Thripitaka Dharmaya G5 (S) PDF

;%smsgl O¾uh
05
miafjks fY%aKsh
uQ,sl msßfjK
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j

m%:u uqøKh - 2017
fojk uqøKh - 2018
f;jk uqøKh - 2019
ish¨ ysñlï weúßKs'
ISBN 978-955-25-0464-8
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska

le,Ksh" kqx.uqf.dv mdr" wxl 77 ork ia:dkfhys msysá
m%skaÜflhd¾ hqksj¾i,a ^mqoa.,sl& iud.fuys
uqøKh lrjd m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,os'
ii
Y%S ,xld cd;sl .Sh
Y%S ,xld ud;d

wm YS% ,xld" kfuda kfuda kfuda kfuda ud;d
iqkaor isßnßkS" iq/òs w;s fidanudk ,xld
OdkH Okh fkl u,a m,;=re msß ch N+ñh ruHd
wmyg iem isß fi; iokd Ôjkfha ud;d
ms<s.kq uek wm Nla;s mQcd
kfuda kfuda ud;d
Tn fõ wm úoHd - Tn u h wm i;Hd
Tn fõ wm Yla;s - wm yo ;=< Nla;s
Tn wm wdf,dafla - wmf.a wkqm%dfKa
Tn wm Ôjk fõ - wm uqla;sh Tn fõ
kj Ôjk foñfka ks;sk wm mqnqÿ lrka ud;d
{dk ù¾h jvjñk /f.k hkq uek ch N+ñ lrd
tl ujlf. ore le, neúkd
huq huq ù fkdmud
fm%au jvd ieu fNao ÿ/r Þ kfuda kfuda ud;d
iii
wms fjuq tl ujlf. orefjda
tl ksjfiys fjfikd
tl mdge;s tl reêrh fõ
wm lh ;=< ÿjkd
tneúks wms fjuq fidhqre fidhqßfhda

tl f,i tys jefvkd
Ôj;a jk wm fuu ksjfia
fid¢k isáh hq;= fõ
ieug u fu;a lreKd .=fKkS

fj<S iu.s oñkS
rka ñKs uq;= fkd j th u h iem;d
lsis l, fkdu Èrkd
wdkkao iurfldaka
iv
.re wOHdmk wud;H;=udf.a mKsjqvh
msßfjka u.ska .sys meúÈ fomlaIhg u NdId" wd.ñl yd idrO¾u

wOHdmkh ,nd §u Ñrd;a ld,hl isg mej; wd neúka" msßfjk hkq
Y%S ,dxlsl wOHdmkfha flakaøia:dkh njg m;a úh' th foaYSh .sys
meúÈ YsIH mrïmrdj muKla fkdj úfoaYSh úoHd¾Òka o {dkkh l<
úYajúoHd,hla n÷ ia:dkhla úh' tla tla hq.fha wjYH;d wkqj ilia
jQ úIhud,djla msßfjka wOHdmkh uÕska isiqka fj; m%odkh lrkq
,eìKs' tneúka u tjeks wOHdmk uOHia:dk úYaj iïNdjkdjg m;a úh'
úfoaYSh wdl%uK yuqfõ - úfYaIfhka u mD;=.Sis" ,kafoais yd bx.%Sis

wdl%uK yuqfõ - msßfjka wOHdmkh .=Kd;aul jYfhka ySk ù .sh nj ienE h'
tfy;a 1753 § YS% ,xldfõ uyK Wmiïmodj h<s msyg s ù

q ug l%h
s dl< wirK
irK irKxlr ix>rdc udysñmdKkaf.a lemùu u; msßfjk keue;s wOHdmk
wdh;kh YS>% ÈhqKj
q lg m;a j foia úfoia lS¾;shg m;aùu wm ,enQ ch.%yKhls'
wfkl=;a wOHdmk lafIa;%j,g fuka u msßfjka wOHdmkhg o

ksoyia wOHdmk ixl,amh jpkfha mßiudma; w¾:fhka u w¾:j;a
ls Í u wmf.a mru wfma l a I djhs ' ms ß fjka fm<fmd;a fkdñ,fha
iemhSfuka rch by< jehla ±rej o tu.ska iuia; ck;djf.a úkh"
iodpdrh yd hymeje;au msßfjka YsIH m%cdj fj;ska bgq jkq we;ehs
Wola u wfmalaId we;s j fuu fmd; Tn w;g m;a lsÍug ,eîu
Nd.Hhla fldg i,lk w;r fuu fmd; mßyrKh lsÍfuka .sys meúÈ
fomd¾Yajhg u wh;a YsIH YsIHdjkaf.a keK .=K ÈhqKq fõjdhs o m;ñ'
wls, úrdÊ ldßhjiï

wOHdmk wud;H
v
msßfjka wOHdmk wOHlaI;=udf.a mKsjqvh
iïNdjH wOHdmkfha iqúfYaIS i,l=K msßfjka wOHdmkhhs' f:rjdÈ iïm%odh

flakaø lr.;a úIh ud,dj" mq¿,a úIh lafIa;% lrd jHdma;j we;' ,dxflah iudÔh
wjYH;d bgqlrkq jia msßfjka wOHdmkh o kj udk Tiafia iudch wdl¾IKh
lrf.k isáhs' msßfjka wOHdmkh u`.ska bgq l< hq;af;a iudc wjYH;d h' iudc
wjYH;d fjkia jk úg msßfjk o" úIh ud,dj o" bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%u yd we.hSï
we;=¿ msßfjfka iuia; ls%hdj,sh o wkkH;dj iq/flk whqßka fjkia úh hq;= h'
th iudchg iïfma%IKh úh hq;= h' msßfjka wOHdmkfhys Ydiksl iïm%odhka
/l.ksñka iiqfka ÑriaÓ;sh iòyd wejeis moku f.dvke.sh hq;= h'
j¾;udk f.da,Sh m%jK;d yuqfõ yqol,d jQ ;ekl msßfjk ;sìh hq;= ke;'
úYaùh mqrjeishl= ks¾udKh lsÍfï ld¾hfhka neyerùug msßfjka wOHdmkhg o
fkdyels h' tfia úh hq;= o ke;' iïNdjH wOHdmk iïm%odh /l.ksñka" msßfjka
wOHdmkh hdj;ald,Sk lsÍu Wfoid kj bf.kqï ls%hdldrlï" l%u Ys,am yd ;dlaIKsl
l%ufõo Wmfhda.S lr.; hq;= w;r tAjdhska neyer ùu isÿ fkdúh hq;=h'
ksmqK;d mdol úIhud,d m%;sixialrKh wkqj fuu fm< fmd; o iïmdokh

lr we;' msßmqka iudchla f.dvke.Su iòyd YsIH flakaøSh wOHdmk l%ufõo u`.ska
kQ;k f,dalfha YS>% f,i m%idrKh jk ±kqu hdj;ald,Sk lsÍug Wkkaÿ úh hq;=
h' yqfolau wOHdmkh hkq wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh iòyd u iSud jQjla fkdfõ' th ±kqï
wd¾Ólhla mokï lr.;a ixl,am Tiafia .uka lrk wdOHd;añl ixj¾Okfhka i;=gq
jk mqrjeishl= ks¾udKh lsÍug o bjy,a fldg .; hq;=h'
YsIH ñ;=re bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh wkqj ilia lr we;s fuu fm< fmd;
Tng ud¾f.damfoaYhls' th h<s Ndú; l< yels whqßka mßYS,kh lsÍu Tnf.a hq;=lula
fuka u j.lSuls'
úð; fj,f.or
wOHdmk wOHlaI ^msßfjka&
wOHdmk wud;HdxYh
vi
fmrjok
YS% ,xldfõ iïnqoaO Ydikfha ÑriaÓ;sh iòyd nqoaêu;a .=Kj;a NslaIq NslaIqKS
mrmqrla fukau O¾udkqO¾u mámkak Wjiq Wjeishka msßila o isáh hq;= h' tA iòyd
uekúka wOHdmkh ,nd YslaIKh úh hq;= h' YslaIs; mqrjeishd f,dalhg iïm;ls'
msßfjka wOHdmkfhka ,nk ±kqu muKla fkdj Ndjkd l%u mqyqKq ùu wdÈfhka
,nk udkisl ixj¾Okh" ñksia Ôú;fha ,eìh yels f,!lsl yd f,daflda;a;r ish¨
mqreId¾: idOkh lsÍfuys,d msájy,ls'
;s%úO Ydikfha .eUqr yd tys wfkalúO jákdlï ms<snò ,nk wjfndaOh

w;sYh jeo.;a fõ' wm yuqfõ we;s wkd.; wNsfhda. id¾:lj ch.%yKh lrkq jia
ta iòyd wjeis ±kqu" wdl,am yd l=i,;d j¾Okh lr.; hq;= h' f,dalfha úYsIag;u
od¾Yksl jQ;a ft;sydisl jQ;a Ôjk rgdjl ysñlu wmg we;' msßmqka bf.kqï b.ekaùï
ls%hdj,sfhka wOHdmkfha wruqKq yd mrud¾: idlaId;a lr.ekSu iòyd ld¾hlaIuj
M,odhS whqßka lghq;= l< hq;= h' úYaùh mqrjeishl= f,i Tnf.a W;aidyh" lemùu
yd wêIaGdkYS,Sj lghq;= lsÍu" ;srir ixj¾Okhg o rel=,ls'
fuu fmd; iïmdokh lsÍu iòyd lghq;= l< f,aLl yd ixialdr uKav,fha
ish¨ fokdg;a msßfjka wOHdmk YdLdfõ yd wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=fõ
ld¾h uKav,hg;a udf.a lD;{;dj ysñfõ'
ví,sõ' tï' chka; úl%ukdhl

wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ckrd,a
biqremdh" n;a;ruq,a,'
2019'04'10
vii
kshdukh yd wëlaIKh (-
ví,sõ' tï' chka; úl%ukdhl - wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ckrd,a

fufyhùu (-
úð; fj,f.or - wOHdmk wOHlaI ^msßfjka&

wOHdmk wud;HdxYh
ví,sõ'ta' ks¾u,d mshiS,s - wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia îxj¾Ok&

WmfoaYl;ajh (-
uydpdhH_ mQcH lk;af;af.dv - ufydamdOHdh ^je'n&

ioaOdr;k ysñ Y%S ,xld NslaIq úYajúoHd,h
wkqrdOmqrh
iïnkaëlrKh (-
mQcH r;au,úg pkaodkkao ysñ - úIh WmfoaYl ^msßfjka&

wOHdmk wud;HdxYh
ã'tï'fÊ' mqIaml=udr - ksfhdacH flduidßia ^md,k&

ixialrKh (-
mQcH Wvq.ïfmd< .=Kdkkao ysñ - fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h

Y%S ,xld NslaIq úYajúoHd,h" wkqrdOmqrh
mQcH udfodaúg jðrnqoaê ysñ - iyldr wOHdmk wOHlaI ^msßfjka&

wOHdmk wud;HdxYh
viii
f,aLl uKav,h (-
mQcH r;au,úg pkaodkkao ysñ - úIh WmfoaYl ^msßfjka&
îNdm;s& wOHdmk wud;HdxYh
mQcH fldgfk¿fõ mq[a[dkkao ysñ - .=re WmfoaYl
fld$kd,kaod O¾udh;k uQ,sl msßfjK
.,alsiai
mQcH W!re.uqfõ wiaið ysñ - mßfõKdpd¾h
l¨$.x.d;s,l uQ,sl msßfjK
flfi,aj;a;" mdkÿr
mQcH Èh.u kdro ysñ - mßfõKdpd¾h
fld$iqNørdu úoHdh;k msßfjK
.xf.dvú," kqf.af.dv
mQcH .euqKqmqr fidaujxY ysñ - mßfõKdpd¾h
fld$úoHd,xldr uy msßfjK" mkaksmsáh
mQcH .,alsiafia Oïñiair ysñ - .=re WmfoaYl
fld$jx.Si uQ,sl msßfjK" l,m¨jdj
mQcH rïuf,a iqukr;k ysñ - .=re WmfoaYl
.ï$úoHdo¾Ys uQ,sl msßfjK" uqoaor.u
B'ta' chfiak tÈßisxy - úY%dñl úIh WmfoaYl ^msßfjka&
498$B" fldiaj;a;" rodjdk
mS'ta' ir;a l=udr - mßfõKdpd¾h
fld$;laIs,d uy msßfjK" fld;,dj,
wd¾'tï'à'à' r;akdhl - mßfõKdpd¾h
uy$úu,O¾u uy msßfjK" oxf.d,a,
mS't,a' ,,s;a wfífialr - .=re WmfoaYl
kqjrt<sh Èia;%slalh
fidaÿm;a lshùu (-
tia'ta' iquqÿ iqnisxy - Wm.=re" nm$le< imq.ialkao uyd úoHd,h
udfld<
mß.Kl.; lsÍu" msgq ks¾udKh iy msg ljrh (-

l%sIaks iuqoaêld kjr;akf.a - mß.Kl wxYh
ix
mgqk
01' nqqÿmshdfKda W;=ukag;a W;=ï ñksfils 01

