongi.rbi gino vicil.

I •
11 Vi~e ,,,ie dinh li,~n luung gi:ll1h ehei nglfoi gi,iLJ viCt' belt blloe ph"i quan lriel thue
hien Iheo ngllyen 1:ICph:lI1 pheii th~l) lao d(mg villh:lI1h lfel{
41 Ph,',i b,ill ,bm Ling lien Ilrung Ihlre te' eila nglroi ,giaD vicn kl.ong chill ,\nh hU(1I1g
ula nan lalll phel!'

423
 .•... .;
I
I

B:'li3: Nen kinh te ~h! truang va sv chuyen htrang cua cI6i ngil
I I "',.,

I I 'gino vien
I I
Vice gi,li qu~et SlI mati e[1I1btll1g'lrong CCIei,u lien Ilfong glill1h eha n"lfC\i "i,;o \'Icn
SC "1m eho doi ngH gi,\o Vie~ hlnh Ihimh Slf ke'l Iwp mang tinh ehi,1 [i'l) IfUIl" tfll Itil'ln.
trong dieu kien eil~ n€n kinh Ie Ihi InrC1ng. C<\ Ihe loi dung nhlfll" pillflillg ph,;p \,' hinh
Ihlre h'lnh ehfnh, ph,\p luat va dieu tic't Ihi lnrimg de Ihi.:'t 1,-.1'IlCIl 111"1err ehe 'IlI,in Ii. eN
ehe' dieu ti.:'t mai doi vai nhijng nglfoi gi,\o "ien. Ihlie dilY SIr ehu:-':n Inrt<i1g hnp Ii ei,a
nhfrng nglfoi giaa vicn,Chtll1:g h',m nhu. xfly tllfng ",'t kicll 11<111111<'1ecf ehl' khich k, ClJ
ehe eanh tranh xa hoi chi, n!J1la, I"m eho doi n~0 gj,;o vicn el\ cLh' dl'l li,;m Il,'mg, I-.h"ng
" . ~ : '- '- - .
ngtmg n,ing eao to eh"t ct'la ibiin Ihill1, tlwe hil'n tfll \';d ho,i l-.l'l hup: x,',y citIllg "" f-c':;
loan nhfrng ea so phap lu~t e6 lien quan d.:en "il'n de ei'<l nglfu-i gi,;o ,'icn. h,io ,Li111Ilhiing
quy<!n hfe hap ph'IP khae nliau eila nguoi gi,\o vien: timg hlf'le XiII' dlmg '" I-.,ell I"illl
m6t lhi truang 1'6 h1eluqng I~o dong eua nguoi gi,io vien. C'II1ct'f ,'iiO CO'Chl' diell Ilel Ihi
Infang M thue hienSlf t6 h()'~ CfUvi~t ho,\ lrong doi rigii gi,\o I'i':'n,
l
I. Phan tfeh ket cau ticJ luang d6i vo; nguoi gi;io "jell
I I ,
Ket e'IU ti<!nlltang eh<i nglflYi gi,io "iell dtlng de ch, ml'ii 'I1"m he II k "" "Illrong
lillie kc'! hap gifra rlhfrng bo ~h(ln C,lll thimh m"l r,:,p th':: d',i ngli gl<io vi('n. Irnng el,\ hao
g6m tu6i t,le. giai Ifnh. hQc l\tc. SIt ph,in h(i thco khu ntc I'il II k gilfa gi,;o 'il'll hoc ,i,
sinh hoae sinh vien", Ke't ei,~ v6 lien /tron); giill1l,l cho ngtri1i gi;;" ,it'n lu'>n ItI'H) Ihl' hien
hibri Ilrang mat Cill1lll;1ng,tro~g d6 nguyen nhi,n CIt h,in Ii, ",ie m',i qllan hc 11 k Ir"n~ n',i
h6 ca C'lu gi,\o vien lu(m kh6ng phil hap nhfrng yeu ciiu clla \It ph';l Irtl'n gi,;o dtlc 11<,,'
llhu'ng yell c[iu ella quy IW)l ph,it (rien lr{lng il"()i h(1 ng:'tnh gi,)o due.

I. S\r milt c:in biing trong

I
kc't c:'1u giri; finh giira nhirng nglfC); gi<io ,i('n

Trong IInh vlte giao due eua Trung Qu6e, hi('n Ilfang CI\ '1u,; nhi,;u gi,;o "l'n nii
ciing luon hic'n doi ttlOg vai s:tr kh,1c bie! vc t,'ing thli gi,io duc. 0 c";c trtri1ng (';11) IL'lng d"i
hoc thi hien tuanginity kh6n~ Ihe hi':'n 1'0: <1CIC II}flyng ph") Ih(1/lg In'n~ h"c [hi hicn
Ilf()'ng Ii Ie giao vien nfr nhi6~ han gi,lo vien nam Jilkh,i ph() hiell: 11c,ic Inri<llg IIl'I1 hoc
Ihl hien lu()'ng ti Jegiao vien 'nfr qU'1 nhieu cung Ira n':'n kh,i nghlelll Irollg, lron~ nhieu
Infong FlOCthl gi"o vien nalll,ehi Iii s<i luong d(em Iren dilu npI\n 1<1":tai ",ic Irtr"!11~ m:',u
gi<io Ihi chi Ih[,y 1'6r,1ng d6 lit, "lIuj{ I'/(rrllg '1l1rk "i( II/II ", .'\gtll'en nhill1 do trong Iinl1 I've
gi<io duc co' so Ii lei gi"o "ien nii' ehie'lll s6 IllOng qu,i ,f'mg. Itf d,', d;',n dc'n, hi,ng 1,,<11h:1
qu,! killing 161 khic'n ,'ho nglli1i la plli!i 10 "'lIlg trong hc th<illggt;io dtlchoc 'Inl1, XCI
nga)' tai cae lrubng deu lh"y gi:io vien nam chi.:'m Ii Ie ri,1 It. ttf dl', gi,,' ra "icc I-.hl'l Ine'n
khai C,le hoat d(lIlg;gi<io cluc gi,ing day Irong clc Intong ho':, Ih:tlll chi cim ,g,'" '<I 'icc
khang th61htrc hiendc cang ,[,ic binh tht((\ng, Ciing I:,,, ngay hoc "nh I,ml 'I dtl, nglll'('n
nh,in do n6n giao dilC mang d,le ,de rieng Ii, 'Ill,; II gl<i" I'ien I""n th" n('n Irl'n I'l1u"II,'
dien boi dlfang phiim ch[,! d,,/o chic vi, tlnh c,\eh ch:,e ch<in ,,: I-.h,"ng Ir;;nh I.:h", nhietl
Ihic'u s6t. nhfrng d, nhilll 1100 sinh fieng biet ciing sc hinh Ihill)h nlH-fng ht("'e '<II I:illl
••
424
lrung v'li trt' ,xa hoi chu quaIl. ;\guycn nhill1 sau xa trang slI di<!u tiel mat can bUng Ii I~
giao vicn nam va ni! lrang Cal' tWang trung h9C va tieu h9C trang to an qual' con chfnh la
"in lk nguycn nhim kinh ti:. thu nhilp cua cae giao vien trang twang trung h9C vii tieu
huc Iii rill Ihilp. lai khl1ng'u') elia ,'i cao trang xii hoi, Trang m(lt mlrc d(llon nao d6 thi dia
,i L'l"l wn ngl!ai !r()ng xa hili cling quyc'[ elinh Mn dia vi kinh Ie, IUy rUng xii hoi IU6n
di,i hl,i nguiJi dim l)ng ph'll luon Iii phil; nlunh, la nglIoi luon thanh cong trang slI nghiep,
tuy nhii:n. nglIoi diln 6ng iiy cling khong bao gio IlIa ch9n ngh<! giar vien rna c6 IIU the
hi: nhi, lr"ng ncn kinh ti:'clla xa hi)i,
2. Su twit CilC1I):"ilg trong ket cau \c hoc luc gilia cae ghio vien lrung va lieu
hoc, nhling ghiu \ien khong dallieu churin lai chiem m!)ll! I~ Ian
. ~ .. - .
flu gl,iu duc cU",!\hil nlI(lC Trung Quill' dii c6 guy dinh, nhling ngi.rai dilm nhiem
ci,ng tac gi;iu duc ph"I: co hqc IIIC ell ban: cac giao vien tieu h9C bat bu(lc phai c6 trinh
do '!I ph'''l1, ph,,, c6 Irinh d6 v:1n hoa tll cap ba Ira len; cal' giao vien trung hoc co SO ph:!i
Ct', Irlnh d" ,L" hoc h'F'C cao dimg: dc giao vien phb thOlig trung hqc phai c6 trinh do
ltoi h"c chinh 'Iuy, DLlhg ticu chuilll hoc llIC nay M danh gia xc thay f>lI1gtrang co cau ti
Ie hinh th,nlh dill ngligiilo \icn tai cac truang trung hoc ya tieu h9(; thi ti I~ giao vicn
clwa ltol tii:u chuiin dn chic'lI1 Sl) dong, Ni1l111992, trong db.i ngi:i giao vien giang day tai
c,ic ll'lri1llg lrung hoc ('il ticu h9c pho thong trang toim qual', ti Ie c,lc giao vien tieu hoc
dat tii:u chuiln hl,'e lue .Iii 82.7 r;, 1I k giao vien lrung h9c co sa d<it lieU chuiin h9C IIIC la
:'i:'\J, ';, Ii k gi,io \icn 'pll" tllong trung hqc lh,lllieu chuiin h9c IlIc chie'm 49,1 CIo. Mot ket
qu,', khung milY tlil lkp di k0m truL' lii'p V(li tillre te nilY dii philn anh 1I16ttrinh do han chi'
lr~>tlg tU~lJlht) Cl'Hlg l~i~::gijo dl.H: gi~'lng. d •.1)'. dong,thoi cling H\m anh htrO"ng et2"n s~r llghi~p
h,), dlf<ing L'ho lh~' hclhanh thic'u nicn. Vicc gay ra hien ['lIong mal 'can btlllg lrong kel
L';"ILIIH)c Il.lL' Cll;i Ilgtr~ri gdo ,"i2n lrung vii ti~u hqc \'lea do nhiing ngu )'cn nhfm lich Slf, vtra
du nhCrn~ ~ n~u,~n
•... . nhilll hi,'n .. tlwc' Xi:l lr~n £oc 00 lich xu,. III nal11 1949 cho den nam
1'):'\(1. 1:1quclng thili gian b,,) ninn hinh thilllh blIGC diiu Vaphal tricn, v6i toc 00 cao clla
ncn gl,iu duL' C,l ", Trung (.Jut'll'. Ii k huc sinh nh(lp h9c dung d(l tubi em till1g tll 20 ric
dL'n 62,6 II. dilllg th'lii xi:t tr~n mill htlllg chung thi mlrc o(l ti<!nllIong cua o(li ngii giao
\"jCll Clll\~ l\~:l\ C:lIl\! \!i;ll11 .\u\Sn~. i)c"n 1!ilta IhcJi kl nhfrng n;-lm60 clui the ky 20, due bi~t

