Materials Testing Technology

ASPHALTIC MATERIALS
 ASPHALT
I. Definition
Asphalt – “A dark brown to black cementitious material,
solid, semi-solid or liquid in consistency in which the
predominating constituents are bitumens which
occurs in nature as such or which are obtained as
residue in refining petroleum.”
Bitumen
• The main constituent of the asphalt
• The cementing properties of the asphalt
• It is often called bituminous material
• Portion of asphalt that is soluble in carbon disulfide
• A mixture of hydrocarbons of natural or pyrogenous
origin or a combination of both; frequently
accompanied by non-metallic derivatives which may
be gaseous, liquid, semisolid or solid.
II. Brief History

“Asphaltu” or “Sphallo” – Acadian term where in the word asphalt is claimed to

have been derived from.

Asphalt was first used in the nature of a cement for joining together various
objects and it is possible the term is expressive of this application.

Prehistoric – Skeletons of prehistoric animals preserved intact to present day in

surface deposits of asphalt La Brea, pit, Los Angeles Calif.

3200 to 540 B.C. – Recent Archaeoligcal excavations show extensive use of asphalt
in Mesopotamia and Indus valley, as cement for masonry and highway
construction and as waterproofing layer for temple baths and water tanks.

300 B.C. - Asphalt extensively used for mummifiction in Egypt.

1802 A.D. – Rock asphalt used in France for floor, bridge and sidewalk surfacing.
1838 A.D. – Rock asphalt imported and used in sidewalk
construction in Philadelphia.

1870 A.D. (Circa) – First asphalt pavement laid in Newark, New

Jersey by Professor E.J. DeSmedt, a Belgian chemist.

1876 A.D. – First sheet asphalt pavement laid in Washington D.C.

with imported lake asphalt.

1902 A.D. – Approximately 20,000 tons of asphalt refined from

petroleum in the United States.

Since 1926 - to present time the petroleum asphalt and road oil
tonnage produced annually has increased steadily.
III. Composition of Asphalt

Scientifically asphalts are colloidal systems in which asphaltenes

constitute the dispersed phase and the remaining liquid called petrolenes
(maltenes) constitute the dispersing medium.

1.Asphaltenes

•The substance which remains insoluble and precipitates or coagulates

when an asphalt is dissolved by a specific solvent such as naphtha, ethyl
ether, N-pentane or heptane.

•Responsible for the plastic properties of asphalts and also imparts

hardness to it.

•Gives color (black, dark brown)

2. Petrolenes

• Substance which is soluble in petroleum solvents as N-pentanes.

• It is composed of resins and oily constituents.

RESINS

• Impart ductility and a high break point

• Provides stickiness (adhesiveness)

Oily Constituents

• Responsible for the softness of asphalt

• For good adhesiveness the oily constituents should be low and asphaltic
resins high.

• Influences viscosity of asphalt

IV. Properties of Asphalt

1.Strong cement
2.Readily adhesive
3.Highly waterproof and durable
4.Imparts controllable flexibility to mixture of mineral aggregates
5.Highly resistant to the action of most acids alkalis and salts
6.Solid or semi-solid at ordinary atmospheric temperature but may be readily
liquefied by the application of heat or by dissolving it in petroleum solvents of
varying volatility or by emulsification
7.Thermoplastic material, (consistency changes as its temperature changes)

V.Uses of Asphalt
1.Binder
2.Waterproofing material
3.Joint and crack filler
4.Prime coat
5.Tack Coat
6.Seal Coat
7.Undersealing (PCCP)
8.Pipe Coating
9.Surface Treatment
10.Roofing
 Figure: Asphalt Flow Behavior

Figure: Asphalt Behavior at Varying Temperature

VI. Kinds of Asphalt

1.Natural Asphalt (Native)

- Asphalt occurring in nature which has been derived from petroleum by
natural processes of evaporation of volatile fractions leaving the asphalt fraction.

Ex. Rock Asphalt – porous rock such as sandstone or limestone that has become
impregnated with natural asphalt through geologic process.

Lake Asphalt - Lake deposits

2.Manufactured Asphalt
-asphalt from crude petroleum, crude petroleum is refined and distilled to separate
the various fractions and recover the asphalt.

-such asphalt is produced in a variety of types and grades ranging from hard brittle
solids to almost water – thin liquids.

-the semi-solid form, known as asphalt cement, is the basic material.

-see Figure : Petroleum Asphalt Flow Chart

Figure L Simplified flowchart showing recovery and refining of petroleum asphalts.
(Asphalt Institute Chart, somewhat modified)
Figure: Typical Crude Oil Distillation Temperatures and Products
VII. Kinds of Manufactured Asphalts (Asphaltic Materials)
1.Asphalt Cement

- Asphalt that is refined to meet specifications for paving, industrial and special purposes.

Characteristics:

-The term is often abbreviated A.C.

-Hot asphalt
-Solid to semi-solid in consistency
-Odorless
-Black in color
-Basic cementing material
-Constituent of all other asphalt types

Consistency of Asphalt Cement

-Penetration graded asphalt cement (5):
AASHTO M -20

AC 40 – 50
AC 60 – 70
AC 85 – 100
AC 120 – 150
AC 200 - 300
Consistency of Asphalt Cement
- Viscosity graded asphalt cement (5):
AASHTO M -226 (Based on original asphalt)
AC - 2.5
AC - 5
AC - 10
AC - 20
AC - 40

- Viscosity graded asphalt cement (5):

AASHTO M -226 (Based on Residue from Rolling Thin Film Oven Test)
AR - 10
AR - 20
AR - 40
AR - 80
AR - 160

- Performance Grade asphalt cement (7):

AASHTO MP1
PG 46 : - 34, -40, -46
PG 52 : -10, -16, -22, -28, -34, -40, -46
PG 58 : -10, -16, -22, -28, -34, -40
PG 64 : -10, -16, -22, -28, -34, -40
PG 70 : -10, -16, -22, -28, -34, -40
PG 76 : -10, -16, -22, -28, -34
PG 82 : -10, -16, -22, -28, -34
Uses:
1. Item 303 – Bituminous Seal Coat (AC 120-150)
2. Item 304 – Bituminous Surface Treatment (AC 120-150)
3. Item 305 – Bituminous Penetration Macadam Pavement
4. Item 310 – Bituminous Concrete Surface Course, Hot-Laid
 Suggested Grades of Asphalt Cement for Different Climates