02' nqÿrÿka iujkafka nqÿjrekag muKs 10
03' lreKdfjka isis,a yo we;s nqÿi|dfKda 24
04' .=Kfhka w.m;a w.ijq nqÿ mq;a 31
05' f;rKska w;r w.m;a §mYsLdfjda 37
06' nqÿiiqka u. h;s myka 43
07' úkh - ;,a lráfha ì| jeàu 51
08' úkh - idiksl mqkre;a:dmkh 63
09' úkh - wúksYaÑ; úksYaph 85
10' ;%smsgl idys;Hh 88
11' .sys iudc iïnkaO;dj îs.d,l iQ;%h& 98
12' wd.ñl u;jdo ms<.
s ekSfï ksje/È úêh ^ld,du iQ;%h& 116
13' ±yeñka kef.;s w±yeñka jefg;s ^mrdNj iQ;%h& 121
14' jrog ìh ksjkg mshjrhs ^wdm;a;sNh iQ;%h& 128
15' wNsO¾uh - Tn Tfí rEmh y÷kkjd o@ 134
x
16' wNsO¾uh - wfma rEm úis wgls 142
17' wNsO¾uh - ksjkska ksùu 147
18' oyiska tllaj;a fkdjákd foa îyii j..h& 151
19' mdmh kï ìysiqKq h ^mdm j..h& 175
20' Tn o`vqjug ìh kï wkqka o tfia u h ôKv j..h& 193
21' fn!oaO o¾Ykh fyj;a úo¾Ykdj 211
22' isysfha isjqfldK î;smÜGdkh& 217
23' nqÿ oyfï fya;=M,jdoh 227
24' lf<d;a l¾uh Njh t;ek h 232
25' nqÿ oyfï prKh 238
26' ñyska;,djhs oyï wudjhs 244
27' uyf;r iiqfkka ì£ .sh jdoh ûydhdkh& 248
28' oyu;a ±k foiqu;a ±k oyï foiuq 254
29' rcq ±yeñ fõ kï rg ±yeñ fõ u h 266
30' oyu rlskakd oyñka /fla 272
xi
xii
nqqÿmshdfKda W;=ukag;a W;=ï ñksfils
f,dj my< jQ lreKdfõ yd m%{dfõ m%;suQ¾;sh iïud iïnqÿrcdKka

jykafia h' wm%udK f,dal i;a;ajhdg fuf,dj mrf,dj hym; ie,iQ fY%aIaG;u
Ydia;DDka jykafia o nqÿrcdKka jykafia u h' ñksfil= f,i bmso ñksfil=
f,i úkao hq;= iem yd ÿla ú| ñksia is; Wmßu ;,hlg ÈhqKq l< Wka jykafia
wdYap¾hj;a ukqIH r;akhla jk fial'
i;a;ajhdf.a yd f,dalfha h:d ;;a;ajh uekúka jgyd .;a nqÿrcdKka

jykafia ish¨ O¾uhka ish kqjKska u wjfndaO lr .;a neúka iïud iïnqoaO kï
jk fial' ñksiqka w;r Wmkak;a nqÿrcdKka jykafia idudkH ukqIHfhl= fkdj
W;a;Í;r ukqIHfhls'
Èkla WlalÜGd kqjr isg fia;jH kqjr olajd jäk nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a
md igyka ÿgq fodaK nuqKd Wka jykafia fj; t<U ixjdohl ksr; fjñka fufia
úuiS h'
nuqKd (- Tn foúfhla o@
nqÿrÿka (- nuqK" uu foúfhla fkdfjñ'
nuqKd (- tfia kï Tn .dkaO¾jfhla o@
nqÿrÿka (- nuqK" uu .dkaO¾jfhla o fkdfjñ'
nuqKd (- tfia kï Tn hlaIfhla o@
nqÿrÿka (- nuqK" uu hlaIfhla o fkdfjñ'
nuqKd (- tfia kï Tn ukqIHfhla o@
nqÿrÿka (- nuqK" uu ukqIHfhla o fkdfjñ'
fuu m%ldYfhka uú;hg m;a nuqKd fufia lSh' uu Tfnka Tn foúfhla ±hs
weiQ úg ke;ehs lsh;s" .dkaO¾jfhla ±hs weiQ úg ke;ehs lsh;s" hlaIfhla ±hs weiQ
úg ke;ehs lsh;s" ukqIHfhl= ±hs weiQ úg ke;ehs lsh;s' tfia kï Tn ljfrla o@
nuqKdf.a fuu joka weiQ nqÿrcdKka jykafia nuqKdg fufia jod<y' n%dyauKh"
uu foúfhla kï foúhka ;=< ;sìh hq;= ldud§ wdY%jhka ud ;=< ;sìh hq;= h'
ukqIHfhla kï ukqIHhka ;=< ;sìh hq;= ldud§ wdY%jhka ;sìh hq;= h' tfy;a uu
tn÷ i;ajhka ;=< we;s ldud§ wdY%jhka iyuq,ska u m%ySK lf<ñ'
n%dyauKh Wmq,la fyda mshqula fyda fy< mshqula fyda Èfhys fkd.Eù
fkd;ejÍ ;sfnkafka hï fia o uu o fï f,dalfhys ñksiqka w;r Wmkafkñ'
1
fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu msKsihs
f,dalfhys ñksiqka w;r jeã ñksiqkaf.ka biau;= ù f,dalh iu. fkd.Eù fkdne£
isáñ' uu nqoaO hehs ±k.kak hehs foaYkd l<y'
idudkH ñksiqka ye¢kaùfï § fhfok ukqIH hk moh nqorÿkag Ndú; jqj

o tys úfYaI;ajhla we;' ñksiqka w;r nqÿrcdKka jykafia W;a;Í;r ñksila fj;s'
iS," iudê" m[a[d" úuqla;s" úuqla;s{dk o¾Ykhkaf.ka fYdaNdu;a jQ fY%aIaG;u
ukqIH r;akh nqÿrcdKka jykafia h' Wkajykafiaf.a W;a;Í;r udkqISh .=Kdx.
iuqodh wkaOldr iudchg §ma;su;a wdf,dalhla fuka úh' nqÿrcdKka jykafia
idudkH ñksiqkag iul< fkdyels neúka zzwiuZZ fj;s' nqÿrcdKka jykafia,d yd
muKla iu jk neúka wiuiu fj;s' Wkajykafia i;= udkqISh .=Kdx. W;a;Í;r
udkqISh .=Kdx.hka jkafka tneúks'
iïnqoaO pß;h ms<snò úuiSfï § lreKdj" ohdj" wkqlïmdj" ffu;s%h" mrd¾:

p¾hdj" ksy;udkS nj" bjiSu" l<.=K ie<lSu" fmdÿnj" iudkd;au;dj jeks
.=Kdx.hkag ysñjkafka úfYaI ;ekls'
uydlreKslhdfKda
wkqkaf.a ÿla.eyeg jO fõokd wiudklï wirKlï ±l i;amqreIhkaf.a
yoj; ie,Sfï lïmdùfï Wiia ñksia .=Kh lreKdj kï fõ' udkj ohdj
wkqlïmdj f,i o fuh ye¢kafõ' idudkH mqoa.,hkaf.a lreKdj iSud iys; jQjls'
tfy;a nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a wiSñ; lreKdj uyd lreKdj kï fõ' ish¨ i;ajhd
flfrys iuis;ska l%shd lsÍu úfYaI;ajhhs'
jOfl fojo;;uys
fpdfr wx.=,sud,fl
Okmdf, rdyqf, fpj
innF: iu udkfid
iifrys mgka ffjr ne| meñK f,dõ;=rd nqoaO;ajhg m;a jQ cd;sfhys
mjd úúO Wjÿre meñK jQ foajo;a; f;rekag;a" rd î úhre jeà .sks .=,shla
fia ;ukajykafia fj;g Èj wd kd,d.sß we;=g;a" kñka wysxil jqj;a tn÷ .;s
yerod .=re isiq fomsßi úiska fkdu. heùfuka ñkSurefjl= ù ;uka jykafia
miqmi t<jd wd wx.=,sud,g;a" isÿy;a fndai;a f,hska Wmka iqr;,a rdyq, l=ureg;a
iu fu;ska nqÿrcdKka jykafia ls%hd l<fial'
Wkajykafia ysñÈß mdkaor uydlreKd iudm;a;shg iuje§ ;uka

jykafiaf.a wdOHd;añl msysg ,eîug wo ljfrla iqÿiq fj;a±hs úuid n,ñka
Tjqka fidhd f.dia msysgfj;s' Wkajykafiaf.a Ôú;fhys mrud¾:h jQfha mrd¾:
p¾hdfjys fyj;a f,dald¾: p¾hdfjys fhfoñka f,dal i;ajhd ixidrfhka
tf;r lrùuhs' nqoaO;ajfha isg uyd mßks¾jdKh olajd u jir y;<sia myla ;=<
2
Èkm;d jeäu ld,hla lem lrk ,ofoa ñksia iudcfha f,!lsl yd f,daflda;a;r
ÈhqKqj i,id §u Wfoid h' Wkajykafia zzmrF:x mámcc:ZZ hk foaYkdj
wdo¾Yfhka u fmkajQ fial'
uydldreKsl jQ nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.ka msysg ,enQ i;a;ajfhdaa wmuK h'

ish iq¿ mshdf.a fldamhg ,laù wuqfidfydfka u< isrerlg ne| isá fidamdl
ksjka iqj ,oafoa;a iefvd,a l=,fhys Wm; ,nd li, fYdaOkfhys fh§ ÿlanr
Ôú;hla .;l< iqkS; iir nkaOkhkaf.ka ñ§ ksjkg m;ajQfha;a" ñh.sh ;u
tl u orejdg fnfy;a fidhd foõrï fjfyrg meñKs lsidf.da;ñh urKfha
ksh;nj ±k iir ÿla fl<jr lf<a;a" odishl jQ rÊcqud,d ish¨ ÿla fodïkia
ÿrelr ry;anj ,enqfha;a" frda. mSvdjkag uiqre mshdf.ka msysgla fkd ,o
uÜgl=Kav,S foõiem;g m;ajQfha;a" ñksia .=Kfhka W;=ï jQ uyd ldreKsl
nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a udkj ohdfõ n,fhks'
ksy;udkS kdhlhdfKda
udkh kï uekSuhs' cd;sh" l=,h" Okh" ;k;=re" W.;alu" rEmh wd§ lreKq
i,lñka ;uka wkqka yd uekne,Su fuys iajNdjhhs'
fihHudk - ;ud wkqkag jvd Wiia hehs is;Su

iÈiudk - ;ud wkqka yd iudkhehs is;Su
ySkudk - ;ud wkqkag jvd my;ahehs ie,lSu
hkqfjka udkfhys m%fNao ;=kls' ksy;udkSnj kï udkh fyj;a Wv`.=lu

iïmQ¾Kfhka keiQ njhs' nqÿrcdKka jykafia uyry;ka jykafia wd§ kslaf,aYS
W;=uka jykafia ksy;udkS .=Kfhka hq;= h' nqoaO pß;fhys úúO wjia:d úuik úg
nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a ksy;udkS .=Kh wmg jvd;a fyd¢ka wjfndaO lr.;
yels h'
iïud iïnqoaO;ajh wjfndaOlr .ekSfuka miq miajk i;sfha wcmd,

kq.rel uq, jev isáoa§ ;ukaf.a .=rejrhd f,i ls%hdl< yels wfhl= we;a±hs úuid
n,k nqÿrcdKka jykafia YS,d§ .=K oyñka ;uka jykafiag jvd Wiia flfkl=
fkdue;s nj ie,ld W;=ï jQ YS% ioaO¾uh .=re ;ekays ;nd.;ay'
odkh i|yd úfYaI wdrdOkd fkd,o iEu Èkl u msKavmd;fhys jevujñka