l~l -';;1lI ell:)': """lil.li"1c(;:-J; i)/(.'lJg r£ll/'-flo,; ". ;lgu6n thu nh(lp chf~h dang cu~\ nhfrng ngtJbi th[iy
gl'''' Irung hue ,il ti.:u huc hiiu nillf bi citt giiim het. Trong giai dO~lI1'khoi ph\lc va phat
lricll ,,;1lI lW)C d~.li cich m;,lng '"•.-Ul hOll, nhli'ng ngubi giao v'ien d~\t ti~u churin chEmg con
dlleiC .
m"\. n~Utfl,
_
b61 \il\. _, dli con m('; each ha "
lhap
_
tieu,l chuan xet tuyfn M daplrng yeu
'.J

Cilll, \d IL!g"\C J(, nguycn nhilll hicn IhlIc o~khtio sal t1nh hinh co th~ thay do oja vi ella
ng.trlli ltdy kh~-)Il~cal>: khl)[.~g c!li G~C tr~~ang d;~ihqc. h?c vj:~~.ve_chut~n11~~\nhs~ ph;,.yn
thlcu luI' luong SInh \lCn I!aU vao co chat 11I~1ngcao, th~11l1chi nhlIng xll1h Vlen khong d',ll
!leu dllliin "C hoc Ilfe v,'tn Lltwe nilll1 trong 00; ngii gi,ing da~,' '. " ' I'
'J. Su 111:11
cillJ b,in~ trong co c:ill luoi lac giiia cacgiao vien lrong 'l~p Ihe nha lni~ ,
Tlnh hinh thuc lc tllJllg kc't ciiu tilP th~ giao vien 1,1li Ie giao vi en a do tubi lrung
1l,0n, la" l1i0n chiem si) ilfon~ i'1n, IrcllIg khi d6 ti Ii: gi,io vien Ire lai chiem so llIong rat

425
 1, ' •• j;-

k Ti Ie !!i(i"a !!iaa vien eaa luoi - Inlll!! nicn _ thanh n;cll iii m(,i tlllIe Irang kJH'mg h'nh
tlwang, hien ;~<,lIlg daan lang giiia de,i ~gii gi,io vic'n ng:'y eilllg hJ'e III rei,
,

4, SII mat can biing t~ong co call ph:in b6 kim vlIe elia ngtriri gi;io ,i('n
l
Co cru plHin b6 thea khu v\!'e d6i v(ri de gi,io vicn dilllg ,16 chi quan he tl k ph an
h6 \Ie so hIQ'ng gi~lO vicn gifra elle mi~1l 1l(1"ng th(Hl. gifra Cite \Oll,11g n,>i l1ia \';1 yilll~ ":lU
vllng xa, ho~e gifia de vung e6 nen kinh Ie kill', kh,m ":1 "llllg u) nen kinh k ph,;t trien,
Quy IU'I! thling th~ong hi~nlnay la: Gifla Ihanh Ihi ,,:, n(mg th(lJ) thi Ih(lJ) I:mg IU(lJ) 11linh
hlnh kem: giiia vling noi di" va khu vue xa xl',i Ihl nhfrng \llJlg "Ill \'img \a IU(lll rl'i ,'ilo
11nh hinh kh6 khan hon: ho"e giua de vI,ng kinh k ph';1 tricn \':1 nhLlng 'ilng U', nen
kinh Ie kho kh,in Ihi nhiing vllllg kinh Ie kho kh'ln Ju('n re'i ":'0 tinh lIang k0m hon, ;-<c\i
10m lai, tai nhiing:dia phuong e6 <lieu kiCIl kinh k' l<it thi Inc Itr1mg gi,io "Icn eLlJlg "Lrng
manh han, nguqe!l<li I~li nhiing khu VlIe co dieu kicn kinh lC' han ehc', thi I!<',i ngii gi,\o
vien cung thea c1o:n~~1 "m~jl ,'lIrJi" hOIl.

5, S" mat can biing ve co cau Ii Ie giiia ghio ,ien vii hoc sinh

Cae lruo-ng c1:;.lihc}c ca~ cLlng cung nhlf ck lnr/J'ng trung tjl~'U h(.lL' lnJn~ l-;\ lll((l\: !i!(\n
('1 trong 1111htro.lI1ghi l~ gi<lO;vicll \<1 )1(.)1.: :~illh lLlng (hic-m "";l)IU(.l'ng th,Yp. chinh dil;U n;l)'
cling dii ph,in naa'gay Ira ndai ckn Vlee n:lng caD hlcu qu,i tmng el1l1g t,ie gi,\o due ),:I:;r:g
day, Nguyen nh,u; d'ln M'n S,I m;11 C:"l h"Ing giltl Ii Ie gi,ia ,'il'n "il hoc SInh cling \U:!I
ph at til hai plmong dicn ehil ve'u sau d"y: thlr nh,it iii I!(,i ngii gijo ,'icn kh,'ng Ihc' ehu\'c'n
dieh !TIlil deh hOl( 11. !TIQIso luong de gi,io vicn chua dat tic'u ehu,in kh"ng C1', c<teh gi
de' thm!t ra khoi he th6ng gi,io due, g'IV la hicn 111i1rlgthic'u hut 1r.-i!l1tn,ng "C ,,'j itIong
nhiing.•.. .....
!!i,;o vien dill lieu chu,)n: rn,-ll
'. kh,ic Ii, v,in tIe "e the ehc', h,il !u'll1. Ii, (;ie IllIimo:::.- hoc "

dJ 1!tIOe Ihanh I~p IiI I"u hay la dc Irtll'1ng mlli dU!'e th,mh 1,'11'thi ,teu e" eli ',IU Ihicl ehe'
r'll phuc tap. (I;\n den [inh Irang Ille Illong gi,\o vicn thi qu,t 1:, "Illillg I"ill" tlilng khi d"
thi hi~u qu" lai gi,im Slll

II. Sf! to 11O'p mang tlnh eh.-it Lnl \'i~t vc c1(lingu gi<\(~ \Iell
. 51.! ttl hq'p m~lIlg l[nh chill lfll \,j~( \'~ th)i ngt-' gi;[() \'i0n dllll~ de' chi l";ic yC:u I,'; 1
I~rc Ilrqng gi.<io \'ic;~dl1Q'c t<) 11<.117
v;. slr dt.lng dc'n Tll()t Tlllfe ch> tTlI '''l~.t ho;i. Ilk I:, IrL'1l CI.)"'(J

ticu ehu,in ve s6 11'rt1ngngllai, <linh mere v:, hicu qu,; lao t!<)ng Ik \<ic dlnh Ilfong nhu e'lu
lao dong ella nhiirig nglIoi g',ia vien, Birt v':'y, m[lu ehc'it clla "icc Ihlre hic'" IfU ,'i:'1 h",\ Sir
to h0p'doi ngii giaa vicn chfnh la \,ic dinh m(,t dinh !l11'rclao I!"ng hilI' Ii >i, tlllle hlc'n
dinh !TIlle s6111qn~ hop If v6 bicn ehe e(lJ1g nh,in ,icn
:' I •

Mot don vi rihi! Inlang IJam 16L cung tk hal' kh(lJ)g thi\l'!l1\ct Ilcn !l1,ll ,. nghiil n:lo
dti e6 the Ih'IY rAng, dieu dO sc quyet dinh chi' yc'u Ikn e(lJ1g t,ie qll;;n Ii nh:, tmimg. u'",
hon !lila c6ng uie qUi:ITl If lao' u91lg gi.io vil'1l ella 1l1(:)i m(){ tnr('lIlg ht.)[ 1;\ m(ll phlf()'ll~ di~n
vo eung quan trang lrang eang tac qwin If nha tnlimg, Hicn na" eh;,'1 Inong g;;io due gi"ng
day tai cae lruong hQe con kern, eang I~e qu,in If J"n dung gi;;n ,i,'n cim I"e h;" •. tr.nng dl"
nguycn nh[,n ehinh iii thie'u licu ehu,in khoa hoc trong ,'icc ph'lJ1 lieh Ihnh Itr''''g, 8"1 ':1\',
)'!c'cde dillh hap If dinh mIfc lao dling eho deli ngii gi,io "jCll, till" c,"ng Lic 'Iu,,,, Ii Llo

426
 diHlg In!llllg \'~LU I11l)l Lju5- d~.lO khoa h()c, lit nhung vi~c lam co y nghTa vo
IiILL cung quan
llung Ilung \i~e linn kit cong I:ie qU:ln If, nang eao hi~u qua thiet h}p nha twang.