C L I M A T E
PAVING USES
HOT AND TEMPERATE COLD
Airfields
Runways 60 – 70 85 – 100
Taxiways 60 – 70 85 – 100
Parkings 60 – 70 85 – 100
Highways
Heavy Traffic 60 – 70 85 – 100
Medium to Light Traffic 85 – 100 85 – 100
Driveways
Industrial 60 – 70 85 – 100
Service Station 60 – 70 85 – 100
Residential 85 – 100 85 – 100
Parking Lots
Industrial 60 – 70 60 - 70
Commercial 60 – 70 85 – 100
Recreational
Tennis Courts 85 – 100 85 – 100
Playgrounds 85 – 100 85 – 100
Curbing 60 – 70 85 – 100
2. Liquid Asphalt

- Liquid asphaltic products are generally prepared by cutting back or blending

asphalt cement with petroleum distillates or by emulsifying them with water
- Soft or fluid in consistency
- Viscosity graded asphalt

Kinds of Liquid Asphalt

1. Cut-back Asphalt

- Asphalt cement which has been liquefied by blending with petroleum solvents
also called diluents (contains as low as 50% asphalt cement).
Characteristics:

- Liquid at room temperature

- Characteristic smell of petroleum solvents as gasoline and kerosene
- Black in color
 Classification:

1.Rapid – Curing (RC) Asphalt

Asphalt Cement + Gasoline or naptha (light distillate - high volatility)

Viscosity Grades (4) : AASHTO M 81

RC - 70
RC - 250
RC - 800
RC - 3000

2. Medium – Curing (MC) Asphalt

Asphalt Cement + Kerosene (medium distillate - medium volatility)

Viscosity Grades (5) : AASHTO M 82

MC - 30
MC - 70
MC - 250
MC - 800
MC - 3000
3. Slow – Curing (SC) Asphalt

Asphalt Cement + Oil (heavy distillate - low volatility)

Viscosity Grades (4):

SC - 70
SC - 250
SC - 800
SC - 3000

Uses:
1. Item 301 – Bituminous Prime Coat (MC/RC)
2. Item 302 – Bituminous Tack Coat (RC)
3. Item 303 – Bituminous Seal Coat (RC/MC)
4. Item 304 – Bituminous Surface Treatment (MC -250/MC-800)
5. Item 305 – Bituminous Penetration Macadam Pavement (RC)
6. Item 306 – Bituminous Road-Mix Surface Course (RC/MC)
7. Item 308 – Bituminous Plant-Mix Surface Course, Cold-Laid (MC)
8. Item 309 – Bituminous Plant – Mix (Stockpile Maintenance Mixture) (MC- 250/MC-800)
9. Item 310 – Bituminous Concrete Surface Course ,Hot-Laid (MC)
2. Asphalt Emulsion

- An emulsion of asphalt cement and water (usually 60% asphalt and

40% water) which contains a small amount of an emulsifying agent (1
– 2% emulsifier).

- A heterogenous system containing two normally immiscible phases

(asphalt and water) in which the water forms the continuous phase of
the emulsion and minute globules of asphalt form the discontinuous
phase.

Emulsified Asphalt – Asphalt Cement + Water + Emulsifier

Emulsifier – derivatives of salt (amine or sodium salt)

Ex. Amine Hydrochloride, Alkylamine

Characteristics:
- Liquid at room temperature
- Pungent odor
- Chocolate brown in color
Classification:

- Emulsified asphalt maybe either the anionic or cationic types depending upon the
emulsifying agent.

1. Anionic Emulsified Asphalt (-)

- electro-negatively charged asphalt globules used for limestone or calcareous aggregates.

Viscosity Grades (11):

AASHTO M 140

a. Rapid Setting: RS - 1
RS - 2
HFRS - 2

b. Medium Setting: MS - 1
MS - 2
MS - 2h
HFMS - 1
HFMS - 2
HFMS - 2h

c. Slow Setting: HFMS - 2S

SS - 1
SS - 1h
2. Cationic Emulsified Asphalt (+)
- electro-positively charged asphalt globules used for
siliceous materials (silica/sand).

Viscosity Grades (6):

AASHTO M 208

a. Rapid Setting: CRS - 1

CRS - 2

b. Medium Setting: CMS - 2

CMS - 2h

c. Slow Setting: CSS - 1

CSS - 1h
 Uses:
1. Item 205 – Asphalt Stabilized Road-Mix Base Course
2. Item 302 – Bituminous Tack Coat
3. Item 304 – Bituminous Surface Treatment (CRS-1/CRS-2,RS-1/RS-2)
4. Item 305 – Bituminous Penetration Macadam Pavement
5. Item 306 – Bituminous Road – Mix Surface Course
6. Item 308 – Bituminous Plant-Mix Surface Course, Cold Laid
7. Item 309 – Bituminous Plant-Mix (Stockpile Maintenance Mixture) (CMS-2/2h)

3. Blown or Oxidized Asphalt

- Asphalt that is treated by blowing air through it at elevated temperature to give it
characteristics desired for certain special uses.
- Penetration grade : 0 to 30

Uses:
1. Specially used as joint filler
2. Roofing
3. Pipe coating
4. Undersealing portland cement concrete pavement
5. Waterproofing and other hydraulic application
6. Lining of the canal
Results of Cationic and Anionic Emulsions with Two
Types of Aggregates

EMULSION AGGREGATE BREAKING RATE ADHESION

Anionic Acidic Slow Poor

Anionic Alkaline Medium Good

Cationic Acidic Fast Excellent

Cationic Alkaline Fast Good

 Slurry
Surface Seal
Penetration
Dressing 60-65%
Macadam
65-70%
Soil
Recycling Stabilization
4-7%

Patching Bitumac Emulcote Cold Mix

Mixes Tekote 6-10%

Crack
Lack Coat
Filler
40-60%

Dust Prime
Binding Fog seal Coat
60% 30-40% 55-60%

Figure: Application for bitumen emulsion

 Table: Guideline for Selection of Emulsion Type

Rapid Setting Medium Setting Slow Setting

Surface Dressing
Slurry Seal
Penetration Macadam
In-Place Stabilization
Cold Plant Mixes
Open graded
Dense Graded
Tack Coat
Prime Coat
Fog Seal
Dust Binding
 JOINT MATERIALS
Types:
1.Hot-Poured Elastic Type
2.Preformed

I.Hot-Poured Elastic Type

- Intended for use in sealing joints or filling cracks in concrete pavement, bridges and other
structures.

