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Child Development An Active Learning Approach 3Rd Edition Levine Test Bank Full Chapter PDF
Child Development An Active Learning Approach 3Rd Edition Levine Test Bank Full Chapter PDF
1. We know that both nature and nurture play a role in development, but today we are most
interested in understanding
a. whether nature or nurture is more important.
b. how much of our development can be attributed to nature and how much to nurture.
c. whether nature or nurture comes first in development.
d. how genes are expressed through the constant interaction with the environment.
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 4.1 What is the difference between molecular genetics and behavioral genetics?
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The study of genetics and behavior
Difficulty Level: Easy
Question type: MC
2. We first understood the exact process that underlies genetic transmission when
a. James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the secrets of genetic structure and function.
b. Ivan Pavlov described the principles of classical conditioning.
c. Gregor Mendel published a paper on the transmission of genetic information from generation to
generation.
d. Francis Galton expanded upon Darwin’s theory of evolution.
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 4.1 What is the difference between molecular genetics and behavioral genetics?
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The History of Research on Genetics
Difficulty Level: Medium
Question type: MC
4. Identifying how a particular gene works inside a cell is the primary goal of
a. eugenics.
b. neurobiology.
c. behavioral genomics
d. molecular genetics.
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 4.1 What is the difference between molecular genetics and behavioral genetics?
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The History of Research on Genetics
Difficulty Level: Medium
Question type: MC
5. A gene contains a chemical set of instructions that tell the cell how to
a. produce a variety of chromosomes.
b. make a specific protein.
c. develop into a male or a female body.
d. produce various hormones.
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 4.2 How do genes and chromosomes function?
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Human chromosomes
Difficulty Level: Hard
Question type: MC
6. _______________ begins with the identification of particular genes and attempts to understand
how those genes work within a cell to affect behavior, while _______________ begins with behavior
and attempts to define the role genes play in producing that behavior.
a. Molecular genetics; behavioral genetics
b. Eugenics; behavioral genomics
c. Behavioral genetics; molecular genetics
d. Behavioral genomics; eugenics
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 4.1 What is the difference between molecular genetics and behavioral genetics?
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The History of Research on Genetics
Difficulty Level: Easy
Question type: MC
10. A conception that has one X and one Y chromosome in the 23rd position will become an individual
who
a. has Down syndrome.
b. is a female.
c. is a male.
d. will be cognitively impaired.
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 4.2 How do genes and chromosomes function?
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Human Chromosomes
Difficulty Level: Easy
Question type: MC
Learning Objective: 4.4 How do we study the relationship between our genetic inheritance and our traits
and behavior?
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Studies comparing identical and fraternal twins
Difficulty Level: Hard
Question type: MC
12. The reason why a woman’s chance of having dizygotic twins increases as the woman gets older is
that
a. it becomes easier for a sperm to penetrate the outer shell of the ovum.
b. as the woman's ovaries decline in their ability to release eggs, her production of hormones increases
to counter this decline.
c. the lining of the uterus becomes more receptive to implantation of the blastocyst.
d. her risk of miscarrying an early pregnancy significantly decreases.
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 4.4 How do we study the relationship between our genetic inheritance and our traits
and behavior?
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Genetic similarities between monozygotic and dizygotic twins
Difficulty Level: Medium
Question type: MC
13. If a fertilized egg begins to divide and multiple, and early in the process the ball of cells splits into
two, the woman will have
a. dizygotic twins.
b. twins with missing arms or legs.
c. twins with Down syndrome.
d. monozygotic twins.
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 4.4 How do we study the relationship between our genetic inheritance and our traits
and behavior?
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Genetic similarities between monozygotic and dizygotic twins
Difficulty Level: Easy
Question type: MC
14. Chromosomes are made up of __________, and they, in turn, are made up of __________.
a. genes; DNA
b. DNA molecules; RNA
c. DNA molecules; genes
d. genes; proteins
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 4.2 How do genes and chromosomes function?
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Human Chromosomes
Difficulty Level: Medium
Question type: MC
Levine, Child Development 3e
Chapter 4. How Children Develop: Nature Through Nurture
15. When we say that a child looks just like his father, we are referring to the child's
a. phenotype.
b. genotype.
c. karotype.
d. monotype.
