Volcanic eruptions occur as a result of heat moving under Earth’s surface.

They often begin with an

accumulation of gas-rich magma (molten underground rock) in reservoirs near Earth’s surface, though they
may be preceded by emissions of steam and gas from small vents in the ground. Small earthquakes, which
may be caused by a rising plug of dense, viscous magma oscillating against a sheath of more permeable
magma, may also signal volcanic eruptions, especially explosive ones.

In some cases, magma rises in conduits to the surface as a thin and fluid lava, either flowing out
continuously or shooting straight up in glowing fountains or curtains. The eruptions of Hawaii’s volcanoes
fall into this category. In other cases, entrapped gases tear the magma into shreds and hurl viscous clots of
lava into the air. In more violent eruptions, the magma conduit is hollowed out by an explosive blast, and
solid fragments are ejected in a great cloud of ash-laden gas that rises tens of thousands of metres into the
air. An example of this phenomenon is the 1980 eruption of Mount Saint Helens. Many explosive eruptions
are accompanied by a pyroclastic flow, a fluidized mixture of hot gas and incandescent particles that
sweeps down a volcano’s flanks, incinerating everything in its path. If the expelled ash or gases collect on a
high snowfield or glacier, they may melt large quantities of ice, and the result can be a disastrous flood or
landslide that rushes down a volcano’s slopes.

Volcanic eruptions can also result in secondary damage, beyond the direct loss to life and property from the
eruption itself. Volcanic ash can cause respiratory illnesses such as silicosis and can be particularly harmful
to infants and people with chronic lung diseases. Gases such as hydrogen chloride, carbon monoxide, and
hydrogen fluoride can cause both short- and long-term problems. Eruptions can cause economic harm that
affects workers’ livelihoods and can force mass migrations of people in affected regions. The 2010 eruption
of Iceland’s Eyjafjallajökull also demonstrated the threat posed to jet aircraft by high clouds of volcanic
ash; this eruption led aviation authorities to ground flights across northern and central Europe for several
days.

1. The passage mainly idea? How volcanoes erupt

2. Incandescent closest meaning to?glowing
3. Incinerating closest meaning to? destroy
4. Dense closest meaning to? Thick
5. What the meaning “Pyroclastic flow”? , a fluidized mixture of hot gas and incandescent particles
that sweeps down a volcano’s flanks, incinerating everything in its path
6. Permeable closest meaning to? pervious

Krakatoa, Indonesian Krakatau, volcano on Rakata Island in the Sunda Strait between Java and Sumatra,
Indonesia. Its explosive eruption in 1883 was one of the most catastrophic in history.

Krakatoa lies along the convergence of the Indian-Australian and Eurasian tectonic plates, a zone of high
volcanic and seismic activity. Sometime within the past million years, the volcano built a cone-shaped
mountain composed of flows of volcanic rock alternating with layers of cinder and ash. From its base,
1,000 feet (300 metres) below sea level, the cone projected about 6,000 feet (1,800 metres) above the sea.
Later (possibly in 416 CE), the mountain’s top was destroyed, forming a caldera, or bowl-shaped
depression, 4 miles (6 km) across. Portions of the caldera projected above the water as four small islands:
Sertung (Verlaten) on the northwest, Lang and Polish Hat on the northeast, and Rakata on the south. Over
the years, three new cones were formed, merging into a single island. The highest of the three cones rose to
2,667 feet (813 metres) above sea level.

The only confirmed eruption prior to 1883 was a moderate one in 1680. On May 20, 1883, one of the cones
again became active; ash-laden clouds reached a height of 6 miles (10 km), and explosions were heard in
Batavia (Jakarta), 100 miles (160 km) away, but by the end of May the activity had died down. It resumed
on June 19 and became paroxysmal by August 26. At 1:00 PM of that day the first of a series of
increasingly violent explosions occurred, and at 2:00 PM a black cloud of ash rose 17 miles (27 km) above
Krakatoa. The climax was reached at 10:00 AM on August 27, with tremendous explosions that were heard
2,200 miles (3,500 km) away in Australia and propelled ash to a height of 50 miles (80 km). Pressure
waves in the atmosphere were recorded around the Earth. Explosions diminished throughout the day, and
by the morning of August 28, the volcano was quiet. Small eruptions continued in the following months
and in February 1884.