- Resilient and adhesive materials capable of effectively sealing joints in concrete against the
infiltration of moisture and foreign material throughout repeated cycles of expansion and contraction
with temperature changes and that will not flow from the joint or be picked up by vehicles tires at
summer temperature.
Specification:
DPWH STANDARD SPECIFICATION (Blue Book – 2004) : Item 705 – Joint Materials
ASSHTO M 173 : Concrete Joint Sealer, Hot-Poured Elastic Type

Tests Specifications (ASSHTO M173)

Safe heating temperature, 0C -

0 At least 110C lower than the safe heating

Pour Point temperature, C
temperature
Flow @ 600C, mm 5 Maximum
Penetration @ 250C, 150 gms, 5 secs 90 maximum
II. Preformed Expansion Joint Fillers

- Consists of preformed sheets or strips made of cane or other suitable fibers of a cellular cellulosic
nature securely bound together and then uniformly saturated with asphalt.

- Or strips formed from clean granulated cork securely bound together by a suitable asphalt binder
and encased between two layers of saturated felt or two layers of glass fiber felt.

- Premolded strips of asphalt mixed with fine mineral substances, fibrous materials, cork, sawdust
etc. manufactured in dimension suitable for construction joints.
Specifications:
DPWH STANDARD SPECIFICATION (Blue Book – 2004) : Item 705 – Joint Materials
ASSHTO M 153 : Preformed Sponge Rubber and Cork Expansion Joint Fillers for Concrete Paving and
Structural Construction

ASSHTO M 213 : Preformed Expansion Joint Fillers for Concrete Paving and Structural Construction (Non
Extruding and Resilient Bituminous Type)

Specifications ASSHTO M 153

Tests ASSHTO M 213
(Type I – Sponge Rubber)
Thickness, mm ± 1.6 mm ± 1.6 mm
Density, kg/m3 480 Minimum 304 Minimum
Water Absorption, % - 20 Maximum
Compression, KPa 340 – 10,350 689 – 5171
Recovery, % 90 Minimum 70 Minimum
 Range of Thicknesses:

Inches Mm

¼ 6.4
3/8 9.5
½ 12.7
¾ 19.1
1 25.4
1-1/8 28.6
1-1/4 31.8
1-3/8 34.9
1-1/2 38.1
1-3/4 44.4
2 50.8
VIII. Sampling/Minimum Testing Requirements
1. Significance:
Sampling is an important as testing and every precaution shall be taken to
obtain samples that will show the true nature and condition of the
materials.

Purposes:
1. To represent as nearly as possible an average of the bulk of the material
sampled or
2. To ascertain the maximum variation in characteristics which the material
possesses.

2. Size of Samples:

Asphaltic Materials:
Asphalt Cement = 4 liters (1 gal)
Cut-back Asphalt = 4 liters (1 gal)
Emulsified Asphalt = 4 liters (1 gal)
Joint Sealer = 1 – 2 kg
Preformed Expansion Joint filler = 16” x 16” (per thickness)
3. Minimum Testing Requirements:
Asphaltic Materials : 1 – Q.T. – for every 40 tonnes or 200 drums or
fraction thereof
Preformed Expansion Joint Filler: 1 – Q.T. – per shipment of 93 square
meters (1000 sq. ft.) or fraction thereof

4. Containers
Types of Containers:
1. Containers for liquid bituminous material samples, except emulsions,
shall be double friction top cans, square cans with screw tops, or
small mouth cans with screw caps.

2. Containers for anionic emulsified asphalt samples shall be wide

mouth jars or bottles made of glass or plastic.

3. Containers for cationic emulsified asphalt samples shall be wide

mouth jars or bottles made of plastic or wide mouth cans with screw
caps.

Size of Container: (Shall correspond to the required amount of

samples).
5. Protection and Preservation of Samples

1. Sample containers shall be new. They shall not be washed or rinsed or wiped
with oily cloth. Top and container shall fit together tightly.

2. Care shall be taken to prevent the sample from becoming contaminated.

Immediately after filling, the containers shall be tightly and positively
sealed.

3. The filled sample container shall not be submerged in solvent nor shall it
wiped with a solvent saturated cloth. If cleaning is necessary use a clean dry
cloth.

4. Samples of emulsion shall be protected from freezing by correct packaging.

5. Transferring samples from one container to another shall be avoided if

possible, as characteristics of materials could be altered during transfer and
there is a possibility of contamination.

6. Immediately after filling, sealing and cleaning, the sampling containers shall
be properly marked for identification with a suitable marking pencil on the
container itself, not on the lid.
6. Sampling Method (AASHTO T 40)
Sampling Liquid Materials or Materials Made lLquid by Heating
A. From Bulk Storage Tank Not Equipped with Mechanical Agitators

Samples shall be obtained by one of the three following methods:

1. Tank Tap Method – using valves or taps at top, middle and lower locations of the
tank draw a 1 qt to 1 gal (1 to 4 liters) sample from each after clearing by drawing
and discarding a minimum of 1 gal (4 liters) of the material.

2. Thief Sampler Method – (not suitable for asphalt cements) – samples shall be
taken at top, middle and lower levels of the tank by lowering a Thief Sampler into
the material. Maybe used for repititive sampling. (See Figure).

3. Throw-Away Container Method – samples shall be taken at top, middle and lower
levels of the tank by lowering a suitable weighted holding device into the material
(See Figure), the essential feature of the method is to use a clean container each
time a sample is taken from the tank, pouring the sample into another clean
container and throwing-away the container used in sampling.