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 4.2 How do genes and chromosomes function?
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Mendelian Inheritance: Dominant and Recessive Genes
Difficulty Level: Easy
Question type: MC
16. If two parents have brown eyes, but each of them also has a recessive gene for blue eyes in their
genotype,
a. none of their children will have blue eyes.
b. there is a 1-in-4 chance that one of their children will have blue eyes.
c. there is a fifty-fifty chance one of their children will have blue eyes.
d. we cannot predict what color eyes their children will have.
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 4.2 How do genes and chromosomes function?
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Gene Dominance
Difficulty Level: Medium
Question type: MC
17. In order for a person to have sickle cell anemia, they have had to
a. experienced a lack of folic acid in the maternal diet during pregnancy.
b. receive two recessive genes.
c. receive two dominant genes.
d. receive the incorrect number of chromosomes.
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 4.2 How do genes and chromosomes function?
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Mendelian Inheritance: Dominant and Recessive Genes
Difficulty Level: Medium
Question type: MC
19. Because most human characteristics are complex, many genes act together to determine a trait.
This is called
a. a pleiotropic effect.
b. multiphasic inheritance.
c. polygenic inheritance.
d. a mutation.
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 4.2 How do genes and chromosomes function?
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: One behavior, many genes; one gene, many effects
Difficulty Level: Easy
Question type: MC
22. Tay-Sachs disease, phenylketonuria, and cystic fibrosis are all examples of
a. single gene disorders.
b. multifactorial inheritance.
c. chromosomal abnormalities.
d. mutations.
Levine, Child Development 3e
Chapter 4. How Children Develop: Nature Through Nurture
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 4.3 How do genetic disorders develop and what role do genetic testing and
counseling play in identifying, preventing, and treating these disorders?
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Single Gene Disorders
Difficulty Level: Easy
Question type: MC
23. Most of the time, when an individual receives a recessive gene that codes for a recessive gene
disorder
a. that person will suffer from the condition, but will not be able to pass it to his or her children.
b. the recessive gene is paired with a dominant gene that protects the individual from developing the
disorder.
c. other dominant genes in the genotype will counteract the effect of that particular recessive gene.
d. the gene will be “silent” in that generation, but is likely to affect future generations.
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 4.3 How do genetic disorders develop and what role do genetic testing and
counseling play in identifying, preventing, and treating these disorders?
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Single Gene Disorder
Difficulty Level: Medium
Question type: MC
24. Males are more vulnerable to recessive gene disorders carried on the X chromosome in the 23rd
position because
a. the female chromosome is dominant over the male chromosome in most cases.
b. mutations are more likely to occur in the Y chromosome than in the X chromosome.
c. the smaller Y chromosome does not contain enough genes to match each of the genes on the X
chromosome so recessive genes on the X chromosome show up.
d. recessive genes that pair up with dominant genes on the X chromosome will be expressed in the
male.
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 4.3 How do genetic disorders develop and what role do genetic testing and
counseling play in identifying, preventing, and treating these disorders?
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Single Gene Disorders
Difficulty Level: Medium
Question type: MC
25. A female who has a missing X chromosome in the 23rd position will have
a. cystic fibrosis.
b. Turner syndrome.
c. Kleinfelter syndrome.
d. Tay-Sachs disease.
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 4.3 How do genetic disorders develop and what role do genetic testing and
counseling play in identifying, preventing, and treating these disorders?
Levine, Child Development 3e
Chapter 4. How Children Develop: Nature Through Nurture
27. Most couples do not undergo genetic testing for each pregnancy because
a. each testing increases the risk of a genetic problem for the next pregnancy.
b. some religions prohibit genetic testing in most cases.
c. the risk of having a child with a genetic disorder is so low (3%) that testing is not warranted.
d. there are not yet enough genetic disorders that we can detect with these tests.
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 4.3 How do genetic disorders develop and what role do genetic testing and
counseling play in identifying, preventing, and treating these disorders?
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Genetic Counseling and testing
Difficulty Level: Medium
Question type: MC
29. ________________ is a prenatal test in which a small sample of cells from the outer layer of the
embryonic sac is obtained and tested for genetic abnormalities.
a. Amniocentesis
b. Chorionic villus sampling
c. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis
d. In vitro sampling
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 4.3 How do genetic disorders develop and what role do genetic testing and
counseling play in identifying, preventing, and treating these disorders?
