Design of Footing :

1
Foundation:
The purpose of a foundation is to transfer the imposed load of a building or structure onto a
suitable substratum.

Loadings:
There are three main types of load:
1. Dead loads are the static or constant weight of the structure made up from the walls,
ÀRRUVURRIHWF
2. Live loads (also known as imposed loads) such as furniture, goods and people, are
movable. In addition there are variable loads caused by the weather, such as snow and
rain.
3. Wind loads can be positive or negative. They are not dead or imposed and therefore
require speci¿FFRQVLGHUDWLRQ
Loads can be calculated and expressed as a force (weight) that is to be transferred onto the
substrata.

Substrata bearing capacity:

The bearing capacity of the substrata is the amount of weight the ground (substrata) can
support. For a structure to be stable, the force (load) bearing down must be opposed by an equal
force pushing upwards. When both upward and downward forces are of the same magnitude
(size) they are said to be in equilibrium. When the downward force is greater than the upward
force, the structure will sink or subside. Conversely, a larger upward force than downward
force can push the structure upward, causing it to heave as in Figure.

What causes heave?

The main cause of movement of buildings is the weather; those on clay soils are most affected.
If clay dries out during a period of drought ϑΎϔΟ it will shrink, causing uneven support beneath a
structure. Figure below shows how ground around a building has dried out from the effects of
the Sun and access to air, whereas the ground beneath the building remains moist; the resulting
uneven support for the building may cause the foundations to fail.

2
In the past three decades there have been several severe droughts causing hundreds of millions
of pounds worth of damage each year. With climate change and a predicted increase in
frequency of periods of low rainfall the problem will continue. It’s requires foundations in clay
to be at a minimum depth of 0.75m below ground level because it is considered that the effects
of the Sun cannot penetrate down to that level. However, it is the building control inspectors
who will decide the required depth on site; this is commonly at least 1.00m. If tree roots or soft
spots are found, the required depth of foundations can increase ¿FDQWO\
signi ,Q RWKHU QRQ -
cohesive soils, such as sands and gravels, the minimum depth of foundations can be 0.45m.
What else can affect the bearing capacity of the ground? Water can have signi¿FDQWO\HIIHFWRQ
the ground; some clay soils can increase in height (swell) by up to 75mm between dry and
saturated. As the moisture levels rise, the plasticity of clay increases allowing landslip.
Another cause of water loss is the presence of trees, in particular broad leaved trees which
remove vast quantities of water from the ground in the spring and summer months during their
growing period. Water and nutrients are extracted from the ground by the roots and transported
through the plant to the leaves from which large volumes of water evaporate; this is known as
the transpiration stream. Trees absorb carbon dioxide which combines with water in the
leaves to produce sugars for plant growth, releasing oxygen as a waste product; this process is
called photosynthesis. In drought conditions trees continue to evaporate water brought in via
their root system. During continual drought the trees will drop many of their leaves to conserve
water in the trunk; however, the ground around the tree will have been seriously depleted of
water (becoming desiccated).
When wetted the clays wells causing heave and softens (becomes plastic). When clay is
saturated, its compressive strength is reduced considerably (by up to 50%) because the platelets
become lubricated and easily move over each other. For example, after heavy rain site vehicles
may not be able to operate because they would sink into the softened clay. Clay substratum can
lose up to 50% of its load bearing capacity and buildings may subside (subsidence). In
Figure4.3, structure A may be pushed evenly upward and therefore is unlikely to be damaged.
However, if the ground strata change as beneath structure B, the upward force will be uneven
and may result in reduced load bearing capacity causing slip and heave, so structural damage is
3
likely. Frost can also cause heave in saturated clay, although generally only about the top 0.6m
will be subject to movement. Horizontal pressure can cause sub-ground level walling to be
moved if inadequate back¿OORUFDYLW\¿OOKDVEHHQXVHG
Other causes of ground movement can include broken drains and changes to water courses
Water abstraction for irrigation, manufacture or human use can have considerable effects on
ground stability. Where the land is adjacent to tidal rivers or sea, the ground may swell and
shrink with the tidal cycles. This is particularly common in marsh of ¿EURXVSHDW\VXEVWUDWHV
Old mines which have not been charted, and therefore remain undiscovered in modern times,
can be a major cause of subsidence; for example, mines for coal, iron ore, copper, tin, zinc and
galena, stone extraction for building in and around Bath and parts of Derbyshire, or Àints in
parts of Norfolk.

