FOLA 312 PRELIM REVIEWER In Latin America, ustedes is used for the

Past Tense
plural exclusively. hablar ( spoke)
AR Ending Verbs
Past Tense Drop – AR ending and add:
AR – Endings in Present Tense
Pronouns are used to substitute nouns. We
I yo -é Yo hablé ( I spoke)
use yo for I and tú for you.
Yo – (I) – o Nosotros / nosotras – we – you Tú -aste hablaste (you
The most common place we'll use them is amos (informal) spoke) inf
before the verb. Tú – you – as Vosotros / vosotras ( you he, she, and él, ella, -ó habló (he/she/you
all) informal – áis you usted spoke) f
Yo estoy casada. (f) - I'm married. Él (he) Ellos (they) (formal)
Ella (she) Ellas (They female) we nosotros -amos hablamos (we
Yo estoy despierto. (m) - I'm awake. Usted you) formal Ustedes (you all) formal spoke)
-a - an
Repaso: Pronombres
you all vosotros -asteis hablasteis ( you all
spoke)
yo I Present Tense they – you ellos, -aron hablaron (you
tú you (informal) Hablar ( to speak) all (formal) ellas, all/they spoke)
él he, him or it Present Drop – AR ending and add: ustedes
ella she, her, or it Tense
usted (ud.) you (formal) I yo -o hablo ( i speak)
Future Tense
nosotros (as) we, us you tú -as hablas (you
hablar ( will speak)
vosotros (as) you all (informal) (informal) speak) inf
Future Tense Drop – AR ending and add:
(spain) he, she, él, ella, -a habla
and you usted (he/she/you I yo -aré yo hablaré ( I will
ellos they (masculino)
(formal) speak) f speak)
ellas they (femenino) we nosotros -amos hablamos (we you tú -arás hablarás (you will
ustedes you all (formal) speak) (informal) speak) inf
(uds.) he, she, and él, ella, -ará hablará (he/she/you
All AR ending verbs (that are regular) will you all vosotros -áis habláis ( you all you (formal) usted will be speake) f
have conjugation done in this way for speak) we nosotros -aremos hablaremos (we will
they – you ellos, -an hablan (you speak)
present, past and future conditions. Some
all ellas, all/they speak)
regular AR ending verbs are listed below you all vosotros -aréis hablaréis ( you all
(formal) ustedes
these charts. will speak)
they – you all ellos, -arán hablarán (you
*the vosotros/ vosotras form used in Span (formal) ellas, all/they will speak)
ustedes
in addition to ustedes.
Lista de Verbos AR Adorner - to decorate Alterar - to alter