rdc ud<s.hg;a ÿ.S me,g;a lsisÿ fNaohlska f;drj jevujd ñysß ri fndcqka
fuka u lgql kSri fNdack mjd iuis;ska je<ªy'
;uka jykafia ish,a,ka w;r fY%aIaG jqj;a ish Y%djl msßia w;r isá úúO
l=i,;d we;s wh fj; w.;k;=re msßkeóu mjd iïnqoaO pß;fhys úoHudk jk
Wodr .=Kdx.hls' wdkkao" kkao" rdyq," uydldYHm" idßmq;a;" fud.a.,a,dk wd§
uyry;ka jykafia,d Ydiksl w.;k;=re ,enqfha tneúks'
3
tlaÈkla nqÿrcdKka jykafia uydldYHm uyry;ka jykafia iu.
pdßldfjys ksr;fjñka isáoa§ w;ru. .ila uq, jev isàug wjYHnj ±kajQ
fial' ldYHm ysñfhda nqÿrcqkag jev isàug ;uka jykafiaf.a isks÷ mgisjqr kjd
wdikhla ms<sh, l< fial' tys jevisá nqÿrcdKka jykafia ldYHm ysñhkaf.a
isjqr iam¾Y lr zzldYHm Tfí isjqr isks÷hZZ hkqfjka mejiQ fial' uydldYHm
ysñfhda tu isks÷ isjqr nqÿrcdKka jykafiag mQcdlr nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a yK
jeyeß isjqr fmdrjd .;ay' fujeks wjia:d ;=<ska ksy;udkS ir, pdï mej;=ï we;s
nqÿrcdKka jykafia wmg ±l.; yels h'
nqÿrcdKka jykafia ms<sn| uy;a m%idohg m;a mqlal=id;s rc;=ud Wkajykafia

fidhd meñKsfha h' ;uka jykafia yuqùug meñKSug ;rï ld,hla rc;=udg
fkdue;s nj f;areï.;a nqÿrcdKka jykafia rcqf.a fmru.g jeähy' fofokd u
rd;s%fhys l=U,a y,l kjd;eka .;ay' uq¿ /h mqrd rc;=ud nqÿrcdKka jykafia
iu. wkka; nqÿ.=K idlÉPd lf<a h' tfy;a ;uka /h mykajk;=re .;lf<a
nqÿrcdKka jykafia iu. nj Tyq fkdo;af;a h' nqÿrcdKka jykafia o rc;=ud
fidhdhk nqÿrÿka ;uka hehs fkdwe`.jQy' mqlal=id;s rc;=udg O¾udjfndaOhg
wjYH u. ie,iQ nqÿrcdKka jykafia miqj Tyqg ;uka jykafiaj y÷kd .kakg
bv ie,iQy' rcq O¾udjfndaOh ,eî h'
nqÿrcdKka jykafia ieje;akqjr foõrï fjfyfrys jevjik iuhl

wdhqIau;a kkaol f;reka jykafia Wmia:dk Yd,dfjys ±yeñ l:dfjka Y%djlhska
jykafia,dg lreKq olajñka isáhy' f,dõ;=rd nqÿrcdKka jykafia ijia jrefjys
Wmia:dk Yd,djg msúishy' kkaol f;rekaf.a §¾> O¾u l:dj nqÿrcdKka
jykafia fodrlv isg u Y%jKh l<y' l:dj wjidkfhys fodr.=, Yío l<
úg NslaIQka jykafia,d fodr újr l<y' túg kkaol f;reka weu;+ nqÿrcdKka
jykafia zzTn jykafiaf.a oyï úia;rh NslaIQka jykafia,dg ukdj jegysKs' tfia
jqj;a §¾> oyï úia;rh wid fodrlv isá udf.a msg ßfokafkahehs jod<y' kkaol
f;reka úlaIsma; jQ nj f;areï.;a nqÿrcdKka jykafia kkao f;rekag m%Yxid
lrñka tu foaYkdj w.h l<y' ;uka jykafia Ydia;DDjrhd jqj;a ÿl fõok-
dj ordf.k ;u Y%djlhkaf.a olaI;d w.h lsÍu;a ta i|yd ksis u. fmkaùu;a
nqÿrcdKka jykafia ;=< mej;s W;=ï ksy;udkS .=Kh m%lg lrkakls'
;d§ .=Kfha m%;suQ¾;sh
iemf;a § Woï ùu;a" úm;a;sfha § lïmdùu;a ñksia iudcfha fndfyda fokd

;=< olakg ,efnk fmdÿ ,laIKhls' tfy;a nqoaO;ajfha isg msßksjka mEu olajd jQ
mkaid,sia jila f,da jev ie,iQ nqÿrcdKka jykafia fï folreK tlfia i,ld
tajdg ueoy;aj uqyqK ÿkay' ,dN" w,dN" whi" hi" kskaod" m%Yxid" iem ÿl hk
wgf,da oyu yuqfõ lïmd fkdù lghq;= lsÍu ;dÈ .=Khhs'
4
Wmf;a isg urKh f;la Ôú;fha úúO wjia:d ms<sn| i,lkúg wgf,da
oyfï iqL mlaIhg muKla Ndckh jQjka fukau wiqN mlaIhg muKla Ndckh
jQjka o iudcfhys fkdue;s nj meyeÈ,s h' wgf,da oyu wkqj kskaod wmydi wjkïnq
fkd,enQfjl= f,dj ke;' tu wjia:djkays § wjYH u .=Kdx.hla jkafka bjiSfï
.=Khhs' nqÿrcdKka jykafia wlïms;j bjiSfï uyd .=Kh m%lg l< fial'
ud.kaÈh kï nuqKd nqÿrcdKka jykafia ±l meye§ ;u ÈhKsh

újdylr§ug is;d weh i¾jdNrKfhka irid Wkajykafia fj; meñKùh' rEmfha
widr;ajh ms<sn| j nqÿrcdKka jykafia l< foaYkdj wid ;u rEmhg kskaod
lf<ahehs l,lsÍ fldamhg m;ajQ weh nqÿrÿkag ffjr nekaod h' miqj weh Wfoaks
rcqf.a w. fufyish ù nqÿrÿkag fkdfhla kskaod wmydi ysßyer lrùh' tajd
bjish fkdyels jQ wdkkao f;reka fuu k.rh w;yer fjk;a k.rhlg hdug
fhdackd l<;a nqÿrcdKka jykafia tu kskaod wmydi ysßyerhkaf.ka wlïms;j tysu
jevúiQy' jrla ,dN m%fhdackfhka msßyqK wkH ;S¾:lfhda Wml%uYS,Sj iqkaoÍ kï
mßn%dðl ;reKsh fhdojd wmydi lsÍug lghq;= l<y' weh urd fÊ;jkdrduh wi,
j<oud wehf.a urKhg nqÿrcdKka jykafia yd Y%djlhka jykafia,d j.lsj hq;=hehs
uyckhd bÈßfhys fpdaokd l<y' fuu wmydih i;Hhehs ms<s.;a we;eïyq
nqÿrcdKka jykafia iy Y%djl NslaIQka jykafiag nek jÈkakg jQy' ta ish¨ foa
nqÿrcdKka jykafia ksy`vj bjiQy'
foõrï fjfyr oï iNdfjys nqÿrcdKka jykafia isõjkla msßig oyï

foiñka isákúg tu ia:dkhg Ñxpd kï udkúldjla meñKshd h' weh meñKsfha
l=fiys ,S mqjrejla neò .eìks fjia ujdf.k h' ;u l=i T;a orejdf.a mshd
nqÿrcdKka jykafia hehs mjiñka weh Wkajykafiag wmydi lrkakg úh'
nqÿrcdKka jykafia thska lïmd fkdjQy' ál fõ,djlska foúhkaf.a n,fhka
mqjrej lvdjeàu ksid uyckhd bÈßfha weh kskaod wmydi ,enqjd h' fufia
kskaod wmydi lsÍï" ,dNfhka msßfy,Sug .;a W;aidy wjia:d rdYshla iïnqÿ isß;
mqrd ±lsh yel' tfy;a ta ish,a, yuqfõ iïud iïnqÿrcdKka jykafia wlïms; jQy'
ìïìidr uyrc" fldai, uyrc" wfkams`vq isgq;=ud úYdLd Wmdisldj wd§

rdcrdc uydud;Hjrekaf.ka fukau fndfyda Okj;=kaf.ka fl;rï ,dN i;aldr
,enqK;a bka nqÿrcdKka jykafia Woï fkdjQy' fl;rï w,dN wmyiqlï ú`Èkakg
isÿ jqj;a bka lïmd fkdù iuis;ska bjiQfial' fodf<diajk jiald,h Woh
kï nuqKdf.a jia wdrdOkdjg wkqj fõr[acd kqjr jia úiQy' tfy;a nuqKdg
tu wdrdOkdj wu;lùu;a ÿ¾NslaIh;a ksid ;=kauil ld,hla wYajhkag fok
hjyd,ska Ôj;aùug nqÿrcdKka jykafiag;a Y%djlhka jykafia,dg;a isÿ úh'
fjk;a m%foaYhlska msKavmd; wdydrh f.kjq;a §ug iDoaêu;a Y%djlhka jykafia,d
iQodkï jqj;a th m%;sfËam l< nqÿrcdKka jykafia tu w,dNh ueoy;a is;ska
bjiQy'
5
wiydh Ydia;DjrhdfKda
b;d W;=ï ksjerÈ u. fmkajd §u fY%aIaG ud¾f.damfoaYl;ajhhs" iF:d

fyj;a Ydia;D;ajh hkq o thhs'
zz;=fuyys lsppx wd;mmx wlLd;dfrd ;:d.;dZZ hkqfjka nqÿrcdKka

jykafia,d wjYH u. fmkajk nj;a ta u. .uka lsÍu wmg wh;a ld¾hhla
nj;a Wkajykafia jod<y' nqÿrcdKka jykafia,df.a mrud¾:h kï uyckhdg
fof,dj ÈhqKqjg u. lshd§uhs' mrd¾:h mrudo¾Y lr.;a nqÿrcdKka jykafia
;uka jykafiaf.a iqj myiqj mjd fkdi,ld wkHhkaf.a hym; Wfoid u.
fmkajQy' Wmfoia ÿkay" ux.," mrdNj" jH.a>mÊc" fõ¿oajdr is`.df,dajdo jeks
iQ;% foaYkdjkaf.ka meyeÈ,sjk lreKq wkqj ñksidf.a f,!lsl Ôú;h Ys,amfhka
fuka u Okfhka fmdfydi;a jk w;r .=Kfhka Od¾ñl lrùug u. fmkajd ÿka
nj meyeÈ,s fõ'
Okfhka n,fhka msßmqka rc orejkag isgqjrekag fuka u talidgl nuqKd

jeks wka; ÿ.S ÿmam;=kag;a úúO ñksia .=K oyñka fyì .=Kj;=kag fuka u
ñksia oyñka f;drj ;sßikqka fuka Ôj;a jQ .=K ySkhkag;a WmYdka; .;smej;=ï
we;a;jqkag fuka u wx.=,sud, wd,jl wd§ wYdka; wodka;hkag;a msysg jQ fial'
ish ±kW.;alï ksid udkfhka ysi Wÿïud.;a iÉpl" nl n%yau wd§kag

fuka u ksryxldr mqoa.,hkag;a l=,udkh ksid ;uka Wiia fldg ie,l+ w.a.sl
Ndroajdc iqkaoßl Ndroajdc jekakjqkag;a iqkS;" fidamdl jeks l=,jdofhka mSvdjg
m;a jQjkag;a rcqf.a isg jy,a fufylrejd olajd iEu iudc ;,hl u mqoa.,hkag
hdhq;= u. fï hehs oeyeñ Tjoka § hyu. mila lrùug nqÿrcdKka jykafia iu;a
jQy'
nqÿrcdKka jykafia ye¢kaùu i|yd zzu.a. ú¥ZZ zzu.a.fldúoZZ zzu.a.[aûZZ

jeks mo Ndú; lrkafka Wka jykafia ud¾f.damfoaYlfhl= jQ neúks'w;súYd,
wkq.dñl msßila ;uka jykafia jgd isáh;a Tjqka wêm;sfhl= fia lghq;= lsÍug
wfmalaId fkdl<y' Wkajykafia ksrka;rfhka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQfha iafjÉPdfjka
kshu ud¾.fhys .uka lrk wdpdrYS,S nqoaêu;a YsIH mrïmrdjls'
zz;:d.;hka jykafia jk uu NslaIq ix>hdf.a kdhl;ajh ±Íug lsis

lf,l;a fkdis;=fjñ' tfiau NslaIq ix>hd uf.ka hefmk nj o fkdis;=fjñZZ hk
i|yfkka ta nj meyeÈ,s fõ' nqÿrcdKka jykafiag olajk ienE f.!rjh kï
O¾udkqO¾u m%;sm;a;s wkq.ukh lsÍu ñi fjk;a ndysr mqomQcd wdÈh isÿlsÍu
fkdjk nj jrla wdkkao ysñhka wu;d m%ldY l< fial'
6
zzk fLd wdkJo t;;dj;d ;:d.f;d illf;d jd fyd;s .relf;d jd
udksf;d jd mQðf; jd wmÑf;d jd" fhd fLd wdkJo NslLq jd NslLqKS jd Wmdifld jd
Wmdisl jd OuudkqOuumámfkkd úyr;s idóÑmámfkkd wkqOuupdÍ" fid
;:d.;x illfrd;s .relfrd;s udfk;s mqfc;s wmÑh;s mrudh mQcdhZZ
ûyd mßksíndk iQ;%h&
zzodrefKd NslLfj ,dN illdfrdZZ n, lduh Ok lduh ;k;=rej,g we;s

