LITE PRELIM REVIEWER
COVERAGE:
1. Computer in our Daily Life
2. Information Technology and ICT
3. History of Computer
4. Classification of Computer
LESSON 1: Computer in our Daily Life
● Computer use in many aspect in you life
● Rely on mobile phone
Computer
- Programmable device can produce data or
information
- Accept input Produce output
Characteristics of computer
1. Speed- can work fast/ 10 million info per
seconds or more
2. Accuracy- degree of accuracy of a
computer.
3. Diligence- free from tiredness and lack of
concentration.
4. Versatility- capacity to perform completely
different types of work.
5. Power of Remembering- Power of storing
any amount of information or data.
6. No IQ (intelligence quotient)- Cannot work
without instruction.
7. No feelings
8. Storage- has an inbuilt memory where it can
store large amounts of data.
LESSON 2: Information Technology and ICT
What is information technology (IT)?
The use of computer systems or devices to access
information. Information technology is responsible
for such a large portion of our workforce, business
operations and personal access to information that it
comprises much of our daily activities.
❖ Utilizing hardware, evolving information
❖ Gives information using technology
❖ Software and application
Software and Hardware
Software- not touchable information like apps and
programs. Software is a set of instructions, data or
programs used to operate computers and execute
specific tasks.
Hardware- describes the physical aspects of a
computer. Touchable technology such as mouse,
keyboard and motherboard. Also it must be
connected to the computer.
Importance of IT (Information Technology)
● A major importance of IT is that it helps boost
productivity and efficiency. With digital
systems, people can perform tasks faster
compared to manual methods.
● Providing technical support for customer and
business operations.
Advantages of Information Technology
1. Protecting and storing information- data
can easily be protected.
2. Automated process- Ability to find ways to
complete or move work in a shorter amount
of time.
3. Communication- interaction is essential.
Such as emailing or video conference.
4. Remote access or telecommuting- one
device capable of controlling the other
device.
Disadvantages of Information Technology
1. Expenses of implementation and
maintenance- Setup cost for implementing
an information technology system within a
home or business can be very costly.
2. Elimination of jobs- IT system into a
company task takes less time and therefore
employees will lose jobs and be irrelevant.
3. Breaches and security- where information
is stored electronically, there are more
chances of having security breaches.
What is Information and Communication
Technology (ICT)
Defined as a diverse set of technological tools and
resources used to transmit, store, create, share or
exchange information.
Use of ICT ● 1937- J.V Atanasoff, attempts to build the
❖ Job Opportunities first computer without gears, cams, belts or
❖ Education shafts.
❖ Socializing
● 1939- David Packard and Bill Hewlette
❖ Access Information
founded the Hewlett-Packard Enterprise
❖ New Tools, New opportunities
(HP), which provided products and services
for businesses.
Positive Impact of ICT
❖ Communication ● 1941- Atanasoff and Clifford Berry, design
❖ Information a computer that can solve 29 equations
❖ Security Management simultaneously. First computer to store
❖ Distance Learning information on its main memory.
❖ Creation of new more Interesting Jobs

LESSON 3: History of Computer

● Abacus- also called a counting frame and

considered as the first man-made computing
device used to perform simple calculation
(addition, subtraction, multiplication, division)

● 1801- Joseph Marie Jacquard invented a

loom that uses punched wooden cards to
● 1943-1944 - John Mauchly and Presper
automatically weave fabric design.
Eckert, build the Electronic Numerical
Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC). 20 foot by
40 foot room and has 18k vacuum tubes.

● 1822- Charles Babbage conceived of a

steam-driven calculating machine that would
be able to compute a table of numbers.
● Ada Agusta Lovelase- has often been cited
as the first computer programmer.
● 1890- Herman Hollerith designed a punch
card system to calculate the 1880 census.
● 1946- Mauchly and Preper build UNIVAC,
the first commercial computer for business
and government application.
● 1947- William Snockley, John Bardeen
and Walter Brattain. They invented the
transistor, They discovered how to make an
electric switch with solid materials and no
need for a vacuum.
 ● 1953- Grace Hopper developed the first
computer language, which eventually
became known as COBOL.
● 1954- The FORTRAN programming
language, an acronym for FORmula
TRANslation, developed by a team of
programmers led by John Backus.
● 1958- Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce unveil
the circuit, known as the computer chip.
● 1964- Douglas Engel Bart, shows a
prototype of the modern computer, with a
mouse and a graphical user interface (GUL).
LESSON 4: Classification of Computer
1. According to Purpose
❖ General Purpose Computer- Ability to
store different programs of instruction
and thus perform a variety of
operations
❖ Special Purpose Computer- Design
to perform one specific task.
2. According to Data Handled
❖ Analog Computer
❖ Digital Computer
❖ Hybrid Computer
3. According to Capacity
❖ Supercomputer- A type of computer that has
the architecture, resources and components
to achieve massive computing power.
❖ Minicomputer- Less expensive, smaller and
less powerful than supercomputer, but more
expensive and powerful than personal
computer.
❖ Microcomputer- Computer with CPU as a
microprocessor, design for individual use.
INFORMATION vs. DATA
Data
Computer- symbols or signals that are input, stored
and processed by a computer.
3 Types of Data:
- Text
- Image
- Sounds
Information- is entered and stored in a computer.
Generally referred to as data.
What is a computer system?
- Is a basic, complete and functional
computer, including all the hardware and
software required to make it functional for a
user.
3 Types of Software:
1. System Software- Design to run a
computer’s hardware and application
programs.
Example: Operating System, BIOS, Device
Driver
2. Application Software- Perform Specific
Functions.
Example: Microsoft Word, Excel, VLC Player
3. Utility Software- Helps users, Configure,
analyze and maintain computers.
Example: Disk Defragment, Disk Clean
ARTA PRELIM REVIEWER attempts at recording man’s innermost interests,
preoccupations, and thoughts.
COVERAGE
1. Basic Assumption of Arts LESSON 2: Chiaroscuro
2. Chiaroscuro Chiaroscuro- Technique employed in the visual arts
3. Popular art Expression to represent light and shadow as they define three-
4. Subject and Content dimensional objects.
5. Artist and Artisan
6. Elements of Art What elements of design are chiaroscuro?
- It refers to the use of light and shadow to create the
LESSON 1: Basic Assumption of Arts illusion of light from a specific source shining in the
figures and objects in the painting or artwork.
Art and Nature
❖ Art is not nature- the distinction assumes Caravaggio- the master of chiaroscuro technique
that all of us see nature, perceive its
elements in myriad, different, yet ultimately "Several artists such as Leonardo Davinci,
valid ways. Caravaggio and Rafael are credited with
❖ Art is made by human beings- no matter developing the chiaroscuro technique.
how close it is to nature, it always shows that
it was made by human beings. What Does Chiaroscuro Mean in Film? In
❖ Art is universal- art has always been filmmaking, chiaroscuro is a high-contrast lighting
timeless and universal, spanning technique. Chiaroscuro uses a low key lighting
generations and continents through and setup, where a key light is used as the sole light
through. source to achieve dark backgrounds with starkly lit
subjects.
❖ Art involves experience- for most people
art does not require a full definition. Art is just
Include all five areas of chiaroscuro: highlight,
experience.
halftone, deep shadow, reflected light, and cast
❖ Art Appreciation: Creativity, Imagination
shadow.
and Expression- Art is a product of man’s
creativity, imagination and expression.
❖ Art Appreciation as a Way of Life- in
cultivating an appreciation of art, one should
also exercise and develop his taste for things
that are fine and beautiful.
❖ The function of the artist is to help us
understand the nature of things.
❖ ART is its UNIVERSALITY, it's not being
NATURE and its need for experience.