4
Design for wall footing:
1- Calculate the width of footing (b):
The wall footing will be designed as one way cantilever slab for a strip of (1m) length

5
  . + 
 =   (  .) =    
2
+
=   0.25

Where:
  =     /2
H = depth of footing- m
b = width of footing –m
D = service dead loads -kN/m
L = service live loads -kN/m
 . = density of concrete = 24 kN/m3
 = density of soil kN/m3

2- Thickness of footing (h):

The thickness is calculated depending on shear capacity, the ACI-Code 318 limits the
minimum thickness of 150mm and 300mm for pile cups.

1.2   + 1.6  
 =
1
   ()  > 150  ! =  70  75 ( ) !  /2
$%&
"# = 0.75  !
6
For shear the critical section is at distance (d ) from face of wall:

#! =  ( !) ' "#
2
If the difference between the two shear is too much reduce
the assumed (h).
3- Reinforcement required:
Two type of reinforcement required the main and the
shrinkage and temperature reinforcement.
  2
For main reinforcement: * = 
2
!!,        % !,   

6
   ( )2
For concrete wall * =
8
  (2 )2
For masonry wall * =
32
* % 1 2-4
- = 4= 9 = [1 :1 ] ; = 9   ! ! = 1000
" !2 0.85%&  4 %

For secondary reinforcement the ACI-Code requirements:

; = 9  
; 
<= ' 3h for main reinf. and ' 5h for minimum reinf. ' 450mm.
;

4- Development length: !  !! = 70  75
2
! ! !!,   ! % 
9  !  %  @A
! = B 300 %  " > 19
10  $%&
18  !  %  @A
! = B 300 %  " < 19
25  $%&
If the required Ld is larger than provided use hooks:
100  ! 
! = B 8  !  B 150
$%&
Ex. 1: Design a concrete wall footing with 400mm thickness supports dead loads of 120kN/m
and love loads of 100kN/m allowable soil bearing capacity at depth 1m equal 200kN/m2 ȖVRLO
= 16 kN/m3 ( use f’c = 20 MPa and fy = 400MPa with bars of 12mm)
24 + 16
 =   (  . ) = 200 1   = 180/2
2
120 + 100
= = 1.22 E 1.25
180
1.2   + 1.6   1.2  120 + 1.6  100
 = = = 243.2/2
1 1.25
Assume h= 300mm d = 300-70-12/2= 224mm

7
 $%& F20 224
"# = 0.75   ! = 0.75  1000  = 125.75
6 6 1000
 1.25 0.4
#! =   ! = 243.2  0.224 = 48.64 ' "# . .
2 2
  ( )2 243.2(1.25 0.4)2
*= = = 21.95. /
8 8
* 21.9510 6 % 400
- = = = 0.486 4= = = 23.35
" !2 0.91000224 2 0.85%&  0.8520

1 2-4
9 = G1 :1 H = 0.00123 < 0.0018
4 %

Then in both direction use ; = 9    = 0.0018  1000  300 = 5402
 ;  1000  113
<= = 209  "IJKK@JMMKK ' 3  300 = 900
; 540
 1250 400
!  !! = 70 = 70 = 355
2 2
18  !  %  @A 18  12  400  1
! = = = 772.78 >   !! = 355
25  $%& 25F20
Use hooks
100  !  100  12
! = = = 268.3  270 B 8  12 = 96 B 150
$%& F20

Ex.2: Check the adequacy for the footing shown below, the bearing capacity of the soil is
100kN/m2 at depth of 0.75 for  . = 16 /3 use f’c= 25 MPa and fy = 400Mpa. The
service dead loads are 45 kN/m and the service live loads are 35kN/m?

