DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS &

HIGHWAYS
QUALITY CONTROL IN SOILS &

SOILS AGGREGATE CONSTRUCTION

QUALITY CONTROL IN SOILS &

SOIL AGGREGATES
 CONTENTS OF THE
LECTUREGROUPING, IDENTIFICATION ,
I. SOILS DEFINATION,
ENGINEERING
II. PROPERTIES, CLASSIFICATION
QUALITY CONTROL IN SOIL &AND METHODS
QUALITY OF SAMPLING
CONTROL MEASURES
DURING CONSTRUCTION
III. METHODS ON THE STABILIZATION AND PROTECTION IN SOIL
SLOPES
IV. DPWH STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS ON SOIL ITEMS OF WORK
V. MINIMUM TESTING REQUIREMENTS ON SOIL ITEMS OF WORK

VI. SAMPLING OF SOILS AND SOIL

AGGREGATES
VII. CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS AND SOIL
AGGREGATES
II. IMPORTANCE OF TESTING AND INTERPRETATION, ACCEPTANCE
/REJECTION, APPLICATION OF TEST RESULTS
IX. DISCUSSION OF TEST REPORTS
X. DEPARTMENT ORDERS RELATED TO SOILS & SOIL
AGGREGATES
 ?

What is Soil
?

• Is the most readily available materials but the least understood

of all engineering materials, hence its mechanical properties
are
more complex and difficult to determine.

• Is the material upon which all engineering structure are founded

and supported. It is elastic, plastic and non-uniform and its
mechanical properties are available with time and changes in
water content and density.
 DEFINITION OF SOIL AND ITS COMPONENTS

1. Soil Aggregate ( Dense Graded Aggregate ) - natural or prepared

mixtures consisting predominantly of stone, gravel or sand and
containing silt-clay minus 0.075 mm material.

2. Binder ( Soil Binder ) - portion of soil passing 0.425 mm ( N0. 40 )

sieve.
3. Stone - crushed or naturally angular particles of rock which will
pass a 75.0 mm sieve and be retained on a 2.00 mm ( No. 10 )
sieve.

3.1 Coarse Stone - stone passing the 75 mm sieve and retained on

the 25.0 mm ( 1 in. ) sieve.
3.2 Medium Stone - stone passing the 25.0 mm sieve and retained
on the 9.5 mm ( 3/8 in. ) sieve.
3.3 Fine Stone - stone passing the 9.5 mm sieve and retained on the
2.00 mm ( No. 10 ) sieve.
4. Gravel – rounded particles of the rock which will pass a 75 mm sieve
and be retained on a 2.00 mm sieve.
4.1 Coarse Gravel – gravel passing the 75 mm sieve and retained
on the 25.0 mm sieve.
4.2 Medium Gravel - gravel passing the 25.0 mm sieve and retained
on the 9.5 mm ( 3/8 in. ) sieve.
4.3 Fine Gravel - gravel passing the 9.5 mm sieve and retained on
the 2.00 mm ( No. 10 ) sieve.

5. Sand - granular material resulting from the disintegration, grinding,

or crushing of rock and which will pass the 2.0 mm sieve
and be retained on the 0.075 mm sieve.

5.1 Coarse Sand – sand passing the 2.0 mm sieve and retained on
the 0.425 mm sieve.

5.2 Fine Sand - sand passing the 0.425 mm sieve and retained on
the 0.425 mm sieve.
6. Silt Clay ( Minus 0.075 mm material ) - fine soil particles which
will pass the 0.075 mm sieve.

6.1 Silt Fraction - material passing the 0.075 mm sieve and

larger than 0.002 mm

6.2 Clay Fraction - material smaller than 0.002 mm

6.3 Colloids - materials smaller than 0.001

mm.
SOIL GROUPS AND ITS IDENTIFICATION
1. Granular Soils - individual particles are visible to
naked
eyes and it is non-plastic such as gravel
and sand.
Gravel – from 75 mm to 2.0
mm - from 2.0 mm to 0.075
Sand
mm
2. Fined-Grained Soils - individual particles are quite visible to
naked eye such as clay and silt. Clay
is
plastic when wet and easily crumbles
when dry. Silt is slightly plastic.
Silt - from 0.075 mm to 0.002
mm– from 0.002 mm to 0.001
Clay
mm
Colloids – less than 0.001 mm

3. Organic - dark in color, fibrous structure and

with
foul odor as peat and muck
 ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
SOILS
GRANULAR FINE - GRAINED ORGANIC

Good load-bearing Poor The presence

load-bearing of
organic matter
Drain readily Hard to will adversely
drain affect the engg.
Not susceptible to properties of
strength or volume Susceptible to
either granular
change due to change strength
or fine-grained,
in water content or volume change
if the amount is
Compressible due to
Comparatively appreciable.
static load,but
incompres
settlement
sible due to static load
Susceptible to volume is slow
change under vibra -
tory load, if not -
adequa-
tely compacted
 SUITABILITY INDEX OF SOILS AS FOUNDATION
MATERIAL

Index Property Suitable Course Grained Less Suitable Fine-Grained

1. Grain-size Course – grained Fine - grained

2. Consistency
( LL /PL / PI ) Low
3. High
Natural Water
Content Low High

4. Density High
Low
5. Permeability High
Low
6. Compressibility Low
High
7. Shear Strength High -

8. Organic Content Low -

 CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS AND SOIL AGGREGATES
AASHTO Designation 145 -
87

- The recommended practice describe a procedure for classifying

soils
into seven groups based on laboratory determination of particle size
distribution, liquid limit and plasticity index.

- Evaluation of soils within each group is made by means of a “group

index”, which is a value calculated from an emperical formula.

- The group classification, including group index is useful in

determi-
ning the relative quality of the soil material for use in earthworks
structures, particularly embankments, subgrades, subbases, and
bases.
 DESCRIPTION OF CLASSIFICATION
1. GROUPS
Granular Materials - containing 35 % or less passing 0.075 mm sieve
( Note 2 )

Note 2 - Classification of materials in the various groups applies only to the

fraction passing the 75 mm sieve. Therefore, any specifications regarding
the use of A - 1, A - 2, or A – 3 materials construction should state whether
the boulders retained on the 75 mm sieve are permitted.

1.1 Group A-1 - the typical material of this group is a well-graded mixture of
of stone fragments or gravel, coarse sand and a non plastic
or feebly plastic soil binder. However, this group includes
also stone fragments, gravel, coarse sand, volcanic cinders,
etc. without soil binder.

1.1.1 Subgroup A – 1 – a includes those materials consisting predominantly

of stone fragments or gravel, either with or without a well
graded binder of fine material.
1.1.2 Subgroup A – 1 – b includes those materials consisting predominantly
of coarse sand either with or without a well-graded
soil binder.

1.3 Group A – 2 - this group includes a wide variety of “granular” materials

which are border-line between the materials falling in
group A – 4, A – 5, A – 6 and A – 7. It includes all materials
containing 35 % or less passing the 0.075 mm sieve which
cannot be classified as A – 1 or A – 3, due to fines content
or both, in excess of the limitations for those groups.

1.3.1 Subgroups A -2 4 and A – 2 – 5 includes various granular materials

containing 35 % or less passing the 0.075 mm sieve and
with minus 0.425 mm portion having the characteristics
of the A – 4 and A – 5 groups. The groups include such
materials as gravel and coarse sand with silt contents of
plasticity indexes of the limitations of Group A – 1, and
fine sand with non plastic silt content of the limitations of
Group A – 3.
1.3.2 Subgroups A – 2 – 6 and A – 2 – 7 includes materials similar to those
described under the Subgroups A – 2 – 4 and A – 2 – 5
except that the fine portion contains plastic clay having the
characteristics of A – 6 or A – 7 group.
 1.2 Group A – 3 - this typical material of this group is fine beach sand or
fine desert blow sand without silty or clay fines or with
with very small amount on non plastic silt. The group
includes also stream-deposited mixtures of poorly-graded
fine sand and limited amounts of course sand and gravel.
2. Silt Clay Materials - containing more than 35 % passing the 0.075
mm
sieve.
2.1 Group A – 4 - the typical material of this group is non plastic or moderately
plastic silty soil usually having the 75 % or more passing
the 0.075 mm sieve. The group include also the mixtures of
fine silty soil and up to 64 % of sand and gravel retained on
0.075 mm sieve.
2.2 Group A – 5 - the typical material of this group is similar to that described
under Group A – 4, except that it is usually of diatomaceous
or micaceous character and may be highly plastic as
indicated by the high liquid limit.
2.3 Group A – 6 - the typical material of this group is a plastic clay soil usually
having 75 % or more passing the 0.075 mm sieve. The group
includes also mixtures of fine clayey soil and up to 64 % of
sand and gravel retained on 0.075 mm sieve. Materials of
this group usually have high volume change between wet
and dry states.
 2.4 Group A – 7 - the typical material of this group is similar to that
described
under Group A – 6, except that it has the high liquid
limits
characteristics of the A – 5 group and may be elastic
as
2.4.1 Subgroup A - 7 – 5 - includes those materials with moderate
plasticity well as subject to high volume change.
indexes in relation to liquid limit and which may be
highly
2.4.2 Subgroup Aplastic
– 7 – 6as well as subject
- includes to considerable
those materials volume
with high
change.
plasticity
indexes in relation to liquid limit and which are
subject
Note 3 - Highly organic soils ( peat
to extremely or volume
high muck ) may be classified in A – 8
change.
group.
Classification of this materials is based on visual inspection, and
is
not dependent on percentage passing the 0.075 mm sieve, liquid
limit
or plasticity index. The material is composed primarily of partially
decayed organic matter, generally has a fibrous texture, dark
brown
or black color and odor decay. This material is unsuitable for
 CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS AND SOIL
AGGREGATES
General Granular Materials Silt-Clay
Classificatio 35% or less passing 0.075 Materials
mm More than 35%
n
passing
A- A- 0.075 mm
A- A- A-
Group A-
1 A- 2 7
Classificatio 4 5 6
3 A-7-
n A-1- A-1- A-2- A-2- A-2- A-2-
a b 4 5 6 7 5
Sieve Analysis A-7-
% Passing 6
2.00 mm (#10) 50 max - - - - - - - - - -
0.425 mm (#40) 30 max 50 51 - - - - - - - -
0.075 mm 15 max max 35 35 35 35 36 36 36mi 36mi
max. 25 10 max max max max min min n n
(#200)
max max
Liquid - - 40 41 40 41 40 41 40 41
Limit max min max min max min max min
Plasticity 6 N.P 10 10 11 min 11 10 10 11 min 11 min
Index max . max max min max max