“Art is man’s oldest means of expression”

“Art as a means of expression and communication”

PREHISTORIC PAINTINGS
According to experts, these paintings were
purported to belong to the Upper Paleolithic Age,
several thousands of years before the current era.
Prehistoric men, with their crude instruments,
already showcased and manifested earliest
 9. Applied Arts- Serving purpose. Artists in this field
bring beauty, charm, and comfort into many things
that are useful in everyday life.
Ex. Chair

The Function of Arts

❖ As a Therapy- to express art, use of art to

express emotions.
- Therapeutic- for creator and viewers

❖ Art as Artifact- shows historical and cultural

LESSON 3: Popular art Expression
1. Visual Arts- Kind of arts from the population is
most likely exposed to: ex. Painting and posters.
2. Film- storytelling, expressing artistic expression,
combination of cinematography, acting, directing
etc.
3. Performance Art- Combination of singing,
dancing, choreography, directing, music. It uses
props, virtual acts and sounds. Ex. Theater and
Circus.
4. Poetry Performance- use of words to express
and convey emotions and feelings.
concepts. “There is art in the beginning of
time”
❖ Personal Function of Arts- showing
emotion of the creator, self expression.
- Self discovery
- Develop Creativeness
❖ Social Function of Arts- showing problems
in society, art may convey a message of
protest.
❖ Physical Function of Arts- serve the
practical and physical function of arts. Ex.
Interior and structural design. “Aesthetic
looks”

5. Architecture- Use of beauty itself, and virtually

❖ Other Function of Arts- Music as an art is
pleasing to the eye of the viewers. It involves design
also interesting to talk about un relation of
and construction “Refers to the mother of art”
function.
- Helps to cal/relax using music
6. Dance- Series of movements that follow the
- Ast as a representation
rhythm of the accompaniment. “Part of performing
- Art as a Disinterested judgment
arts. “When moving you cooperate emotion and
- Art as a communication of emotion
feelings”
LESSON 4: Subject and Content
7. Literary Arts- Writing of novels, essays etc.
- FIction or Nonfiction
Subject- focus if the virtual; thought of as the “what”
- Incorporate expression when writing the
in a piece of art: the topic, focus, or image.
book
- Specific subject to fit in your art
- Use of language
- Tangible or recognizable

8. Theater Performance- Under performing arts,

Content- refers to what is being depicted and might
have a strong action combination of auditory and
be helpful in deriving a basic meaning. It appears in
virtual.
the visual arts in several forms , all of which may be
figurative (realistic) or abstract (distorted).
 3. Subjective- The most common form of subjective
Type of Subject art is the expressionistic style which uses emotion-
1. Representational Art- real world things (person, filled colors, shapes, and lines to convey feelings or
nature) ideas through artistic expression.

2. Non-representational Art- no direct

object/subject. Ex. abstract, cubism, distorted arts,
minimalism. More on idea, store line, colors

Source of Subject
● Nature- Landmarks
● History- Artifacts
● Other work of ars
● Greek and Roman Mythology for Sculptures
● Judeo-Christian Tradition- Bible Concepts
Content in Art
1. Factual- use of object, recognizable object,
specific content. pertains to the most rudimentary
level of meaning for it may be extracted from the
identifiable or recognizable forms in the artwork and
understanding how these elements relate to one
another.
LESSON 5: Artist and Artisan
Artist
- an individual who creates the world of art. An artist
is a person who performs any creative arts.
Visual Artist- Painters
Performance Artist- Actors, Dances
Literature Artist- Poets, Writers
Artisan
-skilled worker who makes thing by hand
-creating functional arts (ex. Chair, table)
-on point details
-skilled worker
-handmade and craftsmanship

Artistic Value Functional Object

Value

Artist The object has The object Has a lot of

2. Conventional- More on Symbolism, scenery, and a clear artistic has no aesthetic
specific imagination. Pertains to the acknowledged value. functional value
interpretation of the artwork using motifs, signs, value
symbols and other ciphers as bases of its meaning.
Artisan The object has The object Has certain
an artistic has a aesthetic
value. functional attributes to
value it.

Curator
- Art curators are responsible for curating
exhibitions, finding pieces for collections,
researching their subject matter, and sharing their
insights with the public.
LESSON 6: Elements of Art ● Curve Lines- referred as S curves, suggest
gracefulness.
The Elements of Visual Arts
1. Lines
2. Colors
3. Texture
4. Perspective
5. Space
6. Form
7. Value

1. Lines- is a mark on a surface that describes a

shape or outline. It can create texture and can be
thick and thin. (vertical, horizontal, diagonal, curve)

● Vertical Line- are poised for action. They are

balanced, forceful, and dynamic. 3 types of line
● Repetition- a recurrence of a particular line,
pattern, shape, or other visual elements in a
single or part of the series.

● Horizontal Line- repose and serenity. They

express ideas of calmness and quiescence.

● Transition- Softens and modifies other lines.

It is a usually curved, graceful line which
connects two or more opposing lines.

● Diagonal Lines- used to create feelings of

movement or action.

● Contract- lines are in opposition to each

other.
2. Colors- refers to the visual perception of light
being reflected from a surface of an artwork.
● Hue- refers to the dominant color family. Hue
refers to the origin of the colors we can see.
● Value- refers to the lightness or darkness of
a color.
● Intensity- It gives color strength.
● Tints- are values above the normal
● Shades are values below the normal
3. Texture- element that deals more directly with the
sense of touch. applies to how an object feels or
appears to feel.
● Implied Texture- Express the idea of how
the surface might feel.
● Actual Texture- is texture that can actually
be felt.
4. Perspective- deals with the effect of distance
upon the appearance of objects, by means of which
the eye judges spatial relationships.
● Linear Perspective- a system of creating an
illusion of depth on a flat surface. All parallel
lines (orthogonals) in a painting or drawing
using this system converge in a single
vanishing point on the composition's horizon
line.
● Aerial Perspective- representation of
relative or relative distance of object by
gradations of tone or color.
5. Space- refers to how the artist fills the surface on
which a work of art is created.
- Positive space - the areas in a work of art that
are the subjects, or areas of interest.
- Negative space – areas around the subjects,
or areas of interest.
6. Value- defines how light or dark a given color or
hue can be.

Others:
Shape, Form, and Volume are words that are used
to describe distinct areas or parts of works of art or
architecture

Form- applies to the overall design of a work of art

- Organic forms
- Geometric forms

Volume- refers to the amount of space occupied in

three dimensions.
MATHM PRELIM REVIEWER ❖ Fractals- infinitely complex patterns that are
self-similar across different scales.
COVERAGE:
Fibonacci Sequence
1. Nature of mathematics: - First discovered or "invented" by Leonardo
● Patterns and Numbers in Nature Fibonacci. The Italian mathematician, who was born
● Fibonacci Sequence around A.D. 1170, was initially known as Leonardo
of Pisa.
2. Mathematical Language and symbols
● Language of Mathematics - Fibonacci sequence is a set of integers (the
● Sets Fibonacci numbers) that starts with a zero, followed
● Elementary logic by a one, then by another one, and then by a series
of steadily increasing numbers. The sequence
3. Problem Solving and Reasoning follows the rule that each number is equal to the sum
● Inductive Reasoning of the preceding two numbers.
● Deductive Reasoning
● Polya's Strategy Origin of Fibonacci Sequence
- Fibonacci sequence was discovered after an
investigation on the reproduction of rabbits.
LESSON 1: Nature of Mathematics - Can be written as a “rule”
Patterns and Numbers in nature n= 0th 1th 2nd 3th 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th

xn 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34
❖ Patterns in nature are visible regularities of
form found in the natural world and can also
be seen in the universe. RULE: Xn= xn-1 + xn-2

PATTERNS DEFINED AS: EXAMPLE: let fib(n) be the nth term of the fibonacci
- Regular sequence with Fib(2)=1, Fib(4)= 2 and so on, find
- Repeated the ff.
- Recurring forms or design
1. Fib (10)
❖ Tessellations are iterative repeating 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

patterns and occur in turtle 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34

shells,honeycombs,fish scales and
pineapples.
Fib (10) = 34
2. Fib (11)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55

Fib (11) = 55
3. If Fib (23) = 17,711 and Fib (25) = 46,368,
what is Fib (24)?

(fib 25) = 46,368

(fib 23) = 17,711
46,368 - 17,711= 28,657
Fib 24 = 28,657
LESSON 2: Mathematical Language and symbols
Language of Mathematics
The different uses of numbers: cardinal ordinal or
nominal.
❖ Cardinal numbers- once used for counting.
❖ Ordinal numbers- once used for telling
positions.
❖ Nominal numbers- use only as a name to
identify.
Sets
- A set In mathematics is a collection of well-
defined and distinct objects considered as an
object in its own right. sets are one of the
most fundamental concepts in mathematics.
❖ It is usually represented by capital letters.
❖ the object of a set is separated by comma.
❖ it can be represented by listing its element
between braces.

