One example of Direct Instruction is HUNTER’S SEVEN STEP MODEL.

It was developed by Madeline Hunter who believed that this model can be
adopted by any grade level and subject. It can be done by the following
steps:
Anticipatory Objectives
Input
Step and Purpose

Checking for Guided

Modeling
Understanding Practice

Independent
Practice
1. Anticipatory Step

The teacher motivates the students by directing

their attention to the lesson. He/she may pose a
question, show a video or picture, or tell a story.
2. Objectives and Purpose

The teacher states the purpose and objectives of

the lesson so that students will know what they will
learn and why it is useful.
3. Input

The teacher presents the lesson content through

lecture, discussion, reading, observing, and other
possible means.
4. Modeling

The teacher, an invited resource person, or a

member of the class demonstrates what all
students should be able to do.
5. Checking for Understanding

The teacher asks questions or requests

demonstrations from students to ensure that they
understood the lesson.
6. Guided Practice

Students are asked to perform individual tasks

while the teacher roams around the classroom to
ensure that they are doing it correctly.
7. Independent Practice

Once all students demonstrate their knowledge,

the teacher gives them tasks which they should
perform completely without the aid of the teacher.
How do we apply Hunter’s Seven-Step Model to an
elementary social studies class?

Example: The topic is “Ang Aking Kuwento,” the level is

grade 1, and the competency is “Nakikilala ang timeline at
ang gamit nito sa pag-aaral ng mahahalagang pangyayari
sa buhay hanggang sa kasalukuyang edad.”
Anticipatory Step The teacher presents five pictures that show the
different stages in the life of a pet. He/she asks
the class to arrange them chronologically and
provide captions that will describe each picture.

Objectives and The teacher states the objective of the lesson:

Purpose to know what a timeline is and how it is used in
presenting important events in one’s life.
Input The teacher presents the lesson through
discussion or storytelling.

Modeling The teacher presents his/her own timeline which

contains five important events in his/her life.
Checking for The teacher asks the class:
Understanding 1. What is a timeline?
2. What does it look like?
3. How can it be used to present one’s story?

Guided Practice The teacher provides a worksheet with a

timeline already drawn and students have to
supply it with five events that happened to them
in the past week or month. He/she roams
around the classroom to check the student’s
work and provide immediate feedback.
Independent Practice The teacher gives an assignment instructing
students to create their own timeline which
features eight important events in their life from
birth to present. He/she may require students to
be more creative in the construction of their
timeline.
One example of Inquiry-Based Instruction is from Banks (1990) who
outlined the following steps:

Encourage students
Pose a question for
to formulate
inquiry.
hypotheses.

Determine whether
to accept or reject
Gather and analyze
the hypotheses
data.
based on the
conclusion.
1. Pose a question for inquiry.

Make sure that the question can be answered using

data and evidence.
2. Encourage students to formulate
hypotheses.

Use observations, prior experiences, and logic to

arrive as many hypotheses as possible.
3. Gather and analyze data.

Be involved in the data collection process to ensure

that students will draw valid and reliable
conclusions.
4. Determine whether to accept or
reject the hypotheses based on the
conclusion.

Have students publicly present the inquiry process

and their findings.
How do we apply the inquiry model to an elementary
social studies class?

Example: The topic is “Ang Katangiang Pisikal ng Aking

Bansa,” the level is grade 4, and the competency is
“Nailalarawan ang bansa ayon sa mga katangiang pisikal
at pagkakakilanlang heograpikal nito.”
Pose a question The teacher asks the central question:
for inquiry. Ano ang katangiang pisikal ng Pilipinas?