Abandoner - to abandon Afectar - to affect Alumbrar - to light

Abuser - to abuse Afeitar - to shave amar - to love

Acabar - to complete Afirmar - to affirm anular - to annul

Acampar - to camp Agachar - to lower / bend down anunciar- to announce

Acelerar - to accelerate Agarrar - to grab apartar -to part

Aceptar - to accept Agitar - to agitate apestar - to nauseate

Aclamar - to acclaim /applaud Agotar - to use up apoyar - to support

Aclarar - to explain Agrandar -to enlarge apreciar -to appreciate

Acompañar - to accompany Agravar - to aggravate apurarse - to grieve

Aconsejar - to counsel Agrupar - to group argumentar - to dispute

Acostumbrar - to be accustomed Aguantar - to endure armar - to arm

Acuchillar - to cut Aguardar - to expect / wait for arreglar - to set in order

Acumular - to accumulate Agujerear - to pierce arrestar - to arrest

Acusar - to accuse Ahorrar - to save arrojar -to throw

Adaptar - to adapt Alarmar - to alarm articular - to articulate

Adelantar - to advance Alimentar - to feed asaltar - to assault

Adivinar - to guess / divine Aliviar - to relieve asegurar - to assure

Administrar - to administer Almacenar - to store asesinar - to assassinate

Admirar - to admire Alojar - to lodge asignar - to assign

Adopter - to adopt Alquilar - to rent asociar - to associate

aspirer - to breath in cambiar - to change completer - to complete

asustar - to scare caminar - to walk comprar - to buy

atrapar - to catch cancelar - to cancel concentrar -to concentrate

aumentar - to increase cansarse - to become tired condenarto – to condemn

ayudar - to help cantar - to sing condenser - to condense

ayunar - to fast cariciar - to caress conectar - to connect

bailar - to dance casarse - to marry confirmer - to confirm

bajar - to go down / lower causar - to cause conformar - to conform

balancear - to balance celebrar - to celebrate confortar - to comfort

bañar - to bathe cenar - to eat dinner confronter - to confront

basar - to base cepillar - to brush conllevar - to carry

beneficiar - to benifit circular - to circulate conquistar - to conquer

besar - to kiss citar - to cite / quote conservar - to conserve

bloquear - to block cocinar - to cook considerar - to consider

borrar - to erase colaborar -to collaborate consolar -to console

brindar - to toast / present columpiar - to swing constipar – to constipate

buscar - to look for combiner - to combine consultar - to consult

cachear - to search comentar - to comment contaminar -to contaminate

calcular - to calculate comparer - to compare contemplar - to contemplate

calmar - to calm compensar - to compensate contestar - to answer

callar- to make quiet compilar - to compile contratar - to contract

controlar - to control descansar - to rest disputer - to dispute

conversar - to converse descifrar - to deciphe divorciar - to divorce

coordinar - to coordinate descuidar - to relieve from care doblar - to double

cortar - to cut desear- to wish / desire duchar - to shower

crear - to create desempeñar - to redeem /recover dudar -to doubt

cuidar - to take care of desenchufar - to unplug echar - to throw out

curar - to cure desengañar - to disillusion ejecutar - to execute

charlar - to chat desfigurar - to disfigure elevar - to elevate

chiflar - to whistle desmayar - to faint eliminar - to eliminate

chillar - to scream desocupar - to vacate emborrachar - to get drunk

chismear - to gossip desorientar - to disorient empeorar - to worsen

chupar - to suck despreciar - to depise emplear - to employ

declarer - to declare detectar - to detect enamorarse - to fall in love

decorar - to decorate determiner - to determine encantar - to enchant

defraudar - to defraud devorar - to devour encarcelar - to imprison

dejar - to leave dibujar - to draw enchilar - to burn with chiles

deliverar -to deliver dictar - to dictate enfadar - to annow

demandar - to demand disculpar - to excuse enfermarse - to get sick

denunciar - to denounce disfrutar - to enjoy engañar - to deceive

derivar - to derive disgustar - to disgust engendrar - to engender

desayunar - to eat breakfast disparar - to shoot engordar - to get fat

enojar - to anger expresar - to express golpear - to hit

enseñar - to teach expulsar - to expel grabar - to record

ensuciar - to get dirty extirpar - to extirpate gritar - to yell

entrar - to enter facilitar - to facilitate gustar - to please or be pleasing

entrevistar - to interview faltar - to lack hallar - to find

enumerar - to number fallar - to miss heredar - to inherit

envidiar - to envy fascinar - to bascinate hinchar -to swell

escaper - to escape fastidiar - to annoy honrar - to honor

escoltar - to escort fecundar - to fertilize ignorer – to ignore

escuchar - to listen to fijar - to focus / fix imaginar - to imagine

esperar - to wait / hope / be firmar - to sign imitar - to imitate

pregnant formar - to from implanter - to implant

estipular - to stilpulate formular - to formulate implementar - to implement

estornudar - to sneeze fracturar - to fracture importer - to import

estudiar - to study frustrar - to frustrate impresionar - to impress

evitar - to avoid fumar - to smoke incapacitar - to incapacitate

exagerar -to exaggerate funcionar - to function incorporar- to incorporate

exalter - to exalt fundar - to found incrementar - to increment

examiner - to examine fusilar - to shoot infectar - to infect

excusar - to excuse ganar - to win inflamer - to inflame

exhalar - to exhale gastar - to spend informar - to inform

ingresar - to enter or join liberar - to free mojar - to make wet

iniciar - to iniciate licenciar - to license molestar - to bother

inspeccionar - to inspect limitar -to limit montar - to mount

inspirer - to inspire limpiar - to clean mudarse - to move

insultar - to insult luchar - to fight nadir - to swim

intentar - to intend llamar - to call necesitar - to need

intercambiar - to exchange llenar - to fill nombrar - to name

interesar - to interest llevar - to wear / carry notar - to note

interpretar - to interpret llorar - to cry nublarse - to cloud

inventor - to invent lloviznar - to drizzle observar - to observe

inviter - to invite madurar - to mature ocupar - to occupy

inyectar - to inject malfuncionar - to malfunction odiar - to hate

irritar - to irritate maltratar - to mistreat olvidar - to forget

jalar - to pull manchar - to spot operar - to operate

jubilarse - to retire manejar - to drive opinar - to be of an opinion

juntar - to bring together manipular - to manipulate optar - to opt

jurar - to take an oath martillar - to hammer orar - to pray

ladrar - to bark mejorar - to improve pagar - to pay

lastimar - to injure / hurt mencionar - to mention parar - to stop, be still

lavar - to wash mirar - to look / watch participar - to participate

levantar - to lift or raise moderar - to moderate pasar - to pass

patina - to skate prestart - to loan resultar - to result

patrullar - to patrol privar - to deprive saludar - to greet

peinar - to comb procrear - to procreate señalar - to wave or signal

pelear - to fight programar - to program terminar - to terminate

penetrar - to penetrate progresar - to progress tirar - to throw

perdonar - to forgive pronunciar - to pronounce tolerar - to tolerate

perdurar - to last proporcionar - to proportion tomar - to take

perfeccionar - to perfect protestar - to protest trabajar - to work

perforar - to perforate proyectar - to project traicionar - to betray

perpetrar - to perpetrate pulsar - to pulsate transformer - to transform

perturbar - to perturb quebrar - to break transporter - to transport

pesar - to weigh quedar - to stay trasladar - to transfer

pintar - to paint quejarse - to complain tartar - to try

pitar - to honk / blow whistle quemar - to burn triunfar - to be triumphant

planchar - to iron quitar - to remove untar - to anoint

portar - to bear / carry regañar - to gripe usar - to use

precisar - to specify regatear - to barter viajar - to travel

preguntar - to ask regresar - to return vibrar - to vibrate

preocuparse - to preoccupy rentar - to rent vigilar - to watch over

preparer - to prepare reparar - to repair vincular - to conquer

presenter - to present respeter - to respect violar - to violate

visitor - to visit You all Vosotro -áis -éis -ís
(inf) s/tras
voltear - to turn SUBJECT PRONOUNS They/y ellos,ell -an -en -en
ou all as,
vomitar - to vomit Singular Plural (formal) ustedes
1st I = yo We (m) = Nosotros
votar - to vote person We (f) = Nosotras