Usual Type
of Stone Fine Silty or
Significant Fragments San Clayey Silty Clayey
Gravel & Sand d Gravel & Soils Soils
Materials
General Sand
Rating Excellent to Fair to
as Subgrade Good Good
 Classification
Procedure
1. Prepare the test data of soil materials obtained from the
result
of test on sieve analysis at sieve nos. 2.00 mm ( # 10 ), 0.425
mm
( # 40 ), 0.075 mm ( # 200 ), and result of tests on liquid limit
2. With
andthe Standard Table of Classification of Soils and Soil
Aggre-
plasticity index,
gates, proceed from the left to right and the correct group
will be
found by process of elimination.
3. The first group from the left into which the test data will fit is
the
correct classification. All limiting teat values are shown as a
whole
number and if fractional numbers appears on the test
reports,
4. Group
convertindex
to thevalues should
nearest wholealways
number befor
shown in parenthesis
the purposes of
after
classi-
the
fication.
group symbol as: A- 2 - 6 (3)
GROUP INDEX

1. The group index is calculated from the following

formula:
Group Index = ( F-35 ) ( 0.2 + 0.005 ( LL- 40 ) + 0.01 ( F-15 ) ( PI-10
)
where
: F = percentage passing 0.075 mm (No. 200) sieve, expressed
as a
whole number. This percentage is based only on the
material
LL = liquid
limit passing the 75 mm ( 3 in. ) sieve.
PI = plastic
limit
2. When the calculated group index is negative, the group
index
shall be reported as zero (0).
Example calculations of Group
Index:
Assume that an A-6 material has 55 percent passing the 0.075
mm
( No. 200 ) sieve, liquid limit of 40, and plasticity index of 25.
Group Index = ( 55 – 35 ) ( 0.2 + 0.005 ( 40- 40 ) + 0.01 ( 55 – 15 ) ( 25 – 10
)
= 4.0 +
6.0
= 10
 SOIL
CLASSIFICATION
A–1 Excellent A – 1a & A – 1b

A–2 A - 2 – 4, A – 2 – 5,

A - 2 - 6 & A – 2 -7
A- 3

A - 4 Poor
A - 5 Silty
Soils

A- 6 Very Poor Clayey Soils

A- 7 A–7–5 & A- 7-6

METHODS OF SOIL
SAMPLING
SAMPLING OF SOILS AND SOIL
AGGREGATES

- Sampling is equally as important as the testing and

the
sampler shall use every precaution to obtain samples
that
will show the nature and condition of the materials
which
they actually represent.
- Sampling of potential soils and soil aggregates
sources
and the types, occupies a very important place
in
determining the availability and suitability of the
largest
single constituent entering into the construction.
- It influences the type of construction from the stand
point
of economics and governs the necessary material
control
to ensure durability of the resulting structure.
TYPES OF SOIL MATERIALS & METHOD OF
SAMPLING
1. Undisturbed
Soils
- are those obtained from the field with minimum
disturbance
by using drilling equipment that provides clean hole
before
insertion of thin walled tubes that is both the natural
- soil samples are obtained for investigation to determined
density
the
and moisture content are preserved as much as
properties of the materials necessary for the design
practicable.
analysis
TESTS ON UNDISTURBED
of a structure.
SOILS
a. e. Shear
Density test
b. f. Hydrometer
Permeability analysis
c. g. Specific
Consolidation gravity
d. Tri -
axial
2. Disturbed
Soils
- are those obtained from the field thru manual
sampling
on the point of sources and or at stockpiles for
investigationpurposes and construction materials for
use
in the road and other structures.
TESTS ON DISTURBED
SOILS
a. Wash and Grading
Tests
b. Liquid Limit and Plastic Limit
Tests
c. Moisture – Density Relation
Test
d. Abrasion and Field density
Tests
e. California Bearing Ratio ( CBR )
Test
SAMPLING FROM THE
STOCKPILES
- Design a sampling plan when a sample is to be
obtain
from the stockpile of delivered soil aggregate
material.
The sampling plan shall define the number of
samples
necessary to represent lots and sublots of specific
sizes.
- Sampling of soil aggregates in a big stockpile shall
be
done by taking sample from the bottom, middle
and top
of the stockpile.
REQUIREMENTS FOR SUBMISSION OF
SOILS
& SOIL AGGREGATE SAMPLES

Material / Minimum Minimum

Tests Testing Quantity
Required Requirements Of Sample
Soil & Soil Q- 1 (s) per
1500
Aggregates cu.m.
a. 20
Classification kg.
b. 50
Routinary kg.
c. Compaction
50
&
kg.
CBR
 QUALITY CONTROL IN SOIL
CONSTRUCTION

Problems involving soils in engineering work are complex and

often difficult to solve. Oftentimes, the soil in its “as is” or “where
is” to economic considerations.

Therefore, considerable care is required during the

construction
and appropriate quality control measures should be done to
render
the soil suitable for the purpose it is intended.
Effective quality control of soils requires at least, a
basic
knowledge of soil engineering especially identification,
classification,
engineering properties and tests of soils.
 What is Quality
?

✓ is a judgement by the customer or users of a

product or service.

✓ the characteristic of a product that provides a level

of performance in terms of service and life or the
degree of excellence.

✓ It is described by such general terms as stable,

durable and influenced by factors such as
economics,
esthetics, safety, or performance level.
What is Control
?
✓It is usually used in relation to something in need
of
of checking or regulating due to some important
and
compelling reasons.
✓It is used to correct something which has
gone
wrong,or in other words, control is instituted
as a
corrective measure.
 What is Quality
Control
-It is checking for conformance to requirements
and
now widely and increasingly used in the
construction
industry.
-It is instituted during the course of inspection as a
preventive measures, not as corrective measures.
Preventive measures are more economical and
this is
true, if the finished structure is defective or fails,
the
cost of repair and /or maintenance will be very
high.
The Modern Concept of Quality
Control
- The modern concept of Quality Control is that, it is a
system
which involves the joint but independent efforts of the
owner
and the contractor to achieve the level of quality desired
by the
-The owner’s
owner task is to verify
as established in thethat the contractor’s
project quality
specifications.
control system is functioning and the completed
structure is of
the specified quality

-The contractor’s task is to regulate, test and inspect the

procedures, equipment, materials, and manpower so
that the
completed facility will comply with the requirements.
What is checked during the implementation of Quality
Control in the engineering construction?

In the implementation of quality control in the

engi-
neering construction,
Materials and methodstwo-items are checked.
of construction or workmanship

Quality Control therefore includes all procedures which

are necessary to insure that the materials used and
workmanship employed conform to the standard of
quality specified in the approved plans and specifications

If quality control is done by sight or other means

without
the benefit of laboratory tests, and lately executed,
it is
pure and simple guessing.
What is the Purpose of Materials Quality Control?

✓ to insure the highest quality of

work
✓ to extend the service life of any structure by
constructing according to the prescribed
plans
and specifications
✓ to check and regulate the use of
construction
materials
✓to economize the cost of construction of a
structure
 Whose responsibility is Quality
Control ?
- The concept that quality control rests solely on
the
Materials Engineer is wrong. Quality control is
the
responsibility of everyone involved in the
construc-
- Quality control
tion. It is is a team effort,it
the responsibility of theiscontractor’s
like a chain
that
engi-
a weakness in anytechnicians
neers,inspectors, one link willand
cause the whole
laborers.
chain
to fail, all parties involved in the construction
must
do their part in order to insure success of a
quality
control program.
 QUALITY CONTROL MEASURES IN
SOILS
The primary consideration is to maximize the
stability of
the soil structure. This is achieve by careful attention to
the
following quality control measures during
1. Soil Improvement by Selection or the various
stages
Stabilization
of construction:
2. Minimize Change in Water
Content
3. Provide Adequate Subsoil and Surface
Drainage
4. Insure thorough
Compaction
5. Construction of Slope Protection
Works
1. SOIL IMPROVEMENT BY SELECTION OR
STABILIZATION
a. By Selection and Utilization of Suitable
Soils
- Peat, muck and other highly organic soils should be
avoided
or excavated and replaced with more stable material. Soil
with
natural water content exceeding 100% are also difficult to
handle in construction
Characteristics of work.
Replacement
Material:
• All particles should be smaller than 3
inches
• Liquid limit not exceeding
35
• Plasticity index not exceeding
12
 b. By
Stabilization
- Soil stabilization is the process of improving the
properties
of a soil to make it more suitable for a particular
purpose.
It can1.beParticle
done byrearrangement, as compaction
one or a combination of the or
vibro –
following:
floatation
2. Blending, as soil – cement or soil -
lime
3. Water content reduction, as sub – drains
or
well pointing
4. Chemical
admixtures
5.
Geotextiles
 USES OF GEOTEXTILES

Geotechnical Fabric used for Use of Geotechnical Fabric in Internal Steep Slope Reinforcement with
Subgrade Stabilization Reinforcement of Retaining Walls Woven Geotextiles
For Soil Separation, Stabilization and Reinforcement.

