1/9/2023

TEMPORARY WORKS Temporary Works

Prepared By:-
Mohamed Rizal Mohamed
Scaffolding and Formwork
Building Department
UiTM Perak

Temporary works Temporary works

• Temporary works (TW) are the parts of a Types of temporary works:-
construction project that are needed to enable  Scaffolding
the permanent works to be built.  Formwork
• Usually the TW are removed after use  Falsework
 Shoring
 *Underpinning

Temporary works Scaffolding

• The design and construction of TWs are as
important as of the permanent works.
• Lack of care with design, selection, assembly,
etc leaves TW liable to fail or collapse.
• This places people at risk of injury and can
cause the project to be delayed.
• A scaffold is a temporary frame usually
constructed from steel or aluminum alloys
tubes clipped or coupled together to provide a
means of access to high-level working areas as
well as providing a safe platform from which
to work.

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Scaffolding Putlog scaffolds

• Basically there are two forms of scaffolding:-

1. Putlog scaffolds
2. Independent scaffolds
Standard pole
• Other types:
1. Mobile scaffold  This form of scaffolding
2. Cantilever scaffold consist of a single row of
3. Truss-out scaffold upright or standards set away
from the wall at a distance that
4. Gantries
will accommodate the required
width of the working platform.

Putlog scaffolds Putlog scaffolds

Putlog

Ledger

 The standards are joined  The scaffold is erected as

together with horizontal building rises, and is used
members called ledgers and mostly for buildings of
are tied to the building with
cross-members called putlogs.
traditional brick
construction.

Independent
Standard pole
scaffolds

Ledger
Transom

 An independent scaffold has

two rows of standards,
which are tied by cross-
Cross brace members called transoms.

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Independent Independent  Scaffold should be

scaffolds scaffolds secured to the building

 by a horizontal tube called a bridle
 This form of scaffold does not
rely upon the building for
support and is therefore suitable
for use in conjunction with
framed structures.
at intervals of
approximately 3.6m
vertically and 6.0m
horizontally.
bearing on the inside of the wall
and across a window opening
with cross-members connected to
it; alternatively a tube with a
reveal pin in the opening can
provide a connection point for the
cross-members.

Independent
scaffolds
 If suitable
openings are not
available then the
scaffold should
be strutted from
the ground using
raking tubes
inclined towards
the building.

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Metal Scaffolding Frames Typical steel scaffold fittings

Mobile Scaffold Cantilever Scaffold

Gantries
Truss-out Scaffold
• These are forms of scaffolding used primarily as
elevated loading and unloading platforms over a
public footpath where the structure under
construction or repair is immediately adjacent to the
footpath.
• The gantry platform can also serve as a storage and
accommodation area as providing the staging from
which a conventional independent scaffold to
provide access to the face of the building can be
erected.

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Gantries
• Gantry scaffolds can be constructed from
standard structural steel component or from a
system scaffold.

Formwork Formwork
• Formwork for in-situ concrete may be describe • In most cases, a mould (formwork) will have to
as mould or box into which wet concrete can be constructed on site.
be poured and compacted so that it will flow
and finally set to the inner profile of the box
or mould.
• There are two types of formwork, which are
stated as below:-
1. Timber formwork
2. Industrialized formwork systems

Basic principle Basic principle

• Formwork side & soffit can be either
i. A single thick and strong material or
ii. Thinner material strengthen with struts
• The 2nd method is more economical
• Formwork side:
– limits width and shape of wet concrete
– Resist the hydrostatic pressure of the wet
concrete (later will become zero once the
concrete is set)
• Formwork base / soffit
– Limit depth and shape of wet concrete
– Resist dead load of wet concrete and later the
dry/set concrete for several days (until
concrete has gain sufficient strength)

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Beam’s formwork
• basically a three sided box supported and propped
in the correct position and to the desired level.
• The sides have to retain the wet concrete in the
required shape and be able to withstand the initial
hydrostatic pressure of the wet concrete
• the soffit apart from retaining the concrete has to
support the initial load of the wet concrete and
finally the set concrete until it has gained sufficient
strength to be self supporting.

Beam’s formwork
• all joints in the formwork are constructed to
prevent the escape of grout which could result
in honeycombing and/or feather edging in the
cast beam.
• The removal time for the formwork will vary
with air temperature, humidity and
consequent curing rate.

Beam’s formwork (method)

• Prop positioned and levelled
• Soffit placed and levelled
• Side form placed (plumbed)
• Position checked
• Strutting

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Beam’s formwork Column’s formwork

• Typical Formwork Striking Times:
• Beam Sides – 9 to 12 hours – as soon as
possible
• Beam Soffits – 8 to 14 days (props left under)
• Beam Props – 15 to 21 days – until the
structure is self supporting
• Consists of a vertical mould of the desired
shape and size which has to retain the wet
concrete and resist the initial hydrostatic
pressure caused by the wet concrete.
• To keep the thickness of the formwork
material to a minimum, horizontal clamps or
yokes are used.

*Using OPC

Column’s formwork
• The head of the column formwork can be used
to support the incoming beam formwork
which gives good top lateral restraint.
• Column forms are located at the bottom
around a 75 to 100 mm high concrete plinth
or kicker which has the dual function of
location and preventing grout loss from the
bottom of the column formwork.

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