B. From Bulk Storage Tanks Equipped with Mechanical Agitators – when the tank is
equipped with operating mechanical agitators which are performing adequate
mixing of the tank contents, a single sample taken by methods described in A will be
satisfactory to use for test purposes.
 Figure I – Thief Sampler
Note: This type sampler is lowered into the tank with the bottom valve open (there is no top closure).
When the desired depth is reached, the lowering chain is given a snap tug which closes the bottom
valve. The sampler is then withdrawn from the tank and the contents transferred to the sample
container. This sample may be used for repetitive sampling in the same tank
 Figure 2 – Throw-away Container Sampler
Note: This type sampler is lowered into the tank with the stopper in place. When the desired depth is
reached, the stopper is removed by means of the attached wire, cord or chain and the container
allowed to fill. Complete filling is indicated by the cessation of bubbles or air from the can at the
surface of the liquid. The sample is then withdrawn from the tank and the contents poured into the
clean sample container. A clean can (bottle) must be used for each sample taken.
 Guide for Loading Asphalt Products

PRODUCT TO BE LOADED
Last Product in Tank Asphalt
Cutback Asphalt Cationic Emulsion Anionic Emulsion
Cement/Binder

Asphalt Empty to no Empty to no

Ok to load Ok to load
Cement/Binder measurable quantity measurable quantity

Empty to no Empty to no
Cutback Asphalt Empty * Ok to load
measurable quantity measurable quantity

Empty to no Empty to no
Cationic Emulsion Empty * Ok to load
measurable quantity measurable quantity

Empty to no Empty to no
Anionic Emulsion Empty * Ok to load
measurable quantity measurable quantity

Empty to no
Crude Petroleum and Empty to no Empty to no
Empty * measurable quantity
Residual Fuel Oils measurable quantity measurable quantity

Any Product Not

Tank must be cleanedTank must be cleanedTank must be cleanedTank must be cleaned
Listed Above
* Any material remaining will produce dangerous conditions
 GUIDELINE TEMPERATURES FOR STORING ASPHALTS
Type and Grade Reference Specification Minimum Flash 0C (0F) Storage Temperature0C (0F)

AASHTO MP 1 * For PG asphalt binder: Use the storage

PG 46, 52, 58, 64,
230 temperature recommended by the asphalt
70, 76, 82
producer.

AC -2.5 AASHTO M 226 163 (325) 160 (320)

-5 ASTM D 3381 177 (350) 166 (330)
-10 219 (425) 174 (345)
-20, -30, -40 232 (450) 177 (350)
AASHTO M 226
AR -1000 205 (400) 163 (325)
ASTM D 3381
-2000 219 (425) 168 (335)
-4000 227 (440) 177 (350)
-8000 232 (450) 177 (350)
-16000 238 (460) 177 (350)

Pen 40-50, 60-70, AASHTO M 20 232 (450) 177 (350)

85-100 ASTM D 946
120-150 219 (425) 177 (350)
200-300 177 (350) 168 (335)

RC - 70 AASHTO M 81 - 71 (160)
- 250 ASTM D 2028 27 (80) 91 (195)
- 800 27 (80) 99 (210)
- 3000 27 (80) 99 (210)
AASHTO M 82
MC - 30 38 (100) 54 (130)
ASTM D 2027
- 70 38 (100) 71 (160)
- 250 66 (150) 91 (195)
- 800 66 (150) 99 (210)
-
- 3000 66 (150) 99 (210)
AASHTO M 140 & M 208 - 50 (122)
RS-1
ASTM D 977 & D 2397 - 75 (167)
RS-2, HFRS-2, CRS-1, CRS-2
SS-1, SS-1h, CSS-1, CSS-1h
- 45 (113)
MS-1, HFMS-1,
MS-2, MS-2h, HFMS-2
- 75(167)
HFMS-2h, HFMS-2s, CMS-2
CMS-2h
Bituminous materials for the several applications indicated in the Specifications shall be applied within the
temperature ranges indicated in Table 702.1.

Table 702.1 : Application Temperature

Application Spray Temperature Range (0C) Mix
Type and Grade of Material
(Min./Max.) *(min./Max.)
RT 1-2-2 15.5 - 54 15.5 – 54
RT 4-5-6 29 – 65.5 29 – 65.5
RT 7-8-9 65.5 -107 65.5 – 107
RT 10-11-12 79 – 121 79 – 121
RTCB 5-6 . . . . 30 15.5 – 48.9 15.5 -48.9
MC . . . . . . . . . 30 21 – 62.8 15.5 – 40.5
RC-MC . . . . . . 70 40.5 – 85 32 – 68
RC-MC . . . . . . 250 60 – 107 51.7 – 93
RC-MC . . . . . . 800 79 – 129 71 – 107
RC-MC . . . . . . 3000 106.7 – 143 93 – 126.7
All emulsions 10 - 71 10 - 71
Asphalt Cement As required to achieve viscosity of
75-150 seconds to achieve a
(All Grades) 204 Max. Kinematic Viscosity of 150-300
mm2/s (150-300) centi-stokes
IX. Testing of Asphalt
1. Asphalt Cement (9 tests)
1.1 Specific Gravity
1.2 Loss on heating
1.3 Solubility
1.4 Spot test
1.5 Flash Point (Cleveland Open Cup Flash Tester)
1.6 Penetration
1.6.1 Original
1.6.2 After loss
1.7 Ductility
1.7.1 Original
1.7.2 After loss
2. Cut-back Asphalt Cement (8 tests)
2.1Specific Gravity
2.2Flash Point (Tug Open Cup Flash Tester)
2.3Viscosity (Kinematic Capillary Viscometer)
2.4Distillation
2.5Test on residue
2.5.1 Penetration
2.5.2 Ductility
2.5.3 Solubility
2.5.4 Spot test
3. Emulsified Asphalt (9 tests)
3.1Specific Gravity
3.2Storage Stability
3.3Sieve Test
3.4Viscosity (Saybolt-Furol Viscometer)
3.5Cement Mixing
3.6Distillation
3.7Test on Residue
3.7.1 Penetration
3.7.2 Ductility
3.7.3 Solubility
X. Significance of Tests

1. Specific Gravity
- It is a gauge to a uniformity of supply of an asphalt (if it is being
adulterated or diluted).
- Important during computation and design (Job-Mix) essentials in the
determination of the effective asphalt content and the percentage of air
voids in compacted mix specimens and compacted pavement.
- Results is of value for making volume correction when measurements are
made at elevated temperature.