.scqlu m%isoaêh hk fïjd b;d Nhdkl foaj,ah' tneúka tajd m%;slafIam l< hq;= h'
M,x fj lo,sx yk;s - M,x fj¨x M,x k,x

illdfrd ld mqßix yk;s - .fnNd wii;ßx h:d
flfi,a" WK ng wd§ .ia M, .ekSfuka jekfikakd fia fkdyslauqKq

mqoa.,hd ,dN i;aldr ksid jekfiakafka h' tksid zzOuu odhdod fu NslLfj Nj:
ud wdñi odhdodZZ uyfKks ud ksid ,efnk wdñi ,dNh Wreu lr fkd.kak'
udf.a O¾uh Wreu fldg jikakehs jod<y' fufia Ydia;D;ajfhka nqÿrÿkag iul<
yelaflla f,dj fkdue;'
W;a;Í;r iudc od¾YkslhdfKda
nqÿrcdKka jykafia Ndr;Sh iudcfha my< jQfha n%dyauK oyu uQ,sl lr.;a
ffjÈl iudc jHqyhl h' l=, fNaoh" mka;sfNaoh tl, ck iudch ;=< uy;a fia
jHdma;j mej;=ks' ta ish,a, foi udkj ys;jd§j neÆ nqÿrcdKka jykafia ish¨
fokd tl yd iudkj ie,lSug iudc i;a;ajhd fm<U jQy'
flfkl= Wiia njg fyda my;a njg m;ajkafka ;u pß;h yd ls%hdms<sfj;

fya;=fjka nj foaYkdfjka fuka u wdo¾Yfhka o fmkajQy' Okj;a iajdñhdg
fuka u ÿmam;a fiajlhdg;a udkj ksoyi iudk h' ish¨ widOdrK iudc fn§ï
m%;slafIam l< nqÿrcdKka jykafia NslaIq" NslaIqKS" Wmdil" Wmdisld hk isõjkla
msßig uq¿uy;a ck iudch u we;=<;a l<y'
fldKav[a[" jmam" NoaÈh" uydkdu" wiaið jeks nuqKkag;a" kkao" rdyq,"

wdkkao" wkqreoaO jeks rc l=udrjrekag;a fmdÿck iudcfha f.dú lïlrejkag;a
Wmd,s lrKjEñhd jekakjqkag;a iqkS;" fidamdl jeks ySk l=,hkays Wmkak
jqkag;a iufia iiqfkys odhdo ysñlr W;=ï jQ m%jqcHdj ,ndÿkay' .x.d" huqkd"
wÑrj;S wd§ .x.d uydid.rhg meñKs miq fmr mej;s kï w;yer tlu rihla
yd j¾Khla we;s id.r c,h njg m;ajkakdla fuka úúO l=,j,g wh;a jQfjda
Wkajykafiaf.a iiqkg we;=¿ jQ miq tl u NslaIq ix>hd f,i ie,fl;s'
7
flfkl= n%yauKfhl= fyda ji,fhl= jkafka Wm;ska fkdj Tyqf.a l%shdj
wkqj nj jod< nqÿrcdKka jykafia ish¨ ñksiqkag iudk f.!rjhla we;sj lghq;=
lsÍug wjia:dj Wodlr ÿkay'
zziqoê wiqoê mpp;;x kdf[[d w[[x úfidOfhZZ
msßisÿ nj fyda wmsßisÿnj ;ud u we;s lr .; hq;a;la ñi lsisfjl=g

;fjfll= msßisÿ l< fkdyels h .;dkq.;slj foajjd§ b.ekaùï miqmi .sh
fndfydafokdg ;u Ñka;k nqoaêh fufyhjd ls%hd lsÍfï jákdlu fmkajd ÿka
W;a;Í;r Ydia;DDjrhdfKda f,dõ;=rd nqÿrcdKka jykafia h' tn÷ wkaO úYajdihka
i;Hhg u. fkdjk nj foaYkd l< nqÿrcdKka jykafia úuqla;sh we;af;a ;ud
;=< ñi th foúhka fyda wkalsisfjl= ;=< fkdjk nj foaYkd l<y' Wkajykafia
ksoyia Ñka;kh w.hl< tla wjia:djla f,i ld,du iQ;%h i|yka l< yels h'
ish oyu yd o¾Ykh muKla ksjerÈ h' wka ish,a, ysiah hkq Ndr;fha fndfyda
Ydia;DDka ms<s.;a woyd.;a u;hhs' ld,dujre nqÿrcdKka jykafia fj; meñK
;uka yuqjg tk fndfyda wd.ñl Ydia;DDka fufia mejiSu .eg¨jla jk neúka
l=ula i;H f,i ms<s.;hq;= ±hs úuiQy' ñksiqka hï hï foa úYajdi lrk wdldr
oyhla f.kyer ±lajQ nqÿrcdKka jykafia tajdg jy,a fkdù kqjKska úuid n,d
fyd| foa ms<s.kakd f,i;a krl foa neyer lrk f,i;a ld,duhkag jod<y'
ldka;djl f,iska Wm; ,eîu tod iudcfha mdmhla fukau idmhla f,iska
o ie,lsKs' ;u ueÿf¾ ÿjla bm§u .ek miq ;efjñka isá fldfid,a rcqg nqÿrÿka
jodf<a zzuyrc" ia;%shl jqj o keKj;a kï is,aj;a kï keÈuhs,kag foúhkag
fuka i,lhs kï m;sj; rlS kï weh W;=ï h' tn`ÿ jdikdjka;shlf.a mqf;la
rclu jqjo ,nkafkah hkqfjks'
Ndr;Sh ldka;djf.a úuqla;sh Wfoid NslaIqKS Ydikh we;s lsÍfuka uy;a

wkq.%yhla ±lajQy' iu.ska ldka;djg ysñ jQ ksoyi fl;rï w.fka o hkak
f:ß.d:dj, tk ú;rd.S f;rKska jykafia,df.a m%ldYhkaf.ka jvd;a meyeÈ,s
fõ' merKs bka§h n%dyauKhka úiska ia;s%h iïnkaOfhka f.dvk.d ;snQ wdl,amh
ì|yer Tjqkag NslaIqKshla" ujla" fidhqßhla ìß|la yd ÈhKshla f,i iudc jrm%ido
Wreu jQfha W;=ï ñksi;a .=Kfhka msreKq nqÿrcdKka jykafia ksidfjks'
mxpYS, m%;smodj wkqj Ndr;Sh iudch hym;a .=K.rel iudchla

njg m;alsÍug nqÿrcdKka jykafia .;a fjfyi wmuK h' hym;a iudchla
lrd mqoa.,hka f.khk úg thg úúO ndOdjka t,a,ùu idudkH iajNdjhls'
wkaOdkqlrKfhka hq;= iudch h:d¾:h y÷kk msßila njg m;a lsÍug hdfï §
fndfyda msßilf.ka nqÿrcdKka jykafiag o ndOd t,a, úh' tfy;a" ;uka jykafia
m<uqj ksjerÈ ms<sfj;ays msysgd wkHhkag wkqYdikd lsÍfuka nqÿrcdKka jykafia
mrudo¾YS jQy' tneúka u hym;g keUqre jQ úYd, wkq.dñl msßila Wkajykafia
8
jgd frdla jQy' ;:d.; YS% ioaO¾uh tys miaisl fyj;a meñK úuid n,d wkq.ukh
l< yels oyula jk neúka nqoaêu;a msßia nqÿiiqk jgd talrdYS jQy' nqÿrcdKka
jykafiaf.a W;a;Í;r ñksia .=K iuqodh o tu i;Hjd§ oyu fj; msßia fhduq
lrùug fya;= úh'
wx.=;a;r ksldfha m[apl ksmd;fha ll=O iQ;%fha i|yka jk mßÈ f,dj

Ydia;DDjre j¾. myls' tkï" iS,fhka wmsßisÿ" Ôúldfjka wmsßisÿ" O¾u foaYkfhka
wmsßisÿ" O¾u újrKfhka wmsßisÿ [dK o¾Ykfhka wmsßisÿ Ydia;DDjre h' tfy;a
Tjqyq ta lreKqj,ska msßisÿ wh f,i uyckhd;a bÈßfha fmkS isá;s' tmuKla
fkdj ta nj fy<sorjq fkdfldg Y%djlhka ;ud /l.kq we;ehs wfmalaId lr;s' ta
Y%djlhkaf.ka /ljrK m;k Ydia;DDjre h' tys§ nqÿrcdKka jykafia jodrkafka
;uka jykafia;a fï lreKq mfyka u ;ud msßisÿ hehs uyckhd bÈßfha m%;s{d
lrk kuq;a tfia m%;s{d lf<a ienúka u tajdfhys msßisÿj isáñka nj h' tneúka
fï lsis lreKlska Y%djlhka ;uka jykafiaj wdrlaId lsÍu wkjYH nj;a tfia
wdrlaId l< hq;= hehs ;ud lsisúfgl;a wfmalaId fkdlrk nj;a Wkajykafia
jodr;s' fun÷ wNS; isxykdohla l< f,dj tlu Ydia;DDjrhdfKda nqÿrcdKka
jykafia h'
wNHdi
01' nqÿrcdKka jykafia ;=< meje;s W;a;Í;r ñksia .=K m%lg jk wjia:d ms<sn|
,ehsia;=jla ms<sh, lrkak'
02' zzuyd ldreKsl nqÿrcdfKdaZZ hk uefhka rpkdjla ,shkak'
03' nqÿrcdKka jykafia wgf,da oyñka lïmd fkdjQ whqre WodyrK iys;j
myokak'
9
nqÿrÿka iujkafka nqÿjrekag muKs
nqÿrÿkaf.a rEm ú,dih
iïud iïnqÿrcdKka jykafia wiuiu .=Khkaf.ka hq;= jk fial' Wkajykafiaf.a

rEm ú,dih ÿgqÿgqjka uk kqjka mskjk meye§u we;s lrjk iq¨h' nqÿ isrer fo;sia
uydmqreI ,CIKhkaf.ka yd wiS;s wkqjH[ackhkaf.ka wisßu;a h'
nqÿrÿkaf.a fo;sia uyd mqreI ,laIK
01' iqmm;sgÀ; mdfod fyd;s( fmdf<dfjys ukdj msysá md we;shy'