Translation: English to Math Language

1. English to math language Six less than

twice a number is forty-five
Translation: 2x-6=45 One-to-one correspondence
- students can connect one number with one
2. Twelve added to a number object and then count them with
Translation: 12 + x understanding.
A= (5) 1
3. Twelve added from a number
Translation: x + 12 B= (7,2) 2

4. Twice a number minus eight C= (1,2,3,4) 4

Translation: 2x-8 D= (1,7,7,8,8) 3 (repeated elements s
counted as 1)
5. Thrice a number
Translation: 3x E= (5,5,5,5,5) 1 (repeated elements s
counted as 1)

SUM- addition
DIFFERENCE- subtraction Elementary Logic
PRODUCT- multiplication Logic serve as a set of rules that govern the
QUOTIENT- division structure and presentation of mathematical proof
AVERAGE- division
Proposition is a statement that is, by itself, Either
true or false. they can be expressed in symbols.

A. Simple- means single data statement

B. Conveys two or more idea

Propositional logic
is a declarative sentence that declares a fact, it's
either true or false but not both.

Example:
1. 2 + 2 =4 (TRUE)
2. Toronto is the capital of canada (FALSE)
3. 1 + 1 = 2 (TRUE)
Quantifier
1. Universal Quantifier- “for all” or “for every” 4. Proper subset of a set- set A is a proper subject
2. Existential Quantifier- “there exist” of set B, if every element of A is an element of B and
A is not equal to B.

Example:
A= (a,b) B c A (PROPER)
B= (a) C c A (PROPER)
C= (b) D c A (NOT PROPER)
D= (a,b)

5. Union of sets (A U B) - The set that contains all

the elements that belong to A or to B or both.

SETS
1. Universal set- The set of all elements that are
being considered
2. Complement of set A- denoted by A’ is the set
of all elements of universal set that are not element
of A’

Let U= (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10)
S= (2,4,6,7)
T= (1,3,4,7,9)
6. Intersection Set (A ∩ B)- the set that contains
all the elements that are common to both sets.
FIND:
S’ = (1,3,5,8,9,10)
Ex. A = (1,2,3,4,5,6)
(lahat ng hindi included sa S is S’)
B = (3,5,7,8,10)
A ∩ B = (3,5)
T’ = (2,4,6,8,10)
--------------------------------------------------------------------
(lahat ng hindi included sa T is T’)
Example:
Set A = (2,4,6,8,10)
3. Subset of a set- Set a is a subset of set b, if and
Set B = (1,2,3,4,10)
only if every element of a is also an element of b
A U B= (1,2,3,4,6,8,10)
A ∩ B= (2,4,10)

LESSON 3: Problem Solving and Reasoning

Inductive Reasoning
- a method of drawing conclusions by going from the
specific to the general.
- a statement as a true statement that is true in all
cases. If you can find one case for which a statement
is not true, called a counterexample, then the
statement is a false statement.

Observation - Generalization - Theory


Deductive Reasoning
- Process of reaching a conclusion by applying
general; assumptions, procedure, or principles.
Understand the Problem
● Can you restate the problem in your own
words?
● Can you determine what is known about
these types of problems?
● Is there missing information that, if known,
would allow you to solve the problem?
● Is there extraneous information that is not
needed to solve problems?
● What is the goal?
Devise a Plan
● Make a list of the known information.
● Make a list of the information that is needed.
● Draw a diagram.
● Perform an experiment
● Guess a solution and then check your result.

Carry out your Plan

● Work carefully
● Keep an accurate and neat record of all your
attempts.
● Realize that some of your initial plans will not
work and that you may have to devise
another plan or modify your existing plan.

Review the solution

● Ensure that the solution is consistent with the
facts of the problem.
● Interpret the solution in the context of the
Polya's Strategy
problem.
- Named after George Polya (1887-1985). It is a four-
● Ask yourself whether there are
step problem solving strategy that is deceptively
generalizations of the solution that could
simple.
apply to other problems.
Polya’s Four-step:
➢ Understand the Problem
➢ Devise a plan
➢ Carry out the plan
➢ Review the solution
 ● Disjunction- “or” (V)

p= I will submit the resignation letter

q= I will be promoted

pVq= I will submit the resignation letter or I will be

promoted.

● Negation- “not” (~)

p= 1 is an even number
~p= 1 is not an even number / 1 is an odd number

● Conditional/Implication- “if-then” (→)

p= you will pass Gen Math

q= you will take statistics

p→q = If you will pass Gen Math, Then you will take
LESSON 4: Logical Operators Statistics.
Conjunction AND
∧ ● Biconditional- “if and only if” (↔)

p= Two angles are congruent

Disjunction OR
∨ q= Two angles opposite them are congruent

p↔q= Two angles are congruent if and only if two

Negation NOT angles opposite then are congruent.
~
→
Conditional / IF-THEN
Implication

↔
Biconditional IF AND ONLY
IF

Example/s:

● Conjunction- “and” (∧)

p= today is friday
q= tomorrow is saturday

p∧q= today is friday and tomorrow is saturday

STAS PRELIM REVIEWER 2. Describing
3. Comparing
COVERAGE 4. Classifying
1. Introduction to Science, Technology and Society 5. Measuring
2. Historical Antecedent 6. Making inference
3. Scientific Revolution
4. Science, Technology and Nation Building Types of Society
5. Intellectual Revolution and the History of Science 1. Hunting and Gathering
and Technology in the Philippines. ● Earliest form of Society
● Rely primarily or exclusively on hunting wild
LESSON 1: Introduction to Science, Technology animals, fishing, and gathering wild fruits,
and Society berries, nuts, and vegetables to support their
Scientific Method- way of learning about the world diet.
around us. Acquiring knowledge by testing it and
experimenting. 2. Horticultural Society
● Rely on simple tools to produce food.
Types of Research ● Rely on fruits, vegetables, and plants to
★ Fundamental/Basic Research- gaining survive.
new knowledge. ● Often relocate when the resources of the
★ Applied- practical application land are decreased.
★ Mission-Oriented- accomplishing a
particular mission or technological objective 3. Agricultural Society
● Community whose economy is based on
Types of Technology producing and maintaining crops and
farmland.
★ Material technology- extraction, fabrication,
● High volume of food production allows
processing, combination and synthesis of
people to build permanent homes in a single
materials.
location.
★ Equipment technology- design and
fabrication of tools, instruments, devices and
4. Pastoral Society
machines.
● People raise and herd sheep, goats, camels,
★ Energy technology- deals with the and other domesticated animals and use
distribution of various forms of energy such them as their major source of food and also,
as solar panels, wind turbines and depending on the animal, as a means of
hydrothermal. transportation.
★ Information technology- based on
machines that collect, store, process, 5. Industrial Society
retrieve, transmit and utilize data or ● A society driven by the use of technology and
information. machinery to enable mass production.
★ Life technology- these are devices, ● A society where people work in factories and
medicines, procedures and systems other industrial facilities.
designed to preserve, repair, maintain,
reproduce and improve living systems. 6. Post Industrial Society
★ Management technology- Planning, ● a period of growth within an industrialized
organization, coordination and control of economy or nation in which the relative
social activities. importance of manufacturing reduces and
that of services, information, and research
Scientific Processes grows.
1. Observing
 ● Bronze age to Iron age
LESSON 2: Historical Antecedent ● Geometrical Observation
● Watermills
Different Periods ● Invention of alarm clock
❖ Ancient Period (9 Civilization) ● Geometry
❖ Medieval Period ● Hippocrates- Father of Greek
❖ Renaissance Period Medicine
● Thales of Miletus- Father of
❖ Industrial Revolution
Philosophy
● Archimedes- performed experiments
ANCIENT PERIOD
which led him to discover the laws of
1. Sumerian Civilization
lever and the pulley.
● Cuneiform- a set of word pictures
depicted in symbols made of
5. Roman Civilization
triangular marks.
● Contribution in newspaper
● Sexagesimal - using the number 60
● First book or codex
as base, system of counting and a
● Introduced Roman Numbers
form of place notation.
● Large Churches
● the City of Uruk- a great wonder not
● Olympics
only because it is considered to be
the first true city in the world.
6. Arabic/Islamic Civilization
● Divided the circle into 360 degrees.
● Introduced the Arabic system of
● Code of Ur-NAmmu- the oldest
numbers.
surviving law in the world.
● First to use a glass lens for
● Fabrication of copper.
magnification.
● First to manufacture the black
2. Babylonian Civilization
powder.
● Hanging Gardens of Babylon
● They produced the first gun- a
● Their measurements made use of
bamboo tube.
fractions, squares and square roots.
● Zodiac signs, concept of horoscope
7. Chinese Civilization
● Prediction of solar and lunar eclipses
● Chopsticks came into use.
● Code of Hammurabi
● Use of silk product
● The Babylonian Map of the World-
● Great wall of china
first map
● Movable Printer
● Astrology
● Invented gunpowder
● Discover herbs and drugs
3. Egyptian Civilization
● Acupuncture
● Known for hieroglyphics
● Calligraphy, water color
● Earliest Egyptian Calendar based of
● Tea
their observation of star Sirius
● The first 365-day calendar was
8. Indus-Hindu Civilization
possibly devised by IMHOTEP.
● Iron pillar
● Obelisks and pillars
● Sacred Relics
● Anatomy, Physiology, and medical
● Excellence in math and medicine
plants.
● Calculus and Geometry
● Simple machines, ramp and lever