2. Solubility
- Determines the bitumen content in asphalt cement that is soluble in a
solvent (carbon disulfide and carbon tetrachloride).
- Measures the purity of the asphalt cement.
- Portion of the asphalt cement that is soluble represent the active
cementing constituents.
- Impurities such as salts, free carbon and non-organic contaminants does
not dissolve in a solvent.
3. Spot Test
- Determines if asphalts is overheated or not during production.

4. Loss of Heating
- Determines the loss of volatiles in the asphalt.

5. Flash Point
- Indicates the safe heating temperature of the asphalt, the temperature to
which the material maybe safely heated without danger of instantaneous flash
(catching fire or explode) in the presence of an open flame.

6. Penetration
- Determines the relative hardness or consistency of an asphalt cement, by
measuring the distance of the standard needle used that penetrate vertically
to the sample under the fixed condition of temperature, load, and time.

7. Ductility
- Measures the ability of asphalt to stretch without breaking
- A gauge to adhesiveness of asphalt, the higher the ductility the more adhesive
the asphalt.
8. Viscosity
- Liquidity or fluidity of asphalt.
- Consistency test of the liquid asphalt.
- Determines the flow characteristics of asphalt in the range of
temperature during application.

9. Distillation
- Determines the relative proportions of asphalt and diluent present in
liquid asphalt.
- also used to measure the amount of diluent that distills off at various
temperature denoting its evaporation characteristics, this in turn,
indicates the relative rate at which the material will cure “after
application”.

10. Sieve Test

- Determines quantitatively the percent asphalt present in the form of
relatively large globules in the emulsion, Such globules do not provide
thin & uniform coatings of asphalt on the aggregate particles.
- Determines whether the emulsion has properly emulsified (properly
mixed).
11. Cement Mixing
- Determines the resistance of the emulsion to breakdown on
the job.
- Determines the rate where in the emulsion will break when in
contact with soil or mineral aggregates.

12. Storage Stability

- Detects the tendency of the asphalt globules in the emulsion to
settle during storage of an emulsified asphalt.

XI. Specifications:

ASSHTO M – 20 – Penetration Graded Asphalt Cement

ASSHTO M-81 – Cut-back Asphalt (Rapid – Curing Type)
ASSHTO M-82 – Cut-back Asphalt (Medium – Curing Type)
ASSHTO M-140 – Emulsified Asphalt (Anionic)
ASSHTO M-208 – Cationic Emulsified Asphalt
BITUMINOUS MIX
 LECTURE ON BITUMINOUS PAVING MIX
KINDS OF PAVEMENT

1. Rigid - Type Pavement

- Concrete Pavement
- Concrete Mix
- Cement + Aggregates + Water
- Design Mix

2. Flexible Type - Asphalt Pavement

- Asphalt Pavement
- Bituminous Mix
- Asphalt + Mineral Aggregates
- Job Mix

Asphalt Pavements – pavements consisting of a surface course of mineral aggregate

coated and cemented together with asphalt cement on supporting course such as
asphalt bases, crushed stone, slag or gravel or on Portland Cement concrete brick or
block pavement.
 Asphalt Pavement Structures
(Flexible Pavement Structure)

- Courses of asphalt aggregate mixtures plus

any non-rigid courses between the asphalt
construction and the foundation or subgrade.

“Flexible” – The term sometimes used in

connection with asphalt pavements denotes the
ability of such a pavement structure to conform
to settlement of foundation.
 Types of Asphalt Pavement
1. Dense – Graded Hot Mix Asphalt
- Hot mix asphalt pavement, the highest quality among the different
types
- Consists of well graded aggregate and asphalt cement which are
heated and blended together in exact proportions at a hot mix plant.
Well – Graded Aggregates – aggregate that is graded from the max.
size down to filler with object of obtaining an asphalt mix with
controlled void content and high stability.
2. Open – Graded Surface and Base Courses

- One containing little or no mineral filler or in which the void spaces

in the compacted aggregates are relatively large.
 Types of Asphalt Pavement
3. Stone – Filled Mixes
- A sheet of asphalt containing up to 25 percent coarse
aggregate.
4. Sand Hot Mix Asphalt

-A mixture of sand and asphalt cement or liquid asphalt

prepared with or without special control of aggregate grading,
with or without mineral filler.

-Either mixed-in-place or plant-mix construction may be

employed.

-Use in construction of both base and surface courses.

 Types of Asphalt Pavement
5. Sheet Hot Mix Asphalt
- A hot mix of asphalt cement with clean, angular, graded
sand and mineral filler.
- Its use is ordinary confined to surface course usually laid on
an intermediate or leveling course
6. Asphalt Emulsion Mixes (Cold Mixes)

-Cold mix pavements use asphalt emulsion or cut-back asphalt.

-Require little or no heating of materials and can often be

produced at the construction site without a central plant.
 Courses of Asphalt – Aggregate Mixture
(Dense – Graded HMA Mixture)
1. Asphalt Base Course – a foundation course consisting of
mineral aggregate, bound together with asphaltic material.
2. Asphalt Intermediate Course (Binder Course) – a course
between a base course and an asphalt surface course.

3. Asphalt Surface Course (Wearing Course) – the top course

of an asphalt pavement.

4. Asphalt Leveling Course – a course (asphalt-aggregate

mixture) of variable thickness used to eliminate irregularities
in the contour of an existing surface prior to superimposed
treatment or construction.
Full-Depth Asphalt Pavement – is one in which asphalt mixtures are
used for all courses (layers) above the subgrade.

Asphalt Overlay – one or more courses of asphalt construction on an

existing pavement. HMA overlay as designed to rehabilitate and
strengthen an old pavement,extending its life and correcting surface
irregularities.

- generally, includes a leveling course to correct the contour of the

old pavement followed by uniform course or courses to provide
needed thickness.

- when overlaying rigid type pavement the overlay should be not less
than four inches thick to minimize reflection of cracks and joints
through the overlay.

- greater thickness of overlay may be required depending upon

conditions of old pavement and traffic to be served.
 Bituminous Mix
Composition of Bituminous Mix

1. Asphalt – is the binder of the aggregates

- Normally ranges from 5 – 8% mass percent on the basis of total dry

aggregate.