 = 100 0.25  24 16  0.5 =

86 /2
45 + 35
= = 0.93  1.0 
86

1.2   + 1.6  
 =
1
1.2  45 + 1.6  35
=
1.0
= 110 /2
Assume h= 250mm d = 250-70-14 / 2 = 173 mm

8
 $%& F25 173
"# = 0.75   ! = 0.75  1000  = 108.125 
6 6 1000
 1.0 0.25
#! =   ! = 110  0.173 = 22.22  ' "# . .
2 2
  (2 )2 110(2  1.0 0.25)2
*= = = 10.53. /
32 32
* 10.5310 6 % 400
- = = = 0.0.391 4= = = 18.83
" !2 0.91000173 2 0.85%&  0.8520

1 2-4
9 = G1 :1 H = 0.00098 < 0.0018
4 %

Then in both direction use ; = 9    = 0.0018  1000  250 = 4502
 ;  1000  154
<= = = 342.2  ' 3  250 = 750
; 450
 ;  1000  79
<= = = 175.55  ' 5  250 = 1250  NOM
; 450
 1000 250
!  !! = 70 = 70 = 305
2 2
18  !  %  @A 18  14  400  1
! = = = 806.4 >   !! = 305
25  $%& 25F25
Use hooks
100  !  100  14
! = = = 280 B 8  14 = 112 B 150
$%& F25

Single column footing:

A) Concentrically loaded single column footing area:
+ 
 .
 =   (  . ) =    
2
+
;= P =   0.25 For square footing F; = P =
 

Thickness of footing assumed more than 150mm. Then d= h -70 – d av. /2

1- Beam shear(critical section at distance d from face of support)

1.2   + 1.6  
 =
;
$%&
"# = 0.75  !
6
For shear the critical section is at distance (d ) from face of wall:
9
 P
#! =  ( !) ' "#
2

2- Punching shear
A 1 = (b+d)*(c+d) A 2 = B*H

# = . (;2 ;1) ”ѫ Vc

And Vc shall be calculated according to ACI-Code 318-08:

Where:
,
A= B 2 is the ratio of long to short side of column for square column = 1
 
 =  %  !   ! %%  ! = 2( + ! +  + !)
Q = 1 for normal concrete weight.

Reinforcement required:
  ( )2
Long direction: * =
8
* % 1 2- 4 1.4
- = 4= 9 = G1 :1 H ' 9 = 0.75 9 ! > 9 =
" !2 0.85%&  4 % %
; 
; = 9  ! . %  =
; 
  (P )2 P
Short direction: * =
8
* % 1 2-4 1.4
- = 4= 9 = G1 :1 H ' 9 = 0.75 9 ! > 9 =
"P! 2 0.85%&  4 % %

; = 9  P  !
; 
. %  =
; 

Distribution of reinforcement according to ACI-Code 318-08:

10
 ;2 =   ;  ;1 = (1 );

Bearing transfer of stresses at base of column :

YJ
RSTUS. = " VM. WO  X& S:  YIZ < "  0.85  X& S  J  YI and " = M. \
YI

Pult.=1.2*D+1.6*L ”%FRQF
A1= area of column (loaded area (b*c))
A2 = area rounded by 2d around column(b+2d)(c+2d) according to figure below.

Development length: check in both direction as in wall footing.

11
 
Development length: !  !! = 70  75
2
! ! !!,   ! % 
9  !  %  @A
! = B 300 %  " > 19
10  $%&
18  !  %  @A
! = B 300 %  " < 19
25  $%&
If the required Ld is larger than provided use hooks:
100  ! 
! = B 8  !  B 150
$%&

Dowels:

;! = 0.005 ;( )

!  %
! . = B 0.04 !  % B 200
4$%&

Ex. 3: A circle tied column 500*500mm reinforced with 4"25mm support a service dead load
of 1100kN and service live load of 800 kN. The allowable soil pressure at depth 1500mm is