GOTEXTILES have high tensile strength and low elongations, have superior capacity for
filtration, load distribution, reducing rutting and extending the life of paved and unpaved
roadways. Made from individually woven, ultraviolet (UV) resistant polypropylene fibers,
provide dimensional stability and they are resistant to UV degradation and to biological and
chemical environments normally found in soils.
Geotextile
Functions
Depending upon actual strength of the subgrade, Woven Geotextiles have the ability to perform
several different functions. These range from Reinforcement on weak subgrades (CBR ≤ 3%) to
Separation on firm foundations soils (CBR ≥ 8%). As expected, weaker subgrades demand stronger
woven geotextiles and more favorable soils require less robust geotextiles.
2. MINIMIZE CHANGE IN WATER
CONTENT
Fine – grained soils are susceptible to strength
and
volume change due to change in water
content.
The soil expand and lose strength if water
content
Increased and shrink and gain strength if
water
content is reduced.
Therefore, change in water content in fine –
grained
soils should be minimized.
STRENGTH - MOISTURE CONTENT
RELATIONSHIP
FOR A HEAVY CLAY
3. PROVIDE ADEQUATE SUBSOIL AND
SURFACE
DRAINAGE
- Adequate drainage on soil structures is of outmost
importance.
Increase in water content due to infiltration of surface water
or
rise of the water table will reduce its stability. This is
countered
Surface Drainage – is provided for the purpose of keeping out
by the provision of surface
water drainage
from theand sub at
surface – soil drains It is
all times.
achieved by providing the surface with
sufficient gradient and lateral slope for the
water to flow and be properly disposed of.
Subsoil Drainage - is provided for the purpose of
counter-acting
moisture movement within the structure by
by either seepage or capillary action. It is
used
to lower the water table or intercept
seepage
4. INSURE THOROUGH
COMPACTION
- Compaction increases the strength of a soil by
expelling
air from its voids and forcing soil particles into more
intimate contact.
• In granular soils, air is easily forced out but in
heavy or
tight clays, much effort is required to expel it.
• Heavy cohesive soils must be placed in thin
layers so
that air can be expelled readily.
- The compaction of soil fills in various engineering
operations
is of outmost significance. A properly compacted fill will
not
settle very much even after the loads are imposed,
therefore,
- Compaction should
the detrimental be limited
effects to the optimum
of settlement number
on the structures
are
of
passes
minimized.
of equipment at the optimum water content of
the
soil since additional passes will result in very little
Adequate Compaction of Soil Structures will result
in the
following:

• Minimal future
settlement

• Greater stability, thus reducing danger of

slips

• Greater resistance to water absorption, or

minimal
change in water content
 INSURE THOROUGH
COMPACTION
5. CONSTRUCTION OF SLOPE PROTECTION
WORKS
- Slope protection works are performed to protect
slopes
from erosion or weathering by covering them
with
vegetation or structures and also to stabilize the
slopes
- The stability of the slopes along the road side is
by means of drainage works or retaining
affected
structures.
due the following factors:
• weak and heterogeneous composition of
soil
• heavy
rainfall
• erosion of road bench due to sudden rush of
large
quantity of surface water run-off from the upper
• absence of adequate drainage
arrangements

• undermining by seepage flow of

water

• subsidence of the road bench due to general

subsidence
of the hill
• indiscriminate cutting of
trees

• unauthorized
quarrying
 CONSTRUCTION OF SLOPE PROTECTION
WORKS
Methods Used in the Stabilization/Protection of
Slopes
which depends on the type of soil and height of
•
slope:
Flattening
• Sodding or
Sprigging
• Blending with
Stabilizer
• Paving

• Rock
Buttress
• Gabions

• Reinforced
Earth
 FLATTENIN
G

- slope flattening is the most common and effective

way of soil stabilization but if the slope is too
high,
it will be more economical and practical to use the
other
method.
Flattenin
g
 SODDING OR SPRIGGING

- is laying of a live sod or planting of sprigs of living

grass
plants on the shoulders,slopes,ditches, and other
locations
along the roadway to stabilized and protect slopes
from
- erosions.
sods material shall be healthy, dense, well rooted
growth
of permanent and desirable grasses indigenous to
the
- locality where itshall
sprigs material is to be
be healthy
used. living steams
with
attached roots or perennial turf-forming
grasses.
 PROJECT EXAMPLES OF
SODDING

Between Roadways rolled Sod holds far better than

Seeding
 PROJECT EXAMPLES OF SODDING

Using Block Sod on Highway projects ( where rolled sod can be used has been
found to be , in most cases , less efficient in the over all control of Erosion
 PROJECT EXAMPLES OF SODDING

Solid Contol ..... Single width 30" x 100' works as a flue...controlling water
run off
 BLENDING WITH
STABILIZER
- Soil stabilization by blending with stabilizer using
Portland cement or Lime is common in the
construction
of low costroads where there is a scarcity of the
conventional materials.

- Using portland cement or lime for soil stabilization is

an
economical method since cement or lime content
can be
low as 3 percent for stabilizing and better soils.
SUGGESTED CEMENT OR LIME CONTENT FOR SOIL
STABILIZATION
CONTENT FOR STABILIZATION,
SOIL TYPE %
Cemen Lim
t e
Fine crushed 1- Not
rock
Well graded sandy 2 recommended
- 2- 2-
clayey gravels 4 3
Well graded 2- Not
sand 4 recommended
Poorly graded 4 - Not
nd 6 recommended
Sandy 4- 4-
clay
Silty 6
6- 5
4-
clay 8 6
Heavy 8- 5-
clay 12 8
Organic 10 - 6-
soils 15 10
Road Construction with Cement Treated Base (
CTB )
ROCK
BUTTRESS
- an effective method used for protection of slopes that
are
susceptible to sliding or slipping. It is a free draining
gravity structure and is built totally out of local
materials.
- it is primarily built of large rocks of non-degradable
sandstone or limestone and because of its free
draining
characteristics, the rock buttress works well in
restraining colluvial slides.
- specifications require 50% of the rock to be bigger
than
0.015 cu.m ( ½ cu.ft ) with no more than 10% passing
a
12.7 mm ( ½ inch ) sieve and must be free of coal,
 GABION
S
- is a restraint structure used to control landslide
or
erosion. It is free draining, heavy monolithic
gravity
structure consisting of wire baskets filled with
- non-
gabions are flexible enough to cope with differential
settlement and they have excellent permeability to
degrable rocks.
drain
the restrained material. Less lateral space is needed
as
compared to the rock buttress, and much preferred
- where
it is made of zinc-coated steel wire and range in size
fromthe space is limited.
1.0 x 1.0 x 1.0 m to 1.0 x 1.0 x 3.0 m. Each basket is
secured to an adjacent basket with a tie wire and is
loaded
in place with selected rocks ranging from 200 mm to
Gabion structures can be subject to various stresses and
they must be able to settle, twist and conform to channel
and foundation shifts and changes. At the same time,
gabions must have sufficient strength to contain the
weight of the rocks with which they are filled and of
additional filled gabions that may be placed upon them, as
well as to resist the impact force of high velocity
currents and soil pressure.

Applications
• Mass gravity retaining structures
• Mechanically stabilized earth walls (MSE
walls)
• Vegetated slope
reinforcement
• Slope
Stabilization
• Slope
reinforcement

• Slope & Bank

protection
• Shore
Protection
• Culvert Outlet scour pads &
headwalls
• Bridge
abutments
• Erosion
Control
 Gabions

Gabions
REINFORCED
EARTH
- is a composite material formed by associating earth
and
reinforcement in about the same manner as concrete
is
- reinforced with
In reinforced steel
earth to form reinforced
structures, concrete.
the thin metal reinforcing
strips are laid horizontally within the earth mass and
attached
to the vertical facing panels which are usually precast
concrete.
- the reinforcing metal strips are galvanized steel of 80 mm
wide
x 30 mm thick and the surface of the strip should
preferably be
- ribbed
The basic mechanism
to provide moreof reinforced earth is the friction
friction.
between
the earth backfill and the strips. Friction without slippage is
possible if the earth has certain minimum frictional
characteristics.
A minimum 25% angle of internal friction and soil material of
DPWH STANDARD SPECIFICTIONS

FOR ITEM NOS. 104, 200, 201 & 202

 ITEM 104 – EMBANKMENT

• A soil material which place in a thicker layer above the

subgrade to attain the designed upgrade elevation of a
roadway.

* Made of economical materials with a relatively low

load
bearing capacity which are place on top of
subgrade or
in order to distribute the wheel load transmitted
to the
subgrade.
 Materials Requirements:

1. Suitable Materials – material which is acceptable in

accordance with the contract and which can
be compacted in the manner specified in this
item. It can be common material or rock.