02' fygGd mdo;f,iq plldks cd;dks fydk;s( hám;=f,ys pl% ,laIK we;shy'
03' wdh;mKyS fyd;s( Èla úÜ we;shy'
04' §>X.=,s fyd;s( Èla weÕs,s we;shy'
05' uqÿ;¿kyF:mdfod fyd;s( fudf<dla ;reK w;=,a m;=,a we;shy'
06' cd,yF:mdfod fyd;s( ±,a ljq¿ jeks w;amd we;shy'
07' WiiXLmdfod fyd;s( by<ska msysá f.dma wegh we;shy'
08' tKscfX.d fyd;s( ´¨ uqjkaf.a n÷ flKavd we;shy'
09' wfkdkufk;d cKKqldks mrdui;s( fkdkeó oKysia iam¾Y l< yelshy'
10' fldfidys;jF:.=fhyd fyd;s( fldmqfjys .s¨Kq j;a:.=yah we;shy'
11' iqjKKjfKKd fyd;s( rka n÷ meye we;shy'
12' iqLqupPù fyd;s( ¥ú,s fkdr|k iq¨ ishqï iu we;shy'
13' tfll f,dfud fyd;s( tla frdau l+mhl tla f,dauhla muKla we;shy'
14' WoO..f,dfud fyd;s( Wvql=re jQ w.ska Wvg keuqKq f,dau we;shy'
15' n%yuqccq.f;;d fyd;s( n%yauhd n÷ iDcq YÍr we;shy'
16' i;;=iifod fyd;s( msá w;a" msá md" fojqr" l| hk i;a ;ek Wiaj msreKq uia we;shy'
17' iSymqnnoOldfhd fyd;s( isxyfhl=g n÷ msreKq Wvqlh we;shy'
18' Ñ;k;rxfid fyd;s( ukdj ;ekqKq msg ueo we;shy'
19' ksf.%dO mßuKvf,d fyd;s( kq. rella n÷ jgug jQ Wkajykafiaf.a lh hï muK
o nUh o tmuK ium%udK fõ'
20' iuj;;lLfJOd fyd;s( Èla fkdjQ fldg o fkdjQ iuj jg jQ f., we;shy'
21' ri..i..S fyd;s( jyd ri .%yKhg iu;a fia Wvql=re jQ rikyr w. we;shy'
22' iSyykq fyd;s( isxyhdf.a há ykqj fia msßmqka foykq we;shy'
23' p;;d<Si ofk;d fyd;s( iu i;<sia o;a we;shy'
24' iuofk;d fyd;s( iuj msysá o;a we;shy'
25' wúr<ofk;d fyd;s( ;ek ;ek ys±ia ke;s o;a fofm< we;shy'
10
26' iqiqllodfGd fyd;s( iqfodaiqÿ o;afm< we;shy'
27' myQ;ðfjyd fyd;s( uqyqK jid,k ;rï mq¿,a Èj we;shy'
28' n%yuiifrd lrùlNdKs fyd;s( n%yauhdf.a n÷ meyeÈ,s iajrh yd l=rúflú,a,l
n÷ ñysß WÉpdrK we;shy'
29' wNskS,fkf;;d fyd;s( ksis;ekays msßisÿ ks,a meye;s fk;a we;shy'
30' f.dmLqfud fyd;s( <ore jiafil=f.a n÷ ueKsla .=,shlg iudk weia .vq we;shy'
31' WKKdNuqlk;fr cd;d Tod; uqÿ;=, ikksyd fyd;s( iqÿ uDÿ mq¿ka frdola n÷
W!¾Kfrdauhla foneu w;r msysáfha h'
32' WKySiiSfid fyd;s( msßmqka k<,a ;, iy msßmqka ysi we;shy'
wiS;s wkqjH[ack
nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a YÍrfhys weÕs,s" ksh" f.dmaui" mdo" oku`v¨"

fmlKsh" ndyq" YÍrh" ldhn,h" o;a" b÷rka" f;d,a" uqyqK" YÍr ldka;sh" folïuq,a"
weia" weysmsh" Èj" lKa" k<," neu" f,dï" wdYajdi m%dYajdi jdhqj" flia" fla;=ud,dj"
uqj hk fï wx. yd .uka ú,difhys olakg ,efnk iqúfYaI ,laIK wiQjla wiS;s
wkqjH[ack kï fõ'
nqÿrÿkaf.a jd.a ú,dih
1' úiigG;d ^Yíoh myiqfjka uqúka msgùu& 2' úf[[hH;d ^woyi jyd wjfndaO
ùu& 3' u[cq;d ^ñysß nj& 4' ijKSh;d îjkg iem fkd§u& 5' ìkaÿ;d ^w;r
ì`§ï ke;s nj& 6' wjidß;d ^meyeÈ,s ùu& 7' .uNSr;d ^.eUqre nj& 8' kskkdÈ;d
^msßi fl<jr isák whg mjd weiSu& hk wIagdx. iuqfma; n%yau ijrfhka hq;=
nqÿrcdfKda l=rú fldjq,kaf.a y`v mrok lkal¿ ñysß lgyvlska hq;= jkfial'
nqÿrÿkaf.a {dk ú,dih

nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a {dk ú,dih o ufkda{ jQjls' {dkh kï ta ta
O¾uhkaf.a kshu ;Fjh ms<snò mßmQ¾K ±kSuhs' wjfndaOhhs' ú,di kï wdldrhhs'
iajNdjhhs' fï wkqj {dk ú,dih kï nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a m%{dfjys
iajNdjhhs' f,dõ;=rd nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a wiuiu kqjK wÑka;H {dk kï
fõ' nqÿrcdKka jykafia y`ÿkajk ia:dkhkays § uyd m[a[d" wkka; [dK hk
mo Ndú; lrkafka ;:d.;hka jykafia ;=< mej;s {dk iïNdrh fya;=fjks'
zz kFÓ ;ii N.jf;d w[[d;x wÈgGx

wúÈ;x wipðl;x wMiis;x m[[dh w;S;x
wkd.;x mppqmmkkx Wmdodh ifnn Ouud inndldfrk
nqoOii N.jf;d [dKuqfL wdmd:x wd.pck;sZZ

11
ta Nd.H;=ka jykafia úiska fkdokakd ,oaola fkdolakd ,oaola" {dkfhka
fkdmeñfKk ,oaola" m%;HCI fkdlrk ,oaola" {dkfhka iam¾Y fkdlrk ,oaola
ke;' w;S; jQ o" wkd.; jQ o" j¾;udk jQ o il, O¾ufhda i¾jdldrfhka Nd.Hj;a
nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a {dkh yuqfõ m%lg jkakdy'
f,dõ;=rd nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a wiuiu nqÿ.=K ye`Èkaùfï§"
1' oin, {dk 2' p;=¾ ffjYdroH {dk

3' IÜ widOdrK {dk 4' ;s%úoHd {dk
úfYaIFjhla .kS' uÊ¯u ksldfha uydiSykdo iQ;%h wd§ fndfyda iq;%O¾uj,

fuu Wiia {dkhka ms<snò ú.%yhka ±lsh yels h'
³ oin, {dk
uydiSykdo iQ;%hg wkqj nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a {dkn, oyhls'
zzoi fLd mksudks idßmq;; ;:d.;ii ;:d.; n,dks"

fhys nf,ys iukkd.f;d ;:d.f;d wdiNx Gdkx mácdkd;s'
mßidiq iSykdox ko;s n%yupllx mjf;;;sZZ
;:d.;hka jykafiag fiiq whg ke;s [dKn, oyhla we;af;a h' ta

n,hkaf.ka hqla; neúka Wkajykafia f,dalfhys W;a;u ia:dkhg meñK isák
fial' CI;s%h msßi h" n%dyauK msßi h" .Dym;s msßi h" Y%uK msßi h" pd;=ïuydrdðl
msßi h" ;dj;sxi msßi h" udr msßi h" n%yau msßi h hk wg msßfiys wNS; isxy kdo
mj;ajk fial'
1' GdkdGdk [dKh
;:d.f;d Gdk[p Gdkf;d wgGdk[p wgGdkf;d h:dN+;x mcdkd;s'
;:d.;hka jykafia ta ta foh isÿùfï fya;= o ksjerÈ f,i okakdy' tfiau

isÿ fkdùfï fya;= o ksjerÈ f,i okakdy' ta fya;= wfya;= we;s ieáfhka u okakd
GdkdGdk [dKh m<uqjk ;:d.; [dK n,hhs'
fidajdka mqoa.,fhl= úiska lsishï ixialdrhla ks;Hh lshd o" iemh lshd
o wd;auh lshd o jrojd .kq ,eíh hkak isÿúh fkdyels fohls' tfy;a mD:.ack
mqoa.,hd tfia jrojd .ekSug fya;= we;' fidajdka mqoa.,fhl= úiska uj ueÍug"
mshd ueÍug kmqre is;ska ;:d.; isrefrys f,a fi,ùug" ry;ka jykafia ueÍug
ix> fNaoh lsÍug lsisÿ lreKla ke;' tfy;a mD:.ackhd úIfhys tfia ùug
fya;= we;' fidajdka mqoa.,hd wkH Ydia;Djrfhl= woykafka h' hk fï lreK o
isÿúh fkdyelal ls' tfy;a mD:.ackhd tfia ùug fya;= we;' fï wd§ úh yels yd
fkdúh yels lreKq nqÿrcdKka jykafia okakd fial'
12
2' lïu úmdl [dKh
;:d.f;d w;S;dkd.;mppqmmkkdkx luuiudodkx Gdkfid fy;=fid

úmdlx h:dN+;x mcdkd;s'
w;S;" j¾;udk yd wkd.; ld,hg wh;a j lrk ,o ta ta l¾uhkag

,efnk úmdl fya;= jYfhka o m%;Hh jYfhka o we;s ieáfhka okakd kqjK
;:d.;hka jykafiag we;' th o ;:d.; [dK n,hls' l¾uúmdl ;Fjh b;d
.eUqre lreKls' th nqÿrcdKka jykafia,dg ñi wkH Y%djlhkag úIh fkdfõ'
th i¾jdldrfhka ±k.; yelafla ;:d.;hka jykafiag muKs' l¾u ìysùug
lreKq jYfhka fya;= idOl yhls' tkï f,dN" fodi" fudy" wf,dN" wfodi"
wfudy jYfhks' l¾u úmdl ±kùfï§ fïjd ld," .;s" Wmdê" mfhda. jYfhka
j¾.SlrKh fõ' fufia m%fNao iys;j l¾uh ±kSu nqÿrcdKka jykafiag muKla
isÿ l< yels w;r tfia hfula wÑka;H l¾u úIh is;Sug hkafka kï Wkau;a;l
Ndjhg;a ÿlg;a m;a fõ'
3' iínF:.dñksmámod [dKh
;:d.f;d innF:.dñksx mámox h:dN+;x mcdkd;s'
;:d.;hka jykafia ish¨ u i;ajhka iq.;s ÿ¾.;s Njhkag meñfKkakd

jQ o ry;a nj wd§ ;Fjhkag meñfKkakd jQ o ms<sfj;a ish¨ wdldrfhka okakd
fial' tu ±kSu ;:d.;hka jykafiaf.a n,hls' tu n,h ksid ;:d.;hka jykafia
f,dalfha by< u ia:dkhg meñK isxy kdo lrk fial'
iir ießirkd i;ajhka ta ta iq.;s ÿ¾.;s Njhkag meñfKkafka Tjqka

l< l¾uhka wkqj h' tla l¾uhlska ,efnk úmdlh yeuúg u taldldÍ fkdfõ'
.ul ñksiqka tlaj yeufokdf.a u m%fhdackh msKsi if;l= uerE l,ays ieug u
fjkila ke;s j m%dK>d; wl=i,h isÿfõ' tfy;a tu ls%hdfjys fhÿk m%udKhkag
wkqj tys úmdlh uyd krlh" l=vd krl h" fma%; f,dalh" ;sßika Njh" wiqrldh
wd§ jYfhka úúOdldr úh yels h' odkd§ mskalïj, úmdlhka o fufia h' tlaj
okaÿka úg tys kshe¿Kq fÉ;kdjkag wkqj ñksia f,dj foõf,dj wd§ ia:dkhkays
WmÈ;s' fï ish,a, ;:d.;hka jykafia uekúka okakd neúka th ;:d.; n,hls'
4' kdkdOd;= máfjO [dKh
;:d.f;d wfklOd;= kdkdOd;= f,dlx h:dN+;x mcdkd;s'
wfkalOd;= kdkdOd;= f,dalh kshudldrfhka okakd [dKh o ;:d.;hka

jykafiaf.a n,hls'
13
iïmQ¾Kfhka ke;sjk neúka o u`Èka uò fldgia jYfhka ì`§ m¨ÿjk
neúka o ialkaO" Od;=" wdh;kfhda f,dal kï fj;s' ;u ;ukaf.a iajNdjfhka
mj;sk ish,a, Od;= kï fõ'
plaLq Od;= → rEm Od;= → plLqú[a[dK Od;=

