Surgical Site Infection Literature Review

Undertaking a comprehensive literature review on surgical site infection (SSI) is a formidable task
that demands meticulous attention to detail, extensive research, and a deep understanding of the
subject matter. A literature review serves as the foundation for any scholarly work, providing a
comprehensive overview of existing research, theories, and findings related to a specific topic.

The process of conducting a literature review involves:

1. Identifying Relevant Literature: This entails searching databases, academic journals, books,
and other scholarly sources to gather relevant literature on surgical site infections. It requires
expertise in conducting efficient searches using keywords and filters to narrow down the
results to the most pertinent studies.
2. Evaluating Sources: Not all sources are created equal. Each piece of literature must be
critically evaluated for its credibility, reliability, and relevance to the topic at hand. This
involves assessing the methodology, sample size, findings, and significance of each study to
determine its merit.
3. Synthesizing Information: Once relevant literature is gathered and evaluated, the next step
is to synthesize the information. This involves summarizing key findings, identifying trends
or patterns across studies, and analyzing the gaps or inconsistencies in the existing research.
4. Writing and Formatting: Finally, the gathered information must be organized and
presented coherently in a written format. This includes structuring the literature review
according to academic conventions, citing sources accurately, and ensuring clarity and
coherence in the narrative.

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infection, many individuals find it challenging to undertake this task alone. Moreover, the stakes are
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Surgical site infection rates are reported to range from 2.5% to 41.9% globally resulting in high
morbidity and mortalit. Coli and Klebsella. Out of total 11.6% infected cases, majority (8.8%) of
patients had infection with more than one organism only 2.8% were having single organism. Aims:
Tofindtheincidenceand risk factors, bacteriological profile, and antibiogram for SSI in General
Surgery departmentof a tertiary care hospital in Western Rajasthan. Surgical site infections in
neonates and infants: is antibiotic prophylaxis needed for longer than 24 h. Syphilis is a systemic
sexually transmitted disease. The areas such as abdomen and artificial implant require use of
antibiotic to play an important role in the healing process. Incisional negative pressure wound therapy
after high-risk lower extremity fractures. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
define it as the infections that take place or occur to the surgically treated site through external
effects after the surgery. Surgical site infections stand out as the major course of morbidness,
sustained hospitalization and even death. Similarly, male gender and gestational age may be
associated to the development of SSI, but the present data are not conclusive. Over 96% of subjects
had operation done in a moderately ventilated operating theatre. Conclusion: High incidence rate of
SSI in our setup emphasizes the need of quality surgical care which takes into considerationallthe
three importantfactors, i.e. host, environmental, andmicroorganism characteristics before doing any
surgery. Collect adequate specimens (e.g. early morning urine. Results: A total of monomicrobial
isolates 165 (55%) and polymicrobial isolates 13 (4.4%) were obtained from 300 pus samples and
remaining 122 (40.6%) pus samples were sterile. Versatility of the circumumbilical incision in
neonatal surgery. In the need of using antibiotics, there are varied issues that must be considered so
as to verify the viability. Involve deep soft tissues, such as the fascia and muscles. The trials were
flawed by being underpowered, with heterogeneity, and definitions were not consistent. In
particular, abdominal surgery was significantly associated with an increased risk of SSI ( 23, 54 ).
The new guidelines include 29 concrete recommendations distilled by 20 of the world’s leading
experts from 26 reviews of the latest evidence. Intestinal Atresia: Experience at a Busy Center of
North-West India. The prevention of surgical site infections covers operative techniques that are
meticulous. They range from simple precautions such as ensuring that patients bathe or shower
before surgery and the best way for surgical teams to clean their hands, to guidance on when to use
antibiotics to prevent infections, what disinfectants to use before incision, and which sutures to use.
Dryden Evidence update on prevention of surgical site infection Leaper, David; Ousey, Karen. The
isolation of skin flora from a large number of wound cultures suggests that standardization of
preoperative prophylaxis could potentially have an impact on the rate of SSI as has previously been
demonstrated in pediatric patients ( 72, 73 ). Surgical procedures performed in the neonatal intensive
care unit on critically ill neonates: feasibility and safety. SSI can be superficial and involve the skin
only, or more serious and involve other tissues, organs, or implanted material. Download Free PDF
View PDF Prevalence of Post-operative Surgical site infection in a district Hospital of western
Rajasthan India Medical Journal IMJ Health — Wound infection is the second commonest
complication of wound healing. Seminario biologia molecular Kevin Duque Seminario biologia
molecular Kevin Duque Seminario Biologia Molecular - Susana Cano V.pdf Seminario Biologia
Molecular - Susana Cano V.pdf GERIATRIC PHARMACOLOGY Geriatric pharmacology is a
specialized field focusing. New WHO recommendations on preoperative measures for surgical site
infection prevention: an evidence-based global perspective.