Selected Borrow for Topping – soil of such gradation that

all particles will pass a sieve with 75 mm and
not more than 15 mass percent will pass the
0.075 mm sieve. It shall have a plasticity index
of not more than 6 and a liquid limit of not more
than 30.
SUITABLE
EMBANKMENT
2. Unsuitable Material – material other than suitable
materials
such as:
a. Materials containing detrimental quantities of
organic
materials such as grass, roots and sewerage.
b. Organic soils such as peak and
muck
c. Soils with liquid limit exceeding 80 and/or
plasticity
index exceeding 55
d. Soils with a natural water content exceeding
100%
e. Soils with very low natural density, 800 kg/m3 or
lower
f. Soils that cannot be properly compacted
UNSUITABLE
EMBANKMENT
Construction Requirements:

1. Prior to construction of embankment, all

necessary
clearing and grubbing in that area shall have
been
2. performed.
Rocks, broken concrete or other solid bulky
materials
shall not be placed in embankment areas where
piling
3. is
Thetosurface
be placed or driven.
of the existing ground shall be
compacted
to a depth of 150 mm
4. The top portions of the roadbed in both cuts and fill
of
embankments shall consist of selected borrow for
topping
5. Roadway embankment of earth material shall be
placed
in horizontal layers not exceeding 200 mm, loose
measurement and shall compacted as specified
before
next layer is placed. Thicker layer may be placed if
vibra-
tory with high compactive effort is used provided
6. Embankment material shall be compacted in a
that the
uniform
density requirement is attained.
density of not less than 95 mass percent of the
maximum
dry density determined by AASTHO T 99 Method C.
7. Density test of compacted embankment material
shall be
conducted at least one group of three in-situ density
tests
for each 500 m2 of each layer of compacted fill.
 ITEM 200 – AGGREGATE SUBBASE COURSE

• The subbase is a structural layer which accepts

greater
compressive stress than the subgrade and thus
reduces
the deformation of the pavement under traffic
* Made of economical materials with a relatively low
loading.
load
bearing capacity which are place on top of subgrade
or
an embankment materials in order to distribute the
wheel
load transmitted to the subgrade.
AGGREGATE SUBBASE COURSE
Materials Requirements:

Subbase materials shall consist of hard, durable

particles or fragments of crushed slag, or crushed
natural gravel and filler of natural or crushed sand or
other finely divided mineral matter shall be free from
vegetable matter and lumps or balls of clay.
Grading Requirements:

The subbase materials should be well graded and

should conform to the following grading
requirements as tested by ASSHTO T 11 and T 27

Sieve Designation Mass % Passing

Mm Inches
50 2 100
25 1 55 – 85
9.5 3/8 40 – 75
0.075 No. 200 0 - 12

- The fraction passing the 0.075 mm (No. 200) sieve

shall not be greater than 0.66 (2/3) of the fraction
passing the 0.425 mm (No. 40) sieve.
Liquid Limit: (Tested by AASHTO T 89)

- The fraction passing 0.425 mm (No. 40) sieve shall

have a Liquid Limit of not greater than 35

Plasticity Index: (Tested by AASHTO T 90)

- The fraction passing the 0.425 mm (No. 40) sieve
shall have a plasticity index (PI) of not greater
than 12

Abrasion Loss or Mass Percent Wear: (Tested by

AASHTO T 96)
- The coarse portion, retained on a 2.0 mm (No. 10)
sieve shall have a mass percent of wear not
exceeding 50 by the Los Angeles Abrasion Tests.
CBR Value: (Tested by AASHTO T 193)

- The material shall shall have a soaked CBR value

of not less than 30%. This value shall obtained at
the maximum dry density (MDD) as determined by
ASSHTO T 180, Method D)
Construction Requirements:

Spreading and Compacting

- where the required thickness is 150 mm or less,

the material may be spread and compacted in
one-layer.

- where the required thickness is more than 150

mm, the aggregate subbase shall be spread and
compacted into two (2) or more layers of
approximately equal thickness and the maximum
compacted thickness of any one (1) layer shall not
exceed 150 mm
- the moisture content of subbase material shall, if
necessary be adjusted prior to compaction by
watering with approve sprinklers mounted on
trucks or by drying out, as required in order to
obtain the required compaction.

- on curbs headers and walls and all places not

accessible to the roller, the subbase materials shall
be compacted thoroughly with approved tampers
or compactors.

- compaction of each layer shall have a field

density of at least 100 percent of the maximum dry
density determined in accordance with AASHTO
T-180, Method D
- before subbase construction is started, a trial
section shall be conducted in order to check the
suitability of the materials and the efficiency of the
equipment and construction method which is
proposed to be used by the contractor.

- one trial section of about 500 m2 shall be made

for every type of material and/or construction
equipment/procedure propose for use.
 Allowable Tolerances to the Designed Level and
Transverse Slopes for a Compacted Aggregate Subbase

Permitted variation from design

Thickness of Layer - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ± 20 mm

Permitted variation from design + 10 mm

Level of Surface - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 20 mm

Permitted Surface Irregularity

Measured by 3-m straight edge - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 20 mm

Permitted variation from design

Crossfall or Camber - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ± 0.3%

Permitted variation from design

Longitudinal Grade over 25 m length - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
± 0.1%
-
 ITEM 201 – AGGREGATE BASE
COURSE
- The base reduces the vertical compressive stress
induced by traffic in the subbase and the subgrade.

- Made of high quality material with a high load bearing

capacity and lies close under the surfacing course
material. It provides a relatively non-frost material on
which to provide support for surface course and
sometimes to carry traffic temporarily.
AGGREGATE BASE COURSE
Materials Requirements:

- The fraction passing the 0.075 mm (No. 200 sieve

shall not be greater than 0.66 (two thirds) of the
fraction passing the 0.425 mm (No. 40 sieve)

- If filler, in addition to that naturally present, is

necessary to meet the grading requirements or
satisfactory bonding, it shall be uniformly blended
with the base course material on the road or in a
pugmill unless otherwise specified or approved
sources, shall be free hard lumps and shall not
contain more than 15 percent material retained on
the 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve
Materials Requirements
- The base course materials should conform to one
of the following grading requirements:

Sieve Designation Mass % Passing

mm inches Grading A Grading B
50 2 100
37.5 1–½ - 100
25.0 1 60 – 85 -
19.0 ¾ - 60 – 85
12.5 ½ 35 – 65 -
4.75 No. 4 20 – 50 30 – 55
0.425 No. 40 5 – 20 8 – 25
0.075 No. 200 0 - 12 2 – 14
Liquid Limit: (Tested by AASHTO T 89)

- The fraction passing 0.425 mm (No. 40) sieve shall

have a Liquid Limit of not greater than 25

Plasticity Index: (Tested by AASHTO T 90)

- The fraction passing the 0.425 mm (No. 40) sieve
shall have a plasticity index (PI) of not greater
than 6
Abrasion Loss or Mass Percent Wear: (Tested by
AASHTO T 96)
- The coarse portion, retained on a 2.0 mm (No. 10)
sieve shall have a mass percent of wear not
exceeding 50.
 CBR Value: (Tested by AASHTO T 193)

- The material passing the 19 mm (3/4 in.) shall

have a soaked CBR value not less than 80%. The
CBR value shall be obtained at MDD by AASHTO T
180, Method D

CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS

Spreading and
Compaction
- The same as construction procedure as in Item 200 –
Aggregate Subbase Course
 Allowable Tolerances to the Designed Level and
Transverse Slopes for a Compacted Aggregate Subbase

Permitted variation from design

Thickness of Layer - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
± 10 mm
-----------
Permitted variation from design
+ 5 mm
Level of Surface - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- 10 mm
-----------
Permitted Surface Irregularity
Measured by 3-m straight edge - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
5 mm
-----------
Permitted variation from design
Crossfall or Camber - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
± 0.2%
-----------
Permitted variation from design
Longitudinal Grade over 25 m length - - - - - - - - - -
± 0.1%
------------
ITEM 202 – CRUSHED AGGREGATE BASE
COURSE
• Either a natural or manufactured base course material
where granular component are made of crushed
gravel
crushed stone or crushed rock and of much superior
quality than an ordinary base course and not less than
50 mass percent shall have at least one (1) fractured
surface.
• This material requires a soil binder to have plasticity for
proper bonding of aggregates and use to provide
support for surface course of a roadway.
Material Requirements

- Crushed
Aggregates

- shall consist of hard,durable particles or fragments of

stone or gravel crushed to the size and shall be clean
and free from vegetable matters, lumps or balls of clay
and other deleterious substances. The material shall be
of such nature that it can be compacted readily to form
a
firm, stable base.
GRADING
REQUIREMENTS
The base material shall conform to one of the following
grading requirements,whichever is called for in the
Bill
of Quantities.
Sieve Designation Mass Percent Passing
Std., mm Std., inch Grading A Grading B
37.5 1 – 1/ 2 100
25 1 - 100
19 3 /4 60 - 85 -
12.5 1/ 2 - 60 - 90
4.75 No. 4 30 - 55 35 - 65
0.425 No. 40 8 - 25 10 - 30
0.075 No. 200 2- 14 5 - 15
Liquid Limit : ( Tested by AASTHO T 89 )
- The portion of the material passing the 0.425 mm
( No.40 ) sieve shall have a liquid limit of not
greater
than 25
Plasticity Index : ( Tested by AASTHO T 90 )
- The portion of the materials passing the 0.425 mm
( No. 40 ) sieve shall have a plasticity index of not
greater than 6

Abrasion Loss or Mass Percent Wear

( Tested by AASTHO T 96 )
- The course aggregate retained on a 2.0 mm ( No.10
)
sieve shall have a mass percent not exceeding 45
CBR VALUE : ( Tested by AASTHO T 180 )