4. Greek Civilization
● Works on philosophy and math
 9. Persian Civilization
● Introduction of a uniform system of
gold and silver coinage.
● The first regular postal system in the
world.
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
The Industrial Revolution was the transition from
creating goods by hand to using machines. Its start
and end are widely debated by scholars, but the
period generally spanned from about 1760 to 1840.

MEDIEVAL PERIOD LESSON 3: Scientific Revolution

★ The period from 450A.D to 1450 A.D
★ Age of Exploration
★ Marked Massive Inventions
Technologies Advance in Middle Age
1. Printing press
2. Gunpowder and Canon
3. Water mill
4. Windmill
5. Mechanical clock
6. Horse Harness and Horse show
7. Distillation and Alcohol
8. Universities and Scholastics
9. Mariner’s Magnetic Compass
10. Coffee House
MEDICINE
1. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (Dutch)
● Inventor who perfected the microscope and
became the 1st human to see cells and
microorganisms.
2. Ambroise Pare (Fench)
● Develop a new and more effective ointment
for preventing infection.
● Developed Technique for closing wounds.
3. William Harvey
● Describe the circulation of blood for the first
time.

RENAISSANCE PERIOD (14th century -16th 4. Andreas Vesalicus

century) ● 1543- he published the first accurate and
1. The period of rebirth detailed book on human anatomy. “On the
2. Beginning of the cultural movement structure of the human body”
3. Paintings/Painters
CHEMISTRY
Modern Times 1. Robert Boyle
1. Telephone ● 1600s- he distinguished between individual
2. Calculator elements and chemical compounds
3. Electricity ● Boyle’s law (temp and pressure on gas)
4. Electronics/Electric power
5. Smartwatches SCIENTIFIC METHOD
6. Robotics 1. Rene Descartes
7. Incandescent light bulb ● Emphasized human reasoning as the best
8. Airplane road to understanding.
9. Computer ● Believed that truth was only found after a
10. Cellphone or mobile phone long process of studying and investigation.
11. Internet
12. Television 2. Francis Bacon
13. Satellites ● Wrote advancement of learning
14. Bluetooth and WIFI ● Popularized the scientific method and used it
15. Camera and CCTV with philosophy.
16. Submarine
3. Isaac Newton Before Scientific Revolution
● Discover laws of light and color and ● Ptolemy (87-100 A.D)
formulated law of motion (3 law of motion) Ptolemy geocentric model of the solar system:
Scientific Method 1. Earth
1. State the problem 2. Moon
2. Collect Infos 3. Mercury
3. Form a hypothesis 4. Venus
4. Test the hypothesis 5. Sun
5. Record and analyzed data 6. Mars
6. State a conclusion 7. Jupiter
7. Repeat step 1-6 8. Saturn

Scientific method- use to confirm finds and prove - First is the earth not the Sun
or disprove a hypothesis. - Ptolemy taught that the Earth was the center of the
universe.
Galileo Galilei
● Astronomers who built upon the scientific
foundation laid by copernicus and kepler.
● Assemble the first telescope, which allows
him to see mountains on the moon.
● Discover 4 moons orbiting around Jupiter.

Johannes Kepler
● Calculate the orbits of the planets revolving
around the sun.
● He shows that the planets moved in oval-
shaped orbits and not perfect circles, as
Ptolemy and Copernicua believed.

Tycho Brahe
● Set up an astronomical observatory
● Every night for years he observes the sky,
accumulating data about movement of the
star and planets.