12
250kN/m2 and  = 16/3. Design a separate footing for this column, use f’c =27.5MPa
and fy = 410MPa?
24 + 16
 =   (  . ) = 250 1.5   = 220 /2
2
+ 1100 +800
;= = = 8.642 , For square footing P = = F; = F8.64 = 2.94 _ 3
  220

Thickness of footing assumed more than 150mm.try h=600mm

Then d = 600 -75 – 25 = 500mm
Beam shear (critical section at distance d from face of support)

1.2  1100 + 1.6  800

 = = 288.89 _ 289 /2
33
$%& F27.5 500
"# = 0.75   ! = 0.75  3000  = 983.26 
6 6 1000
For shear the critical section is at distance (d ) from face of wall:
P 3 0.5
#! =   ! = 289  0.5  3 = 650.25 ' "#
2 2
Punching shear
A 1 = (b+d)*(c+d) = (0.5+ 0.5)2 = 1 m2 A 2 = B*H =3*3=9m2
A= = 1  2 and  = 4  (500 + 500) = 4000

2
"# = 0.75  0.17 `1 + b $% &     !
A
2 500
= 0.75  0.17 1 +   F27.5  4000  = 2674.5 
2 1000
# = . (;2 ;1) = 289  (9 1) = 2312  ”ѫ Vc
Reinforcement required:
Long direction & Short direction (square column) :

  ( )2 289(3 0.5)2

*= = = 225.78 . 
8 8

225.7810 6 %
- = = 0.334 4= =17.54
093000500 2 0.85%& 
1 2-4 1.4 1.4
9 = G1 :1 H = 0.00042 ' 9 = 0.75 9 ! > 9 = = =0.00341
4 % % 410

; = 0.00341  3000  500 = 51152

;  5115
. %  = = = 16.2  17  "20
;  "20 314
Bearing transfer of stresses at base of column :

Pult.=1.2*D+1.6*L =1.2*100 +1.6*800 = 2600 kN ”%FRQF

13
A1= 500*500= 250000mm2 A2 = (500 + 4*500)(500 + 4*500) = 6250000mm2
;1 6250000
=j = 5 > 2  2
;2 250000
;2
P. = " V0.85  % & :  ;1Z < "  0.85  % &   2  ;1 and " = M. \
;1
250000
P. = 0.7 `0.85  27.5  2  b = 8181 < k = 2600 . .
1000
pqvqwxyzq{| wq{}|~

3000 500
!  !! = 70 = 70 = 1180
2 2
9  !  %  @A 9  20  410  1
! = = = 1407 >   !! = 1180
10  $%& 10F27.5
41020
Use hooks ! = = €I B 8  20 = 160 B 150
4F27.5

Dowels:
;! = 0.005 ;( ) =0.005*500*500= 1250mm2
Minimum 4 bars one at each corner 4" 25 mm same size as column reinforcement.
!  %
! . = B 0.04 !  % B 200
4$% & 
25410
= = NWW. KK B 0.04  25  410 = 410 B 200
4F27.5

Ex.4: Check the adequacy of the rectangular footing shown; support a service dead load of
900kN and service live load of 1400kN. the allowable soil pressure 150kN/m2 ,use f’c = 25
MPa and fy = 400MPa?

14
Beam shear (critical section at distance d from
face of support)
1.2  900 + 1.6  1400 3320
 = =
3.3  5.4 17.82

= 186.31 /2

900 + 1400 129

   = =
3.3  5.4 2

Wt. of footing = 24*0.8= 19kN/m2

150
 = 129 + 19 = 148 < . .
2

!, = 800 75 12.5 = 712.5

! ! = 800 75 25 12.5 = 687

A 1 = (b+d)*(c+d) = (0.6+ 0..7125)2 = 1.722 m2

A 2 = B*H =3.3 * 5.4 = 17.82 m2
A= = 1  2

and  = 4  (0.6 + 0.35 + 0.35) = 5.2 

# = . (;2 ;1) = 186.31  (17.82 1.722)

= 2995.84 
2
"# = 0.75  0.17 `1 + b $% &     !
A
2
2995.84 = 0.75  0.17 1 +   F20  5.2  !
2
! = 505.2 < 712.5 . .
P
#! =   ! = 186.31  3.3  1.688 = 1037.82 
2
F20
"# = 1037.82 = 0.75   3.3  ! then ! =
6
562.5 < 712 . .