- The material passing the 19 mm ( ¾ in. ) sieve shall

have a minimum soaked CBR value of 80% tested
according to AASTHO T 193. The CBR value shall be
obtained at the maximum dry density determined
according to AASTHO t 180, Method D.
MINIMUM TESTING REQUIREMENTS

ON SOILS & SOIL AGGREGATES

MINIMUM TESTING REQUIREMENTS
❖ The prescribed tests on the construction
materials to be used in a project based on
approved contract quantities
❖ The requirements which specify the kind
and number of tests for each pay item of
works
❖ It should emphasized that what are specified
are the minimum number of testing only.
Additional number of test can be require to
the materials if the owner/inspector is in
doubt of the quality of materials or the
finished structure
 ITEM 104 – EMBANKMENT

Minimum Testing Requirements:

Tests:
For every 1500 m3 of fraction thereof:
1 – G, Grading Test
1 – P, Plasticity Test (LL. PL. PI)
1 – C, Laboratory Compaction Test

For every layer of 200 mm of compacted depth/based

on the results of compaction trials;
At least one group of three in-situ density tests
for each 500 m2 or fraction thereof
ITEM 200 – AGGREGATE SUBBASE COURSE

Minimum Testing Requirements:

Tests:

For every 300 m3 of fraction thereof:

1 – G, Grading Test

1 – P, Plasticity Test (LL. PL. PI)

For every 1500 m3 of fraction thereof:

1 – Q, Quality Test for (Grading, Plasticity and

Abrasion)
1 – C, Laboratory Compaction Test
For every 2500 m3 of fraction thereof:

1 – CBR, California Bearing Ratio

Test
For every layer of 150 mm of compacted depth/based
on the results of compaction trials;

At least one group of three in-situ density tests

for each 500 m2 or fraction thereof
ITEM 201 – AGGREGATE BASE COURSE

Minimum Testing Requirements:

Tests:
For every 300 m3 of fraction thereof:
1 – G, Grading
1 Test
– P, Plasticity Test (LL, PL,
PI)
For every 1500 m3 or fraction thereof:

1 – Q, Quality Test for (Grading, Plasticity and

Abrasion)
1 – C, Laboratory Compaction Test
For every 2500 m3 or fraction thereof:

1 – CBR, California Bearing Ratio

Test

For every layer of 150 mm of compacted depth/based

on the results of compaction trials;

At least one group of three in-situ density tests

for each 500 m2 or fraction thereof.
ITEM 202 – CRUSHED AGGREGATE BASE
COURSE

Minimum Testing Requirements:

Tests:

Same as for Item 201 except:

For every 1500 m3 of fraction thereof:

1 – F, Fractured Face
SAMPLING OF SOILS AND SOIL
AGGREGATES
- Sampling is equally as important as the testing and the
sampler shall use every precaution to obtain samples
that
will show the nature and condition of the materials which
they actually represent.
- Sampling of potential soils and soil aggregates sources
and the types, occupies a very important place in
determining the availability and suitability of the
largest
single constituent entering into the construction.
- It influences the type of construction from the stand point
of economics and governs the necessary material control
to ensure durability of the resulting structure.
TYPES OF SOIL MATERIALS & METHOD OF
SAMPLING
1. Undisturbed Soils
- are those obtained from the field with minimum disturbance
by using drilling equipment that provides clean hole before
insertion of thin walled tubes that is both the natural density
and moisture content are preserved as much as practicable.
- soil samples are obtained for investigation to determined the
properties of the materials necessary for the design analysis
of a structure.

TESTS ON UNDISTURBED SOILS

a. e. Shear
Density test
b. f. Hydrometer analysis
Permeability
c. Consolidation g. Specific
gravity
d. Tri -
axial
2. Disturbed Soils

- are those obtained from the field thru manual sampling

on the point of sources and or at stockpiles for
investigationpurposes and construction materials for
use
in the road and other structures.
TESTS ON DISTURBED SOILS

a. Wash and Grading

Tests
b. Liquid Limit and Plastic Limit
Tests
c. Moisture – Density Relation
Test
d. Abrasion and Field density Tests

e. California Bearing Ratio ( CBR )

Test
SAMPLING FROM THE
STOCKPILES
- Design a sampling plan when a sample is to be obtain
from the stockpile of delivered soil aggregate material.
The sampling plan shall define the number of samples
necessary to represent lots and sublots of specific
sizes.

- Sampling of soil aggregates in a big stockpile shall be

done by taking sample from the bottom, middle and top
of the stockpile.
 SAMPLING FROM A
ROADWAY
- Sample units shall be selected by a random method
from the construction site. Obtain at least three (3)
approximately equal increments, selected at
random
from the unit being sampled, and combined to form
a field sample whose equal or exceeds the minimum
recommended size of samples.
- Take all the increments from the roadway for the full
depth of the material, taking care to exclude the
underlying material.
REQUIREMENTS FOR SUBMISSION OF SOILS
& SOIL AGGREGATE SAMPLES

Material / Minimum Minimum

Tests Testing Quantity
Required Requirements Of Sample
Soil & Soil Q- 1 (s) per
Aggregates 1500
cu.m.
a. 20 kg.
Classification
b. Routinary 50 kg.

c. Compaction &
50 kg.
CBR
SIGNIFICANCE OF TESTS ON SOIL
1. MOISTURE
CONTENT
- by laboratory definition, moisture content is the ratio of
the weight / mass of water in the soil to the weight / mass
of the dry soil after it has been dried to a constant weight at
a temperature of 110 ± 5 °C.

- therefore, moisture content is an important characteristic

by which the behavior of soil is markedly influenced by
the amount of moisture it contains.

W1 –
Moisture Content, MC % = ------------------- x
W2
100 W2 -
Wc
Where:
W1 = weight/mass of wet soil plus container
W2 = weight/mass of dry soil plus container
Wc = weight of container
2. PARTICLE SIZE/SIEVE
ANALYSIS
- is the determination of particle size distribution in soils
by sieve, hydrometer or a combined analysis where the
method which should be used depends on the size of
the
soil grains.
- Particle size distribution on soils and aggregates is
widely
used in the classification and identification of soils and it
is an important criteria in the classification of highway
subgrade materials.
- The larger the particles of gradation are load bearing and
the fine particles bind the coarser ones to prevent
movement between them. The gradation of soil
aggregate material is very important to achieve
maximum
3. LIQUID
LIMIT
- is defined as the lowest moisture content at which the
soil will flow upon the application of a very small shearing
force.

- the liquid limit gives a certain measure of the

shearing
resistance of a soil when mixed with water.
- it is a measure of the potential cohesion which in turn
depends upon the total size of the contact areas, or
the
fineness and shape of the grains.
- The finer and flatter the grains, the greater will be the
total contact area between the grains, and the higher
the
amount of water that could be taken into coat the grains.
4. PLASTIC LIMIT AND PLASTICITY INDEX

- Plastic Limit is defined as the minimum moisture

content at which the soil can be readily molded without
breaking or crumbling.

- Plasticity Index indicates compressibility; high

plasticity
index means high degree of compressibility of a soil.
It is also related to permeability; the higher the plasticity
index the lower the permeability; and vice – versa.
- The Plasticity Index gives an indication of clay content
in soil.

- The limit tests and plasticity index are widely used

to control the characteristics of soil which are to be
incorporated and also used to determined the
classification of soil.
5. ABRASION
TEST
- this test evaluates the structural strength of granular
aggregates on soil. It gives an indication of quality
as determined by resistance to impact and wear.

- percentage of wear is express the difference between

the original weight of material coarser than 1.70 mm
sieve as a percentage of the original weight of test
sample.

- The Abrasion test determines the hardness property of

course aggregates. Hard aggregates gives low crushing
value the lower the value of percent wear on aggregates
shows a hard/good quality of soil aggregate materials.
6. COMPACTION TEST / MOISTURE DENSITY RELATION
TEST OF SOIL
- The purpose of the laboratory compaction test is to determine
the right amount of mixing water in compacting a soil fill, in
order
to obtain the maximum density under the applied energy.It also
serves as reference in checking in-place densities of fills under
construction.
-In the test, the soil is compacted at a number of moisture contents
ranging from slightly dry to wet, by a specified amount of energy
applied in a specified manner. The dry density and moisture content
are determined, then plot is made of dry densities against the
corresponding moisture contents and a smooth curve is drawn
through the points.

-The highest point on the curve indicates the Maximum Dry Density
( MDD ) and the corresponding moisture content is called
Optimum
Moisture Content ( OMC ).
 Four Distinct Stages In Compaction
1. Wetting
- when the soil particles are relatively dry, the water is
added is absorbed by the soil particles, thus the frictional
resistance to granular rearrangement is high. After the
absorption capacities, the soil is satisfied.
2. Lubrication
Stage
- the addition of water replaces some of the entrapped air,
the soil flows more readily under the “lubricating effect”
of the added water and the soil particles move closer
together, a resulting increase in density. This effect is
continued until the optimum water content is reached, at
which point of maximum density is attained.

- At optimum moisture content the “lubricating limit” is

reached and at this point, the pressure of the
compacting
equipment has overcome the resistance offered by the
cohesive water film and the friction between particles.
3.
Swelling
- After the lubrication limit is passed, addition of water
results in increased film thickness and dispersion of
particles. This is the swelling stage, since further
lubrication is not possible the soil grains are forced
apart by the water added , thus the density is reduced.

4.
Saturation
- all free air is expelled and replaced by water if further
pressure is applied to the soil mass, tendency is
reduced
the volume. This is however is impossible in a saturated
system since the free air has been replaced.
7. FIELD DENSITY TEST
- Density of soil is defined as the weight/mass per unit
volume. It is a very significant engineering property of
soils as strength is dependent upon density.