yodurar - to iodize 2nd You = tú You all = -AR -ER -IR

person vosotros/tras hablar comer vivir
zapatear - to kick (w/ shoe) 3rd He = él They (m) = ellos yo hablo como vivo
person She = ella They (f) = ellas tú hablas comes vives
AR, -ER AND –IR VERBS IN THE PRESENT You = Ud. You all = Uds.
Él, ella, habla come vive
TENSE usted
A PART OF SPEECH INDICATING ACTION CONJUGATING VERBS Nosotros hablamos comemos vivimos
nosotras
VERB –  TO CONJUGATE A VERB IN SPANISH Vosotros habláis coméis vivís
YOU Ellos,ellas, hablan comen viven
INFINITIVE - an unchanged verb. In English
 TAKE OFF THE ENDING, -AR, -ER, -IR ustedes
it usually includes the word “to” – to be, to
 YOU ARE LEFT WITH THE STEM OF THE
swim, to eat, to live, etc. In
VERB
PRACTICAMOS
Spanish all infinitives end in either -ar, -er-,  COMER – ER = COM (THE STEM)
ir.  ADD ON THE APPROPRIATE ENDING Complete each sentence below with the
TO MATCH THE SUBJECT. correct form of the
CONJUGATE - To change the verb from the
 BUT WHAT ARE THE ENDINGS?
infinitive to a form that matches the Verb hablar.
subject. -ar, -er, -ir verb endings (regular verbs)
LA PROFESORA _habla_ CON LOS
SUBJECT - The person or thing doing the -AR -ER -IR ESTUDIANTES.
action I yo -o -o -o
You tú -as -es -es LOS ESTUDIANTES _hablan_ EN LA
CONJUGATIONS - The forms of the verb He, She, él, ella, -a -e -e CAFETERÍA.
after you conjugate it. you usted
(formal) NOSOTROS __hablamos_ ESPAÑOL.
SUBJECT PRONOUNS - a word that replaces We Nosotro -amos -emos -imos
TÚ _hablas_ MUCHO.
the proper names of nouns. s/tras
YO _hablo_ CON MIS AMIGOS. MANY TIMES - MUCHAS VECES • I do prepare the math homework!
Yo preparo la tarea de matemáticas
THE VERB BEBER. DURING - DURANTE
• We are studying lesson 4.
LA SEÑORA __bebe_ CAFÉ CON LECHE. IN THE MORNING - POR LA MAÑANA (Nosotros) estudiamos la lección 4.
• They dance on Sundays.
LAS MUCHACHAS _beben_ UNA AT NIGHT - POR LA NOCHE Ellos bailan los domingos.
LIMONADA.
IN THE EVENING - POR LA TARDE
NOSOTROS__bebemos__ LIMONADA.
¿Cómo se dice en español? Every verb has 2 parts:
TÚ __bebes__ LECHE. • I answer a question in class. STEM + ENDING
Yo contesto una pregunta en clase. Hablar = habl-
YO __ bebo__TÉ HELADO.
• She’s buying a green book. Practicar = practi-
Ella compra un libro verde Estudiar = estudi-
• They (those girls) need some new Trabajar = trabaj-
VERB ESCRIBIR. pens. Cocinar = cocin-
YO __escribo__ MUCHAS CARTAS. Ellas necesitan unos bolígrafos nuevos. Mirar = mir-
• We work a lot in history class. Escuchar = escuch-
LA PROFESORA __escribe__ EL EXAMEN. (Nosotros) trabajamos mucho en la Jugar = jug-
LOS ALUMNOS ___escriben__ CON clase de historia Presentar = present-
LÁPICES. • You (tú) are looking for a black Comprar = compr-
backpack.
MARIANA Y YO ___escribimos__ CON Tú buscas una mochila negra. Present-tense verbs in Spanish can have
BOLÍGRAFOS. • You guys are visiting a new high school several English equivalents. Each simple
today. expression in Spanish may convey three
TÚ __ escribes___ UNA CARTA LARGA.
Vosotros visitáis un colegio nuevo hoy. different ideas in English:
• He enters spanish class at 10 am. (yo) Estudio español.
Él entra la clase de español a las 10 de • I study Spanish. (simple statement)
ADVERBIOS: DESCRIBE A VERB
la mañana. • I do study Spanish. (emphasis)
ALWAYS - SIEMPRE • Who’s swimming on Saturday? • I am studying Spanish. (action in
¿Quién nada el sábado? progress)
NEVER - NUNCA
• Elena cries a lot.
SOMETIMES - A VECES Elena llora mucho.
  Establecer - (to establish) - yo - Yo hago -Nosotros hacemos
establezco - Tú haces - Vosotros hacéis
La Gramatica: Los Verbos  Producir - (to produce) - yo produzco - Él hace - Ellos hacen
2. For verbs that end in -ger and -gir, - Ella hace - Ellas hacen
The following verbs have irregular forms change the g to j for the yo form: - Ud. Hace - Uds. hacen
for the first person singular of the present  Escoger - (to choose) - yo escojo
Poner – to put or to place