Encourage Students will share their hypothesis, examples of

students to which are:
formulate Hypothesis A: Ang Pilipinas ay napapaligiran ng Tubig.
hypotheses. Hypothesis B: Maraming bundok sa Pilipinas.
Hypothesis C: Mas Malaki ang Pilipinas kaysa Estados
Unidos.
Hypothesis D: Mainit sa Pilipinas.
Gather and Divide the class into small groups and assign them different
analyze data. tasks.
Group 1: Pagsusuri ng mapang topograpikal ng Pilipinas.
Group 2: Pagsusuri ng kinalalagyan ng Pilipinas sa mapa ng
daigdig.
Group 3: Pagsusuri ng mga larawan ng mga anyong lupa at
anyong tubig sa Pilipinas.
Group 4: Pagsusuri ng mga larawan ng mga likas yaman ng
Pilipinas.
Group 5: Pagbabasa ng talata tungkol sa heograpiya ng
Pilipinas.
Determine whether Students report their findings in front. Afterward,
to accept or reject the class decides which hypotheses are accepted
the hypotheses and rejected based on their research.
based on the
conclusion.
One example of Cooperative Learning model is the Student Teams-
Achievement Division or STAD. This model promotes individual
accountability and teamwork through the following procedure:

Direct
Teams Quiz
instruction

Individual
Team
Progress
Recognition
Score
1. Direct instruction.

The teacher enumerates the objectives and

presents the lesson through lecture, discussion, or
demonstration.
2. Teams

The class is divided into heterogeneous small

groups. Members should help one another in
understanding the lesson presented by the teacher
and ensure each other’s mastery with the help of
teacher-made worksheets.
3. Quiz

After the group session, students are given

individual quizzes.
4. Individual Progress Score.

Scores in the present quiz will be compared to

scores in the past exams. Students with increased
scores earn corresponding points to their team.
5. Team Recognition.

Teams that reach or go above the set criterion

score will receive recognition through awards,
certificates, special privilege, or bonus points.
How do we apply STAD to an elementary social studies
class?

Example: The topic is “Mga Patakaran at Programa ng

mga Pangulo bilang Pagtugon sa mga Hamong sa
Kasarinlan,” the level is grade 6, and the competency is
“Nasusuri ang mga patakaran at programa ng
pamahalaan upang matugunan ang mga suliranin at
hamon sa kasarinlan at pagkabansa ng mga Pilipino.”
Direct instruction. The teacher presents the objectives and discusses
the lesson with the use of charts, tables, and graphic
organizers to highlight the policies and programs of
each administration.

Teams. The class will be asked to work with their teams

(assigned at the beginning of the quarter) and
complete an individual worksheet that summarizes
the lesson.
Quiz. The teacher gives an individual quiz.

Individual Scores of students in the quiz will be compared to the

Progress Score. average score of their past quizzes. Those who got an
increase in score will be given 5 points for their team.
Team Recognition. At the end of the quarter, teams who got a score of
100 and above will be given an additional one point
in their final grade.
 Comprehensive Lesson Plan Abbreviated Lesson Plan
• Detailed description of the steps • Less details

• Used by newly-hired teachers • Utilized by more experienced

teachers
• If newly-hired teachers got a rating of Very Satisfactory at the end of the year,
they will not be required to do DLP’s on the second year onwards

• DLP • DLL
Tips in Lesson Planning
1. Be familiar with the different instructional models in social
studies. The format of your procedures will greatly
depend on the instructional model that you will use.
2. Use an outline in your lesson plan. Refrain from writing
long narratives and utilize differences in font size and
types to make a reader-friendly plan.
3. Indicate time allotment for every activity to help you
manage the schedule and maximizes the students’ time
for learning.
4. Provide clear transitions from one subtopic to another.
This will aid students in understanding the
interconnectedness of the concepts and ideas.
5. Include a variety of activities and minimize teacher talk to
sustain students’ attention. Also, every activity should be
processed afterward with the students so that they will
see its relevance in the learning process.
Activity
Read the curriculum guide for Social Studies and choose one
quarter from grade 1 to 3.
• Choose a topic and competency.
• Subtask and create your own objective indicating the code.
• Create three types of activities: Pupil to pupil, Pupil to teacher,
Pupil to materials.
• Provide one assessment task for evaluation.
• Make sure everything is aligned in your chosen competency.