- Grade of asphalt cement normally ranges from 60/70 to 200/300

penetration.

The service performance of an asphalt pavement is greatly influenced by

the grade and quantity of asphalt it contains.

The grade selected for each project is influenced by climatic conditions,

traffic, and strength of the road foundation.

Hot climates – use lower penetration grades or hard asphalts.

Cold Climates – use higher penetration grades or softer asphalts.

 Bituminous Mix
Composition of Bituminous Mix

2. Mineral Aggregate

- Constitute about 95% by weight of the asphalt concrete mixture.

- Supply nearly all of the pavement load bearing capacity.

- Their quality and physical properties are critical to pavement

performance.

Aggregate Fractions:

1. Coarse Aggregate (CA)

-Retained 2.36 mm (No. 8) Sieve

-May be obtained from gravel deposits or stone quarries.

Aggregate Fractions:

2. Fine Aggregate (FA)

-Passing 2.36 mm (No. 8) sieve and retained on 0.075

mm (No. 200) sieve

-Sources of fine aggregate are natural deposits of

bank, beach or river sand or screenings from
aggregate crushing plants.

* The dividing size between coarse and fine

aggregate is 2.36 mm (No. 8).
Aggregate Fractions:

3. Mineral Filler (MF)

-Passing 0.075 mm (No. 200) sieve

-May consist of finely ground limestone, rock powder, naturally

occurring silt, portland cement, hydrated lime or similar clean
non-plastic finely divided mineral matter.
- It may occur naturally in the fine and coarse aggregate as
mineral dust or it may be added as a separate ingredient.
-Normally range 0.5 to 1.0 mass percent dry aggregate basis if
hydrated lime is used, lower percentage limit is applicable to
aggregate which are predominantly calcareous.
 Important Properties of Aggregates

1.Strength
2.Particle shape
3.Surface texture
4.Absorption
5.Gradation
6.Cleanliness
7.Specific Gravity
8.Affinity for water
9.Soundness
 Two Types of Bituminous Mix

1. Plant – Mix – a mixture produced in an asphalt mixing plant which consist of mineral
aggregates uniformly coated with asphalt cement or liquid asphalt.

Types of Plant Mixes

a. Hot – Mix – plant mixes which must be spread and compacted at an elevated
temperature.

- Hot-laid
- Both the aggregate and asphalt cement are heated prior to mixing for giving origin
to the term “hot-mix”.
- Higher durability and stability than cold mix

b. Cold – Mix – plant mixes which may be spread or compacted at atmospheric

temperature.

-Cold-laid
-Use only for patching

2. Road – Mix (Mixed-in-Place) – an asphalt course produced by mixing mineral

aggregate and liquid asphalt at the road site by means of travel plants, motor graders,
drags or special road-mixing equipment.
 Significant Properties of Bituminous Paving Mixture

1. Stability – it is defined as resistance to displacement under sustained or repeated loadings.

- It implies resistance to shoving and rutting by the action of vehicular traffic and involves resistance
to shearing stress.

Factors Affecting Stability

1. Gradation of the Mineral Aggregate

2. Shape and Surface Texture of Aggregate Particles
3. Hardness of Aggregate Particles
4. Maximum Size of Coarse Aggregate
5. Quantity and Consistency of the Bituminous Binder
6. Degree of Compaction

Test for Stability

1. Hubbard - Field
2. Marshall
3. Hveem Stabilometer
4. Unconfined Immersion – Compression
5. Triaxial Compression
 Significant Properties of Bituminous Paving Mixture

2. Durability – it is defined as resistance to disentegration or deterioration due to

the detrimental effects of traffic, water, air and temperature changes.

Factors Affecting Durability

1. Density of the compacted mixture

2. Properties of mineral aggregates
3. Properties of the Bituminous Binder
4.Quantity of the Bituminous Binder

3. Flexibility – it is defined as the ability of the pavement to bend repeatedly without

cracking and to conform to variations of the underlying base.

Factors Affecting Flexibility

1. Quantity of Bituminous Binder

2. Quantity of Mineral Filler
3. Viscosity and Temperature susceptibility of the binder
 Significant Properties of Bituminous Paving Mixture

4. Skid Resistance – it is the resistance offered by the pavement to

slipping or skidding of the vehicle tires.

Factors Affecting Skid Resistance

1. Excess asphalt at pavement surface

2. Surface roughness of aggregate particles

5. Permeability – it means porosity or perviousness of the mixture,

principally dependent on pore size, a dense graded mix prevents water
from entering the base through the surface.

Factors Affecting Permeability

1. Density of the compacted mixture

2. Temperature of the mix
 Significant Properties of Bituminous Paving Mixture

6. Workability – the ease by which the material can be placed to its

desired uniformity and compacted to the required density

Factors Affecting Workability

1. Gradation of Aggregate
2. Consistency of the bituminous binder
3. Temperature of the mix

7. Fatigue Resistance – ability to withstand repeated flexing caused by

the passage of the wheel loads.

Factors Affecting Fatigue Resistance

1. Quantity of the Bituminous Binder

2. Gradation of Aggregate
 Sampling/Minimum Testing Requirements

Sampling is equally as important as the testing and the sampler shall use every
precaution to obtain samples that are representative to the bituminous mixture.

Care shall be taken in sampling

- To avoid segregation of coarse aggregate and bituminous mortar

- To prevent contamination by dust or other foreign matter

Sampling Plant-Mixed Bituminous Mixtures (AASHTO T 168)

1. A batch freshly discharged from the mixing plant shall be sampled from the pile by
means of a scoop or shovel scraped from the bottom to the top of the pile at two
points 1800 from each other and reduced to the required size by remixing and
quartering.

2. Samples from a stockpile shall be obtained by compositing equal quantities of the

mixture taken from holes dug into joints near the top, middle, and bottom of the
stockpile and reduced to the required size by remixing and quartering.