Trung lhoi ki ,!:iu gi,ii phong. de lrllang eao dang d~i hQe trang pham vi d mrae
del ,ip dung phuong ph,ip uinh mLie cc)ng "icc eho, giao vier! d,,'i hQe eua de quae gia Au
\15 Th,ing 7 n:,m IlI:,7. Tllmg Quae da lham khao ehe dQ,ngay lam ,viee va luqng eo~g
l'ICe g,iulh ehu e,ie ~u,iu I'icn lhuc)c lntong dai hoc Licn Xo, d6ng thai thiet hip ra "bifll
Ill/til) 1!Il/C lri~;1/ rhi di(;/ll IIX(JY him' \"/(;(' ni 1[{~lHg n''!lg,yi~;(' gilllll,l ('/tonga/xi gido \'il;n ~,i
"i, f111',il1.~ (,II' d,jl/~ I,i ,/,.11 lil'( '". Th:mg W/lll63 hogiao, d\Ie dii quyet dinh dinh mere
giilllh ehu !u,mg e{)ng li0c lmng "ong mQI nam ella ngllai gi.lo vien C1de lwang dai hoc
eetO dfu)g Ii, J60(J llc'ng dong hll. n:lm 1978. bQ giao d\Ie lai mot Ian nua slra chua 1\li dinh
mef( Ilr'iIlg ellllg vice llung ml)t n:tm eua giao "ien eao dfmg hoij.e dai hoc Ii, 1800 lieng
dong h" Tk,ng -1/19~I. LiI han giao d\Ic quae gia dii ban b<'i '"bi~1/ pliiip 1/11/(' lii~1l ilfo'llg
('(;ng I'lt,;(" ,-:i(lllll C/I(I W.;lfirj gi(io, \'1£'11 1(,i cdc trl((/Ilg coo ddng d~/i "<)C Iron.'!, cd Iliff/C",

y0u cc'u lmng limg mul n:lm e:m eli Iheo each tfnh moi ngay Iii 8 tieng d6ng h6, moi
11:"" I;, -12 lu;,n. let ,~ u', lling Ilfong eong vi~e se duoe 111mtrang I p80 tieng d6ng h6.
11,0n pk'll Ihlre hien lhi ,!L0m <Iiidua ra nhung quy dinh e\, the ve phllong phap l[nh Ill\lng
long I ile Sail khi lhlle hi'::'n elHlg t:ie lhi diem. Ihang 4/1985 Uy ban giao due quae gia
d;\ dlf;l 1";1 "hlill .\' /.:i(;'1 t'(; I',iil £It' II(//Il,'.!, ("(;lJg \'.i~(' gidnh clw J!gl((ji kiuo \'it.;n {~li Ule rr/li/ng
,'dr' ",ill.~ ,/,.Ii /1('" /11\'1/ 11,1.' '". u()ng lhai chi ra rtll1g bi~n phap lfnh tmln IU9ng eong viec
gli'lIh ehu nglfill gi,-.u lien lnrl\c d:IY kh:i phue tap, mol so 1ll9ng tfnh 10'111nilo d6 con
(hUet hup Ii. (an li'::n hi,nh Ih0m nhi'::u ,Ua doi wong Ling doi vai bien phap Ih\le hicn lhi
dlL:m ~l:lY.lkJllg. lhlll YL'U l~lll,..
.'~il..: do'll y~ \nri:Jng hQc Gill Cfl~ Clr V~lO c::l(: quy d!l1h V~lc~c
yell G-ill Cl'j iiL'1lquail d~ tV qllY dinh ra nhfrng. Ilf(~mgcong vi~c gianh c,ho nguai gi,l.o vien.
llung lk, L'C"lh'::' "P clung nhi0u phlrllng pllap lfnh loan khae nhau.
Tinh d0n lhili ,li'::m hi0n nay. tfOng pham "i d nllae ehlla tu-ng ehe dinh ra c1inh
mefe Ih,ing nh"l I.':: IUllng elHlg li0c giilnh eho nguoi giao vien, luy nhicn, do e6 nhCrng
LiUYdinh ell Ih':: "i Ilfong hi0n eh0' giao vien cling nhll thiet ehe giao trlnh giitng day. nC'I~
\.'lllfg 1..1:1
~bl r~l dUl.~CIl1l:)l thai luqng tiC:( hQc mi\ ngLrtJi giao vien ti6u hQc \'~l
gllri 11,,111 \'~

tlung hu( c:ln ph"i d'lIn IIh:lIl, cie lnrang ti6u hoc nang than sa gio len lap thea chllong
,'1

trtnh h:li giant! lnlllg 111<11tu;'ln b lLr 2.1 - 25, bien che' giao vicn l~l ttl" 1'-3 ngLfO'i/ca, so gia
:, k'Jl 11')11trllll~ llH'li tU:Ul l'LI~1m()i gi~io \'i0n liL :20, long C9ng so gia len lop Il10i nelln l~l 800;
,I c',i( Illfilllg 110u hoc Irung lhilllh pho so gia len lap thea ehllong lrlnh bi\i giimg lrong
j"
1ll','1IU'lil I:Ille ,I _. ,-1. h,0n eh0' gi,iu vi0n IiI IU-1- 7 ngllai/ea, so gia len lap trong moi
lu"n eLI" m~)i g'cio li0111il 20. tlHlg e9ng so gio. Ieniap. moi nam li1800; deae Irllcmg
lrung hu( el' ,i,
"i gii, Jen I(lp Iheo ehllong trlnh bi,i giimg lrang m<)ttu:in la ICf30 - 31,
hit:Jl dll." gijo \'10n l~l lLf 2 - S ngub'i/ca,SO gia len lap trong l110i tuan cua moi giao vienla
1-1. l'lng el)ng so giil Jen lop moi n:\l11 Ii\ 560; C1de trllang pheS thong trung hqe so giq
Jen I,",p 1!J(U clnrung ldnh hi,i gi,ing lrang mol w:in Ii, tu- 29 ~ 30, bien, ehe giao vitn lit tu-
., 0 nguili!ccl. "ii gill Jen !lip lrang mo, w:in etla moi giaD vien Iii 12, teSng eong so gia
kll JLlpm(,; n:lm Ii, .• RO:
[)c nh.\ll1 IhLLh l'iIl~ ""11 10u C:IUella n'::n kinh Ie Ihi tnrong xii hQi ehtl ngh"ia, can
ph"i .\'11 dung mill ehe. ell) qu:in Ii gi:io vi0n mai,

427
 1/ X,ly durig va ki~n foan mot ca ehe eanh tranh xii l](\i elill ngh;a, Dlfa co ehe can~. '
tranh xii hoi bao'trum len ~ac phuang dien qu,inlf gi,\o vicn. Trong de kh,'lU tuvC:n eh9n;'
tang cap bac ehQ giao vien eung nhu trang khflU xct tUYl'n elmg ehuc d~u C:1I1phai th~c1
hien thea nguyeh uk coni khai, d,ln ehu. canh tranh va tuyl'n chon nglftli co n,mg l~cKj
m6t mat di s,lu !tlm hitiu tloi ngu gi,io vicn. mot mat thlfe hicn gia; (10;111tuvl'n chori~.
nhi1ng ca nh,ln tiu tu: dond thai X,ly dlmg vii kicn 10im mllt chc ell) giao Itfll cling nhl1 che
cl(>tiI ehefc, ngl!i' vi~e gian~ eho nglfai gi,\o \';en. thue d'IY su \'trtlg \'img I"'n manh trang
iiiI' thti doi ngil fa vien. i " .' ,
2/ X,ly dung va kicnitoim mlll co eh6 khieh Ie trong toill1 ,\ii hlli, Troll)' c1i~u kien
cua nen kinh te th! truongi dae biet Iii eimg ph,ii coi trong nhtlng t,le dung khfeh Ie c~a
nhieu m~lt lai feh, pilat hu~ m(>l each d,IY du tfnh Ifch we vii lfnh s,ing 1'10 CI'la tap th€
eong nhan vien ~huc nha truang. Eai v'IY. dn ph,ii bi6t ke't hdp nhtmg el,k elil'rn trong
d(>i ngil giao vien, xay dun~ vii kicn toan mot each nghiem khile nhung ehc' ;!(, "it hach,
t'lI1g cap. licn luang, tien tHuang. luon IflY co ehe khieh Ie lilm ellmg lIre. nh'I'n manh viec
lhue hicn nhung ibien phaJ dong b(>, khich Ie nh~ng dn bo gi,\o vicn ph,il 1](1\:Irf lien
thu. thanh eong Ifong eong 'vi~c.