Nicolaus Copernicus
● In 1543- he published on the revolution of the
heavenly spheres. He made 2 conclusions
1. The universe is sun-centered
2. Earth is merely one of several planets
revolving around the sun.
PURC PRELIM REVIEWER
COVERAGE
1. Principles and Characteristics of Communication
2. Communication Process
3. Elements of Communication
4. Communication and Culture
5. Cultural sensitivity and Gender Sensitivity
6. Cultural Appropriation and Appreciation
7. Benefits of Culture
LESSON 1: Principles and Characteristics of
Communication
Principles of Communication
1. Schemata Driven- Schema pertains to an
individual’s background knowledge.
Transmitted messages become
understandable or meaningful because of
your old knowledge.
2. An interpretative act- The receiver’s main
role is to interpret the message.
3. Does not guarantee direct automatic link
between minds- Knowledge only becomes
meaningful when you initiate to communicate
them to others
4. Active, Powerful, Forefull
5. Symbolic- Contains signs, marks, letters
etc. (verbal or non-verbal)
6. Always result to something- It refers to two
or more persons participating in any
communicative act. The first, expresses or
sends a message; the second, responds or
reacts to the message.
7. Irreversible
- Effects will not change
- Difficult to change
- What is already done is done
8. Contextual- affected by setting (time,
place, people, plot)
9. Developmental or Progressive- Achieving
communicative competence is not a one-
time learning experience.
10. Process- Involves stages/steps
11. Ethical- Moral values and differs from
culture to culture.
12. Influence by media and technology
Characteristics of Communication
1. Two or More Persons- minimum number of two
persons because no single individual can have an
exchange of ideas.
2. Exchange of Ideas- Communication cannot be
thought of in the absence of exchange of ideas.
3. Mutual Understanding- means that the receiver
should receive the information in the same spirit with
which it is being given.
4. Direct and Indirect Communication-
communication can be both direct and indirect.
Direct communication means face-to-face
conversation, while indirect communication is
through other means.
5. Continuous Process- Communication is an
endless process, as is the case with business where
the manager continuously assigns work to his
subordinates, tries to know the progress of the work
and gives directions.
6. Use of Words as well as Symbols- There can
be many means of communication, like the written,
the oral and symbolic.
LESSON 2: Communication Process
Nature of Communication-
- A process of sharing and conveying messages or
information from one person to another within and
across channels, contects, media, and culture.
Communication Process
- Refers to a series of actions or steps taken in order
to successfully communicate. It involves several
components such as the sender of the
communication, the actual message being sent, the
encoding of the message, the receiver and the
decoding of the message.
Basic Communication Process
- The communication process has five steps: idea
formation, encoding, channel selection, decoding
and feedback. Anything that interferes with clear
communication is called noise.
LESSON 3: Elements of Communication
1. Sender/Encoder- The person who conveys his
thoughts, message or ideas to the receiver is known
as the sender. He is at the starting point of the
communication system and represents the source of
communication.
Elements of the sender in communication Includes:
❖ Intention
❖ Knowledge
❖ Attitudes and Beliefs
❖ Communication Skills
❖ Non-Verbal Cues
❖ Emotional State
❖ Cultural Background
❖ Perceptions and Assumption
2. Message- The subject matter of communication
is termed as messages. It includes ideas, feelings,
suggestions, order, etc., which a sender wants to
convey to the receiver.
3. Encoding- The process of converting messages
into communication symbols, Encoding translates
the internal thought of the sender into a language
which can be understandable.
4. Channel/Medium- The path, channel or medium
through which an encoded message is transmitted
to the receiver is known as media. It is the carrier of
the message. It can be in written form of oral, written,
audio, or video.
5. Receiver- The person who receives the message
of the sender is known as the receiver.
6. Decoding- The process of translating the
encoded message into an effective language, which
can be understood by the receiver is known as
decoding. In this, the encoded symbols of the sender
are converted.
7. Feedback- The receiver encodes a message for
the sender to decode. Response to the message.
8. Noise- Interfere with the reception of message
❖ Internal Noise- internal distraction that blocks
the ability to communicate.
❖ External Noise- exists in the outside
environment. Loud sounds are common
distractions; loud music, voices, or sirens.
LESSON 4: Communication and Culture
The relationship between communication and
culture is a very complex and intimate one. Cultures
are created through communication; that is,
communication is the means of human interaction
through which cultural characteristics are created
and shared.
LESSON 5: Cultural sensitivity and Gender
Sensitivity
Cultural sensitivity
The definition of cultural sensitivity is having an
understanding of another person's set of beliefs or
values that is attributed to the person's ethnic or
racial background.
Cultural Sensitivity is…
1. Being aware that cultural differences and
similarities between people exist
2. It has an effect on values, learning, and
behavior
3. A set of skills that allows you to understand
and learn about people from different cultural
backgrounds.
What are some examples of cultural sensitivity?
Cultural sensitivity is important in fostering a
cohesive, peaceful society. Examples of cultural
sensitivity include asking a person how they would
like to be addressed, respecting cultural health
practices, and promoting multilingual signage.
Stages of Cultural Sensitivity
1. Defense- individuals recognize some
differences, but see them as negative
because they assume their culture as
superior.
2. Minimization- individuals are unaware that
they are projecting their own cultural values.
3. Acceptance- an individual is able to shift
perspectives to understand that behaviors
can have different meanings in different
cultures.
4. Adaptation- individuals become more
competent in their ability to communicate
with other cultures.
5. Integration- individuals are able to shift
easily from one cultural frame of reference to
another.
INCREASING CULTURAL SENSITIVITY
❖ Prepare yourself
❖ Recognize your fears
❖ Recognize differences
❖ Recognize differences within the group
❖ Recognize differences in meaning
❖ Be rule conscious
Gender Sensitivity
Using inclusive language which promotes gender
equality and the equal and fair visibility of women
and men. Usage of language plays a critical role in
the way we shape and interpret our view of the
world.
1. Gender Assignment / Sex- gender from birth
(biological classification)
2. Gender Role- defined by society and its view on
what a male or female should be
3. Gender Identity- how a person identifies and
sees himself/herself
4. Sexual Orientation- person’s sexual and
emotional attraction to another person.
5. Gender Expression- how a person present
gender (through actions, speech, clothing, &
demeanor)
Gender Attribution- how a society/culture identifies
a person based on that society’s view of gender role
without knowing the person’s identification
How do you apply gender sensitivity in effective
communication?
❖ Ensure that women and men are
represented.
❖ Challenge gender stereotypes.
❖ Avoid exclusionary forms.
❖ Use equal forms of address.
❖ Create a gender balance.
❖ Promote gender equity through titles.
Diversity- It refers to the increasing economic,
political, and cultural integration and
interdependence of diverse cultures.
Co-cultures- it refers to a group of people who differ
in some ethnic or sociological way from the parent
culture.
Cultural Relativism- refers to the acceptance of
other cultural groups as equal in value to one’s own.
Cultural Imperialism- It is the expansion of
dominion of one culture over another culture.
LESSON 6: Cultural Appropriation and Cultural
Appreciation
Cultural appreciation is when elements of a culture
are used while honoring the source they came from.
It is important to note that appreciation involves
respect and value. (NEGATIVE)
Example: Selena Gomez wore a Hindu bindi on her
forehead as a fashion statement. “The bindi on the
forehead is an ancient tradition in Hinduism and has
religious significance. It is also sometimes referred
to as the third eye and the flame, and it is an
auspicious religious and spiritual symbol ... It is not
meant to be thrown around loosely for seductive
effects or as a fashion accessory aiming at
mercantile greed.”
LESSON 7: Benefits of Culture
Economic Benefits of Culture
1. Contribution to job creation- from
industrial to creative economy.
2. Contribution to tourism
3. Cultural planning- involves broad
community engagement.
Individual and Social Benefits of Culture
1. Intrinsic benefits- culture brings people
together (leisure, entertainment, information,
shared experiences)
2. Improved learning and valuable skills-
education and lifelong learning

Cultural appropriation is taking intellectual
property, traditional knowledge, cultural
expressions, or artifacts from someone else's culture
without permission. This can include unauthorized
use of another culture's dance, dress, music,
language, folklore, cuisine, traditional medicine,
religious symbols, etc. (POSITIVE)
3. Better health and well-being- creativity and
cultural engagement improve mental and
physical health.
4. Vibrant Communities- social solidarity,
cohesion, social inclusion, community
empowerment, civic pride, tolerance.

Example: In the “Black or White” music video,

Jackson sings while dancing with members of
various other cultures who are dressed in their own
traditional garb. Jackson wears black jeans and a
plain white top. Jackson appreciated the culture of
others without trying to assimilate himself or
disrespect them by adorning clothing he doesn’t
understand the history of. Not only that, but he also
hired real members of each culture to properly
represent themselves on jackson

How to avoid cultural appropriation?