The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and
the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in
accordance with accepted academic practice. The use of diathermy to reduce the risk of SSI needs
further evaluation in good-quality studies. The trials were flawed by being underpowered, with
heterogeneity, and definitions were not consistent. Surgical site infections in neonates are
independently associated with longer hospitalizations. It also includes at least symptoms of swelling,
redness, pain or heart. Thought you might appreciate this item(s) I saw in Current Opinion in
Infectious Diseases. Abhinav S MAMMARY GLANDS FINAL.pptx MAMMARY GLANDS
FINAL.pptx MPMSU Respirtory stimulants.pdf Respirtory stimulants.pdf Koppala RVS Chaitanya
Circulatory shock Cardiogenic Shock Hypovolemic Shock Sepsis, Septic Shock an. Methods:
Culture and sensitivity of wounds of all the clinically suspected cases of SSI were taken. Eventually
exhaustion and respiratory failure leads to. Surgical wound infections in newborns: analysis of risk
factors. Bursitis is inflammation or irritation of a bursa sac. In the 2010 report done by the CDC
where 16 million operative routines were done in a cute center; it was realized that Surgical Site
Infections (SSI) were the most usual infections associated to healthcare. Lesion in the skin and
bone(gummas), internal organs. Cape Town: Juta and Co. Ltd. Press, S. H. (2007). Surgical Site
Infections and the CDC Guidelines: Are These Guidelines Being Utilized. AmikacinIimipenem and
Meropenem is found to be of more Sensitive against E. Again there were multiple flaws in the
studies including inconsistencies in the formulation, strength and application of antiseptics, with
mixed quality and randomization and the inclusion of a wide range of procedures. These preventions
are vital both before the operation, within the operation room and during recovery period after the
operation both in the hospital and at homes. Methods: The present study was conducted in the
Department of Microbiology, Dr. Patnam Mahender Reddy Institute of Medical Sciences, Telangana.
Signs and symptoms of late stage of syphilis include. The antibiotics use may also reduce the
efficiency of general response by the immune system. The SSI risk factors are due to endogenous
and exogenous taint. The major findings reveals that 28 (22.05%) of subjects had surgical site
infections based on clinical criteria, however, from the subjects with SSI, 25 (19.6%) were based on
bacteriological criteria. In organ, the infection involves organs or places that form part of human
body. TRANSPORT PROCESS ACROSS CELL MEMBRANE.pptx TRANSPORT PROCESS
ACROSS CELL MEMBRANE.pptx USG,CT AND MR IMAGING OF HEPATIC MASS
LESIONS. Given the lack of evidence in the literature, well-designed prospective studies on large
cohorts of neonates may help setting up specific guidelines for the prevention and treatment of SSI
in this particular population. However, unless there is near-complete to complete compliance with a
bundle there seems little point introducing innovations which may have large resource implications
to implement. You can use our samples to gather new ideas, get inspiration, check out a particular
paper's structure, familiarize yourself with a citation style, or collect resources for research. Whilst
standardized preoperative antibiotic protocols in the adult population have shown to reduce the rate
of SSI, a consensus is lacking among pediatric surgeons regarding preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis
especially in neonates ( 1, 4 ). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) define it as the
infections that take place or occur to the surgically treated site through external effects after the
surgery. One or more chancres (usually firm, round,small, and.