3 Samples from a hauling vehicle shall be taken from at least four points,
approximately 300 mm (12 in) below the surface, so distributed over the vehicle that
they lie at midpoints of sections representing one-fourth of the superficial area of the
vehicle, formed by a median line running lengthwise of the vehicle and a median line
dividing the length of the vehicle into equal halves. These portions shall be mixed and
reduced by quartering to the required size of the sample.
 Minimum Testing Requirements

1 – Q.T. – For every 130 M.T. or fraction thereof

Size of sample : 20 kg

Tests on Bituminous Mix

1. Extraction – quantitative determination of asphalt content in bituminous paving

mixtures. Asphalt content may be express either as a percentage by weight of total
weight of mix or a percentage by weight of dry aggregates.

Calculation:
wt. of original - wt. of sample
sample after extraction
% Asphalt Content = ----------------------------------------------- x 100
(by wt. of mix) wt. of original sample

wt. of original - wt. of sample

sample after extraction
% Asphalt Content = ----------------------------------------------- x 100
(by wt. of agg.) wt. of sample after extraction
 Tests on Bituminous Mix

2. Bulk Specific Gravity – Bulk specific gravity of the compacted

bituminous mixtures are used in calculating unit weight of the mixture.
The specific gravity or density is an important data in the determination
of the degree of compaction of a newly constructed asphalt pavement.

Calculation:
A
Bulk Specific Gravity, Gmb = -------------------
B - C

where:
A = mass of specimen in air, g
B = mass of surface – dry specimen, g.
C = mass of specimen in water, g.

3. Grading – determining the relative proportions of various particles

sizes of mineral aggregates in a mix, if it conforms with the Job-Mix
Formula/Specifications.
 Tests on Bituminous Mix

4. Stability (Immersion – Compression Method) – this method covers measurement

of the loss of cohesion resulting from the action of water on compacted bituminous
mixtures.

1. Dry Stability – compressive strength of freshly molded and cured specimens.

2. Wet Stability - compressive strength of duplicate specimens that have been

immersed in water under prescribed conditions.

Calculation:

Index of Retained Strength (IRS) – calculate numerical index of resistance of

bituminous mixtures to the detrimental effect of water as the percentage of the
original strength that is retain after the immersion period.

Load Load
Stability (Compressive Strength) = -------------- = ------------
Area π D2/4

Wet Stability
Index of Retained Strength, (IRS), % = ---------------------- x 100
Dry Stability
 Job-Mix Formula

Job-Mix Formula – primary quality control mechanism for the

production of asphalt mixtures with a high degree of
uniformity that will satisfy job requirements. The Job-Mix
Formula, with the allowable tolerances becomes the job
control grading band. The job control grading band, however,
must be within the boundaries of the specification grading
band. (See Figure)

Each Job-Mix Formula submitted shall proposed definite single

values for:

1. The percentage of aggregate passing each specified sieve size.

2. The percentage of bituminous material to be added.
3. The temperature of the mixture delivered on the road.
4. The kind and percentage of additive to be used.
5. The kind and percentage of mineral filler to be used.
 Job-Mix Formula
After the job-mix is established, all mixture furnished for the project shall conform thereto
within the following ranges of tolerances:
Passing No. 4 and larger sieve ± 7%
Passing No. 8 to No. 100 sieve (inclusive) ± 4%
Passing No. 200 sieve ± 2%
Bituminous Material ± 0.4%
Temperature of Mix ± 100C

The mixture shall have a minimum compressive strength (dry stability) of 1.4 MPa (200 psi) or
1400 kN/m2 or KPa.

The mixture shall also have a mass percent air voids with the range of 3 to 5.

The mixture shall also have an index of retained strength of not less than 70%.

All least three weeks prior to production, the contractor shall submit in writing a job-mix
formula for each mixture supported by laboratory test data along with samples and sources of
the components and viscosity temperature relationships information to the Engineer for
testing and approval.

Should a change in source of material be proposed or should a job-mix formula prove

unsatisfactory, a new job-mix formula shall be submitted by the contractor in writing and be
approved by the Engineer prior to production.

Approval of a new job-mix formula may required laboratory testing and verification.
 Table 703.2
Gradation Ranges – Hot Plant Mix Bituminous Pavements
(Mass percent passing square sieves, AASHTO T 11 and T 27)

Sieve Designation, G R A D I N G
mm A B C D E F G
37.5 (1-1/2 inch) 100 - - - - - -
25 (1 inch) 95-100 100 100 - - - -
19 (3/4 inch) 75-95 95-100 95-100 100 - 100 -
12.5 (1/2 inch) - 68-86 68-86 95-100 100 - 100
9.5 (3/8 inch) 54-75 56-78 56-78 74-92 95-100 - 95-100
4.75 (No. 4) 36-58 38-60 38-60 48-70 75-90 45-65 30-50
2.36 (No. 8) 25-45 27-47 27-47 33-53 62-82 33-53 5-15
1.18 (No. 16) - 18-37 18-37 22-40 38-58 - -
0.600 (No. 30) 11-28 11-28 13-28 15-30 22-42 - -
0.300 (No. 50) - 6-20 9-20 10-20 11-28 10-20 -
0.075 (No. 200) 0-8 0-8 4-8 4-9 2-10 3-8 2-5
 Table 703.3
Gradation Requirements – Cold Plant Mix Bituminous Pavement
(Mass percent passing square sieves, AASHTO T 27)

Sieve Designation Bottom (Binder) Wearing (Surface)

Standard, mm Alternate US Std Course Course
37.5 1-1/2” 100 -
25 1” 85 – 100 -
19 ¾” 40 – 70 100
12.5 ½” 10 – 35 95 – 100
4.75 No. 4 4 – 16 15 – 40
2.36 No. 8 0–5 10 – 25
0.600 No. 30 - 4 – 13
0.300 No. 50 - 0–5
 SOCOR CONSTRUCTION CORPORATION
13 – J Midtown Executive Homes
1238 United Nations Ave., Paco, Manila

JOB-MIX FORMULA
FOR ITEM 310 E
BITUMINOUS CONCRETE SURFACE COURSE
(Max. 3/8” Size Aggregates)
PROJECT :