❖ Research the culture
❖ Avoid the Sacred
❖ Don’t Stereotype
❖ Promote Diversity
❖ Engage, Promote, & Share Benefits
TFN PRELIM REVIEWER
COVERAGE
1. Module 1: Evolution of Nursing
2. Module 2: Introduction to Nursing Theory
3. Module 3: Nightingale, Watson and Ray
4. Module 4: Benner, Eriksson, and Martinsen
MODULE 1: Evolution of Nursing
a. Intuitive Period
b. Apprentice Period
c. Educational Period
d. Contemporary Period
INTUITIVE PERIOD (Primitive Era- 6th Century)
❖ Nursing was “untaught” and Instinctive. It
was performed by others, out of the wish to
help others.
❖ Nurse role was instinctive and directed
towards comforting, practicing midwife
and being a wet nurse to a child.
❖ Nursing was a function that belonged to
women.
❖ No caregiving training is evident.
❖ Primitive man believed that illness was
caused by the invasion of the victim's body
of evil spirit.
❖ Believe that a medicine man was called
shaman or witch doctor having the power
to heal using white magic.
❖ Trephining- is cutting a hole in the head of
the infected person to let out the evil spirit.
❖ Music and singing was often used to chase
away spirit.
Prehistoric Medical Practice
➔ Different prehistoric medical practices
➔ Use of mercury
➔ Bloodletting with the use of leeches
Lobotomies
➔ Heroin for headaches
➔ Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
➔ Trephining
➔ Cannibalistic Medical Practices
Rise of the Early Civilization and Ancient Cities
and their contribution to Medicine
MESOPOTAMIA
No distinction between rational science and magic.
Diagnostic Handbook- introduced the methods of
therapy and cause. The text contains a list of
medical symptoms and often detailed empirical
observations along with logical rules used in
combining observed symptoms on the body of a
patient with its diagnosis and prognosis.
Asipu- Medical Authority/ Exorcist- Healer
● Prophylaxis
● Mental Illness is associated with Deities
EGYPT
- Egyptians are considered “The Healthiest of all
men”
- Public Health System
- Medical information in the Edwin Smith Papyrus
may date to a time as early as 3000 BC. It details
cures ailment and anatomical observation.
Edwin Smith Papyrus- is an ancient textbook on
surgery almost completely devoid of magical
thinking and describes in exquisite detail the
examination, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of
numerous ailments.
The Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus- treats
women's complaints, including problems with
conception.
The earliest known physician is also credited to
ancient Egypt ("Chief of Dentists and Physicians"
for King Djoser in the 27th century BCE)
Peseshet- Earliest known woman physician.
INDIA
The Atharvaveda- Ancient text dealing with
Medicine.
Ayurveda- “Complete knowledge for long life”
Medical system of India with 8 branches of medicine.
Charaka and Sushruta- 2 most famous medical
textbooks that describe physical examinations,
diagnosis, treatment and prognosis and several
surgical procedures.
Suśrutasamhitā - Describes several surgical
procedures.
CHINA
Huangdi neijing - The foundational text of Chinese
medicine written 5th century to 3rd century BC-
Basis of traditional Chinese medicines, acupuncture
and moxibustion.
The Rise of Secular Order
GREECE AND ROMAN EMPIRE
● Wound treatment
● The Romans attempted to maintain vigorous
health, because illness was a sign of
weakness.
● Care of the ill was left to the slaves or Greek
physicians. Both groups were looked upon
as inferior by Roman society.
THE APPRENTICE PERIOD (6th-18th Century)
Secular Orders Founded during the period of
Crusades
What is an apprentice?
Period of “on the job” training. From the founding of
the Religious orders in the 11th century up to 1836
with the establishment of the Kaiserswerth Institute
for training of Deaconesses.
❖ Nursing performed without any formal
education and by people who were directed
by more experienced nurses.
❖ Founding of religious order
Important Nursing Personages
The Beginning of Religious War
❖ A religious war or holy war is a war primarily
caused or justified by differences in religion.
❖ The Crusades - They were Holy Wars
waged in an attempt to recapture Holy Land
from the Turks who denied Christ’s pilgrims
permission to visit Holy Sepulchre.
Military Religious Orders and their Work
❖ Knights of St. John of Jerusalem (Italian)-
Also known as “Knight Hospitalers” They
founded Hospitals.
❖ Teutonic Knights (German)- Established
tent hospitals for the wounded.
❖ Knights of St. Lazarus- Founded primarily
for nursing care of lepers in Jerusalem.
❖ The Alexian Brothers were members of a
monastic order founded 1348. They
established the Alexian Brothers Hospital
School of Nursing, the largest School of
Nursing under religious order. It operated
exclusively for men in the United States.
❖ There was the rise of Religious Nursing
Orders for women. Although Christianity
promoted equality to all men, women were
still concentrated in their roles as wives and
mothers.
❖ Religious taboos and social restrictions
influenced nursing at the time of the religious
Nursing Orders.
❖ Order of St. Francis of Assisi (1200-
Present)
❖ The Beguines- composed of lay nurses who
devoted their lives to the service of suffering
humanity.
❖ The Oblates (12th Century)
❖ Benedictines
❖ Ursulines
❖ St. Clare- founder of the second order of St.
Francis of Assisi.
❖ St. Elizabeth of Hungary- known as the
“Patroness of Nurses” she was the daughter
of the Hungarian King. She lived her life
frugally despite her wealth.
❖ St. Catherine of Siena- The first lady with
the lamp. She was a hospital nurse,
prophetess, researcher and a reformer of
society and the church.
The Rise of Protestantism (1520-1562)
- From 1520 onwards, Martin Luther’s ideas and
works could be found in France – they even
influenced the court of Francis I. The Protestant
Reformation was a religious reform movement that
swept through Europe in the 1500s. It resulted in the
creation of a branch of Christianity called
Protestantism, a name used collectively to refer to
the many religious groups that separated from the
Roman Catholic Church due to differences in
doctrine.
- The Protestants, who were called ‘Lutherans’ at
the time, belonged to the higher, literate class of
society and were condemned as heretics by the
Church. Persecution began in 1521: they had to pay
fines, were sent to prison and even burnt at the
stake.
The Start of dark period of Nursing
The world of nursing, despite wars and plagues,
made considerable progress under the influence of
Christianity. It may be said that nursing owes its
foundation to the work of benevolent men and
women, the crusades and the guilds. Progress in
nursing was brought to a halt by the industrial and
political revolution and the Reformation in the 16th
century.
Dark Period of Nursing (17th to 19th Century)
❖ Also known as the period of reformation and
American civil war.
❖ Hospitals were closed.
❖ Nursing was the work of least desirable
people.
❖ Nurses were uneducated, filthy and
overworked.
❖ Mass exodus of nurses.
❖ The religious upheaval led by Martin Luther
destroyed the unity of the Christian faith.
❖ The wrath of Protestantism swept away from
everything connected with Roman
Catholicism in schools, orphanages and
hospitals.Properties of hospitals and schools
were confiscated.
Theodore Fliedner- Reconstituted the
deaconesses and later established the school of
nursing in Kaiserswerth, Germany where Florence
Nightingale had her first formal training for 3 months
as a nurse.
1st Training School of Nursing United States of
America Bellevue Hospital School of Nursing
- Founded in 1873 in New York. It was the first
school of nursing in the United States to be founded
on the principles of nursing established by Florence
Nightingale.
1st Training School of Nursing Philippines Iloilo
Mission Hospital School of Nursing
- Established in 1906 it is the first hospital in the
Philippines which trained Filipino nurses.
Nightingale Era
❖ Florence Nightingale (Born on May 12, 1820)
❖ Born to a wealthy English parents
❖ Known as “The mother of modern nursing”
❖ “The Lady with the Lamp”
❖ “Professional Nurse Pioneer”
❖ Most famous for her work during the Crimean
War (1854-1856)
Under Florence’s leadership, the nurses brought
cleanliness, sanitation, nutritious food and comfort to
the patients. Nightingale was known for providing
the kind of personal care, like writing letters home
for soldiers, that comforted them and improved their
psychological health.
Why is she called the lad with the lamp?
It was the soldiers in Crimea that initially named her
the “Lady with the Lamp” because of the reassuring
sight of her carrying around a lamp to check on the
sick and wounded during the night, and the title
remained with her.
Nightingale implemented handwashing and other
hygiene practices in the war hospital in which she
worked. More soldiers die because of infection than
from bullets. She advocated sanitary living
conditions are of great importance.
EDUCATION PERIOD (18th-20th Century)
Florence Nightingale was one of the pioneers in
establishing the idea of nursing schools from her
base at St Thomas' Hospital, London in 1860 when
she opened the 'Nightingale Training School for
Nurses’, now part of King's College London.
Nightingale School of Nursing
During the war a public subscription fund was set up
for Florence Nightingale to continue her education of
nurses in England
Nightingale Training School at St. Thomas’ Hospital
opened in 1860. The education of recruits involved
a year of practical instruction in the wards,
supplemented with courses of lecturing, and
followed by two years of work experience in the
hospital. After graduation, many of the students
staffed British hospitals, and others spread the
Nightingale education system to other countries.
Concept in the Nightingale system of Education
1. Government funds should be allotted to
nursing education
2. Training schools of Nursing should be in
close affiliation.
3. Professional nurses should train nurses.
4. Nursing students should be provided with
residence near their training hospitals.
5. All nurses must be trained in a regular civil
hospital.
6. Training was fundamentally on the
apprenticeship model: hands-on, in the
wards, under the ward sister.
7. Classes, given by medical doctors,
augmented training in the wards.
8. The “home sister” or “mistress of
probationers” organized the training.
9. District nurses had to be hospital trained (or
they would not see enough serious cases).
10. Midwifery nurses had to be hospital trained.
11. Training was required for administrative
positions.
CONTEMPORARY PERIOD (21st Century)
Nursing after World War I
❖ The silver lining of the great war.
❖ Volume of patients drastically changes the
role of nurses.
❖ The nurses performed triage as patients
came in on ambulance trains, directed
corpsmen who had little medical training,
managed entire wards of patients and
performed a variety of procedures, including
irrigating wounds and managing infection.
❖ Dependent on Independent nursing practice.
❖ Good Infection control and wound care even
with the absence of antibiotics and electricity.
Nursing After World War II
❖ New Opportunities for Women: Wartime and
the American Workforce
❖ Nurses on the Front Lines
❖ The Scars of War: PTSD in WWII Nurses
(Post Traumatic Stress Disorder)
Rise of the BSN Curriculum
The Degree of Bachelor of Science in Nursing: 1941
– 1951 A nursing curriculum which was based on the
thesis presented by Julita V. Sotejo, a graduate of
the Philippine General Hospital School of Nursing,
tackles the development of a nursing education
within a University-based College of Nursing.
The First Colleges of Nursing in the Philippines
- University of Santo Tomas-College of
Nursing (1946)
- Manila Central University-College of Nursing
(1947)
- University of the Philippines ManilaCollege
of Nursing (1948)
Nursing in Today’s Society
❖ Change is the only constant thing in the
world.
❖ “Nursing is caring” (Womb to Tomb) “Nursing
is an Art”
❖ Scope of Nursing
1. Promoting Health and Wellness
2. Preventing Illness
3. Restoring Health
4. Care for the Dying
MODULE 2: Introduction to Nursing Theory: Its
History and Significance
Nursing Theory
★ Are organized, knowledge-based concepts
that essentially define the scope of nursing
practice.
★ Set of concepts, definitions, relationships
and assumptions derive from nursing models
or others.
Significance of history for nursing as a discipline
★ Attention to the importance of nursing
conceptualizations for the research process
and the role of a conceptual framework in the
purpose and design of research production
of science and nursing theoretical works also
began to be published.
★ Works began to be recognized for their
theoretical nature, such as Henderson,
Nightingale etc.
Importance of Nursing Theory
1. It assists the nursing discipline in clarifying
the beliefs, values, and goals.
2. Standards of clinical practices are developed
out of nursing theories.
3. It helps to define the unique contribution of
nursing in the care of the clients.
Analysis of Theory
❖ Clarity: How clear is this theory?
❖ Simplicity: How simple is this theory?
❖ Generality: How general is this theory?
❖ Accessibility: How accessible is this theory?
❖ Importance: How important is this theory?
Nursing Theorists of Historical Significance
Interpersonal Relation Theory
★ Emphasize the nurse-client relationship as
the foundation of nursing practice.
★ Emphasized the need for a partnership
between nurse and client as opposed to the
client possibly receiving treatment.
Phase of Nurse-Patient Relationship
a. Orientation phase
★ Preconceptions are work true
★ Parameter or establish and metal e level of
trust or develop.
b. Identification phase
★ The client begins to identify problems to be
worked on within the relationship.
★ The goal of a nurse is to help the patient to
recognize his/her own independent or
participation role and promote responsibility
for herself.
c. Exploitation phase
★ Clients dress of nurse reach full potential
d. Resolution phase
★ Client met needs
★ Mutual termination of relationship
Interpersonal therapeutic process
- useful in helping psychiatric patients become
receptive for therapy.
1. Patient is accepted unconditionally as a
participant in a relationship that satisfies his
needs.
2. There is the recognition of the response to
the patient's readiness for growth as his
initiative.
3. Power in the relationship ships to the patient
as the patient is able to deny gratification and
to invest in goal achievement.
Nursing Roles
1. Stranger role- receive the client the same
way one meets a stranger in another life
situation it provides an accepting climate that
builds trust.
 2. Resource role- answer questions, interpret
clinical treatment data and give information.
3. Teaching role- gives instruction and
provides training it involves analysis and
synthesis of the learners experience.
4. Counseling role- provides guidance and
encouragement to make changes.
5. Surrogate role- helps clients clarify domains
of dependents. acts on client behalf as an
advocate.
6. Active leadership role- responsibility for
meeting treatment goals of patients.
7. Technical role- provide physical care by
displaying clinical skills.
FAYE GLENN ABDELLAH
★ Introduce “Patient-centered approaches in
nursing model”
★ Identify 21 nursing problems which
determine nursing care.
Patient-Centered Approaches to Nursing
★ Developed inductively from her practice and
is considered a human need theory.
★ Center to assist with nursing education and
is most applicable to the education of
nurses.