The recommendations are designed to address the increasing burden of health care associated
infections on both patients and health care systems globally. Bacteraemia: presence of bacteria in the
blood stream. Sepsis accompanied by MODS may follow anastomotic breakdown. The WHO
surgical safety checklist has been shown to reduce complications and deaths from surgery globally
by confirming best practices like timely administration of antibiotics are followed in the operating
room. A randomized, double-blinded placebo-controlled clinical trial of the routine use of
preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis in modified radical mastectomy. Sutureless enterostomy for
extremely low birth weight infants. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) define it
as the infections that take place or occur to the surgically treated site through external effects after
the surgery. Risk factors for SSI have been identified in predominantly adult populations and include
advanced age, hyperglycemia, malnutrition, co-morbidities, risk indices, patient frailty, prior
infections, complexity of surgery, increased operative time, and increased blood loss during surgery (
5, 45 ). Definitive surgical management of antenatally diagnosed exomphalos. In particular,
abdominal surgery was significantly associated with an increased risk of SSI ( 23, 54 ). However,
unless there is near-complete to complete compliance with a bundle there seems little point
introducing innovations which may have large resource implications to implement. Risk factors were
identified from comparative studies. The HII care bundle incorporates core interventions of rational
antibiotic prophylaxis, appropriate preoperative hair removal, avoidance of perioperative hypothermia
and perioperative glycaemic control in patients who have diabetes, together with other
recommendations which are not of a level IA evidence base. A standardized perioperative surgical
site infection care process among children with stoma closure: a before-after study. The likely modes
of action are through holding wound edges together (thereby reducing the likelihood of surgical
dehiscence), stimulation of perfusion, reduction of lateral tension, haematoma and oedema, and
protection of the surgical site from exogenous sources of microorganisms. Methods: The present
study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology, Dr. Patnam Mahender Reddy Institute of
Medical Sciences, Telangana. Preoperative skin antiseptic preparations for preventing surgical site
infections: a systematic review. Work-role of Radiation Therapists in the Consequences of Adaptive
Radiotherap. There were many methodological flaws in these trials, including heterogeneity, small
size and poor scientific quality; many were old studies. Surgical procedures performed in the
neonatal intensive care unit on critically ill neonates: feasibility and safety. Care bundle to prevent
surgical site infection for prevention of SSI. Do not - for clean non-prosthetic uncomplicated
surgery. Versatility of the circumumbilical incision in neonatal surgery. The use of any parts of the
work without proper citation is forbidden. Primary anastomosis in necrotizing enterocolitis: the first
option to consider. Surgical site infections in neonates are independently associated with longer
hospitalizations. Surgical site infections in neonates and infants: is antibiotic prophylaxis needed for
longer than 24 h. It is important that clinicians carefully review each case so that a more appropriate
treatment for M. This review aims to impress upon the reader the unremitting significance of HAIs in
the daily practice of medicine. Some antibiotics have side effects such as nausea, diarrhea and rashes.
Placement of prophylactic drains after laparotomy may increase infectious complications in neonates.
Most common causative organism for infection was Staphylococci cases followed by Streptococci, E.
Based on this review of published trials and evidence-based systematic reviews some advances
might be included into these care bundles. As medicine has advanced, however, new types of
infection risks have developed. Wound infections in pediatric surgery: a study of 575 patients in a
university hospital. The role of perioperative high inspired oxygen therapy in reducing surgical site
infection: a meta-analysis. We produced I 2 values to assess homogeneity and quantify the dispersion
of effect sizes. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving subjects who have undergone major
surgery in surgical wards within the period of study. For more information, please refer to our
Privacy Policy. Effect of surgical incision management on wound infections in a poststernotomy
patient population. Post-operative are the third most commonly reported. Retrospective evaluation of
antimicrobial prophylaxis in prevention of surgical site infection in the pediatric population. Risk
factors for surgical site infections in newborns in a neonatal intensive care unit. Transvaginal NOTES
approach is as safe as laparoscopy in terms of surgical infection. Some antibiotics are allergic and
may cause reactions that can be serious and bothersome. Post operative surgical site infection rate
was found 11.6 % which was found significantly more in intestinal surgeries than the other. In
particular, abdominal surgery was significantly associated with an increased risk of SSI ( 23, 54 ).
Incisional negative pressure wound therapy significantly reduces surgical site infection in open
colorectal surgery. It delivers intermittent or continuous negative pressure (ranging from 125 mmHg)
to the wound site which is covered with a foam or gauze dressing and sealed with an occlusive
drape. This helps in creating awareness for the best strategy in management of the wounds for best
healing process and needs. It is also important to understand that most antibiotic work in elimination
of bacterial infection if they can reach the blood stream. However, many of the RCTs included in
meta-analysis are also of less than perfect scientific quality and guidelines should reflect that. A
better understanding of the causes leading to SSI could reduce their incidence, help define
guidelines, and eventually improve outcome. Thought you might appreciate this item(s) I saw in
Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. Surgical sites are wounds that need through care for the
required healing. Subrata Roy Bursitis is inflammation or irritation of a bursa sac. Mortality of
between 30 and 50 per cent can be expected. Bacterial identificationandantimicrobialsusceptibility
were performed according to standard CLSI guidelines. Factors associated with neonatal ostomy
complications.