tense:  Dirigir - (to direct) - yo dirijo
- Yo pongo -Nosotros ponemos
caber (to fit) - yo quepo  Emerger - (to emerge) - yo emerjo
- Tú pones - Vosotros ponéis
caer (to fall) - yo caigo  Finger - (to pretend) - yo finjo
- Él pone - Ellos ponen
conducir (to drive) - yo conduzco 3. For verbs that end in -guir, change
- Ella pone - Ellas ponen
conocer (to know, to be acquainted with) - the gu to g for the yo form:
- Ud. Pone - Uds. ponen
yo conozco  Seguir - (to follow) - yo sigo
Salir – to leave or to go out
escoger (to choose) - yo escojo  Conseguir - (to get) - yo consigo
- Yo salgo - Nosotros salimos
dirigir (to direct) - yo dirijo  Distinguir - (to distinguish) - yo
- Tú sales - Vosotros salís
hacer (to do, to make) - yo hago distingo
- Él sale - Ellos salen
poner (to put, to place) - yo pongo NOTE: It is extremely important that you
- Ella sale - Ellas salen
saber (to know something - a fact) - yo sé learn these verbs, because material
- Ud. Sale - Uds. salen
salir (to leave) - yo salgo covered later assumes that you have
Traer – to bring
seguir (to follow) - yo sigo mastered this. At times, learning the
Did you notice the extra letter “i” in the yo
traer (to bring) - yo traigo irregular verbs may seem daunting, but it's
form? It helps the verb form to sound
valer (to be worth) - yo valgo not as bad as it seems. Your best tool is
better when it is pronounced.
ver (to see) - yo veo your verb flashcards, which should be
- Yo traigo -Nosotros traemos
separate from any other flashcards you
- Tú traes - Vosotros traéis
In addition to memorizing the above listed might be using. Add the following 14 verb
- Él trae - Ellos traen
verbs, you should familiarize yourself with flashcards to your collection:
- Ella trae - Ellas traen
the following three rules:
- Ud. Trae - Uds. traen
1. For verbs that end in -cer and -cir,
Tener – to have
change the c to zc for the yo form: Infinitive verb – exceptions
- Yo tengo -Nosotros tenemos
 Conocer - (to know) - yo conozco Yo form will be “go” verb
- Tú tienes - Vosotros tenéis
 Conducir - (to drive) - yo conduzco
- Él tiene - Ellos tienen
 Crecer - (to grow) - yo crezco Hacer – to make or to do
- Ella tiene - Ellas tienen
 Traducir - (to translate) - yo traduzco
 - Ud. Tiene - Uds. tienen The YO form has a G. • Expressing the
Everything that is irregular fits inside the Profession: soy ingeniera (I am an
- Yo hago
shape of a boot so teachers like to call engineer)
- Yo pongo
these verbs “boot verbs”. The e ie
- Yo salir • Description: Mi casa es azul (my house
change does not happen in the yo form, but
- Yo traigo is blue)
instead it has a g. This is why I call it a
- Yo caigo
“fluffy boot verb”, or “una bota fofa” ( a • Identification: Esta es Alicia y esta as
- Yo tengo
Sra. Seger invention☺) Paquita (This is Alicia and this is
- Yo vengo
Paquita)
The verbs hacer, poner, salir and traer are
• An important difference from the
regular in all forms with the exception of
English language is that from the
the “yo” form.
sentence structure point of view
Venir – to come Memorize the conjugation of the following
there is no difference between
verbs.
- Yo vengo -Nosotros venimos statement and question sentences.
- Tú vienes - Vosotros venís SER, ESTAR y IR This of course is valid for any other
- Él viene - Ellos vienen verb; I explain it here for SER. For
For many language learners, one of the
- Ella viene - Ellos vienen example:
most stressful parts of the learning is
- Ud. Viene - Uds. vienen
knowing the difference between ser and • tú eres de Madrid (you are from
Venir is another “fluffy boot verb”, or “una estar. These verbs “to be” are used all the Madrid) but
bota fofa”. Everything that is irregular fits time in daily communication.
• ¿ tú eres de Madrid ? (are you from
inside the shape of the boot or shoe.
Conjugations of SER Madrid?)
Remember, “stinky stuff happens inside a
shoe”. • The verb "SER" is the "to be" verb in • So, something like eres tú de