VIRGINIA HENDERSON
★ The nightingale of modern nursing
★ Modern day mother of nursing
★ 20th century florence nightingale

She introduced the “The Nature of Nursing Model;

definitions and components of nursing”
Adbellah’s Typology of Nursing Problems
She defined nursing as “doing things for patients
that they would do for themselves if they could,
that is if they were physically able or had the
required knowledge.”

Identified 14 basic needs on which nursing care is

based.

She believed that patient-focused nursing was the

most beneficial kind of nursing.

Henderson identified three levels of nurse-

patient relationships in which the nurse acts as:
1. A substitute for the patient
2. A helper to the patient
3. A partner with the patient
IDA JEAN ORLANDO

Nursing Process Theory

★ The interaction between a nurse and a
patient at a specific time and place
★ The nurse then decides on an appropriate
action to resolve the need in cooperation with
the patient.
Assumptions
- When patients cannot cope with their needs without
help they become stressed with feelings or helpless.
- Nursing and its professional character need to
adapt to the distress of the patient.

Major Concepts
★ Human beings- human and need are the
focus of nursing practice.
★ Health- replaced by a sense of helplessness
as the initiation of a necessity for nursing.
★ Environment- not defined directly but
implicit in the immediate context of a patient
nursing. History of Philosophy and Science
★ Nursing- as unique and independent in its Rationalism Empiricism
concerns for an individual's need for help in emphasizes the based on the central
an immediate situation. importance of a priority idea that scientific
reasoning as the knowledge can be
Deliberative Nursing Process Theory appropriate method for derived only from
advancing knowledge. sensory experience
1. Assessment
2. Nursing diagnosis
3. Planning Early 20th Century Views of Science and Theory
4. Implementing ★ During the first half of this century,
5. Evaluation philosophers focus on the analysis of theory
structure, whereas scientists focus on
empirical research.
★ Epistemology- concerned with the theory of
knowledge in philosophy inquiry.

Emergent Views of Science and Theory

❖ Foucault (1973)- knowledge arranged in
different patterns at a given time and in a
culture.
❖ The Phenomenology of the Social World,
Schutz (1967)- argued that scientists
seeking to understand the social world could
LYDIA ELOISE HALL not cognitively know an external world is
independent of their own like experience.
Care (The body)- Represents nurturance and ❖ Brown (1977)- Proposing that theories play
exclusive to nursing. a significant role in determining what the
scientist observes and how it is interpreted.
Core (The person)- involves therapeutic use of self ❖ Gale (1979)- Proposing that the scientist is
and the use of reflection. able to perceive forceful intrusion from the
Environment that challenges his or her a
Cure (The disease)- sing the patient and family priori mental set.
medical care. ❖ Paradigm Shift- Progress from a free
science then to normal science then two
 crises then 2 revolutions and to normal
science.
Structure of Nursing Knowledge
5 Components
1. Metaparadigm
2. Philosophies
3. Conceptual models
4. Theories
5. Empirical indicators
Metaparadigm
★ The first component of the structural
hierarchy of knowledge.
★ It is the most abstract component
★ Meta “with” Paradigm “pattern”
4 concepts of Metaparadigm Nursing
1. Person- individual/s who participate in
nursing
2. Environment- person's physical surrounding
3. Health- person state of well-being
4. Nursing- action taken by nurses
Philosophy
★ Communicate what the member of a
discipline believed to be true, relation to the
phenomena of interest to that discipline.
Conceptual Models
★ General concept that addresses the
phenomena of central interest to a discipline.
★ Input – Throughput – Output
Theory
★ It narrows and more fully specifies the
phenomena contained in conceptual models.
★ Grand theory- broad in scope
★ Middle range theory- narrow in scope than
grad theory
Empirical indicators
★ develop a very large amount of empirical
indicators in the form of research instruments
and distinct clinical tools.
Methods of theory development
1. Theory practice theory
2. Practice theory
3. Research theory
MODULE 3: Nightingale, Watson and Ray
Florence Nightingale
★ The Environmental Theory- Florence
Nightingale is often considered the first nurse
theorist.
Linked health in 5 environmental factors
● Pure/fresh air
● Pure water
● Efficient drainage
● Cleanliness
● Light
Keeping the client
● Warm
● Maintaining a noise-free environment
● Attending to the client’s diet in terms of
assessing intake, timelines of the food, and
its effect on the person
10 aspects of The Environmental Theory
1. Patients should have clean air and a
temperature-controlled environment.
2. Patients should have access to direct
sunlight and not be subjected to
unnecessary noise, especially when
sleeping.
3. Rooms should be kept clean.
4. Hospital facilities should be well constructed
5. Bedding should be changed and aired
frequently.
6. Patients should be kept clean and nurses
should wash hands frequently.
7. Patients should be offered a variety of
scenery, such as new books or flowers, to
prevent boredom.
8. Nurses should be positive but not offer false
hope to patients or make light of their illness.
9. Offer a variety of small meals instead of large
ones. Do not do patient care while the patient
is eating as it is distracting.
10. Consider not only the individual patient but
the context of where he or she lives.
The 4 Metaparadigms of Environmental Theory “Caring begins with being present, open to
compassion, mercy, gentleness, loving kindness,
1. Person- individual receiving care and equanimity toward and with self before one can
offer compassionate care to others”
● Biological- addressed by the use of
medicine and nursing to address various The Theory of Transpersonal Caring
diseases ★ Watson bases her theory for nursing practice
● Psychological and social- consists of self- on the following 10 carative factors.
concept, feelings, thought processes and
social interactions.
● Spirituality- intertwined with Nightingale’s
own spiritual beliefs; that the person is
valued.