3/ Tifng buck thie't lap m(>t thi trll,'mg vc lue !tfang lao ellmg trong t"p thc gi,io vien.
' ,
He th6ng van hi'uih eua thi tnrang lue Ilrang lao dong Irong t"p thc gi,\o lien hao gom hai
phuong dicn nhl! sau: lhu nh'lt, hc thong vfm himh kern theo cie c1ich "U kh;ic eUJ Ihi
lruong lue luqng lao d(>ng; ~hu hai, he thong elieu lic'l va C]u,in If ella Chinh rhll c16i vai ea
ehc'v,ln hanh eua~thi trllang !t'e luqng lao dong gi,io vien. ,
I :

Nhung......mat. dii lam dtfde:

!

Till; lIila;. trang d.c hoat d(>ng nlm Ilfa chon. thi tuy"-n, rh'lTl hii vi Iri e"lIlg viee,
quyet dinh va chi tra ti6n luO'ng, kf kc't hoac gi,ii 'Iuyc't de v'ln ck rh,it sinh trong hqp
dong, thl eM thticua thi tr!rong luc ltfO'ng lao cJc:mgtrtrc1e sau den tu"n 11111 nghi0m ngat
de quy tde thi IrlIang Uti nh<1m d,lm b,lo lui fch cho dc b,'n, CLing etl thc' n"lI iii nguyen
tele ec)ng b,lng, tu chll va ea~h Iranh, ,
. I

Till; 1101.la co sa h~. tbong

djeh 1'\1 ,him b,io eho vice ,Ii dung hup Ii life Ilf,rng 1,:0
~ong cling nhcf vice ehuyti1 huang eho lue !tfO'ng lao dong gi'lo \'icn Iheo c:;n eLf phap
I~at tn~n co sa dam baa /qi1fch eho d hai bcn. chu y6u bao g()m: e;1e lin tlk cfin Ihiet,
cae eh1 dao tu v,ln!. boi duong giao due. b'lo d'lm phue lui xii h,)i:
. ii,
Till; bo, la sIr quan If va giam s;it ella cae h,) han ngilJ1h ehl'rc n'ln)' Ctlll Chinh pbU
doi vai cO' ehe va,\ hill1h eu,! Ihi Iruang lue !trong lao dllllg gi'lo licn Sir 'i11l"1 If (1111cae
ban nganh Chfnh phil Iii m(>t khau khong thl' thieu trong co ehe \"1Il hilnh Clia Ihi Imung
lue luang lao d(>ng gi;\o vicl]. D,ly la mllt khflu ehll vei, clilng dc li,'n hi",h gi,im "it, don
d6~, ~icu .tiet, c.hidao d~j v1.i cae hoat d6n~ trang hc thiing die': \[1 ell',ng hll ,i,
Irong ~a
ehe V<J,nhanh eua thl trllO'ng Nc luqng lao dong g,ao Vlen, tlcn hanh dlcu Ilct \'a trong la,
d6i vai nhi1ng tranh chap giua lue luO'ng gi,io "ien:

Till; 11f,Chfnh phu la he lhong tli,:u li0'1 dii, \,(1i Ihi trtr0'ng iue luun~ L,o d"lIlQ giliO
.•... .•.... . ~ '- ....
,

vicn, Dc nhf,m Ihlic cl;'(y 'IT 'ph;\1 Irien I'ung l1lanh. Ilhir nhi,ng elill SlI nghi.:,!' gllio due.

428
 I
I
Chinh phu ciln phili lhong qua himg 10'11cacchinh s,ich, cae QUY dinh h'anh chfnh phap quy
va nhling bl~n rh~r hiplh chfnh dn Ihi~'l de'tien hilllh khorigche va djeu, tiet doi voi c" c
c'lng \I~C nhlr: lao \'i~cElIl1,~huy~n huang vi~c lam,lien luopg, baD dar
phuc lqi xa hQ{

III. Su ehuycn hiIollg hap Ii eua dqi ngil giad vie~ :. [" "
! • i I .' . i .' t

SICchu\~n hlr9,',lg (/1'1 deli ngu gi,io vj~n bao gam hai bhuong di~n nhl(sau: phuong
dlen Ilw nh,',! b nhtCclg qglli)i Iall dong dat li~u chuiin co sitn miil so Ji~u kicn nk't elinh
Ilr~ldl\}tl ClH1g \l~'C g;i\.;,"\'(~n hu~)c nhfrng giao vien dang g~aI1g'd~lY t:lr be c6ng vi~c ~Ui.l
minh, ctll1g co nghja bnguoi lao di)ng it!t lieu chuiinlua ,chon hoat Ill' bo linh vuc lao
dong 1:, ngh~ gi,io: lr~n milt phullng <lien khac Iii nhling ngl(oi giao vicn chuyen tll' don vi
Inrimg h',IL'm'l minh d:U1g gi,ing day de' sang lam viec t',li +Qt iruonE:] h9C khac, cung co
nghla b nglcili lao dung II! chuye'n huang lrang linh VI'C:Iao d6ng inghe giao, Van de
chuyen hLCl'mglI'<Hlg luc It!(1ng lao d6ng giao vien la mqt van de ~hiin bo nguon tai
nguyen ClI,1 luc ILc,mg lau dQng lrang linh VI!Cgiao duc, Xiiy'dlfng m6t co che ph;lIl bel
gi,i" \ ien phll hop nii c,ic yeu du quy IU(ll nQi l,!i cua nen bnh te thi truong, hlnh Ihilnh
nen ,IC chuy~n hlf<lng mang lfnh chill hi~u qU<ltrang Il!c luqng lao dQng giao vien, dong
Ihi,i Cling ehinh Iii mill khilu quan lrang trang vi~c xiiy dl!ng va ki~n toan mQt thi trLIong
ltc, IWHig bu clung cling' nlw li~'n hiUlh ket hop lot gilia luc luqng giao vi~n, 51f chuyen
hu,Jng [lUng lIfe luyng bo ,iang giao vien co the phiin thailh hai loai: sif chuyen huang
mang linh lich Clfe \il 'u ehuy~n hut1ng mang lfnh lieu clfc: 5lfchuyen huang mang lfnh
dl,Yllieh ute tiling d~ chi \'i~c lhilng qua SI! chuyen huong:tlf do cua'llfc luqng lao dQng
gi<io \'ien lk'n hilllh pil,it huy m,)t dch d,iy dll nhi'rng hi~~ qua caa inhat cua nguon tai
nguy~n elu lice luang lall dong giall vien: \'icc kh6ng ngll'ng di6u chinh d6i ngil giao vien
,~ khi~'n ehu ngilY cilllg nhi~u nhling nhilll tili co to chat c~o se khong ngll'ng ph'ln lam
I,',il l11,mh d,)i ngu gi'"l \'i~n, cling de' nham d,ip ung nhling yeu cau ph at trjen truoc mAL
cling nlw Iitu clili cua su nghiep gi,io duc, Nguqe lai voi sif <:huyen huang mang tfnh tfeh
UCL'Ii, SICdll'ycn hUflng mang lfnh chill ii<':u qre, 51f thieu ~~l llfc lUc'ng giao vien ehfnh
lit sec Lhll\~n Illll'mg m'ang linh chi'l lieu ,'ue cua Ilfc luqng lao dQng giao vien, [UC la m6t
lue Ilhmg It'm l11anh nhtrng nh,in 1:li IIU lu lhich hqp voi cal' ~ong vi~c thuQc linh vuc giao
due d,-, 1")1 h" ngll~ gi,io, rili bo Iruong h9C hO;IC roi bo linh vlfc giao duc, luy nhi~n
nhCrng lue Ilc,mg ,lLcocbo Sling d~u khang the dap ung nhliI;g lhieu h~l ca ve so IU(1ng cit
\'~ hoc IlrL', ni,ng luc \'1 lrinh dQ, di~u do khien cho vi~cxiiy d~ng'm61 dQi IlgU gi,io vicn
IUllll nii \"Ill linh Irang Ihu hep \'il han ehe', ,
I. I'huung thuc 'eli b,ln trung viee b6 tri sap xep gi40 vicn tr6ng dieu kicn kinh
Ie thi Irllimg x,i hiliehu nghla
Trong dieu kien klllh k Ihi lrLIOng xa hQi chu nghia,j:\huong lh~c co ban lrong, vi~c
b,j lrl <II' ,\~pgia() \i~n ehfnh Iii thi trLIong, Chfllh dieu n:ly dU(1c quyet dinh boi nhi'rng
di,'u ki~li kinh te' \'1 mo lfllng giai doan xa hoi ehu nghia hi~n nay, Vi~c xiiy dlfng va kicn
10'ln I11ll1lh~ eh~ kinh Ie Ihi lnrong \,' hoi chu nghla chfnh (it nhtiffi muC dfch lam cho thi
lnfilllg d,c,',i ,u d,~u lid limo (lla Nhil Illcac co Ih~ phal huy nhi'rng l,ic clung co sO' [rang
\'j~c "{lr ,\,Yp h6 lrl ngu(lll l~li nguycn. Vi~c b6 lrl stiP xep; nguon t:\i nguyen kh6ng chi
h~IU gl-ll11 thl lnrllllg lhlfllllg ph~im m~l con baa gom th! truO'ng ella C:1C yell lO Sllll xu;"ll.