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Genetic Counseling and testing
Difficulty Level: Medium
Question type: MC
30. One technique of gene therapy that is currently being investigated and developed is to
Levine, Child Development 3e
Chapter 4. How Children Develop: Nature Through Nurture
a. use genetically altered virus cells to “infect” disordered cells with healthy genes.
b. use a long, thin needle to insert healthy genes into the amniotic sac during the woman's pregnancy.
c. use gene transplants after the infant is born to replace the problematic genes.
d. treat the mother with megadoses of vitamins during her pregnancy.
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 4.3 How do genetic disorders develop and what role do genetic testing and
counseling play in identifying, preventing, and treating these disorders?
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Treatment of genetic disorders
Difficulty Level: Hard
Question type: MC
31. If a child is born with the recessive gene condition of phenylketonuria (PKU), the harmful effect of
the condition can be eliminated if the
a. child receives phenylalanine supplements as a part of the child's diet.
b. child's diet is changed to eliminate foods that contain the protein phenylalanine.
c. child's cells are “infected” with the healthy dominant gene for this condition.
d. child's diet contains large amount of protein-rich foods such as milk, fish and eggs.
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 4.3 How do genetic disorders develop and what role do genetic testing and
counseling play in identifying, preventing, and treating these disorders?
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Treatment of Genetic Disorders
Difficulty Level: Hard
Question type: MC
34. Research conducted with nurturing and non-nurturing mother rats has found that when a mother
rat does not nurture and respond to her babies
a. a specific gene was “turned off” and the babies became more fearful and stressed by future
environmental events.
b. a specific gene was “turned on” and the babies become more assertive in pursuing their mothers to
get her attention.
c. the babies try to find another mother rat who will care for them.
d. we can give the mother rat hormones that will make her more responsive to her offspring.
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 4.5 How do genes and the environment interact?
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Behavioral epigenetics
Difficulty Level: Medium
Question type: MC
35. Research that has been conducted with boys who have a gene that produces lower levels of MAO-A
(which has been associated with aggression) found that these boys have
a. higher levels of aggression as adults, regardless of the circumstances in which they are raised.
b. higher levels of aggression as adults, but only if they had experienced abuse during their childhood.
c. typical levels of aggression as adults, but higher levels of anxiety about their aggressiveness.
d. lower levels of aggression, regardless of the circumstances in which they were raised.
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 4.5 How do genes and the environment interact?
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Behavioral Epigenetics
Difficulty Level: Medium
Question type: MC
36. A parent who suffers from a mental disorder may also provide a dysfunctional family environment
for his or her children. In this case we would describe the genes for the disorder as
a. passive.
b. active.
c. reactive.
d. evocative.
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 4.5 How do genes and the environment interact?
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: How Genes Shape the Environment
Difficulty Level: Easy
Question type: MC
Levine, Child Development 3e
Chapter 4. How Children Develop: Nature Through Nurture
37. A child who has violent tendency may seek out and enjoy playing violent videogames. In this case
we would describe the genes for this tendency as
a. passive.
b. active.
c. evocative.
d. reactive.
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 4.5 How do genes and the environment interact?
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: How Genes Shape the Environment
Difficulty Level: Easy
Question type: MC
38. One of the types of studies that has been used by behavioral genetics to determine the relative
influence of genes and the environment is
a. gene mapping.
b. comparisons of identical and fraternal twins.
c. dominant and recessive gene interactions.
d. multifactorial inheritance analysis.
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 4.4 How do we study the relationship between our genetic inheritance and our traits
and behavior?
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Behavioral Genetics
Difficulty Level: Easy
Question type: MC
40. The research conducted on alcoholism in identical and fraternal twins has found that
a. there was no difference between identical and fraternal twins in the age at which they began
drinking, how much they drank, and whether or not they became problem drinkers.
b. there was no difference between identical and fraternal twins in the age at which they began
drinking, but identical twins were more similar in the amount they drank and the risk of becoming a
problem drinker.
Levine, Child Development 3e
Chapter 4. How Children Develop: Nature Through Nurture
c. identical twins began drinking on average at a younger age than fraternal twins, but there was no
difference between identical and fraternal twins in the amount they eventually drank or their risk of
becoming problem drinkers.
d. identical twins began drinking at a younger age than fraternal twins, drank more and were more
likely to eventually develop a problem with drinking.