- Field density test is widely used as a control test to

ensure adequate compaction of in-placed embankment,
subbase, base and gravel surface courses in a road
construction.

- The test is conducted in every fill and compacted layer

of soil and the results is used in the acceptance and
determination of “pay quantity” of in-placed materials
8. CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO TEST ( CBR )

- The most common method of assessing strength and

stiffness
of both subgrade and pavement materials.
- The test involves measuring the resistance of soil to penetration
by a cylindrical piston, expressed as a percentage fraction of a
standard resistance which was originally measured in tests on
a
good quality crushed rock.
- Thus to say, that a soil or aggregate has a CBR value of 20 means
that in the condition tested, the resistance to penetration of the
standard piston was 20% of the standard resistance of a
compacted
crushed stone ( 3000 lbs. load at a penetration of 0.1 in. )

- The CBR depends not only on the nature of the material but to a
large extent on its moisture content and its state of
compaction.
IMPORTANCE OF TESTING OF MATERIALS,

INTERPRETATION, ACCEPTANCE/REJECTION

AND APPLICATION OF TEST RESULTS

IN THE PROJECT
WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF MATERIALS
TESTING

✓Engineers do not guess !!!

❖ Testing is an important complement of

quality control in engineering works. Quality
Control is not done by sight or other means
without the benefit of laboratory tests.If it is
done by sight, it is pure and simple guessing.
So without testing even in the field or in the
laboratory, no one can state definitely if the
quality of materials is satisfied or not, even
the expert.
HOW MATERIALS IS REPRESENTED
BY A TEST

The usual procedure is to make a test for a certain quantity of materials

representing the quantities to be incorporated into the work or in
accordance with the minimum testing requirements prescribed in each
project. The requirements specify the kind and number of tests for
each items of works.

It be emphasized that what are specified are the minimum number of

testing only. should Additional number of test can be require to the
materials if the owner/inspector is in doubt of the quality of materials
or the finished structure.
WHEN THE TESTING OF MATERIALS
SHOULD BE CONDUCTED ?

An aspect of testing which is very important and

most often overlook is when testing should be
conducted.

❖ Testing of material is conducted prior to

incorporation into the work.

If the test is not conducted at the proper time, there is

no quality control since it will then be too late to
correct anything that is defective.

If someone will attempt to evaluate the quality of

materials without testing he is taking a big risk
because he is guessing.
 INTERPRETATION OF MATERIALS TEST
RESULTS
Who will interprete the materials test results?

- It is the responsibility of the Materials Engineer

assigned in the project either from the contractor,
consultant or from the owner to interpret the test
results correctly and accurately

- Interpretation of materials test reports needs

familiarization of materials specifications and a lot of
experienced in materials testing and quality control
works

- Project Engineers/Inspectors must also have the

ability to interpret and evaluate test reports of
materials and must not always depend in their
Materials Engineer, hence, they have the great
responsibility in the implementation of the project
 FIELD APPLICATION OF MATERIALS TEST
REPORTS
How & When a materials test report is
applied in the project?
❖ The composition and properties of a material is
individually verified when it is subjected to a quality
test to verify if it meets or fails the specification
requirement prior to incorporation into the work
❖ The contents of the test reports of materials will be
the basis of an engineer for the acceptance or
rejection of the delivered materials in the project site. It
is the documented proof that determined the quality of
materials
❖ When the contents of the test reports after proper
interpretation shows that it fails or meets the
specifications requirement, the Project Engineer thru the
advise of the Materials Engineer shall immediately act to
whether utilized or not the delivered materials to avoid
delay in the project implementation
❖ The rejection or utilization of a material depends on
the outcome of test results. A material may fail in
one or more of its properties but still can be utilized
into the work thru the application of alternative
measures and Engineers should have good judgment
and in-depth knowledge on the properties of the
materials

❖ Engineers should familiarize in the significant

properties of materials so that they can immediately
decide in the acceptance or rejection. Incorrect
interpretation of material test reports can cause delay
in the project interpretation, additional cost and
failure of the structure
 ACCEPTANCE/REJECTION OF MATERIALS
Who’s Responsible For The Acceptance/Rejection of
Materials?
-The Project Engineer has the authority to reject or accept
construction materials intended for use in the project upon the
recommendation of the Materials Engineer based on the test results.

Guidelines in the Acceptance and Rejection of Materials:

a. No material shall be incorporated into the work unless and found

satisfactory.
b. The approval of preliminary samples shall not be considered a
guarantee of the acceptance of all materials from the same source,
as to the quality or quantity of such materials.

c. Any material that has been sampled and passed the standard spe-
cifications may be re-sampled and re-tested anytime before,during
and after incorporation into the work.
DISCUSSION OF TEST REPORT
 Department Order No. 95, Series of 1991
❖ Use of Weathered Limestone ( Anapog ) as Blending Materials For Base
Course ( Item 201 )

Purpose : To maximize the use of locally available and good quality

weathered limestones and to avoid delays in the road construction
arising from scarcity/non-availability of conventional base course
materials in some areas.

Applications : The use of 40% weathered limestone blended with 60% crushed
stones or gravel is allowed provided that the blended materials
meet the requirements of Item 201, Aggregate Base Course
of the 1988 DPWH Standard Specifications for Highways,
Bridges and Airports, Volume II.
 Memorandum Order No. 25, Series of
❖ 1986
Adequate Compaction of Subgrade, Subbase and
Base Course
Purpose : To deter/prevent the early and rapid deterioration of
completed roads
Adequate Compaction of Soil structure will result in the following
: a. Minimal future
settlement
b. Greater stability, thus reducing danger of
slips
c. Greater resistance to water absorption, or minimal change in water
content
To have Effective Adequate Compaction on Soil Materials
:
➢ the required number and kind of compaction equipment should be at
the
right time and right place.
➢ strictly follow the specified laying thickness of the soil
materials
➢ attained the required degree of compaction and observe the proper
construction
methods in spreading, laying and compaction.
 MPWH Memorandum Circular No. 34, Series of 1984

❖ Deteriorated Gravel Shoulder on Newly Constructed Roads

Purpose : To deter/prevent the early and rapid deterioration of completed

shoulders on newly constructed roads due to poor gradation, lack
of binder, or inadequate compaction.

Recommended Measures:

➢ The topping of a 15 cm soil-aggregate material conforming to

and constructed in accordance with the requirements of Item
300, Aggregate Surface Course is strictly required.
 D.O. 80 of April 03, 1990

Re: Inclusion of the Minimum Materials Testing Equipment

in the Pre-qualification of Laboratories
- The minimum materials testing equipment requirement shall be
on a “per contractor basis” and not on a “per project basis”, i.e.
the equipment may be used to service several on-going projects
of the contractor.

- List of minimum materials testing equipment for small, medium and

large contractors as categorized under D.O. 41, series of 1997, which
will form part of the evaluation of the contractor’s capability.

- List of major materials testing materials equipment in running

condition owned by the contractor, supported with copies of
ownership, shall be added under Item 2 (Equipment) of the Technical
Aspects.
 BASIC LABORATORY TESTING EQUIPMENT
MINIMUM MATERIALS TESTING EQUIPMENT
SMALL CONTRACTORS MEDIUM CONTRACTORS LARGE CONTRACTORS

Small A – less than or Medium A – P50 M max Large A - 150 M max

equal to P 500 thousand

Small B – P500 thousand Medium B - P100M max Large B - 150 M and

to P 10 M max. above
 BASIC LABORATORY TESTING EQUIPMENT
MINIMUM MATERIALS TESTING EQUIPMENT

SMALL CONTRACTORS MEDIUM CONTRACTORS LARGE CONTRACTORS

1. Set of Sieves including Similar to Minimum Materials Similar to Minimum

cover and brush, fine & wire Testing Equipment of small Materials Testing Equipment of
sieve contractor plus:Vertical medium contractors plus :
Capping Set
2. Mortar & Paste
1. Mechanical CBR Apparatus
3. Liquid Limit Test Set complete with accessories
including Plate
2. Volumetric Flask
4. Hammer, Modified
3. Sand Absorption Cone and
Compaction
Tamper
5. Compaction Mold
4. Specific Gravity Test Set for
6. MC Can coarse aggregates
7. FDT Test Set 5. Los Angeles Abrasion
8. Triple Beam Balance ( 0.01 g Machine
and 0.1 g sensitivity ) 6. Thermostatic Controlled Oven
9. Heavy Duty Solution 7. Core Drilling Machine
Balance (20 kg capacity, 1 complete with accessories
g sensitivity)
8. Centrifuge or Reflex Extractor
10. Post Hole Auger
 BASIC LABORATORY TESTING EQUIPMENT
MINIMUM MATERIALS TESTING EQUIPMENT
SMALL CONTRACTORS MEDIUM CONTRACTORS LARGE CONTRACTORS

11. Double Graduated Glass 9. Marshall Stability Apparatus

Cylinder complete with accessories
12. Mixing Bowl
13. Square Pan
14. Spade or Shovel
15. Pick Axe
16. Crowbar
17. Steel Cylinder Mold
18. Steel Beam Mold
19. Slump Cone Set
20. Dial type Metal
Thermometer
21. Concrete Measure
22. Steel Straight Edge
23. Portable Concrete Mixer
 D.O. 135 of May 26, 1993
Re: Testing and Acceptance of Construction Materials

- Only test reports issued by the Regional/District Laboratories and

other accredited testing laboratories shall be allowed to be used in
the acceptance or rejection of construction materials.