Spanish language. Madrid? Is wrong. Instead, in
Caer – to fall
written language, an inverse
• El Verbo SER
- Yo caigo - Nosotros caemos question mark is put at the
- Tú caes - Vosotros caéis • This irregular spanish verb is used for beginning of the sentence to make
- Él cae - Ellos caen it clear that it's handled there with
- Ella cae - Ellas caen • Expressing nationality: soy español (I a question. While speaking, it is
- Ud. Cae - Uds. caen am spanish) easy to change your voice
accordingly so that it is understood
 • that you are actually asking  you are • What color is the apple?
something and not making a  he/she is It is green
statement.  we are
 you-all are • In Spanish, a different verb is used
• Furthermore, as I had mentioned to express “to be” depending on
before on Spanish subject  they are
whether the speaker intends to
pronouns, in Spanish the subject Notice that these two sentences can have address a condition or an essential
pronouns are rarely used. Hence, it different meanings in English.
is more common to just say
quality.
The apple is green. (Meaning the apple is
• eres de Madrid or ¿eres de • La manzana está verde.
not ripe.)
Madrid? The apple is green. (condition)
The apple is green. (Meaning the color of
yo soy • La manzana es verde.
the apple is green.)
tú eres The apple is green. (Essence)
él/ella/usted es • In the first case, our example speaks of
nosotros/nosotras somos the condition of the apple. The apple is Ser is used to express the hour, day, and
vosotros/vosotras sois green because it has not yet ripened. date.
ellos/ellas/ustedes son When the condition of the apple
The verb "ser“ is conjugated as follows • ¿Qué hora es?
changes, that is, when it has ripened, it What time is it?
In Spanish, there are two verbs that can be will no longer be green, it will be ripe. • Son las dos.
translated as “to be.” These two verbs are • In the second case, our example speaks It’s two o’clock.
ser and estar. This lesson will not focus on of the essential characteristics of the • ¿Qué día es hoy?
their correct usage; rather, it is designed to apple. The apple is green in color. This What day is today?
give you lots of practice conjugating these particular apple remains green even • Hoy es lunes.
two verbs. after it has ripened. Today’s Monday.
• ¿Qué fecha es hoy?
• Ser and estar can both be translated • In English, the verb “to be” can be used What’s the date today?
as “to be.” Here is the English verb, to tell how something is (the • Es el cinco de mayo.
fully conjugated: condition) and what something is (the It’s May fifth.
to be essence).
Ser is used to express place of origin.
 I am • How is the apple?
It is unripe.
 • ¿De dónde eres tú?
Where are you from?
• Soy de Colombia.
I’m from Colombia.
Ser is used to express occupation.
• ¿Cuál es tu trabajo?
What do you do?
• Soy carpintero
I’m a carpenter
Ser is used to express nationality.
• ¿Es ella puertorriqueña?
Is she Puerto Rican?
• No, es guatemalteca.
No, she’s Guatemalan.
Ser is used to express religious or political
affiliation.
• ¿Son los García bautistas?
Are the Garcias Baptists?
• No, son católicos.
No, they’re Catholics.
• ¿Es el gobierno socialista?
Is the government socialist?
• No, es comunista.
No, it’s communist.
Ser is used to express the relationship
of one person to another.
• ¿Quién es Rogelio? something is), as well as some common
Who is Roger? uses for the verb ser.
• Es el esposo de Marta. This lesson examines the other Spanish
He’s Martha’s husband verb for “to be”: estar.
Ser is used with certain impersonal Estar is used to express geographic or
expressions. physical locations.
• Es importante practicar cada día.  ¿Dónde estás?
It’s important to practice every day Where are you?
 Estoy en el laboratorio.
• Es necesario hablar mucho.
I’m in the laboratory.
It’s necessary to speak a lot
 ¿Dónde está Chile?
Ser is used to tell where an event is Where’s Chile?