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 4.4 How do we study the relationship between our genetic inheritance and our traits
and behavior?
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Twins or triplets
Difficulty Level: Hard
Question type: MC
41. One of the criticisms that has been leveled at research that examines the similarity between twins
separated at birth is that
a. there are so few cases of separated twins that this research cannot really tell us very much about
the relative influence of genetics and environment.
b. in many cases the twins were not really separated because they were adopted by relatives or lived
close to each other while growing up.
c. we do not yet have statistical techniques that allow us to separate the effect of genetics from the
effect of the environment.
d. many of the reports of great similarity between separated twins has been exaggerated and these
reports are not supported by data.
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 4.4 How do we study the relationship between our genetic inheritance and our traits
and behavior?
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Studies of Identical Twins reared apart
Difficulty Level: Medium
Question type: MC
42. _________________ twins are formed when a mother’s ovary releases two eggs during a menstrual
cycle, and each is fertilized by a different sperm.
a. Identical
b. Monozygotic
c. Fraternal
d. Indeterminate
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 4.4 How do we study the relationship between our genetic inheritance and our traits
and behavior?
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Studies Comparing Identical and Fraternal Twins
Difficulty Level: Easy
Question type: MC
b. Monozygotic twins are two separate eggs fertilized by two separate sperm.
c. Monozygotic twins does not run in families.
d. Monozygotic twins occurs by chance.
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 4.4 How do we study the relationship between our genetic inheritance and our traits
and behavior?
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Studies Comparing Identical and Fraternal Twins
Difficulty Level: Medium
Question type: MC
45. Which type of research is helpful in clarifying the interaction of genes and environment?
a. Studies that incorporate an experimental design.
b. Studies comparing identical and nonidentical twins.
c. Studies comparing parents and their children.
d. Studies involving ethnographic data collection.
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 4.4 How do we study the relationship between our genetic inheritance and our traits
and behavior?
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Studies Comparing Identical and Fraternal Twins
Difficulty Level: Medium
Question type: MC
46. Why do researchers want to discover which traits and behaviors are highly likely to develop from
genetic input?
a. Because this will aid in the search for the specific genes responsible.
b. Because this will aid in the development of fertility treatments.
c. Because this will determine treatments for chromosomal disorders.
d. Because this will allow for the establishment of behavior genetics.
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 4.4 How do we study the relationship between our genetic inheritance and our traits
and behavior?
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Levine, Child Development 3e
Chapter 4. How Children Develop: Nature Through Nurture
47. What do we know about the similarities and differences regarding identical twins from the
Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart?
a. Identical twins reared apart are different on aspects of personality, interest, and personality when
compared to both identical twins reared together and fraternal twins reared together.
b. Identical twins reared apart are about as similar to each other on aspects of their personality as
identical twins reared together, but very different on aspects of social attitudes.
c. Identical twins reared apart are about as similar to each other on aspects of their personality,
interests, and social attitudes as fraternal twins reared apart.
d. Identical twins reared apart are about as similar to each other on aspects of their personality,
interests, and social attitudes as identical twins reared together.
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 4.4 How do we study the relationship between our genetic inheritance and our traits
and behavior?
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Studies Comparing Identical and Fraternal Twins
Difficulty Level: Hard
Question type: MC
48. Joseph (2001) criticized the findings of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart, and suggested
that
a. studying twins reared apart is not as useful to behavior genetics as studying children adopted before
the age of one and children adopted after the age of one.
b. the twins’ level of similarity should be compared to the similarity between pairs of unrelated
strangers with similar characteristics.
c. the twins’ level of similarity is more likely a result of cultural variation than genetic inheritance.
d. studying dizygotic twins raised apart and together is a better measure of genetic similarity than
studying monozygotic twins.
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 4.4 How do we study the relationship between our genetic inheritance and our traits
and behavior?
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Studies Comparing Identical and Fraternal Twins
Difficulty Level: Hard
Question type: MC
49. The idea that desirable traits can be bred into human beings and undesirable ones can be bred out is
known as
a. molecular biology.
b. eugenics.
c. neurobiology.
d. DNA analysis.