The discharge of Krakatoa threw into the air nearly 5 cubic miles (21 cubic km) of rock fragments, and
large quantities of ash fell over an area of some 300,000 square miles (800,000 square km). Near the
volcano, masses of floating pumice were so thick as to halt ships. The surrounding region was plunged into
darkness for two and a half days because of ash in the air. The fine dust drifted several times around the
Earth, causing spectacular red and orange sunsets throughout the following year.

After the explosion, only a small islet remained in a basin covered by 900 feet (250 metres) of ocean water;
its highest point reached about 2,560 feet (780 metres) above the surface. As much as 200 feet (60 metres)
of ash and pumice fragments had accumulated on Verlaten and Lang islands and on the remaining southern
part of Rakata. Analysis of this material revealed that little of it consisted of debris from the former central
cones: the fragments of old rock in it represented less than 10 percent of the volume of the missing part of
the island. Most of the material was new magma brought up from the depths of the Earth, most of it
distended into pumice or completely blown apart to form ash as the gas it contained expanded. Thus, the
former volcanic cones were not blown into the air, as was first believed, but sank out of sight, the top of the
volcano collapsing as a large volume of magma was removed from the underlying reservoir.

Krakatoa was apparently uninhabited, and few people died outright from the eruptions. However, the
volcano’s collapse triggered a series of tsunamis, or seismic sea waves, recorded as far away as South
America and Hawaii. The greatest wave, which reached a height of 120 feet (37 metres) and took some
36,000 lives in nearby coastal towns of Java and Sumatra, occurred just after the climactic explosion. All
life on the Krakatoa island group was buried under a thick layer of sterile ash, and plant and animal life did
not begin to reestablish itself for five years.

Krakatoa was quiet until December 1927, when a new eruption began on the seafloor along the same line as
the previous cones. In early 1928 a rising cone reached sea level, and by 1930 it had become a small island
called Anak Krakatau (“Child of Krakatoa”). The volcano has been active sporadically since that time, and
the cone has continued to grow to an elevation of about 1,000 feet (300 metres) above the sea.

1. Basin closest meaning to? Cavity

2. Di bagian mana gunung yang northwest? verlaten
3. Krakatau menyebabkan bencana lain, apa itu? seismic sea waves jawabannya
4. plant and animal life did not begin to reestablish itself? five years.
5. Tentang apa artikel ini? The volcanoes
Here are three problems with mimicking other people’s morning routines: First, copying what works for
them doesn’t give you the flexibility to figure out what works best for you, the life you have now, and
the life you want to live. Second, some of their activities may be insignificant and fail to have an impact
on the rest of your day. And finally, you may feel stressed out because you haven’t figured out what’s
right for you, and so you may be left with an unsettling feeling that you carry with you through the rest
of the day.

Many humans have similar goals and aspirations, but not similar days and responsibilities. I am
realizing this more than ever now as my days and responsibilities are about to undergo a massive shift.

After I give birth, I know it will be harder. And while I plan to go through that exercise again, I thought
I’d ask for expert advice. I reached out to behavioral scientist Katy Milkman, author of “How to
Change: The Science of Getting from Where You Are to Where You Want to Be” and the James G.
Dinan professor at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.

“We know that if you want to build a new routine, you’ll need to plan it out in detail,” Milkman told
me. “But research shows that when we make multiple detailed plans to achieve multiple goals, instead
of helping us, it hurts us.”

She advises we focus on prioritizing one new goal at a time and building out a plan for achieving that
goal when it comes to routines. “Say you want to meditate and exercise in the morning and don’t do
either now,” Milkman said. “It might be better to pick one to prioritize as your new goal to add to your
morning and make a detailed plan for when you’ll do it and where you’ll do it.”

1. What is the passage discuss? How to find a morning routine that works for you
2. Undergo closest meaning to? experienced
3. Mimicking closest meaning to? Imitate
4. figured out closest meaning to?understand
5. apa yg membuat unsettling feeling that you carry with you through the rest of the day? may feel
stressed out because you haven’t figured out what’s right for you
RMS Titanic was a British passenger liner, operated by the White Star Line, that sank in the North Atlantic
Ocean on 15 April 1912 after striking an iceberg during her maiden voyage from Southampton, England, to
New York City, United States. Of the estimated 2,224 passengers and crew aboard, more than 1,500 died,
making it the deadliest sinking of a single ship up to that time.[a] It remains the deadliest peacetime sinking
of an ocean liner or cruise ship.[4] The disaster drew public attention, spurred major changes in maritime
safety regulations, and inspired many artistic works.