429
 Cac yc'u t6 )'In xuat khong chi bao gum de yeu tei s,in xu,Yt V:,t chat mi, cCm cic ycu t6
con n~lfb'i, [rong d6 con ngtrai dtrge eoi Ii, yc'tl t6 himg d:iu, B0i \':'Y vice ""P xc'P h6 Iri
n~u61; ti,i nguyen lhi trtrangtru6c het chinh Iii v~~e silp xc'p hi; tri ngulin till ngllvcn Ille
II~ong 1<10dong, Thl! hai lit vj~c sflp xCI' h6 tri thi tnrang ngu(in ti,i ngu\'cn lire Iliong "'0
,11)ng khong chi b'l0 gam lIoh We "in xuiit llla con hao g')111linh \'Irc phi "in \ IIi,!. 0'''',
\';'tv. Il!!UOn l~li nguyen luc lttong lao et()n tron!! vicc hl). lrl S,-IP -,C'p [hj Irlfl'rng h;-Il hU(lC
O

ph:ii b~o gain Itre~If;ong lao e~6ri; giao \'ic~ ~ '

Trongdieu ,~icn xii h(>1ehtl nghia, IVe Itrong lao di)ng, hao giim ca hlc Iliong lao
dong gi,io vicn lieu c6 phlli la Ihtrong ph,'im hay kh(lIlg'.' tmng dleu kicn k,nh !l' thi
twang eua, ehu ngl1ia tii ban, eung Imin t(in tai mot thi tnrirng eila lIre IlI'>ng lao dong,
nglfai ta coi Ille IUt/ng lao do rig nhii m(lt loai thllong ph ilIII, tmng dtl gi,i CI '" ,,'i I'lo'ng
, l!ng va do nhu dll quyft ;',nh, V,',y lai sao Cll the COl Ilic Ilrong L,o
eila Jl() sc do SII cung ,

dong trang xii hoi xii hoi ehll 'nghia nhtr m()1 loai thLlo'ng philJ11'.'
I) Su ke'l hgp giua nhurig ca nh,Yn lao t!img xii h6i chi, nghia "i, tIl lil'u "~in \U,Yt \,',n
dbi hoi phai 'c6 su trung gian, Kie'u lao dl,ng kc'l hup nilS' cung chinh iiI lao dong kcr hop
trong dicu kien kinh te thi twang, Chfnh kie'u lao dong kc'l hop trong plum \'i cue hi, eua
ncn kinh te thi trtrbng nilY dJ xuat hicn tren Ihi Info-ng trl'n cr1 "r liiy nhung 1"1 ich kinh
le'lill11 ehlL Do d6 nglrbi lao d()ng dn ph,ii tra thanh mi,t phiin tu trong dei, e:"'g C'in phai
chiu su han che eua nhung lai feh kinh hYet:,c hiet lrong kieu lao tI(lllg kCl hop nilS', l'llng
chfnh la hi~u hien ra nglIai' lao cl6ng phil hop \'('1i nhung Yl'u c'iu cila tI<'n \1 'doanh
nghiep, Neu khong,ca nh,in nglrai lao cI(mg eung sc hi loal ra kho; qu,i Irinh 'an \U,',L Ir"
thimh nguo-i thfit nghiep, Trang dicu kien kinh te'lh; lruimg, nH;; quail hc' trullg gi'"1 gil'"
nglro-i lao a(>ng va tn lieu s'ln xuiit ehillh lil thi tr\lirng ClJ;' luc IITl'llg lao tliHlg I_Ire IlIling
lao d6ng xii hoi ehu nghia chi c6 the' lit tlwang phiim, ttre iii nglliri la<, d(lng c<'i ,,'re lall
dong cila mlnh lit mat hang thuang ph,-im trong ngu(in til; nglly('n, h,in ra eho eh,'1 Ihl: Cll;;
IlIe Itrang lao dong ket hap, thong qua thi tnro-ng ei'a I,rc luung lao tli)ng lic'n hi,nh \ '
ket hap vai de III !tieu s'ln xliii!.
,
, ~) Nguvcn nhilll Inle lie'p d,in e1C'uviecsuc lao ,It:lIlg tni thimh mill hilng liw<'ng
,

ph,tm chfnh iiI do S\l tii do eua b,m thim nguai lao climg,

l) Vice Illlfelllg phfim ho,i sue lao clong kh(mg he eel mill ml'il 11(,i,he I;YtI1h,cn l1i,,) \'l'"
CJC gi~t lrj th~ng dd von co. Vi~c Slrc lao c1(Hlg (rei' thhnh himg ho;\ cClf1g ~h()n~ U'l .\' fl);hiil
r,\ng nl]St dll1h sc xu;'it hien SII,b6e Illt ella chi, I1ghia tlr h,in, i\hlr nhlrng gi clii d'l<'c dl: e,',p <'
tr9Jl. lr0ng t1i(u ki~n xa h()i C~ll nghla, SlfC lao d(mg cling chinh 1:\ h;lJlg h6il. Sl'rc );1() [J(lll~
('i"l I1gnai giilo vien ehfnh Iii 'mot trang nhung nll; dung cil'u thill1h nl'n ngll<in li'l nglJ\cn
nh,ln lue, boi val', S\Telao don& cua nglr(\i giao vien eung ehinh I;',mi't hli hill1g h'",;L
2, Chi! th~ thi trlIbng

Chu the' thi. tnrimg dung de chi mol'. Ihi tnran~'- \'im hilnh, 1,'1mlll thc herll W m,")~'-
nhu'ng t<ic dung nhtr ttr t6 chue, Ilr clicu tiel. ttr han chc', elin~ e(, Ihc Ii, mi>t i" l'llI[( h"'-Ie
«1 nh,-In chlJ~e~ !hue hicn code vi6c £!iao dich' f!il~ra h,'me !1oil'-\"i1 ."lrC ho d{<ll~. TrOll!.,; di(:u
Kiel1 kinh Ie thi lnr&ng ~ii ho(ehi,nihia, di,i h:'li ph,ii c-{,111<"1
rhdl11 \', chu I'h,' 11111-""\l1g
tltroe philll dinh giCii han r6 dng, IlllJi e{, the phal hu\' nhung 'I,ie dUl1g lei hdll tmllg \icc

430
he; lri <'P \0p nguon ti,i nguy0n lrang thi twang. Trang thj twang gi:io vien, chli th~ I i
llLflfng ehinh Ij chli Ih~ lai ieh cung cau luc luang lao dQl1g giao viel1. Nguoi cung cap
Iuc. I'long bu del11ggiau li0n chinh Ij nguoi dii lua ch9n ngh~ giao vien, cling lit chli th~
eung Irng giau \.i.:n. deii tuong co nhu du ve Juc luang giao vien chfnh.lit twang hoc, hay
chfnh b ehli Ih.: SLI d,!ng bo dong. .

Vi ,'"l IILfI'mghl)e !ai co quyen chi! th<!sit d,!ng lao dQ!]g'?

II i'ih" lnrirng el; dia I.i tlHCc Ihl' plnip nhill1 lllong doi dQc hip, quyen chli Ihl' ve
I ICC 'If dung lau dilI1g dlinh Ii, mot Irong nhling ne)i dung tr9ng yeu. Nha Iwong c6 dia
sa
II lhuc. Ih.: ph,ip nhim IUlmg doi doc li,p cung co y nghla ~Cl kinh Ie vo cung sau sac.
1'.1"1 mel! llLfimg hoc deu mang m(l! loi fch kinh te wong doi dQc I~p: thu nhat, tlnh hlnh
Ii" chinh d,a phllOng 1,\1 hay "iiu cung deu linh hU(lng trl!c tiep den lqi feh kinh te rieng
ei", rWlI Inlllllg hoc Irong n.:n giao duc co sa: thu hai, dc nganh nghe do nhit twang lap
n2n d.:u d:in ,kn nhlfllg hicu 'lu,i kinh te kh;ic nhau; thu ba, moi mQI lwong h9C nhim
tilfUc.. 'IJ ling h,:) ei,a "ii hui. I.i, eli nhieu each khac nhau dti tl~P hqp ngu6n lili nguycn
lrung .\ii ihli. III do elmg di,,] d.:.n su chcnh I~ch vc loi feh Ikinh Ie gilra dc twang h9C
cling ngill c-cmg 16n: Ihll ILLIrlnh do qUlIn If cao hay thap cllil cae nhj quan If liinh d'.lo
Llng ''I': anll huong d~n lqi feh kinh lC eua tntong h9C.
lrung G\L tlltlfllg hl.H: •...