taking place.  Chile está en América del Sur.
Chile is in South America.
• La película es en el cine.
The movie is at the theatre. Note: The one exception to this rule is
that ser is used to tell where an event
• La fiesta es en el club Fantástico.
is taking place. (La fiesta es en mi casa.)
The party is in the Fantastic Club.
Estar is used with adjectives to express a
Ser is used with adjectives to express
state or condition (“how” something is).
inherent, or essential qualities
• ¿Cómo está la sopa?
• Miguel es un hombre sincero.
How’s the soup?
Mike is a sincere man.
• La sopa está fría.
• También es guapo.
The soup is cold.
He’s also handsome.
• ¿Cómo estás tú?
In the previous two lessons you learned
How are you?
the fundamental difference between
ser and estar – essence or condition • Estoy muy bien, gracias.
(“what” something is v. “how” I am very well, thanks.
Estar is used with many idiomatic
expressions. These are just a few
• estar de acuerdo to be in
agreement
• estar de pie to be standing
• estar en camino to be on the way
• estar en las nubes to daydream
Estar is used with the progressive
tenses. You will learn more about this
usage later. We present it now simply
because it is an important use of the
verb estar.
• ¿Qué estás comiendo?
What are you eating?
• Estoy comiendo arroz y frijoles.
I am eating rice and beans.
Estar is used to express:
 geographic or physical location
 state or condition
 many idiomatic expressions
 progressive tenses
To be, To Give and To Go
This lesson presents the two verbs side by
side, with the emphasis on contrasting
their uses. In the process, much — but not
all — of the previous three lessons will be
reviewed. The practice exercises and the
test cover material from all four lessons
When the verb “to be” is followed by a
noun, the verb ser is always used. In this
instance, it might be helpful to think of the
verb as equivalent to an “equal” sign, such
as a = b.
This type of sentence is always referring to
essential characteristics, since the verb is
“linking” what comes before the verb to
what comes after the verb.
When the verb “to be” is followed by an
adjective, the verb used depends upon the
meaning. When referring to an essential
characteristic, use ser. When referring to a
state or condition, use estar.
 La sopa está fría.
The soup is cold.
 Los elefantes son grandes.
The elephants are big.
When the verb “to be” is followed by an
adjective, the verb can actually change the
meaning of the adjective.
 El profesor está aburrido.
The professor is bored.
 El profesor es aburrido.
The professor is boring
Let’s distinguish between origin, location,
and “to take place.” To describe origin, or
where something is from, use ser. To
describe location, or where something is
located right now, use estar. To tell where
an event is taking place, use ser.
 Mónica es de España. (origin)
 Mónica está en Venezuela.
(location)
 La fiesta es en la casa de Mónica.
(taking place)
REVIEW
 When a noun follows the verb,
use ser
 When an adjective follows the
verb, decide between
“essence” and “condition”
 To tell where something is
from, use ser
 To tell where something is
located right now, use estar
 To tell where an event is taking
place, use ser
TENSES Spanish Verb IR
The Spanish verb IR (to go) is one of the
most commonly used verbs in Spanish. It
can be used for everything from
announcing where you are going to what
you are going to do.
The verb Ir happens to be a highly
irregular verb. Like ser, it doesn't follow
the normal patterns for verb conjugations.
Can you imagine why? For example, try to
conjugate ir by taking the infinitive –
ir ending away… and you'll find there's
nothing left!
• Vamos a comer.
We are going to eat.
The verb ir is generally followed by the
preposition a (or the contraction al):
¿Adónde vamos?
Adónde is a question-asking word that
indicates to where we are going.
¿Adónde + ir ?
¿Adónde + vamos mañana ?
(To) Where are we going tomorrow?