RMS Titanic was the largest ship afloat at the time she entered service and the second of three Olympic-
class ocean liners built for the White Star Line. She was built by the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast.
Thomas Andrews, the chief naval architect of the shipyard, died in the disaster. Titanic was under the
command of Captain Edward Smith, who went down with the ship. The ocean liner carried some of the
wealthiest people in the world, as well as hundreds of emigrants from the British Isles, Scandinavia, and
elsewhere throughout Europe, who were seeking a new life in the United States and Canada.

The first-class accommodation was designed to be the pinnacle of comfort and luxury, with a gymnasium,
swimming pool, smoking rooms, high-class restaurants and cafes, a Turkish bath, and hundreds of opulent
cabins. A high-powered radiotelegraph transmitter was available for sending passenger "marconigrams" and
for the ship's operational use. Titanic had advanced safety features, such as watertight compartments and
remotely activated watertight doors, contributing to its reputation as "unsinkable".

Titanic was equipped with 16 lifeboat davits, each capable of lowering three lifeboats, for a total of 48
boats. However, she actually carried only 20 lifeboats, four of which were collapsible and proved hard to
launch while she was sinking (Collapsible A nearly swamped and was filled with a foot of water until
rescue; Collapsible B completely overturned while launching). Together, the 20 lifeboats could hold 1,178
people—about half the number of passengers on board, and one-third of the number of passengers the ship
could have carried at full capacity (a number consistent with the maritime safety regulations of the era).
When the ship sank, the lifeboats that had been lowered were only filled up to an average of 60%.

1. Liner closest meaning? Ship

2. Penumpang di titanic mau ngapain? seeking a new life
3. Ada berapa kapal yg dioperasikan white star line? 3
4. Overturned closest meaning to? Reverse
5. Pinnacle? Top
Borneo, the third largest island in the world, was once covered with dense rainforests. With swampy coastal areas
fringed with mangrove forests and a mountainous interior, much of the terrain was virtually impassable and
unexplored. Headhunters ruled the remote parts of the island until a century ago.

In the 1980s and 1990s Borneo underwent a remarkable transition. Its forests were leveled at a rate unparalleled in
human history. Borneo's rainforests went to industrialized countries like Japan and the United States in the form of
garden furniture, paper pulp and chopsticks. Initially most of the timber was taken from the Malaysian part of the
island in the northern states of Sabah and Sarawak. Later forests in the southern part of Borneo, an area belonging to
Indonesia and known as Kalimantan, became the primary source for tropical timber. Today the forests of Borneo are
but a shadow of those of legend and those that remain are rapidly being converted to industrial oil palm and timber
plantations.

Oil palm is the most productive oil seed in the world. A single hectare of oil palm may yield 5,000 kilograms of crude
oil, or nearly 6,000 liters of crude, making the crop remarkably profitable when grown in large plantations. As such,
vast swathes of land are being converted for oil palm plantations. Oil palm cultivation has expanded in Indonesia
from 600,000 hectares in 1985 to more than 8.6 million hectares by 2015, according to U.N. FAOSTAT.

Borneo, especially Kalimantan, has also been heavily affect by peat fires set for land-clearing purposes. Millions of
hectares of peat, scrub, degraded forest, and rainforest have gone up in flames over the past 30 years.

Borneo is the third largest island in the world, covering an area of 743,330 square kilometers (287,000 square miles),
or a little more than the twice the size of Germany. Politically, the island is divided between Indonesia, Malaysia and
Brunei. Indonesian Borneo is known as Kalimantan, while Malaysian Borneo is known as East Malaysia. The name
Borneo itself is a Western reference first used by the Dutch during their colonial rule of the island.

Geographically the island is divided by central highlands that run diagonally from Sabah state (Malaysia) in
northeastern Borneo to southwestern Borneo, roughly forming the border between West and Central Kalimantan
(Indonesia). The range is not volcanic — the whole of Borneo has only a single extinct volcano — but does feature
the highest mountain in Southeast Asia: Mount Kinabalu in Sabah, which reaches 4,095 meters (13,435 feet).

Borneo's forests are some of the most biodiverse on the planet, home to more than 230 species of mammals (44 of
which are endemic), 420 resident birds (37 endemic), 100 amphibians, 394 fish (19 endemic), and 15,000 plants
(6,000 endemic). Surveys have found more than 700 species of trees in a 10 hectare plot — a number equal to the
total number of trees in Canada and the United States combined.

Several distinct ecosystems are found across Borneo. These are reviewed in WWF's "Borneo: Treasure Island at
Risk" report (2005).