fid; Od;= → ioo Od;= → fid;ú[a[dK Od;=
>dK Od;= → .JO Od;= → >dKú[a[dK Od;=
ðõyd Od;= → ri Od;= → ðõydú[a[dK Od;=
ldh Od;= → fMdgGnn Od;= → ldhú[a[dK Od;=
ufkd Od;= → Ouu Od;= → ufkdú[a[dK Od;=
hkd § f,i fndfyda Od;= we;s neúka o" ,CIK jYfhka wfkal m%ldr jk
neúka o wfkalOd;= kdkd Od;= jQ f,dalh ;:d.;hka jykafiag u f.dapr jkakls'
th Wkajykafiaf.a W;=ï ;:d.; n,hla fia ±lafõ'
5' kdkdêuq;a;sl [dKh
;:d.f;d i;;dkx kdkdêuq;;sl;x h:dN+;x mcdkd;s'
wêuqla;s hkq mqoa.,hdf.a úúO udkisl jQ reÑ wreÑlï yd woyia h' tajd
ms<snò we;sieáfhka ±kSu fuhska woyia flf¾' ;:d.;hka jykafia ta ta mqoa.,hdg
O¾fudmfoaY ,ndfokafka fï wêuqla;sh i,ldf.k h' ta ta mqoa.,hd mjd wkqih
wdih jYfhka hgm;a ù mj;akd ;ukaf.a woyia fkdoks;s' ;:d.;hka jykafia
fj; meñfKk iEufokdf.a u woyia ksjerÈ f,i ±k .ks;s' tu woyia ±k.kakd
jQ [dKh ;:d.; n,fhls'
i;ajfhda jkdys fkdfhla woyia we;af;da h' ÿisßf;ys kshef,k <dul

woyia we;af;da ySkdêuqla;sl fj;s' iqpß;fhys kshef,k hym;a woyia we;af;da
m%KS;dêuqla; fyj;a l,HdKdêuqla; fj;s' fuu wêuqla;s wkqj mqoa.,hka tlaùu
isÿfõ' tu tlaùu isÿjkafka lskï lreKlska ±hs ;:d.;hka jykafia oks;s'
tkï ySkdêuqla;slfhda ySkdêuqla;slhka yd ikaikaokh jkakdy' iu jkakdy'
m%KS;dêuqla;slfhda m%KS;dêuqla;slhka yd ikaikaokh jkakdy' iu jkakdy' fuu
oek.ekSfï ;:d.;hka jykafia i;= n,h nqoaO úIhg muKla f.dapr jkakls'
6' bJøshmfrdmßh;a; [dKh

;:d.f;d mri;;dkx mrmq..,dkx bJøshmfrdmßh;;x h:dN+;x mcdkd;s'
mqyqÿka nj blaujd ksjka ms<sfj;g wj;S¾K jk mqoa.,hd ;=< jefvk

ioaOd" úßh" i;s" iudê" m[a[d hk bJøsh myls' mqoa.,hd ;=< fuu bJøshkaf.a
14
jeã we;s m%udKfha wvqjeä nj ±kSfï yelshdj fï [dKfhka woyia flf¾' by;
lS bJøshhka fudard we;s nj fyda ke;s nj mqoa.,hd fkdokshs' ;:d.;hka jykafia
;uka fj; meñfKk i;ajhkaf.a bJøsh ;Fjhka i,ld n,d O¾uh foaYkd lr;s'
ish¨ i;ajhka ms<snò i,ld n,k úg wdih ^woyia& wkqih ^kej; kej;
WmÈkd flf,ia& pß; ^mqoa., pß; iajNdj& wêuqla;s ^reÑh& wkqj w,am rcial
^flf,ia wvq& uydrcial ^flf<ia jeä& ;SCIfKJøsh ^;shqKq bJøsh we;s& uDoaúkaJøsh
ûDÿ jQ b`ÿrka we;s& iajdldr ^;shqKq Y%oaOd bJøsh we;s& oajdldr ^fkdÈhqKq Y%oaOd
bJøsh we;s& NjdHdNjH ^fuf,dj§u u.M, ,eîug fya;= we;s iy ke;s& mqoa.,hka
ukdfldg okakd fyhska fuh ;:d.; n,hla fia lshfõ'
7' ®dkd§ ixlsf,i [dKh
;:d.f;d ®dkúfudlLiudêium;;Skx ixlsf,i fjdodkx h:dN+;x

mcdkd;s'
OHdk ms<snòj" is; flf,iaj,ska ksoyia lr.kakd l%u ms<snòj" iudêh

ms<snòj tajdfhys we;s úúO;djka .ek yd tajdhska msßfyk wdldrh ms<snò j o is;
msßisÿ lr.kakd whqre yd ta ta iudm;a;sj,ska ke.S isàu ms<snò j o ;:d.;hka
jykafia mQ¾K jQ wjfndaOhla we;s fial' tneúka th o ;:d.; n,hls'
OHdkNdjkd lrkakdjQ we;eïyq th ms<snò ksis ±kSula fkdue;s neúka

OHdkhla ,enqj o tfia OHdkhla ,enQ nj fkdoks;s' ;uka jvk l¾uia:dkh
ksjerÈ l¾uia:dkhla jqj o tfia fkdjk nj is;;s' we;fula OHdk fkd,nd u
OHdk ,enQfha hehs is;;s' iuyr úg Ndjkdfõ fh§ isáh § kskaog jefg;s'
we;eïyq th OHdk ,eîu;a fia is;;s' nqÿrcdKka jykafia iEu i;ajhdf.a u
OHdkdÈh ms<snò j kshu ;;ajfhka okakd neúka fï {dkh ;:d.; n,hls'
8' mqífíksjdidkqii;s [dKh

;:d.f;d wfklúys;x mqfnnksjdix wkqiir;s'
;uka jykafiaf.a w;S;Nj mrïmrdj olakd kqjK ;:d.;hka jykafiaf.a

[dK n,hls' ;uka jykafia w;S;fhys fun`ÿ kdu f.da;%hla we;sj fumuK wdhq
we;sj wij,dj Wmkafkñ' bka pq;j wij,a ;ek WmkafkñZhs" hkdÈ jYfhka
wfkal l,amfldaá .Kkla Njhka okakd fial'
tla;rd m%udKhlska w;S; cd;s ±lSfï iu;a mqoa.,hka we;;a Tjqkaf.ka

we;fula j¾;udk Njhg ióm jQ w;S; Njh fyda Nj lsysmhla ols;s' we;eï ndysr
;jqfida;a i;,sia lmla w;s; Nj ols;s' bka tyd ±lSfï yelshdjla ke;' Tjqkg
15
jvd kqjK we;s ;:d.;hka jykafiaf.a we;eï Y%djlfhda l,am ishhla olajd w;S;
Njhka o uydY%djlfhda l,am ,CIhla w;S;h o" w.%Y%djlhka jykafia taldixLH
l,am ,CIhl w;S;h o ols;s' mfia nqÿrcdKka jykafia wixLH folla yd ,CIhla
w;S;h ols;s' tfy;a th ;:d.;hka jykafiaf.a Njhka ±lSfï iSudfjka fndfyda
l=vd jQjls' nqÿrcdKka jykafia wfkal l,am fldaá.Kka Nj W;am;a;s okakd jQ
kqjKska hq;=fj;s'
9' ÈnnplaLq [dKh
;:d.f;d Èfnnk plLqkd if;; mii;s pjudfk Wmmccudfk'
ta ta Njfhka pq;j Tjqka l< mska mõ wkqj i;ajhd iq.;s ÿ¾.;s folays
Wmokd wdldrh ;:d.;hka jykafia olakdy' th ;:d.; n,hls' tlsfklg
uqyqK,d msysá f.j,a folla iómfhys n,d isákafkl=g f.hska f.g hk tk msßia
ukdj fmfkkakdla fuka f,dalfhys iq.;s ÿ.;sj,ska pq;j l¾udkqrEmj Wmokd
i;ajfhda ;:d.;hka jykafiag o¾Ykh fj;s'
fuu [dKh Y%djlhkag o idOdrK [dKhls' j¾;udk Njfha pq;sh

muKla olsk wkd.; Wmam;a;sh fkdolsk mqoa.,hka i;ajhd urKska fl<jr
jkafka h hk WÉfþo oDIaáhg m;a jk nj;a w;S; Njfha pq;sh fkd±k j¾;udk
Wmam;a;sh muKla olakd i;ajfhda Ydiaj; oDIaáh .kakd nj;a úY=oaê ud¾.fhys
olajd we;' tfy;a idudkH ñksia yelshdjka blaujd .sh b;d u msßisÿ jQ ÈjH fka;%
[dKhla ;:d.;hka jykafiag we;' th [dK n,hla o fõ'
10' wdijlaLh [dKh
;:d.f;d wdijdkx Lhd wkdijx fpf;dúuq;;sx m[[d úuq;;sx

ÈfgGjOfuu ihx wNs[[d ipýlFjd Wmiïmcc úyr;s'
;:d.;hka jykafia ldud § wdY%jhka CIh ùfuka wdY%j rys; jQ wry;a M,

iudêh wry;a M, m%{dj fuu Njfha § u ish [dKfhka wjfndaO fldgf.k jdih
lr;s' th ;:d.; n,hla o fõ' ish¨ flf,iqka kid W;=ï jQ iïud iïfndaêh
mila lr.;a f,dõ;=rd nqÿrcdKka jykafia tf;la f,djg újr fkdjQ wdijlaLh
[dKh f,dal i;ajhdg iißka tf;rùu msKsi meyeÈ,s l< fial'
fuu ;:d.; [dKn, oyh Y%djlhka ;=<ska iïmQ¾Kfhka ±l.;

fkdyels h' Y%djlhkag we;af;a tu ldrKd ms<sn| iSñ; [dKhls' tfy;a
;:d.;hka jykfiaf.a fï [dK n,h wiSñ; h' Wkajykafia ta ms<sn| j wêm;s
jk fial' nf,iq jiSNdjx mf;;d hehs Wkajykafiag mjikafka tneúks'
16
;:d.;hka jykafiaf.a ldhn,h'
;:d.; f,dõ;=re nqÿrcdKka jykafiag [dK n, muKla fkdj f,dj

wka lsisfjl=g;a ke;s ;rï ldh n,hla we;s nj iòyka fõ'
zzld<djl[p .xf.hHx
mKvrx ;un msx.,x
.JOux., fyu[p
Wfmdi: Pook;sfu oiZZ
hkqfjka ±lafjk we;a l=, oyhla we;' bka ld<djl wef;l=g mqreIhka oi
fofkl=f.a n, we;af;a h' ld<djl we;=ka oifofkl=f.a n,h tla .xf.hH wef;l=g
we;af;a h' .xf.hH we;=ka oi fofkl=f.a n, mKavr wef;l=g we;af;a h' mKavr
we;=ka oi fofkl=f.a n, ;ïn wef;l=g we;af;a h' ;ïn we;=ka oifofkl=f.a
n,h msx., wef;l=g we;af;a h' msx.,hka oifofkl=f.a n, .kaO wef;l=g
we;af;a h' .kaO we;=ka oifofkl=f.a n,h tla ux., wef;l=g we;af;a h' ux.,
we;=ka oifofkl=f.a n, fyau wef;l=g we;' fyau we;=ka oi fofkl=f.a n,
Wfmdi: wef;l=g we;af;a h' Wfmdai: we;=ka oi fofkl=f.a n, Poaoka; wef;l=g
we;af;a h' Poaoka; we;=ka oifofkl=f.a n, f,dõ;=re nqÿrcdKka jykafiag
we;af;a h' fï wkqj idudkH mqreIhka fldaáoioyil n,hla ;:d.;hka jykafiag
we;'
iïud iïnqoaO;ajhg m;aùfuka miq ;:d.;hka jykafia mkaid,sia

jila u f,dald¾:p¾hdfjys ksheÆ fial' ÿrel;r fomhska u jevujñka iqjyila
ckhdf.a is;a iqjm;a l< fial' Ndr;h jQl,s iqúYd, N+ñ m%foaYhls' .õ.Kka ÿr
tfia jevuùu idudkH ukqIHfhl=g b;d wmyiq ld¾hhls' f,dõ;=rd nqÿrcdKka
jykafia tu fjfyilr ld¾hh uekúka isÿlrk ,oafoa Wkajykafia i;= wiSñ;
ldhn,h fya;=fjks'
fmrn;alsi" miqn;alsi" fmrhïlsi" ueÈhïlsi" meiq`Mhï lsi hkqfjka