- In instances wherein DPWH does not have the capability to perform

tests which are highly technical in nature due to absence of
sophisticated laboratory testing equipment, test report from other
testing laboratories shall be honored, provided testing is witnessed by
authorized government representative.
 D.O. 203 of July 21, 2003

Re: Amending D.O. 29, Series of 1994 re ; Utilizing first the

Services of BRS, Regional and District Laboratories

Contractors who wish to engage the services of accredited private testing

laboratories are required to obtain first a certification from the Bureau of
Research and Standards (BRS) or the concerned DPWH Regional or District
Testing Laboratory that it does not have the capability to undertake the
desired tests.
LABORATORY MANAGEMENT AND
OPERATIONS
I. Adequacy and Competence of Laboratory Personnel
a. Personnel required For District Laboratory
▪ Engineers ( Civil/Chemical/Mechanical )

▪ Laboratory Technicians

▪ Laboratory Aides/Helpers

b. Education and training required of laboratory

personnel

▪ Knowledge in Materials Testing

▪ On-the-Job Training in Materials Testing
Technology or any training course related to
Materials Testing
II. Laboratory Facilities and Equipment

a. Laboratory Facilities

- a testing laboratory, whether it is Regional/District

or Project, shall be conveniently located.

- It shall be weather-proof and provided with water

and electricity.

- It shall have at least a minimum dimension of 20 sq.

m. for a district laboratory and 40 sq. m. for regional
laboratory and shall contain the required testing
apparatus/equipment, supplies, furnishings
required by the work.
The plan of a typical project quality control laboratory
b. Minimum Testing Equipment for a District Laboratory

Quantity Description

1 pc. Sieve, Std., 200 mm dia. Opening 75 mm (3”)

1 pc -do- 63 mm (2-1/2”)
1 pc. -do- 50 mm (2”)
1 pc. -do- 37.5 mm (1-1/2”)
1 pc. -do- 25.0 mm (1”)
1 pc. -do- 19.9 mm (3/4”)
1 pc. -do- 12.5 mm (1/2”)
1 pc. -do- 9.5 mm (3/8”)
1 pc. -do- 4.75 mm (No. 4)
1 pc. -do- 2.00 mm (No. 10)
1 pc. -do- 0.425 mm (No. 40)
1 pc. -do- 0.075 mm (No. 200)
1 pc. Pan, brass, 200 mm dia. X 50 mm deep
1 pc. Cover, brass, sieve
1 pc. Brush, fine sieve
1 pc. Brush, Wire sieve
1 pc. Mortar, soil, porcelain, 125 mm dia.
1 pc. Pestle, soil, rubber tip
1 set Liquid Limit test set, consisting of:
1 – liquid limit device
1 – mixing dish
1 – spatula, flexible
1 – graduated cylinder glass, 100 ml.
24 – moisture content can, 60 ml. tin
 Quantity Description

1 pc. Plate, plastic limit

1 pc Rammer, modified compaction
1 pc. Mold, compaction, 152.4 mm dia. X 116.4 mm height
1 pc. Moisture Content can, 225 ml. Tin
1 pc. Field Density test set, consisting of:
1 pc. 1 – sand density cone
1 pc. 1 – jug, glass or plastic, 5 L capacity
1 pc. 1 – density plate
1 pc. 1 – straight edge
1 pc. 1 – spoon
1 pc. 1 – 25 mm chisel, steel
1 pc. 1 – 4L field can
1 pc. 1 – mallet, rubber
1 pc. 1 – scoop, sand
1 pc. Balance, triple beam, 311 g cap., 0.01 g sensitivity
1 pc. -do- 2610 g. cap. 0.1 g. sensitivity
 Quantity Description

1 pc. Auger, post hole, with two-m extension

1 pc Cylinder, glass, double graduated, 500 ml.
1 pc. Cap.
1 pc. Bowl. Mixing, 250 mm dia. X 90 mm high
1 pc. Pan, square, G.I. 600 mm x 600 mm x 75 mm
1 pc. Spade or shovel
1 pc. Pick axe
1 pc. Crowbar
Oven, with temperature control

Additional equipment for concrete paving project

Quantity Description

1 pc. Sieve, Std., 200 mm dia. Opening 2.36 mm (No. 8)

1 pc. -do- 1.18 mm (No. 16)
1 pc. -do- 0.600 mm (No. 30)
1 pc. -do- 0.300 mm (No. 50)
1 pc. -do- 0.150 mm (No. 100)
6 pcs. Mold, steel beam, 150 mm x 150 mm x 500 mm
1 set Slump Cone, complete with base and tamping rod
1 pc. Trowel, triangular or rectangular blade, 90 mm x 180 mm
III. Maintenance of Laboratory Facility and Apparatus/
Equipment

- In addition to the requirement of having the basic laboratory facilities

and equipment, the district offices concerned are also responsible
for the maintenance of these facilities and equipment

- The office shall have a record of regular calibration and maintenance

of the apparatus/equipment

Apparatus/equipment to be maintained are:

- CBR
- Flexural/Compression Machine
- Weigh balances

- The testing laboratory shall be properly organized and cleanliness

well maintained
IV. Sampling and Testing of Samples

- Application of the proper methods of sampling and testing of

construction materials contribute greatly to the accuracy of test
results.

- Tests are made in the field or at the laboratory to determine the

quality or suitability of the materials proposed to be used.

- All samples submitted shall be tested in accordance with

AASHTO/ ASTM Test Methods and procedures and shall be
governed by AASHTO/ASTM Standard Specifications as
adopted by DPWH
V. Reporting and Filing System

- All test data shall be recorded in a worksheet and after

computation of test results, said data shall be drafted in a
test report standard form.

- A record of the summary of test reports shall be maintained and

test reports shall be filed according to the kind of samples or
construction materials tested.
VI. Policy Guidelines

a. Submission of Samples

1. All samples should be submitted with the corresponding

Sample Card.

2. Sample Card should be accomplished and duly signed by

authorized representative of agency submitting the sample.

3. Information required in the Sample Card should be

complete and accurate.

4. If Additional information relative to the submission of

sample is required, consult the chief of the Laboratory.
 MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR SUBMISSION OF SAMPLES
Materials Minimum Testing Minimum Qty./Vol. of
Requirements Matl’s. for each Sample
Submitted
1. Cement 1 Sample per 2000 bags 10 kg

2. Asphaltic Matls. 1 Sample per 40 tonnes 5 L

or 200 drums
3. Asphalt Mix 1 Sample per 130 tonnes 20 kg

4. Aggregates 1 Sample per 1500 cu.m.

a. Coarse Agg. 70 kg
b. Fine Agg. 50 kg

5. Soil Agg. 1 Sample per 1500 cu.m.

a. Classification 20 kg
b. Routinary tests 50 kg
c. Moisture Density
Relation & CBR 50 kg

6. Non-Reinforced
Concrete Pipe 2 Pipes min./0.5% of no. of Pipes 2 pipes
15. Joint Filler ( Pre-mold ) For every shipment 1 ( 400 mm x 400 mm )

16. Curing Compound For every shipment 1 liter

17. Concrete Cylinder 1 Set of 3 cylinders 1 set of 3 cylinders

for every 75 cu.m. or day of pouring ( 6” x 12” )

18. Concrete Beam 1 Set of 3 beams for 1 set of 3 beams

every 75 cu.m. or day of pouring ( 6” x 21” )

19. Concrete Core 5 cores/km/lane -

20. Asphalt Cores 1 core/100m/ lane -

21. Water Analysis

a. Chemical Analysis 500 ml

b. Sediment Analysis 500 ml

22. Structural Steel Sheet Reduced Section

(as prescribed)
 b. Acceptance of Samples

1. Samples from DPWH projects that cannot be tested by Regional/

District Laboratories due to unavailability/ breakdown of equipment/
apparatus shall be submitted to the BRS laboratory.

2. Sample submitted for testing by any private agency for

informational purposes shall be referred to accredited private
laboratories.
c. Payment of Testing Fees
1. Payment of testing fee shall be required on all samples
submitted by various DPWH and other government agencies.

2. Payment shall be in accordance with the latest approved “Revised

Schedule of Fees and Charges for Laboratory Testing of
Construction Materials”. (Department Order No. 25, Series of 2006)
d. Releasing of Test Reports

1. Test reports shall be released only upon presentation of the

Sample Car and receipt of payment.

2. The original copy of test report shall be released only to the

person who submitted the sample or his authorized
representative
 DPWH POLICIES RELATIVE TO MATERIALS QUALITY
CONTROL
1. Department Order No. 277, Series of 2003
- Amendment to Department Order No. 59, Series of 2000 re: Share
of the Regional / District Materials Quality Control Division /
Section from the Engineering Supervision and Administrative
Overhead Funds
- The allocated shares for the preparation of EAO at the DPWH,
Regional/District Materials Quality Control Division / Section in
the implementation of quality control is limited to the following:

Retention from Quality Control

OFFICE Funds Share
Released for ESAO

1. Region 0.50% 0.20 of 0.50% (min.)

2. District 2.25% 0.20 of 2.25% (min.

2. Department Order No. 29, Series of 1994

- Utilizing First the Services of the Bureau of Research and

Standards (BRS), Regional and District Laboratories of the
DPWH in Testing of Samples of Construction Materials
* Requiring all DPWH Contractors to utilize first the services
of the Department Testing Laboratories instead of directly
availing the services of accredited private testing
laboratories in testing of samples of construction materials
intended for DPWH projects.
❖ Contractors can only avail the services of accredited
private testing laboratories only in cases wherein the
DPWH does not have the capability to conduct tests on
samples of construction materials due to the absence of
laboratory testing apparatus and equipment or due to other
reasons beyond its control provided that testing shall be
witnessed both by the authorized representatives of the
concerned implementing office,
3. Department Order No. 203, Series of 2003

- Amendment to Department Order No. 29, Series of 1994 re:

Utilizing First the Services of the Bureau of Research and
Standards (BRS), Regional and District Laboratories of the
DPWH in Testing of Samples of Construction Materials.