1. apa yg menyebabkan kebakaran? Land-clearing

2. siapa yang kasih nama borneo? The Dutch
3. which part the most of the timber was taken from? Malaysian part
4. dense? Thick
5. vast? wide
Bengkulu, propinsi (or provinsi; province), southwestern Sumatra, Indonesia. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to
the west and by the provinces of West Sumatra (Sumatera Barat) to the north, Jambi and South Sumatra (Sumatera
Selatan) to the east, and Lampung to the southeast. The province also includes the islands of Mega and Enggano in
the Indian Ocean. The capital is Bengkulu city.
The region formed part of the Buddhist Srivijaya empire in the 8th century. It became part of the Hindu Majapahit
empire of eastern Java in the 16th century. The first European visitors to the area were the Portuguese, followed by
the Dutch in 1596. The region gradually came under Dutch possession, except for British occupation briefly in the
late 18th and early 19th centuries. Bengkulu city and the surrounding area remained British until 1824, when the
Dutch acquired it by treaty.
In 1946 the province was included by the Dutch in South Sumatra state, which became a province of the Republic of
Indonesia in 1950. In 1964 the province of Lampung was created from roughly the southern third of South Sumatra,
and in 1967 the province of Bengkulu was formed from South Sumatra’s western coastal region.
The north–south-trending Bengkulu Mountains, which are surmounted by both active and extinct volcanoes, run
parallel to the coast and traverse the length of the province. Mount Seblat rises to an elevation of 7,818 feet (2,383
metres), and Mount Kaba reaches 6,358 feet (1,938 metres). The mountains are flanked by a strip of fertile coastal
plain that is enriched from time to time by fresh deposits of ash and lava. Rivers and streams, including the Selagan
and Seblat rivers, flow southwestward into the Indian Ocean.
In the early 21st century the indigenous Rejang and Serawai peoples were among Bengkulu’s largest ethnic groups,
together accounting for about two-fifths of the population. Roughly another fifth of the population was Javanese.
Such a strong Javanese presence was in large measure the result of government-sponsored transmigration schemes
undertaken throughout the 20th century. Notable smaller minorities included Malay, Minangkabau, and Sundanese
peoples. Arabs and Chinese lived in the coastal areas. Islam was by far the predominant religion.
The province’s agriculture is based on shifting cultivation; rice, tea, coffee, copra, palm oil, ebony, ironwood, and
rubber are the major products. Industries and crafts include food processing, textiles, wood carving, metalwork,
leather, paper plaiting, and the manufacture of transport equipment. Roads run parallel to the coast and connect the
settlements of Muaraaman, Curup, Bengkulu, Manna, and Bintuhan. Area 7,691 square miles (19,919 square km).
Pop. (2000) 1,455,500; (2010) 1,715,518.
1. surmounted closest meaning to? surrounded
2. 20% penduduk Bengkulu berasal dari etnis? Javanese
3. kapan bengkulu jadi milik belanda? 1824
4. kapan bengkulu jadi provinsi? 1967
5. Notable? Prominent
Can you imagine life without the personal computer? Well, without two of Bill Gates's high school teachers, that
could be our world today. Gates's maths teacher, Fred Wright, asked himto push himself just a little bit harder. Maybe
that's why the founder of Microsoft sometimes slept under his desk in the office instead of going home to relax after
work. And his drama teacher, Anne Stephens, helped him discover a love of the spotlight when she made the
sometimes withdrawn schoolboy the star of the school play. Gates thanked his teachers, saying, 'There's no way there
would be a Microsoft without them doing what they did.' And he's not the only one. Oprah Winfrey, talk show host,
actress and TV producer, was inspired by her fourth grade (age 9–10) teacher, Mrs Duncan. Because of her, Oprah
says, 'I felt I could take on the world. You did exactly what teachers are supposed to do. They create a spark for
learning that lives with you from then on. It's why I have a talk show today.'

For some children, teachers are the only positively influential people in their lives. Antwone Fisher, a best-selling
writer, grew up in foster homes, and didn't have many adults that he could trust. But a primary school teacher, Mrs
Profitt, was the first adult he ever trusted. 'She spoke to all of us the same way – with respect. No one spoke to me
that way before. I think that being with her for three years made all the difference.'

1. tentang apa the passage? World teacher day

2. karena siapa tv produser sukses? Mrs Duncan

3. apa yang dilakukan mrs profit? 'She spoke to all of us the same way – with respect

4. apa yg dilakukan drama teacher ke bill gates? Bill Gates's drama teacher helped him to be good at public speaking.