21 Trcn phuong dicn himh chinh. nha truong dia vi phap nhilll S\lnghi~p wong d6i
,il,c lilp. Ircn phu'Jng e1icn kinh IC.. clmg c6 Iqi fch kinh te wong doi dQc lilp, bai vilY, lrcn
11101plllCung dicn ni,o ,1.'; hoi,e Ircn mot muc dQ nao d6, n6 ~e phu hqp de; tra thilnh dieu
klcn Cll'l ehl' Ih~ thi twong. vi, cung s~ c6 nhling quyen lao dQng nhlin sl! co b,in, nhung
queul Irung nhal dn Ii, quyen luycn dung va b6 nhi~m nguo, giao vien. Trang thi truong
tuc Il!<rng lao elong gilio licn khi nhi, Inlang xuiil hi~n v6i than rh~n Iit.chli the thi twang
l..'(i qUY('ll .\~.tdll~ ~t Y~l tUYL.'n dl.mg gi~'lO vien. trHang hQc clingc6 the' cCm clr \'80 nhfrng
dlcu kic'n I.' ICU du IIcng dc licn hi,nh dieu chinh kip Ihai co cau giao vicn trang nhi\
Incl1ng. dl)l1g thai j..Jl('mg nglrng n;:lIlg cao Chal luqng va hi~u qU,'l c6ng vi~c giao d~lC
giall,:! day lrong nh:l tnrililg. tlll.fl..: hi~1l ngay cang tot han tll~C dfch gino d~lC. Duong
nhi.:n r:,ng IICC bic.n ;\hil nll"c I (Ii Ilf deh Iii chil the gi,io viel] lrong co chekinh Ie ke
huaeh ehu,l'n"lng nh:, Infilllg Ii, dun vi ehli the trang viec tuy~n d,!ng giao vien qua
khlHlg ph,u b nl"l licc de dimg gi. Tuy nhicn neu b6 hep quyen xct duy~t. luyen d~ng,
h" nhicm g"i" I'i"n Irllllg lay :\hi, Illfve. cung ehac chin dan den su bien dbi lrong viee
b,; Iii sap \CP 1111IlUllllg Ilfe lUling lao dQng giao vien. Neu muon lhuc hi~n viee Ihi
Inrllllg hI) lri "~;lrx~YpIt.lL llhmg Ian lh)ng giao 'lien, Gin phiii IXi:ic d!nh ~6 r~:m,gf:tmg d!H V!
dlil thc ei,a llUilllg Ih)C L.ung ehinh lit '1uyen xct duy~t luyen d~ng va, b6 nhi~m tren thi
llUifllg II(C.ilfllilg bo dong gi,iu li0n. ell' Ilf d6 Irao quycn h6 Ilhicm Infc' liep.

Llk IUlillg lao d,)ng gllio licn II .sao lai Ira Ihimh chli thti quyen 100icua nguoi eung
ifll{' Trong d,0u kicn ella n0n kinh Ie Ihi truong, IlIc luang lao dong giao vien ctii tla
Ih:Ulh c.hi, Ih~ quyen Illi nla nglloi eung lIng, trang d6 nguyen nhan co ball chfnh la sa
Inl"Ll (j llh~'1I1 Cl[~t ngul-fi Llll L!c)ng. Trong giai do".\nchtl nghia xa hql, do sl,( h:',lI1ehe ella S~I'

pk\/l e(Hl~ trullg .\~l.ht.H ell d6i \c1i nglCai lao d()ng. oJ. hun eho nhi1ng "i/(j'f{ \'f£" eua I~re
11illIIg Lill ,")ng dlf,.1c-'iUI 'c sil hllll c,i IIhill1 khimg lh~ dUge xoa ri) ngay l(lp Ilrc. LIfe

431
 luang J dO (1ong Ih u9c ve"h'-'
so 'lUll ca n h-'an cua nguOl-' gi1"10"1"11
,L Ii, 1l1t,)\linh ch:1l duelc hie'll
hien 0 lien ha plmobg dien, !
I ! , , _ ,
1/ Tinh han che lrang sir phat tri6n c\Ia b,in th:lIl ci nh:1I1 ngu,\i Ian d'\ng, ,bn ,kn
sIr chcnh ICch I'on tlti v~ chfitj'luqng laoUong giua nhung ngulri Ian Llong, l\lt)1 Ill"t, gi,io
vien 1" nhCTI1gnguai lao dongtri oc nen dn co nhCTI1gtieu Chll:1I1 "i, yeu c:iu ,bc hi,'\ l10n
so v6i nhung ngualla~d9,ng th,u9C ,Gle _ng;'lIlh ng~~ khk, IhtlI1g..Ih~f('1Jl? Illi, n61" n~ul,i
gii\o VI en chilc chft!1 Llot hOi phm co nhlrng to chat luong lTl1g "c cac iJnh \'Irc "an han
khoa hoc hay nhung 10 ch[it h;6 dao duc xa hIli: 1ll:1t kh,\c, l11{)iIlltl1 Cii nh:111 gi,in vien
Iiong Jl(ii bC)t[,p th6 giao vienleung co Slt kh,\c nhau "c 'lrc la'o dtll1g,
2/ Su. tic'nbo . ci',a khoa hoe
' ,. nglrng dl)i hoi w.•..
ki thuf,!'"-' cungkhong '--........ n:mg can "" 1111'IC
d0 ch!u :mh hlft1ng:'gi<lo dl..lc ella ngHt1i lao ch)ng. Khi git\ ci trollg ng;\llh &1;1() dlll l;-tn~
len Ihi cung can en9t khmin boi thul1l1g trong thu nh[,p Cit nh:m cLla ng,ri)i L,n di1ng,
Nguo'i gi,io vi en c6: trlnh do gi,to due tlwong \'If(fI qua trlnh dc) gl<l(1dllc CII<I\,' Ill", h'li
vflY can ph,ii khang' Jjnh s\.f hlnh thanh mt)t !ttc luong gi,io vicn C,:, 1r'lnh dl) C\(),
' 3/ Nguai giad ,:ien eun:g giong v6i nhung ng!rcri lao dtlI1g Ihlli)( dc ngi,nh n,,!' ,',
khk ache) sLrc lao 'clt;>ngclla 119c6n mang linh ch:LI 'clla r1wn'ng ph,ip Il1ltll sinh Cit nIL",-
boi v,iy, khong th6 khong tinh toan rtlllg Ihil lao trong lao dC)ng cCmg lit mt)1 phi;n l'l'a bo
dong xii h9i, Nhun~ th(re Ie lIeu Iren dii ehLrng minh dlt1g, Ilre luung Iilo dtmg gi,io ,'ien
duoi di6u kien cua' n6n kinh ile thi lnrang xa hoi ehu nghia khtHlg chi khien yic'c nHfu
sinh va theo dubi ~u t6i da haa lrang thu nhftp d nh:1I1 iii rnue clich [nrc tier tron~ lao
dong, hon nua giiia ho va nh~ng nglroi laO' dClIlg lrong nhung ngilTlh nghe kh,ic ",""' eim
ton tai nhCrng ehcnh lech va rn:llI thUlin, Do ,,'re lao d6ng C1'liIngll,',j gi,io ,'ic'n Ihlltl( ,,: ,,,j
huu c;i nh,in nen nglrai gilio vi en c6 quycn quy.:t elinh s0 he) ra sLle lao dt1ng Cl'''''I11'lnh
""a llie nao, "ito Ihbi cli21l1nao, boi yay, nglrai gi,io vicn cia Ir(11hilTlh ngu,'" ch,'1 Ih,' Cling
c:ip sLre lao dong giao vi en tren thi twang lao dong,
,
J. Phuong thlre b6 tri ~:ip xep thi IrlIcJ'ng

Phuong Ihue bo Irf sap kep Ihi Imang dung d2 chi Ciic n~ul)n Ii,; ngu, ,'n Ih"lng 'IU"
Sll dieu ti(Yt eua th! ;tnrO'ng, hd(ll ISy s~r diel!
lilYt thi tnrtmg 1;'lJ1l trlJng gi;1I1 1ll("1j gl('ri. Ji1LJ'c
hien phuong thue (10 Irf saplxc'r 16 hop va Ui 16 11O'p,PI1liong IhLlC htl Iri "'II' x"P Ihl
truang la su b6 trf .(,lp xep Ihl tmbng, lrang Ll6 bieu .hicn ((Iii plwrrng Ihl'rc h,! III S:;p \c'P
lIay lit:

1/ Kinh Ie Ihi Irubng lay ehicu ngang 1;'lm en n,in, IhilTlg qu,t Ihi Inrirng gillp ciHl 11<1/
he'n Lung c:ill tiLroe tnlc tiep ~ie'p XIIC vai nhau, lrang qu,i Irlnh Ci\llh Ililnh, Ihue hll'n Ii;
hop v~ [(Ii IrS hQ'perIc ye'u t61~c ILtgng s,'lI1 xufit gi,lo vicn:

2/ Ncn kinh te Ihi Inrang la sIr n6 trf S{lp xe'p ngul)n li,i nguYen Ilnn~ 111lfctC ,hng
.lIen ril, d(mg thai ~:in phai tien hi\l1h !6 hllp vii t,ii It; hop StlC lao d'C>ngeua n~,rirr gl<io
vlen trong qu,i trlnli V:\I1clong: khong ngflng:

"},/Sl! phat tfi~n Cl'ICl s~r ilghi~p gi,lo dt.'c !try nh;l trtfhng J~1I11 chll. ..;nng "nng I{Hl 1;11
Cli ehe' khich 12 va cO' che' nani ehe', vice b611! s;"r xc'r hrc II(nng gl<i" ,'ic'n kh"1I1g pi];" ch,
lrong mot Ifin clii co lh2 hailn'lhi\l1h, nguoc lai n6 di)i heil ph,ii kht>ng nglfllg tll'~'11(1'1I1h

432
 dllng Ihili lrong . qua Idnh bi~'n doi nhu du cua e oiao viiin cLino
.0:1
nhti tronae.Sil mat C'II1b'\n
" o...
clla sU ph,il Iri~n dn tien hill1h bo sung kip thai, [
I