Therefore, you'll have to memorize the Mañana (nosotros) vamos a la fiesta

following pattern for ir in the present ¿Adónde? no es igual a ¿dónde?
El Verbo “IR” tense:
“¿Adónde vamos?”
 IR es el infinitivo  Yo - voy
 Tú - vas Nosotros vamos a la fiesta de cumpleaños
 No hay una raíz
 Usted, él, ella - va de Pedro.
 En español IR significa “to go”  Nosotros, nosotras - vamos “¿Dónde está Pedro?”
Por ejemplo:  Vosotros, vosotras - vais
 Ustedes, ellos, ellas – van Pedro está en la escuela.
 In English we say: “I go to the park.” ¿Adónde vas mañana?:
In order to express what is going to
 En español decimos: “Yo voy al
happen, add the appropriate a + el = al
parque.”
conjugated form of ir plus "a" before
 In English we say: “We go to the Yo voy al médico.
the infinitive form of the verb.
movies.”
 En español decimos: “Vamos al • Él va a leer. ... al hotel.
cine.” He is going to read. ... al dentista.
... al parque. He is going to the high school.
El va al colegio.
... al cine.
¿Adónde va Ud. hoy?
...al café.
I’m going to the party.
...al hospital.
Yo voy a la fiesta.
...al restaurante.
¿Cómo vamos?
...al supermercado.
¿How do we get there?
¿Adónde van ustedes?:
We go by car.
a + la = a la Nosotros vamos en carro.

Nosotros vamos a la médica. ¿Cómo van ellos?

...a la biblioteca. They go by bus.

Ellos van en autobús.
...a la ciudad.
¿Cómo vas tú?
...a la oficina.
I go by bicycle.
...a la dentista. Yo voy en bicicleta.
...a la iglesia.

...a la librería.

...a la playa

¿Adónde vas mañana?

I’m going to the bank.

Yo voy al banco

¿Adónde va él hoy?