5. paragraph 1 soal apa? Teacher behind famous people

The well-deserved Spanish victory came courtesy of an Olga Carmona strike, with the Real Madrid fullback scoring
in the 29th minute of a first stanza that the newly crowned world champions dominated thoroughly. Through ball
possession, as well as the bulk of chances to score.
Ironically, before she scored the winning goal in the semifinal success against Sweden, Spain’s 23-year-old captain,
Carmona, had never netted for her nation. That she scored her only goals for her country at crucial times indicates
just what a great player she is.
The La Roja victory came in spite of coach Jorge Vilda trusting 19-year-old forward Salma Paralluelo to start over
two-time Ballon d’Or Alexia Putellas.
La Roja, robbed of some of their best talent by a mutiny against Vilda only a few months ago and thrashed 4-0 by
Japan in the group stage, outplayed England to deservedly claim their first major title in only their third World Cup.
Aitana Bonmati and Teresa Abelleira ran the game from the Spanish midfield and the margin of victory would have
been greater had England goalkeeper Mary Earps not saved a second-half penalty from Jennifer Hermoso.
“It’s the best feeling of my life,” a tearful Hermoso said.
“We played the football we wanted to but I still think we are not aware of what we have achieved.”
Vilda became only the second male coach to win a major women’s tournament – the World Cup, the Olympics and
the Euros – since 2000.
“What we did, it’s difficult to achieve,” he said. “Very proud of this team, we have shown we know how to play, that
we know how to suffer, we have believed and we are world champions.”
England’s second defeat in 39 matches since Dutchwoman Sarina Wiegman took over as coach denied them the
chance to add a maiden world title to the European Championship crown they won last year.
“It’s really hard to take,” captain Millie Bright said. “We gave everything, in the first half we weren’t at our best but
in the second half we were back.
“There was a lot of belief, we have been 1-0 down, we never give in. We are absolutely heartbroken but
unfortunately we weren’t there today. The girls are unbelievable.”
1. Outplayed closest meaning to? Defend defeated
2. thrashed? Defeated
3. Vilda became only the second male coach to win a major women’s tournament – the World Cup, the Olympics and
the Euros – since? 2000
4. ditangan pelatih siapa inggris kalah? Sarina Wiegman
5. mutiny? rebellion
World Tourism Day on 27 September is about deciding the tourism we want for the future. That means thinking not
just about the economy but also about the impact on people and the planet.
Every year on 27 September the United Nations World Tourism Day is celebrated. It began in 1980, and the event is
hosted by a different country or group of countries every year. On World Tourism Day, the United Nations calls for
investments in people and the planet, not just economic productivity.
It may seem curious that tourism has its own special day, but maybe it's not so surprising when you think of the
enormous number of people employed in this sector. Tourism and travel is one of the world's biggest industries.
According to 2019 research, over 333 million people – that's about one in ten working people worldwide – were
employed in tourism and travel. Now, this huge global industry is growing again after the pandemic, creating serious
issues for people and the planet.
With mass tourism, fascinating places are becoming overwhelmed by millions of tourists. Enormous tour buses block
roads and make getting to school or work difficult for residents. International chains take over from local businesses,
tourist apartments take over from ordinary housing, and rising prices force local people out of their homes.
Barcelona in Spain and Venice in Italy are two examples of places where the local population have demanded that
tourism is controlled more tightly. In Barcelona, regulations related to short-term rental accommodation were
introduced to help local people have access to flats. In Venice, the number of large cruise liners entering the port is
now controlled to protect the historic city and its natural environment from further damage. Locals also complained
about the huge crowds of cruise passengers, who were putting pressure on the city's resources but contributing little
to the economy. Maybe tourism in the 21st century will continue to be regulated to protect people and local
environments.
Mass tourism is bad news for our planet too. The industry destroys natural habitats to build tourist facilities and
consumes large amounts of energy and natural resources, such as land, soil and water. Pollution is also a negative
consequence of travel and tourism, including solid waste and sewage pollution, noise pollution and air pollution.
Carbon emissions from tourism are more than five per cent of global emissions, and this figure is going up. The
tourism and travel industry continues to contribuste to the climate crisis.

1. Mass tourism? the business of providing holidays for very large numbers of people

2. when UN World Tourism Day started? over 40 years ago

3. where the large cruise ships were causing problems for both people and the environment.? Venice

4. paragraph 6 tentang apa? The impact of tourism on energy consumption and pollution

5. kenapa orang lokal pindah? Karena biaya hidup mahal