, i -
• " i\,I,'ll!ch,i~ clla phuong thuc bo Irf sflpxep Ihi trua~g chfnh l~ suc lao d(lng cua nguai
gl'''' Vlcn ,H sc lLCdo ILfUdong, TrQng di~u kien cua nenkinh te thi truang xii hoi Chll
- nghia, vi~c Ihue hi~n SU chuyc'n dich lrong suc lao d(lhg eua nF~ai giao viin la dieu t,it
nhi~n, nllr lliILii, Sir luu d<jng cua Il!e luqng giao vien la dLfqc <j~yet dinh bai nhii'ng '1uy
lu"t ph,; hi~n twng ncn dai "in xu,it xii h(li hoa, Trang qua trlnh xilY dung hi~n d',li hoa
\u h"j chu nghia, con nglriJi ph,ii luon khang ngung ~qc hoi, ti~p thu nhCrng ki nang M
nh,\m thich ling "ii nhii'ng yeu cau cua nhii'ng ng~nij ilghe,m6i, ho~c trong tlnh hlnh
khlJng nglrng Ihich (rng \','Ii nhii'ng tien b(> kT thu~t, thl sIf Illu ci~lI1gtrong xii h9i dii tro
lhilnh m,ll y~u dl! hi y~'u cua sU ph at trien kinh Ie, '
Tlllr It"i. ncn "in xUill llin hien d~i hoa ehfnh la COsa cho vicc d(lc l~p hoa COche
di~l! ti~'1thi lruimg vii ph,it huy tac d~ng b61rf sap xepi Suc lao d~ng cua nguai giao vicn
s\: d" cliche Ihi truimg b6 trf vii sflp xep. hoim toill1 kh6ng co gl kh<k bicl so vai SLfb6 trf
sflp xcp v~ luc lu,mg lao d()ng Ihll(lC cac ngill1h nghc ~hac, Suc lao d(lng cua ngLfai gi,io
vi~1I ding dn ph,ii tll'ln thea nhii'ng nguyen dc canh lranh blnh d[mg, co mat nay m(lt
kh,iL', I'i 1"IY ct, th~ khi~'n eho linh V\tc giao d\IC In) ncn soi noi; han, thlfe hi~n ket hqp
IlH>l Gich lot Ilhi.Yt trong t1~)ingli giao viell. : j
, nllr h". sU,luu ~ong ehuy.c'n ~ich l~on~ d(li ~gil 9~ao vicn ~hfnh, lit ~(lt'y.eu ~au t,fil
V~ll lrong Sit phat tncn tlf do va loan dl<;n cua loan nhan 10~11.Sit phat tnen dqc I~p cua
;1Hliea nh'II;. hay moi d nh'lI1 co <juycn Iqi duqc sdp x~p nhii'ng hitnh d(lng cua rieng ban
•
lh,ni minh. trong qu,i trinh phat Iric'n kinh te no co bi~u hi~n r-hV yeu lit moi ca nhfln co
'1uy~n <li.Mcdem nhii'ng n'lllg I'le ,,\n xuat tiem lilllg eua chfnh imlnh df c6ng hien cho
• nhung ngilllh mi, minh clii lua eh()n. Chfhh slf phat tri~n tlf do cuil moi ca nhiln nay ciing
chinh lit <lieu ki~n I,il y~'u cho S\! phat trien chung vii tlf do cUa n~ii'ng ca nhim khac nii'a,
tmn~ IUlmg lai, .xii hili s\: dLfC.,'eph at tric'n dl!a tren nguyen tde l1fy SIf tlf do ca nhilll lill11
e'lIl h'lIlch:. su phat t;ic'n lOiln di~n clla xu hoi. ' :1,
a
Nillt nhCrng <lieu dii ditOe ncu tren, suc lao d(lng cua ngup-i gi,lo vien duqc coi lit
m(1I trong nhii'n; nguon lili n~uycn. phucJl1g thllC b6 trf sap xep cq
ban cua no chfnh 111b6
lri ""I' x~p Ihi Iruimg. IUY nhi~n. nghla V\I dn co lrong vi~c b6 trf dp xcp Ihi tmang
ehfnh 1:1slf ehuytin hitlmg II! do trong lue luqng lao d(lng giao Vie!l.

433
 .~ Cac tai lieu
Phu. ,Jc: . tham khao ve giao dllc kinh te hoc

-
I. H\1i nghien CtIU gi,io duc kinh te h9C toim qu{ic bicn soan: "Kh,ii 11I,.illgi,i" ""C
killh hlJc ", NXB Nh,in dan Thanh Hiii. 1983.
II;'

2. Khoa gi,iO duc thuQc truang cl\li h9c sIr ph am Biic Kinh hicn soan: "(;i,io ""C
hnh Ie" hoc " ,~XB d?i hoc su ph?m Biic Kinh, 1984.

3. T,ic gi'I Lftm Van D\l.t bien so,.m: "Cilio dlle killh I,;' h",. ". llll! cuc Tarn 1);'111.Dili
B<ic.1984.
. i,
,
4. .eii' Trict Sinh
r' bien
'.. soan:
.' "Cilio "IIC
. ". 11mcue
killh ,,;'1111('
. . TaJ11I);'m. IX,i 11;k, 1<)~2.
I .
5. Cao Hi Quan bien sO\ln: "Gi,io "(IC killh ,e'lII)C !I\il' III\ill ",ill) ". c(1I1g ly XU;'" )1
s\r righicp Lien Kinh. 1975.
! ,
6. Le Di Nin1 chii bien: "Nghiell C/rll gi'l" "lie killh Ie' h"c ". nhil X 1.1;"1 h:In Nh;'111
Dan ll1U9'ng Hai: 1988. ,
, I

7. Vlrong Thien Mai c<lii bien: "D'III /lr ~;'io "IIC I',i e,ii erich I,ii \'11 ". nhil XU;"1 h,in
hoc
'.
vien kinh 'te Bk~
I
Kinh, 1988, . '. ,
~j. ~

8. DUong Ba;o Can chu bien: "Chio dlle killh ,,;' hoc ". nhi, X 1.1;"1 b:In dai hoc sIr
pham Hoa Trung, ) 989,

9, Khau Uyin bien so;m: "LII(ill 1'(/11 II/rrlllg d"l1 gi,i" ""C hl/h I,;' h"c" nh;1 xu;',t
b'In giao duc nhan'dan, 1989,
•
la, Lc Di Nii1h
, bien sO\ln: "Cilio dlle killh I,;' hoc ", nhi, XU;"1 h;in F3;)cKinh. 1984.

II, H~n Tong L~ bien soan: "(;ilio d(1CkilliJ ,,;' hoc ", nhit xu;'it b:in g;;lo due nh;'ln
dan Thic'rn By, 1988
I

12, Vlrong Thi~n M,.lic'bii bien: "Klllii III(il/ gi,io dlle killh ',;'h('!' ". nh'l xui,t h;in uai
h9C sIr pham F3;k l<inh, 1989,
. i ~ t
13, M',mh Mi1nh NghTa chii hien: "S,ich cloc Ih')lIg ,llIlIg ",' ,~i,io dill linh I,:hi( ".
!lha XU.'IIban VO H~ng. 1986:

14. V,'tn phong !lghien ,CtIu thao luan c(1I1g l'\c gi:io due Ibu(JC Qu6c \'LJ ,ien bic'n
soan: "B,io cao van: kien cong tac 10 lieu kinh phi qua nbicu kL::1hlai de dia pbll(1ng". nhit
xuat ban clai h9c phal . Ihanh ,truyen hlnh trung uong. 1989, Vtl<1ng Hie'n }'ll11h ehti hien:
"Kill;' ph! gi<io ,hI('. \'Ii ,ieil iJrOllg rho gicio ";"11". "h~ XU'lt I"i" Khna hne gi:in due. 19,~~.

M,," 15,nh~H(>i nghien c(ru gi,io duc kinh

XU;'ilban Khoa hoc giao duc.
to' hI,)c bien soan: 'T(il' 1I1<ill"<ill gi,i" (1/11kinh ,,;'
1982,

434
 I
i
16. /1'.'1 nghi~n ClCUgiao duc kinh te' h9c Trung Quoe, hOi gjao due hoc khu III tri
lbn tl:l\: H()I Ninh H'I'hla ehL!n bicn soan: "T~ip IWin )'<in gicio <lIJCkinh (/;'IIO;' ". nh" XU'll
h"n nh:1Il lbn !\inh Ha. 1%). . .
• J 7. f3e) Lim V,ln bi~n SO,IIl: "Nllirng bl((fC dclu Irong c(ing (aC gilio duc klnlr II?'
". nh" \Uflt b"n nh"1Ildfln Tu Xuycn. 1985.

I X, VWlng ThiJ .'\n. Vuong Hicn Nhu~n bien SO\lIl: "NIIlI)lg kluii II/(in \'Ii /.:inll Ie'
g/,io d~f('lr(lll:: CliJ1g elill" ". nh~l XlJ~'il h.ll1 nh(lIl dtlIl Cat L;lm. 1981. .'

1'i. C'.' .\lai hi~n "".Ill: "C!U,UI ,Ii,;ill kinh 1<;'lrong giclo dlJc Tl'lIng Quoe' ", nh" xu"t
han tlllCCUL'd:lIltri Thuong II,d. 193~.

21). V'1Il philllg l'li \'U L~' han gi,io uue Quoe Gia, van phong nghien cU'u phat tri6n
tri tuc th:,nh pho Thllong llai: "/J,i" "'I" ph'II Irieil killh phi giao lhJc ~liaphuCfllg Tl'lIllg
1]11t';. /hi/ll j'J8y".nh:1 \u,it han Cau d"ng dai hge. 19\>1.