ffoksl Ôú;h ilialr .;a Wkajykafia Èklg meh folla muK ld,hla isxy
fihHdfjka ie;mqky' tfia Èklg fomehla muK ie;fmñka b;sß iuia; ld,h
f,da i; fj; lreKd ffu;%sfhka lemlsÍu idudkH mqoa.,fhl=g isÿl< yels
ld¾hhla o fkdfõ' foõñksiqkaf.a hym; fjkqfjka l< fï fufyjr nqÿrÿkaf.a
wiuiu .=Kh ;j;j;a m%lg lrkakls' ØK Yla;sfhka ;:d.;hka jykafiag
lsisjla iu fkdjkakd fia ldh n,fhka o Wkajykafiag iujQfjl= ;=kaf,dfjys
±k.; fkdyel'
17
³ isõ úidro kqjK
f,dõ;=rd nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a úidro nj m%lg lrk lreKq y;rla uyd

iSykdo iQ;%fhys p;=¾ ffjYdroH{dkh f,i olajd we;' fuu úidro [dKhkaf.
ka iukaú; jk neúka Wkajykafia ´kE u ia:dkhlg ´kE u msßila ueog
jevulr ks¾NS;j" fkdmels,j l:dlsÍfï Yla;shlska hq;= jQ fial'
wk;rdfh p kshHdfk - nqoOf;k wdijlLfh

tf;iq p;=iq Gdfkiq - nqfoOd nqoê úidrfod
fuu O¾u wka;rdhlr h" fuu O¾u ksjkg muqKqjkafka h" uu nqoaO fjñ'
uu wdY%jhka CIh lf<ñ hs nqÿrÿka jod< l,ays th tfia fkdfõhehs lsisfjl=g
Tmamq l< fkdyels neúka nqÿrcyq úYdrohy'
1' iuud iunqoOii f; mácdkf;d bfuOuud wkNsiunqoOdZ ks
udf.a iïudiïnqoaO nj m%ldYlrk úg kqU,d ud úiska fï O¾uh wij,a

wjfndaO fkdlrk ,oaodyq hehs" fpdaokd l< yels Y%uKfhla fyda n%dyauKfhla
fyda foúfhla fyda udrfhla fyda fya;= iys;j fpdaokd l< yels lreKla fyda
fkdolsñ' tn`ÿ mqoa.,fhl= fyda O¾uhla fyda fkdolskafka lsisÿ Nhla ke;af;a
úidro njg meñK jdih lrñ'
2' ÇKdijii f; mácdkf;d bfu wdijd wmßlÇKdZ;s
uu wdY%j O¾uhka CIhlr we;af;ñZ hs m%ldY lrk úg" Tn úiska wdY%j

O¾u CIh lr ke;ehs lshd Y%uKfhla fyda n%dyauKfhla fyda foúfhla fyda
n%yaufhla fyda lreKq iys;j m%;sfpdaokd lrkafka h hkak uu fkdolsñ' tn`ÿ
mqoa.,hka fyda O¾uhla fkdolskafka lsisÿ Nhla ke;af;a úidro njg meñK jdih
lrñ'
3' fh fLd mk f; wk;rdhsld Ouud jq;;d f; máfijkd kd,x wk;rdhdZ;s
ud¾. M,hkag wka;rdhsl jQ O¾uhka m%ldY lrk ug" ta lreKq wka;rdhlr

fkdfõ hehs lshd Y%uKfhla fyda n%dyauKfhla fyda foúfhla fyda n%yaufhla fyda
lreKq iys;j m%;sfpdaokd lrkafka h" hkakla uu fkdolsñ' tn`ÿ mqoa.,fhla fyda
O¾uhka fkdolskafka lsisÿ Nhla ke;af;a úidro njg meñK jdih lrñ'
18
4' hii fLd mk f; wF:dh Ofuud foisf;d fid k kshHd;s ;llrii iuud
ÿlLlLhdhdZ;s ZZ
Tn úiska hï w¾:hla msKsi oyï foik ,o o ta O¾uh wkqj ms<smÈk

;eke;a;df.a ÿla uekúka fl<jr lsÍu msKsi fkdfõ hehs lshd Y%uKfhla
fyda n%dyauKfhla fyda foúfhla fyda n%yaufhla fyda lreKq iys;j m%;sfpdaokd
lrkafka h hkak uu fkdoksñ' tn`ÿ mqoa.,fhla fyda O¾uhla fyda fkdolskafka
lsisÿ Nhla ke;af;a úidro njg meñK jdih lrñ'
³ Iâ widOdrK [dK
nqÿrcdKka jykafiag yd wkH Y%djlhkag idOdrK widOdrK [dK

f;ie;a;Ejla ^73& ms<snò j máiïNsodu.a.mlrKfhys ±lafõ' bka [dK ihla
nqÿrcdKka jykafiag muKla idOdrK jQ tajd h'
bfuix f;i;;shd [dKdkx i;; igÀ [dKdks idjlidOdrKdks

P [dKdks widOdrKdks idjflys
ta wkqj"
² bJøsshmfrdmßh;; [dKh
² wdihdkqih[dKh
² hulmdáySr [dKh
² uydlreKd iudm;;s [dKh
² innCoCÿ; [dKh
² wkdjrK [dKh
Iâ widOdrK [dK kï fõ'
1' bJøshmfrdmßh;; [dKh
i;ajhkaf.a flf,ia rcia wvqjeä nj" Y%oaOd" úßh" i;s" iudê" m%{d hk bJøshhkaf.a
;shqKq nj" uDÿ nj" hym;a whym;a iajNdj" myiqfjka wjfndaO l< yels nj"
fkdyels nj" mrf,dj ÿlg muqKqjk jerÈ ms<snò ìh we;s nj fyda ke;s nj fyda
±k.kakd [dKhhs'
2' wdihdkqih [dKh
i;ajhdf.a is;a;=< mj;s;akd jQ wdih wkqih oek.ekSfï nqoaO [dKh

wdihdkqih [dKh kï fõ' i;ajhkaf.a is;a ys ks;r .ejfiñka fiajkh lrñka
mj;akd hym;a woyia fyda krl woyia wdih kï fõ' tfia u oDIaá mokï lr.;a
19
ldurd.dkqih" má>dkqih" udkdkqih ÈÜGdkqih" úÑlsÉPdkqih" Njrd.dkqih"
wúÊcdkqih hkqfjka is;aj, ksod isákakdla fuka mj;sk flf,ia wkqih kï
fõ' tu wdihka yd wkqihka uekúka olakd kqjK wdihdkqih [dKhhs'
3' hulmdáySr [dKh

tljr m%d;syd¾h folla ±laùfï yelshdjhs' th Y%djlhkag <`.dúh fkdyels
iïud iïnqÿrcdKka jykafiag muKla úfYaI [dKhls' m%d;syd¾h mEu ÿIalr
ld¾hhls' iDoaêm%d;syd¾hh l<yels ;;ajhg iudm;a;s ÈhqKq lr.;a mqoa.,fhda u
tajd lsÍug iu;a fj;s' OHdk jYSNdjh jevQ muKg blaukska m%d;syd¾hh l<
yels h' ;:d.;hka jykafia iudm;a;s úIfhys jYS Ndjfhka w.;ekam;a neúka
b;d fõ.fhka m%d;syd¾h l<y' fuys jiSNdjh hkq iudm;a;s ms<sn| n,iïmkak
Ndjhhs' ;uka leu;s fia lsÍfï Yla;shhs' b;d fõ.fhka iudm;a;sj,g iuje§u
ke.S isàu" wêIaGdk lsÍu" l<yels ksid tljr YÍrfha tla ;eklska c,Odrdjla
msglrñka wka;eklska .sks msg l< yels h' th l<yels kqjK hul mdáydßh
[dKhhs'
4' uydlreKd iudm;a;s [dKh
uydlreKdfjka hq;= wiuiu nqÿrcdKka jykafia ;uka jykafiaf.ka
wdOHd;añl msysg ,eìh yels mqoa.,hka y`ÿkd .kafka uydlreKd iudm;a;shg
iuje§fuks' Wkajykafia Èklg fojrla uydlreKd iudm;a;sfhka ke.S f,dj
n,d jodrkakdy' w¿hu pl%djdg wka;fha isg .òls<s fodrlv olajd kqjK m;=rejd
n,k fial' ijia ld,fhys .òls<s fodrlv mgka pl%djdg wka;h olajd f,dj n,d
jodrk fial' tfia n,k l,ays ta ta Èkhkays msysgúh yels mqoa.,hkag flf;la ÿr
jqj o fidhd f.dia Wmldr lrk fial' uyd lreKd iudm;a;sfhka uq¿uy;a i;aj
ixy;sh u ksrdñi iqjhg m;a jQy' mq;s.;a;fiai f;reka" fidamdl" uÜgl=Kav,S
wd§yq tfia msysg ,enqfjda fj;s'
5' inn[Cÿ;[dKh
innx ixL;uixL;x wkjfiix cdkd;S;s inn[aCÿ; [dKxZZ
hkqfjka olajd we;s mßÈ ixL; jQ o wixL; jQ o ish¨ O¾u iuQyh

ksrjfYaIfldg okakd [dKh i¾j{;d [Kh kï fõ' th f,dõ;=rd nqÿrcdKka
jykafiag wry;a ud¾. Ñ;a;h;a iu. u ,efnk úfYaI {dkhls' wry;a ud¾.
Ñ;a;h Y%djlfhda o ,n;s' tfy;a i¾j{;d [dKh Tjqkag fkd,efí' mdrñ;d
mqKH n,fhka Wmojd .;a wry;a ud¾. [dKfhka ish¨ O¾u úIfhys mej;s
iïfudayh ÿrel< nqÿrcdKka jykafiag fkdokakd ,oaola fkdolakd ,oaola
[dKfhka fkdmeñfKk ,oaola m%;HCI fkdlrk ,oaola ke;' tneúka thg
i¾j{;d [dKh hehs lshkq ,efí' tu kqjK we;s neúka nqÿrcdKka jykafia
iín[aû kï fj;s'
20
6' wkdjrK [dKh
hulska wdjrKh jQ fohla" fmfkk udkfha fkdue;s fohla fiiq whf.a
weig wdjrKh jqj;a i¾j{;d [dKhg wdjrKh jk fohla ke;' bÈßfhys
fldf;la foa we;;a tajdfhys mels,Sulska f;drj i¾j{;d [dKh .uka lrhs'
thg wdjrK ke;' tneúka iïn[aCÿ; [dKhg u iïnkaO jk wkdjrK [dK
kï f.dapr jk ixL; wixL; O¾uhka lsisÿ wdjrKhla ke;s j ±kSuhs'
³ ;%s úoHd [dK

nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a W;a;Í;r wiuiu nqÿ.=K w;r ;%s úoHd ØKhg
ysñ jkafka o úfYaI ia:dkhls'
01' mqífí ksjdidkqiai;s ØKh