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 4.5 How do genes and the environment interact?
Levine, Child Development 3e
Chapter 4. How Children Develop: Nature Through Nurture
52. All of a person's genes comprise the person's ____________ and how these genes are expressed in
the person's appearance or characteristics is the person's _____________.
a. phenotype; karotype
b. karotype; genotype
c. genotype; phenotype
d. recessive type; dominant type
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 4.4 How do we study the relationship between our genetic inheritance and our traits
and behavior?
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Mendelian Inheritance: Dominant and Recessive Genes
Difficulty Level: Easy
Question type: MC
53. We continue to see sickle-cell anemia in certain populations because the presence of one recessive
gene for sickle-cell anemia
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its much greater reliability under all working conditions. The
overhead wire is not one continuous cable, but is divided into
sections of about half a mile in length, each section being supplied
with current from a separate main. At each point where the current is
fed to the trolley wire a sort of metal box may be seen at the side of
the street. These boxes are called “feeder pillars,” and each contains
a switch by means of which the current can be cut off from that
particular section, for repairing or other purposes. Above the car is
fixed an arm provided with a trolley wheel which runs along the wire,
and this wheel takes the current from the wire. From the wheel the
current passes down the trolley arm to the controller, which is
operated by the driver, and from there to the motors beneath the car.
Leaving the motors it passes to the wheels and then to the rails, from
which it is led off at intervals by cables and so returned to the
generating station. The current carried by the rails is at a pressure of
only a few volts, so that there is not the slightest danger of shock
from them. There are generally two electric motors beneath the car,
and the horse-power of each varies from about fifteen to twenty-five.
The controller consists mainly of a number of graduated
resistances. To start the car the driver moves a handle forward notch
by notch, thus gradually cutting out the resistance, and so the motors
receive more and more current until they are running at full speed.
The movement of the controller handle also alters the connexion of
the motors. When the car is started the motors are connected in
series, so that the full current passes through each, while the
pressure is divided between them; but when the car is well on the
move the controller connects the motors in parallel, so that each
receives the full pressure of the current.
The conduit and surface contact systems are much the same as
the trolley system except in the method of supplying the current to
the cars. In the conduit system two conductors conveying the current
are placed in an underground channel or conduit of concrete
strengthened by iron yokes. The top of the conduit is almost closed
in so as to leave only a narrow slot, through which passes the
current collector of the car. This current collector, or “plough” as it is
called, carries two slippers which make contact with the conductors,
and thus take current from them. In this system the current returns
along one of the conductors, so that no current passes along the
track rails. This is the most expensive of the three systems, both in
construction and maintenance.
The surface contact or stud system is like the conduit system in
having conductors placed in a sort of underground trough, but in this
case contact with the conductors is made by means of metal studs
fixed at intervals in the middle of the track. The studs are really the
tops of underground boxes each containing a switch, which, when
drawn up to a certain position, connects the stud to the conductors.
These switches are arranged to be moved by magnets fixed beneath
the car, and thus when the car passes over a stud the magnets work
the switch and connect the stud to the conductors, so that the stud is
then “alive.” The current is taken from the studs by means of sliding
brushes or skates which are carried by the car. The studs are thus
alive only when the car is passing over them, and at all other times
they are dead, and not in any way dangerous.
The weight and speed of electric cars make it important to have
a thoroughly reliable system of brakes. First of all there are ordinary
mechanical brakes, which press against the wheels. Then there are
electro-magnetic slipper brakes which press on the rails instead of
on the wheels of the car. These brakes are operated by electro-
magnets of great power, the current necessary to excite the magnets
being taken from the motors. Finally there is a most interesting and
ingenious method of regenerative control. Before a car can be
stopped after it has attained considerable speed a certain amount of
energy has to be got rid of in some way. With the ordinary
mechanical or electro-magnetic brakes this energy is wasted, but in
the regenerative method it is turned into electric current, which is
sent back into the circuit. If an electric motor is supplied with
mechanical power instead of electric current it becomes a dynamo,
and generates current instead of using it. In the regenerative system,
when a car is “coasting” down a hill it drives the wheels, and the
wheels drive the motors, so that the latter become dynamos and
generate current which is sent back to the power station. In this way
some of the abnormal amount of current taken by a car in climbing a
hill is returned when the car descends the hill. The regenerative
system limits the speed of the car, so that it cannot possibly get
beyond control.