21. Van phuIIg nghi.:n cuu phal tri6n Iri tu.: Thugng Hiii bien SO\lIl: "Cicio dlJc CO'
!J,ill I"ti 1)11(il 'r,,;il llIIlIC' ,-:ia . kiJl!J IIg!li~;1JI lich Sif' trollg /J{/n J~'[((ti Illinl ('[fa Trll/lg Qlufc ",
nh" .xu,','th'lll dai hoc Sli pham 110'1 D(mg. J 9\>I.

, 22. 'Long "Ian Si.:u, Ti~l Ri ,'\nh, Khue Htlllg Xuong, Thoi Duo' Dich:"C(/c frl){)
I• gi,;,' ,/1Il !.inh 1l;'1I~'I'plll("l1~ iii\' ". nh'l xu,it b,in d\li hoc Sll ph'.lIll Bic Kinh, 1990.
11111
I _ 2.1. Li Thieu \'gu:~n bi.:n snan: "rruo ,Mi 1'1" gilio d(iC kinh Ie' h(JC", nh" xU<l[b,in
. : I.. gi,ill dUL'Gi"l1,'! Ttl. 1%7 .
! 2~. Sii Thanh Ki hi.:n ,u"n: "ri';;1 I"i. ki ,!llf,il. l'cI .1'/(
.
I,ill~
~
•
11'l(,in~J,:inhI';''',
'I
nha xu"l
• b"l/l klllla huc ki thu"l. 1%) .
25. -LIII [>au Dinh l1i.:n suan: "Ci,i(l dlfe "cI SI( Idlfg lrl(rlng kin/z ie"', nhii xufit b,ln
gi~iDdl.ll Giang T."lY. Il)l)~.

26. Vlfl'ng 11","n IIU'l/l chi, bic'l1: ",vg!li<;n c/(If'/l( /l((;)lg gi60 dl/eM", Lenin ", nh"
.\u,h b,il1 Tri,n,'! Kh,il1h. 1\>88.
27. UU'Jllg 11,',,,ClI!. I'h"lll Ti.:n Ta bien soan: "Kh,i; 11I~ingil/o ,hlc kin II I,;' hoc"",
I1h" xu,Y! b"l/l gi,io d,1C Giang To. 1995.
2X. (1\15) Thcud"r \Y. Schurz bien soan. TilO Die!) Dil1h dich, Ton Trllb'ng Thu(\I1
hiL'U<linh: "(;i,1 Iri kin!ll,;,'lill gi,l(I dlfe ". I1ha xuat b,in nhflil d,in Cat Lillil, 1982.

29. \i':h'lt) CUC di~'u tr" tinh [huoe hl) I'fJ~l hoa Nh')l B'1n, ban r,ghien CUll giao due.
Nh':'l [bn thu'.'c \"111 phLJllg nghiL:11ClfU ",in <I': n!Ioc ngoilicua twb'ng daihQc Sll pham
IX)l1g 11,,,," dich:t "Sa /tin 1I".1I1!lI',i )'.iil ,It;' gi,i(l d(l(, Nilli, B,in- nllll))g lie;1 b(j ,mng gi,io
<I,,,. I',i Sit 1'11,1'11';,;nI:inll (';". nh'l xu,it l1,in nh,ln df\l1 Cit Ullll, 1983 .
.10. (,,1\, G.S. &kcr hi.:n soat1. Llit1I1g Tieu Dfln dich: "TI( bdn nhun II/c ", nhil xufit
kill dai h'.'e' 11:,c Kil1h. IIIS7.

435
 31. (Lien Xu) Sill.Keshita bien s0'.ln. Dinh D,iu Thanh dich: "Dei;' 11(,illg ,',i pilIl,'lIg
pl/(ip Clio giao (!llc kill II 1e'119C". nha xufir b,ln khoa hQe gi,\o due. 198 I,
I !

32. (Lien XO) Sill. K;eshita ehil bien. Ton H,l !'lam. Llfu Linh. Til Twimg Thuy
dieh: "Giao d(/C fillh Ie' h9q qllric ,hill ". nha xufil b,in nh,m d,m Cit Um. 198 I,

" 33, (Phap) iAndeta Fpcl bien so,m. "an phong nghien CllU gi,io due nlfl1c ngoai
Ihu(>c truong d'.li hQc Slf ph~m ThlfQ'ng H,ii dieh: "SI/Ir'!f 1<Ii Clicl luii hoc sillh . sr( Ilghi,;p
gioo dl.!c lhe'gir1i(lril11 nay ':clllgriy mai ". nha xu,it h,in dieh 'iii li~u TInmng lI;ii. 1979,

34. (Anh) SIan bien soan. Trinh Y Ung dieh: "Gicio <lilt' killh I,;' h"c ". nh;', xu,it h;in
khoa hQc giao dUf' 198 I. I

35.tMy) T.\\!. SchurZ bien soan. Tmmg !3<in.Trlf(tng Iloimh 'dieh: "D'/lIlI( fI( h,illllhcill
1!fC- lac d(/IIg Clio "'ifC nghien nill gicio d(/C I'li kinh "; .... nha xu,it h;in TIHllmg \lu. 1990,
. i I .

36. (My)E. kean bien;s0'.ln. Vllong NgQc Clm. Lf Qutic Llflmg. Lf Sii'u "ieh: "Gi,i"
dl.!c kinh Ie' h9C ".tnha xuat ban dai hQc Sll ph,lm Hoa D(lIlg. 1989,
i
37. (Anh) N,I. Bulaek ,bien SQ;!n. Him V,m dich: "Llllill cli<;i'l 11l(,illg ,/rIll .~i,io <llIc
killh I,"h9c ", nha.xuat
ban Xmin Thu, 1989.

38. Tan Hi Ban chu bien: "]!iec nii c(ich gi,i" <l1.!Cc!l(,ti hin sllllg killh I,;' ,hi
Inr;mg ". NXB gi,\) dyc Qu,lng Dong. 1998.
:;t j. .
39. Khuc H~mg Xlfon*, Tang Hieu Dong bien soan: "Nghi<;11C1(1Igiei" <lIICkillh ,e'
h9c plll((mg l<iy ",:nha xuat <Jandai
' , hQe Sll pham. Ric Kinh. 2000.

40. Truong Thiet Minh bicn sO;,m: "U III(ill Ilg(Illh gi,i" <I'IC". nh'l xu,il b,in dai hue •
cao dang QlI<lng Dong. 1998,

41. Tang Mun Sicu, Nguy Tan. Tue Kim cbi, bien: "Chillh ,\,i,.h gi,i" <111,. ",i ph,ill
lich killh Ie'''. nhaxufitban gi;\o due nb'ln elfm. :WOO,

42, B:mh Khan Minh bien soan: "Kinh le"l'i Ihl(c ",I ~i';(J rllIC ", nh" xu,'it b;in lbi
bQc su' pbam Nam Kinh, 1998, ' ". '
I; "

43, Trung l{lm ciii cadh nghien elru gi;\o due Ihuoc l() chClc b\lp I;\e ,'il ph.ll tri~n
kinh te bien s0'.ln,:v;ln phon~ guy hoach ph,\l trien b6 gi.io due, ";en nghien elf •• ~h(\a hoc
gi,io due B,1c Kinh elich: "//rq) Irir ki"iI I,;' ",i pil,il /I'i';;1 II;' ,'hl(" gici" ,ir/(' ", nhil xu,i! b"n
giao dye nhan elan, 2000,

44. Peter F.Deluke bien soan. Dll<1ng Khai Pbong dieh: "QII,i" Ii Il'i Ih,(, ". nb'l
xufit b,ln d;,li hoc nh,in dan Trung Q ••6c. nba XU,il h'ln hoc vii'n Ha"ours, J 999,

45, Tfin Baol,Lien, Ng6 Clnh Tang bien soan: "hi Ihl(" "'; Sif Ici"g (,rr(,;",~ klllh 1(",
nha xua! b,ln !Ai lil;u khoa hQe kT thu~t. 1999, .

46, H6 Quan Th'ln, Trinh Thieu Liem ehil bien: "'.'i,;, UI"i Ih,i, "ci '111<i" Ii "gill;"
Ilii "gllye" "I/(i" hrc ", nha xu,il b;\n dai hQc Phuc D;in, 2()OO,

\
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-17. Khuc Thi~u Ye, D6 TruOng Minh bieriso~ri: "ki)h ri rri r/ll~cva giao d{IC hifn
d\li ", nhil XUal bun khoa hqc xa h9i Trung Quoe, 2000..! ::.......1 '.
,,-18 .. Vie~ L~en Sinh bien so~n, ~Vif: nghien. dfllca~k r~.nh.girLth.a.:.n... ..g I..1.0..•.' ..•.
h ..rr.g:.Ig
• dl.lC • nha xuat ban d~1hqe SI!ph~m Bae Kmh,2000. . :".' ..•... . '~."'.', .1. .:t
-19. D6 Duc Hong bien s0<,ln: "N~hien drl/Sl/ bd1'cdll ~q'r.ili:i,r~4
S{Ji~4.(:i!.:i?'lgi4~,'.:".""
d/lc ", nhil .\uiit b,in dai hoc SI!pham Bae Kinh, 2000. . .! '.' !. . "'::.;,' ;. . ..•.•
. ... ., 3'" . 1 ".- '.: .": . ., 1
50. Li Kicn Dim bicn so,!n: 'Thdng 11/(111
/If beillnllllll'lifC", hi~u s~ehd~m Lien, .'
ThI!<1ngHili, 1999.'
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