I. GRADATION
Sieve Sizes
Job Mix Gradation Tolerance Limit Specification
US Standard mm
½” 12.500 100 100 100
3/8” 9.500 99 95 – 100 95 – 100
No. 4 4.750 85 78 – 90 75 – 90
No. 8 2.360 64 62 – 68 62 – 82
No. 16 1.180 39 38 – 43 38 – 58
No. 30 0.600 24 22 – 28 22 – 42
No. 50 0.300 14 11 – 18 11 – 28
No. 200 0.075 4 2-6 2 – 10
II. ASPHALT CONTENT:

a) Asphalt Cement -------------------------------- Penetration 60 – 70

b) % By Weight of Aggregates -------------------------------- 6.06

c) % By Weight of Total Mix -------------------------------- 5.71

II. FILLER:
Hydrated Lime
IV. ADDITIVES
None
 SOCOR CONSTRUCTION CORPORATION
JOB-MIX FORMULA
ITEM 310 E

Specification
Sieve Sizes %, Passing Job-Mix
Item 310 E
½” (12.5 mm) 100 ± 7 100 100
3/8” (9.5) 99 ± 7 95 – 100 95 – 100
No. 4 (4.75) 85 ± 7 78 – 90 75 – 90
No. 8 (2.36) 64 ± 4 62 – 68 62 – 82
No. 16 (1.18) 39 ± 4 38 – 43 38 – 58
No. 30 (0.600) 24 ± 4 22 – 28 22 – 42
No. 50 (0.300) 14 ± 4 11 – 18 11 – 28
No. 200 (0.075) 4±2 2–6 2 – 10

Asphalt Content, % by weight of mix = 5.71

Asphalt Content, % by weight of aggregate = 6.06 ± 0.4%
5.66 - 6.46
say = 5.7 – 6.5
ASPHALT CORE
 Testing of Drilled Cores from an Asphalt Pavement

Significance and Use

- Core tests determine the thickness and density of compacted asphalt pavement

Sampling:

1. Specimens shall be taken from the pavement with a core drill, diamond or
carborundum saw, or by other suitable means.

2. Care shall be taken to avoid distortion, bending or cracking of specimen during

and after removal from the pavement.

3. Specimens shall be free from foreign materials such as seal coat, tack coat,
foundation material, soil, paper or foil.

4. Specimens for thickness and density determination.

Sawed specimen : at least 150 mm x 150 mm

Cored specimen : 100 mm dia. full depth

Recommended that:
1. The diameter of cylindrically molded or cored specimens, or the length of the
sides of sawed specimens, be at least equal to four times the maximum size of the
aggregates.

2. That the thickness of the specimens be at least one and on-half times of the
maximum size of the aggregates.

Obtaining of Core Specimens

Case I : At least one but no more than three (3) samples shall be taken for each full
day’s operation.

To ascertain the degree of compaction of the asphalt pavement, more than one (1)
core sample but not greater than three (3) maybe taken for each day’s operation.
When 2 or 3 cores are taken, each core should represent a specific pavement area
completed within a day. Averaging of the thickness and density of the 2 or 3 cores
should not be done.

Case 2 : If no core was taken at the end of each day’s operation and the project ha
already been completed, a core shall be taken for every 100 linear meters per lane or
fraction thereof of the completed pavement. Each core shall represent 100 LM of the
asphalt pavement. Averaging of the thickness and density of the core should not be
done.
 TESTS ON ASPHALT CORE
1. Density
Calculation:

Density (d) = Gmb x Density of water

where:

Density of water = 1.0 gm/cm3

Gmb = Bulk Specific Gravity

CALCULATION OF BULK SPECIFIC GRAVITY (Gmb)

A
Gmb = ---------------------
B - C
where:
A = mass of specimen in air, g
B = mass of surface dry specimen, g
C = mass of specimen in water, g
Calculation:

Field Density
% Compaction = -----------------------------------------------
Laboratory Compacted Density

2. Thickness
1. Make four (4) measurements at approximately quarter points on the
periphery of cores or at the approximate midpoint of each of the four (4)
sides of rectangular sawed specimens. (See figure)

2. The average of these measurements is the thickness (t) of the specimen.

1 1

4 2 4 2

3
POSITIONS OF MEASUREMENTS 3
 Acceptance, Sampling and Testing of Finished Asphalt Pavement
The contractor shall cut full depth samples as directed from the finished pavement
for testing. Samples shall be neatly cut by saw or core drill. Each sample shall be at
least 150 mm x 150 mm or 100 mm diameter full depth. At least one, but not more
than three samples shall be taken fro each full day’s operation. If no core samples
were taken during the day’s operation, core samples shall be taken from the
completed pavement for every 100 L.M. per lane. The contractor shall supply and
furnish new material to back fill bore holes left by the samples taken.

No acceptance and final payment shall be made on completed asphalt pavement

unless core test for thickness determination is conducted, except for Barangay Roads
where the implementing office is allowed to waive such test.

The samples obtained will be used to measure the thickness of the pavement. The
same samples will be used to test the density of the compacted pavement.

The compacted pavement shall have a density equal to, or greater than 97 mass
percent of the density of a laboratory specimens. The asphalt pavement represented
by the cores shall not be accepted if the deficiency in density is more than 2%.
 Acceptance, Sampling and Testing of Finished Asphalt Pavement

The compacted pavement shall have a thickness tolerances of – 5 mm.

Thickness in excess of the specified thickness shall not be considered in the
payment of asphalt pavement. The asphalt pavement represented by the
individual core shall not be accepted if the deficiency in the core thickness is
more than 5 mm.

If the deficiency in the core thickness is more than 5 mm, additional layer
maybe permitted in order to meet the designed thickness, however, the
minimum additional asphalt overlay thickness should be depended on the
minimum thickness capacity of asphalt paver but it should not be less than 50
mm (2 inches) and that proper construction procedures are followed.

Method of Measurement:

The area to be paid shall be the number of square meters (m2) of asphalt
pavement placed, compacted and accepted based on the thickness and
densities of the cores taken.
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Public Works and Highways
BUREAU OF RESEARCH AND STANDARDS
EDSA, Diliman, Quezon City

WORKSHEET ON TESTING OF BITUMINOUS CONCRETE CORE

Project :
Source/Supplier :
Tested By :
Lab. No. : Date Tested :

Thickness Bulk Specific Gravity

Lab. No. I.D. Station cm.

Wt. in Bulk Sp.
Wt. In Air Wt. SSD
1 2 3 4 Ave. Water Gravity