PLATE VII.
1
In actual practice the positive carbon is made
double the thickness of the negative, so that the
two consume at about the same rate.
The arc lamp is largely used for the illumination of wide streets,
public squares, railway stations, and the exteriors of theatres, music-
halls, picture houses, and large shops. The intense brilliancy of the
light produced may be judged from the accompanying photographs
(Plate IX.), which were taken entirely by the light of the arc lamps.
Still more powerful arc lamps are constructed for use in lighthouses.
The illuminating power of some of these lamps is equal to that of
hundreds of thousands of candles, and the light, concentrated by
large reflectors, is visible at distances varying from thirty to one
hundred miles.
Arc lamps are also largely used for lighting interiors, such as
large showrooms, factories or workshops. For this kind of lighting the
dazzling glare of the outdoor lamp would be very objectionable and
harmful to the eyes, so methods of indirect lighting are employed to
give a soft and pleasant light. Most of the light in the arc lamp comes
from the positive carbon, and for ordinary outdoor lighting this carbon
is placed above the negative carbon. In lamps for interior lighting the
arrangement is frequently reversed, so that the positive carbon is
below. Most of the light is thus directed upwards, and if the ceiling is
fairly low and of a white colour the rays are reflected by it, and a soft
and evenly diffused lighting is the result. Some light comes also from
the negative carbon, and those downward rays are reflected to the
ceiling by a reflector placed beneath the lamp. Where the ceiling is
very high or of an unsuitable colour, a sort of artificial ceiling in the
shape of a large white reflector is placed above the lamp to produce
the same effect. Sometimes the lamp is arranged so that part of the
light is reflected to the ceiling, and part transmitted directly through a
semi-transparent reflector below the lamp. The composition of the
light of the arc lamp is very similar to that of sunlight, and by the use
of such lamps the well-known difficulty of judging and matching
colours by artificial light is greatly reduced. This fact is of great value
in drapery establishments, and the arc lamp has proved a great
success for lighting rooms used for night painting classes.
The powerful searchlights used by warships are arc lamps
provided with special arrangements for projecting the light in any
direction. A reflector behind the arc concentrates the light and sends
it out as a bundle of parallel rays, and the illuminating power is such
that a good searchlight has a working range of nearly two miles in
clear weather. According to the size of the projector, the illumination
varies from about 3000 to 30,000 or 40,000 candle-power. For some
purposes, such as the illuminating of narrow stretches of water, a
wider beam is required, and this is obtained by a diverging lens
placed in front of the arc. In passing through this lens the light is
dispersed or spread out to a greater or less extent according to the
nature of the lens. Searchlights are used in navigating the Suez
Canal by night, for lighting up the buoys along the sides of the canal.
The ordinary form of searchlight does this quite well, but at the same
time it illuminates equally an approaching vessel, so that the pilot on
this vessel is dazzled by the blinding glare. To avoid this dangerous
state of things a split reflector is used, which produces two separate
beams with a dark space between them. In this way the sides of the
canal are illuminated, but the light is not thrown upon oncoming
vessels, so that the pilots can see clearly.
Glass reflectors are much more efficient than metallic ones, but
they have the disadvantage of being easily put out of action by
gunfire. This defect is remedied by protecting the glass reflector by a
screen of wire netting. This is secured at the back of the reflector,
and even if the glass is shattered to a considerable extent, as by a
rifle bullet, the netting holds it together, and keeps it quite
serviceable. Reflectors protected in this way are not put out of action
by even two or three shots fired through them. Searchlight arcs and
reflectors are enclosed in metal cylinders, which can be moved in
any direction, vertically or horizontally.
In the arc lamps already described, a large proportion of the light
comes from the incandescent carbon electrodes. About the year
1901 an American electrician, Mr. P. C. Hewitt, brought out an arc
lamp in which the electrodes took no part in producing the light, the
whole of which came from a glowing stream of mercury vapour. This
lamp, under the name of the Cooper-Hewitt mercury vapour lamp,
has certain advantages over other electric illuminants, and it has
come into extensive use.
Fig. 22.—Sketch of Mercury Vapour Lamp.