2. Health- health is not only to be well, but to be

able to use well every power we have.

3. Environment
● Known as the “health of houses”
● Promoting health allows the patient to retain
their energy, or “vital powers” for use towards
self-healing.

4. Nursing- The duties of nursing include providing

essentials. By helping to control environmental
influences, nurses can aid in the maintenance of the
health of their patients.
Jean Watson
★ Theory of Human Caring as the foundation
for our professional nursing practice
environment.
The 7 Assumptions
1. Caring can be effectively demonstrated and
practiced only interpersonally.
2. Caring consists of carative factors that result
in the satisfaction of certain human needs.
3. Effective caring promotes health and
individual or family growth.
 4. Caring responses accept a person not only
as he or she is now but as what he or she
may become.
5. A caring environment is one that offers the
development of potential while allowing the
person to choose the best action for himself
or herself at a given point in time.
6. Caring is more “healthogenic” than is curing.
A science of caring is complementary to the
science of curing.
7. The practice of caring is central to nursing.
Transpersonal Caring Theory Metaparadigm
1. Person- human being, person, life,
personhood, and self. She views the person
as“ a unity of mind/body/spirit/nature”
2. Health- unity and harmony within the mind,
body, and soul”; associated with the “degree
of congruence between the self as perceived
and the self as experienced.
3. Environment- attending to supportive,
protective, and or corrective mental,
physical, societal, and spiritual
environments.
4. Nursing- promoting health, preventing
illness, caring for the sick and restoring
health.
Marilyn Anne Ray
Theory of Bureaucratic Caring
★ Improved patient safety, infection control,
reduction in medication errors, and overall
quality of care in complex bureaucratic
health care systems cannot occur without
knowledge and understanding of spiritual-
ethical caring, compassion and right action
for all patients and professionals.
CARING- defined as a complex, transcultural,
relational process grounded in an ethical, spiritual
context. Caring is the relationship between charity
and right action.
SPIRITUAL ETHICAL CARING- involves creativity
and choice and is revealed in attachment, love, and
community.
EDUCATIONAL- Formal and informal educational
programs, use of audiovisual media to convey
information, and other forms of teaching and sharing
information are examples of educational factors
related to the meaning of caring.
PHYSICAL- are related to the physical state of
being, including biological and mental patterns.
SOCIAL CULTURAL- Examples of social and
cultural factors are ethnicity and family structures;
intimacy with friends and family.
LEGAL- related to the meaning of caring include
responsibility and accountability.
TECHNOLOGICAL- include nonhuman resources,
such as the use of machinery to maintain the
physiological well-being of the patient.
ECONOMIC- Factors related to the meaning of
caring include money, budget, insurance systems,
limitations, and guidelines.
POLITICAL- Political factors and the power
structure within healthcare administration influence
how nursing is viewed in healthcare and include
patterns of communication and decision making in
the organization.
Metaparadigm of Nursing
1. Person- spiritual and cultural being
2. Health- not simply the consequence of a
physical state of being.
3. Environment- Nursing practice in
environments embodies the elements of the
social structure and spiritual, and ethical
caring patterns of meaning.
4. Nursing- caring is cultural and social.
MODULE 4: Benner, Eriksson, and Martinsen
Patricia Benner
★ Patricia Benner's model stands on how a
nurse develops nursing knowledge, skill,
clinical competence and comprehension of
patient care through complete theoretical
training and experiential learning from novice
stage to expert stage.
Novice to Expert Theory
★ Benner adapted the Hubert Dreyfus Model of
skill acquisition and applied it to her work “
From novice to Expert.”
★ Benner’s model is situational and describes
five levels of skill acquisition and
development.
Major Concepts and Definition
Novice
★ The person has no background experience
of the situation in which he or she is involved.
★ Context free rules and objectives attributes
must be given to guide performance.
Advanced Beginner
★ The person can demonstrate marginally
acceptable performance, having coped with
enough real situations to note, or to have
pointed out by a mentor, the recurring
meaningful components of the situation.
Competent
★ Consistency, predictability and time
management are important in competent
performance.
★ Recognize patterns
★ Prioritize
★ Devise new rules and plan
★ High Anxiety
Proficient
★ Nurses at this level demonstrate a new ability
to see changing relevance in a situation,
including recognition and implementation of
skilled responses to the situation as it
evolves.
Expert
★ Nurses have an intuitive grasp of the
situation, and are able to identify the region
of the problem without losing time
considering a range of alternative diagnoses
and solutions.
★ Expert nurses “know the patient.”
Key aspect of expert nurse
1. Demonstrating a clinical grasp and resource-
based practice
2. Possessing embodied know how
3. Seeing the big picture
4. Seeing the unexpected
Metaparadigm of Expert Theory
1. Person- that nurses should attend to all
these dimensions of the body and seek to
understand the role of embodiment in
particular situations of health illness and
recovery.
2. Health- described as not just the absence of
disease and illness.
3. Situation- Benner and Wrubel use the term
situation rather than environment, because
situation conveys a social environment with
social definition and meaningfulness.
4. Nursing- described nursing as a caring
relationship, an enabling condition of
connection and concern.
Katie Eriksson
Theory of Caritative Caring
Major Concepts and Definitions
★ Caritas- the fundamental motive of caring
science, also constitutes the motive for all
caring.
★ Caring communion- characterized by
intensity and vitality, and by warmth,
closeness, rest, respect, honesty, and
tolerance.
★ Act of Caring- is the art of making
something very special out of something less
special.
★ Caritative caring ethics- comprises the
ethics of caring, the core of which is
determined by the caritas motive.
 ★ Caring ethics- is the core of nursing ethics
★ Caring ethics- deals with the basic relation
between the patient and the nurse— the way
in which the nurse meets the patient in an
ethical sense. It is about the approach we
have toward the patient.
★ Nursing ethics- deals with the ethical
principles and rules that guide my work or my
decisions.
★ Invitation- refers to the act that occurs when
the carer welcomes the patient to the caring
communion.
★ Suffering- is an ontological concept
described as a human being’s struggle
between good and evil in a state of
becoming.
★ Caring culture- characterizes the total
caring reality and is based on cultural
elements such as traditions, rituals, and
basic values, and culture.
Metaparadigm of Expert Theory
1. Person- Suffering human being (suffering
according to illness, care and life).
2. Health- Pure concept of wholeness and
holiness; health as soundness, freshness
and well-being.
3. Environment- Caring Culture
4. Nursing- Love and Charity; Motive to care, it
is through this motive that caring gets its
deepest formulation.
Kari Martinsen
Philosophy of Caring
★ Nursing is founded on caring for life, on
neighborly love, ... At the same time, it is
necessary that the nurse is professionally
educated.
Major Concepts of the Theory
★ Care Care is a trinity- relational, practical,
and moral simultaneously. Care is basic to
human existence. As professionals, nurses
must exercise caring that is based on
education and training. Otherwise, it is just
sentimentality.
★ Professional Judgment and Discernment-
Caring must be coupled with concrete,
professional, and moral discernment.
★ Moral Practice- Is founded on care It is
when empathy and reflection work together
in such a way that caring can be expressed
in nursing.
★ Person-Oriented Professionalism- the
patient is viewed as a suffering person for
whom we should protect their integrity. We
are obligated to do one’s best for the patient
who is central to the encounter.
★ Sovereign Life Utterances- It includes the
phenomena of openness, mercy, trust, hope,
and love.
★ The Untouchable Zone- This term refers to
a zone that we must not interfere with in
encounters with the other and encounters
with nature. It refers to boundaries for which
we must have respect.
★ Vocation- is a demand life makes to me in a
completely human way to encounter and
care for one’s fellow person.
★ The Eye of the Heart- Seeing with our
heart’s eye is looking with sensation and
emotion working together.
★ The Registering Eye- It views objectively
without compassion.
Metaparadigm of Philosophy of Caring
1. Person- Human life is interdependent.
Human body is soul and flesh.
2. Health- Sociohistorical perspective
3. Environment- Space and architecture set
4. the tone for our interaction.
5. Trinity of Caring- Caring is fundamental to
nursing and to other work for a caring nature.