2.42
* = 186.31  3.3  = 1770.7 . 
2

15
 1770.710 6 %
- = = 1.177 4= =23.53
0.93300712 2 0.85%& 

1 2-4 1.4 1.4

9 = G1 :1 H = 0.00162 ' 9 = 0.75 9 ! > 9 = = =0.0035
4 % % 400

; = 0.0035  3300  712 = 8223.6 2

1000 4913.3
;  !! = = 9258.862 > 8223.62 . .
175

! = 687
1.35 2
* = 186.31  5.4  = 916.78 . 
2

916.7810 6 %
- = = 0.399 4= =23.53
0.95400687 2 0.85%& 

1 2-4 1.4 1.4

9 = G1 :1 H = 0.001 ' 9 = 0.75 9 ! > 9 = = =0.0035
4 % % 400

; = 0.0035  5400  687 = 12984.3 2

1000  491  3.3 1000  491  0.9  2
;  !! = + = 137482 > 12984.32 . .
150 300
Bearing transfer of stresses at base of column :
Pult.=1.2*D+1.6*L =1.2 * 900 + 1.6 * 1400 = 3320 kN ”%FRQF
A1= 600 * 600 = 360000mm2 A2 = (600 + 4 * 712)2 = 11888704 mm2
;2 11888704
=j = 5.74 > 2  2
;1 360000
;2
P. = " V0.85  % & :  ;1Z < "  0.85  % &   2  ;1 and " = M. \
;1
360000
P. = 0.7 `0.85  20  2  b = 8568  < k = 3320  . .
1000
pqvqwxyzq{| wq{}|~
3300 600
!  !! = 70 = 70 = 1280
2 2
5400 600
70 = 2330
2

9  !  %  @A 9  25  400  1
! = = = 2012.46 >   !!
10  $%& 10F20
40025
Use hooks ! = = 559 B 8  25 = 200  B 150
4F20

16
B) Eccentrically loaded columns:

=
;

17
 =

ΔϟΩΎόϤϟ΍ϖϴΒτΘΑϭϩϼϋ΍ϞϜθϟ΍ϲϓϦϴΒϣΎϤϛϭ ( b )Ϫοήϋϭ ( h )ϪϟϮρϞϴτΘδϣαΎγϻ

 3 /12
= = /6
/2

ϩϼϋ΍ϞϜθϟ΍ϲϓΎϤϛϭαΎγϻ΍ΓΪϋΎϗϦϣ˯ΰΟϰϠϋΚϠΜϣϞϜθΑϥϮϜϴγΕ΍ΩΎϬΟϻ΍ϊϳίϮΗϥΎϓϦϣήΒϛ΍ΔΣ΍ίϻ΍ΖϧΎϛ΍Ϋ΍
3 2k 
  =k  = = 2
2 3 2

Ex. 5: The diagram below shows a footing ( 1.2*1.8m) loaded with P= 890 kN and at distance of
e= 15cm on the right side of the footing :
1- Find soil pressure under the footing
2- Find soil pressure if e= 38cm.
 1800
 = 15 < = = 30  the footing will be under stress less than soil pressure.
6 6
1.8
k k.    890 890  0.15 
 = = + 2 = 618.05 /2
; ‚ 1.2  1.8 1.83
1.2 
12

18
 1.8
k k.    890 890  0.15 
 = = 2 = 206.01 /2
; ‚ 1.2  1.8 1.83
1.2 
12
 1800
 = 38 < = = 30
6 6
ΔϟΩΎόϤϟ΍ϡ΍ΪΨΘγΎΑϭ ( 3a )ΔϓΎδϣϰϠϋωίϮΘϴγΩΎϬΟϻ΍ϥΎϓ
 1.8
= = 0.38 = 0.52
2 2
2k 2  890
 = = = 950.8/2
3 3  0.52  1.2

19