❖ In cases wherein the Department Testing Laboratories

(District / Regional / BRS) does not have the capability to
conduct the test on samples of construction materials,
contractors who wish to engage the services of accredited
Private Testing Laboratories should be required to obtain
first a Certificate from the BRS or the concerned DPWH
Regional or District Testing Laboratory that it does not have
the capability to undertake the desired tests.
4. Department Order No. 26, Series of 1989

- Accreditation of Private Testing Laboratories

❖ Due to limited facilities and manpower in the Regional

Laboratories which is task to undertake testing of materials
in line with the decentralization policy of our Department per
Executive Order No. 124, the Bureau of Research and
Standards (BRS) is authorized to accredit private testing
laboratories to perform the required tests for and in behalf
of the DPWH.
5. Department Order No. 184, Series of 2001

- Assignment of one (1) Engineer to the Materials Quality Control

Section of every District Engineering Office

❖ Directing that one (1) regular Engineer II in every District

Engineering Office be assigned to the Materials Quality
Control Section to assist the Engineer III ( Section Chief ) in
the over-all performance of that Section.

❖ The regular Engineer II to be assigned must have sufficient

training and experienced in materials testing and quality
control
6. Department Order No. 141, Series of 1992

- Use of the Original and Legible Copies of Quality Control Test

Reports in the Acceptance and Payment of the Materials
➢ Original and legible copies of test reports should be used to
form part of the supporting documents for every billing of the
contractors and suppliers to stop malpractices of using
manufactured/fake duplicate copies of quality control test
reports to facilitate the acceptance of materials and support
claims for payment.

➢ If there is any doubt as to the authenticity of the original

copy of the test reports, verification should be made with the
Head of the concerned testing laboratory.
7. Department Order No. 253, Series of 2003
Amended D.O. 49, Series of 2004
- Accreditation of Asphalt and Portland Cement
Concrete Batching Plant
❖ In order to ensure that only asphalt and concrete
mixes of the highest quality will be used in all public
works and highways project, all asphalt and concrete
batching plants who wish to supply mixes in the
DPWH projects are required to be accredited by the
Bureau of Research and Standards
❖ The Accreditation covers the stationary or portable Asphalt and
Portland Cement Concrete Batching Plants supplying quality
mixes to DPWH projects. Project Asphalt and Portland Cement
Concrete Batching Plants shall be allowed to supply
asphalt/concrete mix to DPWH projects provided that proponents
apply and pass the requirements for the accreditation as
stipulated in the Approved Guidelines for the Accreditation of
Asphalt and Portland Cement Concrete Batching Plant
8. Department Order No. 137, Series of 1991

- Revised Criteria for Rating Quality Control in Project

Implementation
➢ The Bureau of Research and Standards (BRS) shall conduct
the appraisal of quality control performance of all
District/Regional and Project Management Offices in quarterly
basis per year as amended under Department Order No. 9,
Series of 2004, instead of the annual rating as prescribed in
Department Order No. 53, Series of 1992

➢ The findings of the Quality Assurance Units (QAU), both

from Central and Regional Offices on project assessed
within a particular appraisal period shall be included in the
rating.
❖ The criteria for appraisal on the project implemented by the
District/ Regional Offices shall be rated by the QAU in the
responsibility areas a.1, a.2, a.3 to b.1 which comprises a total of
75 points pertaining to the aspects of project implementation.

❖ The remaining 25 points which comprises the responsibility

areas b.2, c.1, c.2 and c.3, relative to laboratory management
and operations of the concerned offices being appraised shall
remain the same as the previous laboratory assessment
conducted by the BRS personnel
RATING FOR QUALITY CONTROL IN PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION

RESPONSIBILITY AREAS Weight

a. Effectiveness of Quality Control Implementation 65 %

a.1 Timeliness of testing materials relative to its actual use in the project 10 %

a.2 Ability to implement quality control policies 15 %

a.3 Quality of completed works 40 %

b. Personnel Adequacy and Competence 15 %

b.1 Project/Resident/Materials Engineer 10 %

b.2 Laboratory Personnel 5%

c. Laboratory Management and Operations 20 %

c.1 Adequacy/Reliability of Laboratory Equipment and Facilities 7.5 %

c.2 Compliance to Standard Sampling and Testing Methods 7.5 %

c.3 Efficiency of Reporting System 5%

TOTAL _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
100 %
 RATING OF QUALITY CONTROL IN PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
( OFFICE ORIENTED – LABORATORY MANAGEMENT OPERATION )

Responsibility Area

b.2 Laboratory Personnel (5%)

b.2.1 Adequacy (2.5%)

* Shall be measured in terms of the number of qualified personnel assigned to Quality

Control Division/Section

* A rating of 2.5% shall be given if the number of personnel assigned working

in the Quality Control Unit is more than the number of plantilla positions.

* A rating of 2.5% shall be given if the number of personnel assigned working

in the Quality Control Unit is more than the number of plantilla positions.

* A rating of 1.5% or 1% shall be given if the assigned personnel is less than the
plantilla positions.
b.2.2 Competence (2.5%)

* Competence shall be rated in terms of the laboratory personnel’s knowledge

of different test methods and laboratory procedures to be tested thru an
interview and written examinations.

* A set of questions will be prepared separately for Regional Material

Engineers/ Technicians and District Materials Engineers/Technicians. A set
of questionnaires will be be answered by the laboratory personnel
according to their level.
C. Laboratory Management and
Operations (20%)

c.1 Adequacy/Reliability of
Laboratory Equipment and
Facilities (7.5%)

c.1.1 Adequacy (5%)

c.1.1.1 Laboratory Apparatus/

Equipment (2.5%)
 Table 2
Rating Adequacy of Laboratory Equipment/Apparatus
Points
Equipment District Reg./PMO
Equipment for Quality test of:
1. Cement x 0.5
2. Asphalt x 0.5
3. Misc. Materials x 0.5

4. Bituminous Materials x 0.5

5. Soil & Soil Aggregates

a. Soil Classification 0.850 0.125

b. Soil Compaction Equipment 0.850 0.125

c. Field Density Apparatus 0.475 0.070

d. Weigh Balances 0.125 0.065

e. Thermostatically Controlled Oven 0.125 0.065

6. Curing Tank 0.075 0.050

Total Points 2.50 2.50

 c.1.1.1 Laboratory Apparatus/Equipment (2.5%)

A laboratory space to house the testing equipment and personnel

shall be provided in the Regional and District laboratories. For a District
laboratory it shall have at least a minimum floor area of 20 sq. m. and 40
sq.m. for a Regional laboratory.

c.1.2 Reliability (2.5%)

In addition to the requirement of having the basic laboratory

facilities and equipment, the offices concerned are also responsible
for the maintenance of these facilities and equipment. The Office
concerned must have a record of equipment maintenance and
calibration, showing the regularity of calibration of the equipment
for at least the past year or from the time of installation whichever
is shorter.
• Table 3 presents the equivalent points for rating this
responsibility area, which is based on the number of
equipment properly maintained and regularly calibrated
expressed in percentage.

Table 3 - Rating Reliability of Laboratory Equipment/Facilities

% Equipment Maintained Equivalent Points

and Regularly Calibrated

90 – 100 2.50
70 – 89 2.25
60 – 69 2.00
40 – 59 1.75
20 – 39 1.50
10 – 19 1.25
Less than 10 0
c.2 Compliance to Standard Sampling and Testing Procedures
(7.5%)

c.2.1 Adherence to Standard Sampling and Testing Procedures

(3.75%
➢ Application of the proper methods of sampling and
testing of construction materials contribute greatly to the
accuracy of test results. Observation on actual sampling of
materials in the field and testing in the laboratory and/or
random interview of materials quality control personnel
regarding sampling and testing procedures shall be the
basis in rating this aspect. Strict compliance to standard
sampling will be credited a full 3.75% while a deviation
from non-conformance with the standard method will be
rated zero (0).
c.2.2 Authentecity/Reliability of Test Reports (3.75%)
Some reports may be tampered while others contain data
which are statistically improbable to obtain. For example. In
the mechanical analysis of aggregates, the grading obtained
from various samples are almost identical and there are no
looses.

Another case will be in a compaction test where the points in

the curve exactly lie along the curve which is occasionally
possible but not regularly.

Experience and good theoretical understanding of the testing

procedures shall be used to judge whether data are
fabricated or not. When there is no doubt as to the
authenticity of test reports, the office shall be credited with
3.75% for this responsibility area. When strong evidence
point to fabrication of test results, the office shall
automatically be given zero (0) in this criteria.
c.3 Efficiency of Reporting System (5%)

The timely transmission of test reports from the laboratory

to the field is very critical. It may speed-up or delay the
project.

Important reports such as Monthly Materials Report, Reports

on Concreting Works, Certificate of Quality Control
Assurance and other related documents shall be checked.
Timeliness/compliance to the reporting system shall be rated
as follows:

Timely submission of the required Reports _ _ _ _ _ 5%

Delayed submission of the required Reports _ _ _ _ 3%

Non-submission of the required Reports _ _ _ _ _ _ 0%