02' ÈínplaLq ØKh
03' wdijlaLh ØKh
tu ;s%úoHd ØKhhs' oin, ØKhka újrKh l< ;ek fuu ØK Yla;Ska

ms<snò j o meyeÈ,s lr we;'
idu[a[M, iQ;%fha § Y%djlhka úiska ;%s úoHdj we;slr.kakd wdldrh

jÞrd we;' tA wkqj ;%s úoHdj Y%djlhkag o we;s .=Khla nj lsj hq;=h'
³ wIag úoHd
úmiikdØK ufkduhsoê- boêmmfNfodms p Ènnfid;x

mrii fpf;dmßhdhØKx - mqfnnksjdidkq.;[p ØKx
Ènn[p plLdijixLfhd p - t;dks ØKdks bOgGúccd

w,xlrex hd uqks Ouufoyx - úfiifidNd .=Kuc®qfm;d
wiuiu jQ nqÿrcdKka jykafia ;=< meje;s ØKhka w;r wIag úoHd ØKh
ms<sn| j o iQ;% foaYkdjka ys f;dr;=re i|yka fõ' fuu wIag úoHdjka idu[a[M,
iQ;%fha § Y%uK Ndjfhys M, jYfhka o foaYkd lr we;'
tkï"
01' úmiaikd ØKh 02' ufkdauh boaê ØKh
03' boaêúO ØKh 04' Èínfida; ØKh
05' mrÑ;a;úcdkk ØKh 06' mqífíksjdidkqiai;s ØKh
07' ÈínplaLq ØKh 08' wdijlaLh ØKh hkqfjks'
21
1' úmiaikd ØKh
kdurEm O¾uhka yd tAjdfha wks;Hd§ ,laIK olakd kqjKhs' OHdk

iudm;a;s Wmojd tAjd mqreÿ fldg jYSNdjh ,nd.;a fhda.djprhdf.a is; isõjk
OHdk iudêfhka iudê.; ù ish¨ flf,iaj,ska ñ§ msßisÿ jQ úg ØK o¾Ykh
i|yd is; fufyhjhs' tfia msßisÿ is;ska ;u wd;au Ndjh n,kafkl=g rEm ldh
úksúo fmfkhs' rEm fjkaù fmfkhs' bmso ì£ hk whqre fmfkhs' is; yd ne£
mj;sk iam¾Y fõokd wd§ ffp;isl O¾u fyj;a kdu O¾uhka o fmfkhs' kdu
rEm O¾u úksúo fmfkk ØKh úo¾Ykd ØKhhs' th Wmojd .;a nqÿrcdKka
jykafia ish Y%jlhka jykafiag o tys u. fmka jQ fial'
2' ufkdauh boaê ØKh
ÈhqKq l< is;a we;s W;=uka jykafiag ;udf.a lh ;=, ;ud yd iudk
i¾jdx. mßmQ¾K lhla ks¾udKh fldg fldmqjl ;snQ fohla msg;g .kakdla fuka
th ;udf.a lfhka msg;g .; yels h' nqÿrcdKka jykafia ;õ;sid foõf,dj
foúhkag wNsO¾uh foaYkd lrk úg ufkdauh YÍrhla ujd ;nd ukq f,djg
jevu lr oka je<ª nj nqoaO pß;fhys i|yka fõ' th ufkdauh boaê ØKh hs'
3' boaêúO ØKh
nqoaO pß;fhys úúO wjia:djkays nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a boaêúO ØKh

m%lg lrk wjia:d ±lsh yel' fndfyda rEm ks¾udKh fldg ;ud u fndfyda
fofkl=ka fia fmkSu" fmfkk ;ek fkdfmkS isáu" Èfhys fuka fmdf<dfjys
.s,Su" u;=ùu" wyfiys" fmdf<dfjys fuka bßhõ meje;aùu" n%yau f,dalh olajd ;u
n,h me;srùu" jeks foa isÿl< yels ùu fuu ØKfhys úfYAI;ajhhs' uyry;ka
jykafia,d úiska o fuu Roaêh l< wjia:d i|yka fõ' ;:d.;hka jykafia ish¨
[dKhkaf.ka w.;eka m;a jQ fial'
4' Èínfida; ØKh
OHdk iudm;a;s úIfhys jYSNdjh we;s lrf.k is; msßisÿ njg uDÿ njg
l¾uKH njg muqKqjd .;a l,ays m%lD;s lKg fkdwefik ishqï Yío mjd is;g
±fkhs' foõf,dj" nUf,dj" mrilaj, Yíohka mjd b;d ,Õ isg wikakdla fuka
msßisÿ f,i nqÿrcdKka jykafiag ±kqfka fuu ØKh fya;=fjks' n,j;a l=i,fhka
Wmka foúhkaf.a lKaj,g o tAjd wefik neúka Èínfid; kï fõ'
22
5' mrÑ;a;úcdkk ØKh
wkHkaf.a is;a yd is;sú,s ±k.ekSfï yelshdj mrÑ;a;úcdkkhhs' ;ukaf.a

jevQ is; wkqkaf.a is;a ±k.ekSu i|yd mrika;dkhg fhduq l< úg Tjqkaf.a is;
±k.; yels h' f,dõ;=rd nqÿrcdKka jykafia wkHkaf.a is;a iajNdj ±k thg ksis
ms<shï fhdÞ iqjm;a l< fial' O¾u foaYkdjka yS§ mrÊ®dih fyj;a wkqkaf.a
woyia ±k O¾uh foaYkd lrk ,oafoa fuu ØKh fya;=fjks'
wIag úoHdjkays lshfjk mqífíksjdidkqiai;s ØKh ÈínplaLq ØKh yd

wdijlaLh ØKh fuys uq,a fldgiska úia;r ù we;' wIag úoHdjka Y%djlhka
;=< o úoHdudk fõ' tfy;a ;:d.;hka jykafia wIag úoHdfjka b;d Wiia wiuiu
jk neúka th Wkajykafia fj; we;s úfYaI nqoaO [dKhla jkafka h'
wNHdi
01' nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a wiuiu nqÿ.=K f,aLk .; lr tu .=Khka m%lg

jk wjia:d WÞyrK f,i olajkak'
02' wIag úoHdjka nqÿisßf;ka m%lg jk wjia:d f.kyer olajkak'
03' ;%súoHd [dK úia;r lrkak'
23
lreKdfjka isis,a yo we;s nqÿi|dfKda
f,dõ;=rd iïud iïnqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a wkQmfïh jQ iïnqoaO pß;h

wisßu;a jQjls' Wkajykafia yd;amiska u wdo¾Y iïmkak W;=uka jykafia jk fial'
wmßñ; f,!lsl iem iïm;a we;s rcisß yerod wkka; ldhsl ÿlafõokd ú¢ñka
mru iem; Wodlr.;a Wkajykafia ;=ka f,da jeis i;a;ajhka wúÿ w÷frka uqojk
m%{d f,dalh úh' mkaid,siajil iïnqoaO Ôjk .ukau. úfgl lgql jQ r¿ w;a±lSï
iys; jQjla úh' tA ish,a, uydldre‚l .=Kh wd§ .=K fmr±ß fldg bjid ord.;a
nqÿrcdKka jykafia cd;s wd.ï l=, fNaohlska f;drj OkksOk fNaohlska f;drj
i;ajhdg msysg jQy' ldhsl mSvdjkaf.ka fuka u udkisl mSvdfjka o fm¿Kq fndfyda
fofkl=g f,dõ;=rd nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a o¾Ykh mjd ukkqjka iekiSug fya;=
úh'
nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a W;=ï .=K iuqodh w;r wirK irK .=Khg

ysñjkafka o úYsIag ia:dkhls' fumuK wirK irK jQ wkH Ydia;Djrfhla
olakg fkdue;s ;rï h' iuia; nqÿisß; foi ne,Sfï § uydldre‚l nqÿrcdKka
jykafiaf.ka msysg ,enQ fndfyda msßila wmg yuqfõ' tA tA mqoa.,hdf.a nqoaê M,h
wjfndaO lr.;a Ydka;skdhlhka jykafia ldhsl udkisl mSvdjka ÿrelr .ekSug
Tjqkag msysg jQy'
;sf,dj i;yg msysgjkq ms‚i odk mdrñ;d msÍï jYfhka id.r c,h
mrojd f,a okaÿka nj o uyfmd<j mrojd we`.uia okaÿka nj o" uyfur mrojd
Tgqkqm<ka ysia okaÿka nj o" wyfia ;re mrojd fk;a okaÿka nj o lshd ;sfí'
wkH i;ajhka Wfoid fun÷ uyd mß;Hd.hka l< yels jQfha uydldre‚l Ndjh
fya;=fjks'
—fhd id.fr c,êlx reêrx wodis

N+ñx mrdðh iuxi uodis odkx
furemmudKuêl[p ifud,siSix
fL ;drldêl;rx khkx wodis˜
ÿlaÅ; i;ajhka wruqKqfldg my< jkafka ldreKdjhs' i;ajhdf.a ÿl

±k.; yels ùug kqjK ;sìh hq;= h' kqjK uò wmg ±fkkafka i;ajhdf.a ÿlaj,ska
b;d iq¿ fldgils' iq.;s jYfhka i,lk ukqIH ÈjH n%yau hk ;sf,dfjys jik
ish¨ i;ajfhda ÿlaÅ;fhda h' ;:d.;hka jykafia iir ÿl ye¢k bka ñ§ug u.
fmka jQ fial' m%dfhda.sl Ôú;fha úúO ÿla wiykj,ska ñ§ug o u. fmkajQy' tfia
iïnqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.ka msysg ,enQ wirK ckhd ms<sn| fndfyda ;;= ^pß;&
nqÿ isßf;ys wmg yuqfõ'
24
wirKhkag ms<sirK ùu
iqkS; iefvd,a mq;=
li, fYdaOkh Ôúld jD;a;sh lr

.;a iqkS; kï iefvd,a orefjla rc.y kqjr
úiS h' Èkla nqÿrcdKka jykafia uydix>hd
msßjrd tkqjr msvq ms‚i jeähy' ta wjia:dfõ
iqkS; kqjßka msg;g li, lo f.k hkafka
NslaIQka iu. jäkd nqÿrcdKka jykafia ±l
u.ska neyer j b;d hgy;a my;a j isáfha h'
nqÿrcdKka jykafia Tyq fj; meñK zziqkS;
Tn meúÈ jkakg leue;s ±ZZ hs weiqy' Wka
jykafiaf.a lreKd niska n,j;a fidïkig
m;a fya zzmy;a l=,hl Wm; ,o ud jeks ÿ.S ÿmam;l= ljfrla meúÈ lroa±ZZ hs b;d
hgy;a my;a j lSh' túg nqÿrcdKka jykafia zzuu Tn meúÈ lrñZZ hs jodrd tA
iqkS; orejd tAysNsCIq Ndjfhka meúÈ l<y' iqkS; ysñfhda o W;aidyfhka Ndjkd
fldg ál l,lska ry;a jQy' bkamiq l=,Sk hhs iïu; ñksiqka muKla fkdj foõ
nUyq o iqkS; f;reka jykafiag je÷ï msÿï .re i;aldr l<y'
foõf,dj Wmka iefvd,a ia;%sh
ÿmam;a" uy¨" iefvd,a ia;%shla ueÍ ÿ.;sfhys WmÈk nj ±k.;a nqÿrcdKka

jykafia weh bka uqod .kq ms‚i wkqlïmdfjka rc.y kqjr ms~q ms‚i yeiqreKy'
iefvd,a ia;%sh o ierñáhl wdOdrfhka b;d wmyiqfjka bÈßhg wdjd h' fuys §
nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a woyi ±k.;a uq.,ka ysñfhda weh wu;d Tnf.a urKh
b;d wdikak h' is; myojdf.k nqÿrcdKka jykafiag j¢kake hs lSy' tA nia weiQ
tA uy¨ iefvd,a ia;%sh n,j;a fidïkiska fodfyd;a uqÿka § nqÿrcdKkajykafiag
je|f.k u isáhd h' tA wjia:dfõ yÈisfha Èj wd .j fokla wehg wekakd h'
t;ek u ueÍ jegqKq ´ f;dfuda ;õ;sid foõf,dj WmkakS h'
^pKavd,s úudkjF:q&
u<l|l ne| isá fidamdl
fidamdl rc.ykqjr úiQ iefvd,a orefjls' Tyq <ore úfha § u mshd l¿ßh
lf<a h' uj ;j;a mqreIhl= yd irK .shd h' wehg Tyqg odj ;j;a mqf;l= ,eìK'
orejka fofokd w;r iq¿ iq¿ onr we;s úh' Èkla Tyqf.a iq¿ mshd zzfudyq uf.a mq;=
yd onr flfr;sZZ hs lsmS wuq fidfydklg f.k f.dia u< isrerlg ;nd ,Kqjlska
;o fldg ne| ;eî h' wuq fidfydfka ;ks jQ i;a yeúßÈ l=vd fidamdl urK
Nhska ;e;sf.k zzwfka udj fírd.kakg lsisfjla keoa±ZZ hs ú,dm k.kakg úh'
25
tA wjia:dfõ wirK orejd Èjeiska ÿgq nqÿrcdKka jykafia Tyq foig wdf,dalhla
fhduq fldg orej" fidamdl fuys tkak" ìh fkdjkak" uu Tn uqojd .ksñZZ hs
lSy' fï joka weiQ fidamdl fidïkiska nqoaOdkqNdjfhka neïfuka ñ§ nqÿrcdKka
jykafia fj;g .sfha h' fidamdlf.a uj mq;= ke;s nj ±k y`vñka je<fmñka tA fï
w; weúÈkakS nqÿrcdKka jykafia jevisá úydrhg u .shd h' nqÿrcdKka jykafia
wehg mq;= fkdfmfkkakg i,id oyï foiQy' tA oyï weiSfuka ´ f;dfuda fidajdka
jQjd h' ujg foiQ oyï wid isá l=vd fidamdl ry;a úh' uõ f;dfuda mq;= ry;a jQ
nj wid meúÈ lrjd ksfji n,d .shd h' fidamdl l=vd ysñfhda nqÿrcdKka jykafia
úpd< m%Yak oyhla úi|d i;a yeúßÈ úfha § u Wmiïmodj ,enQy' fuh m%Yak
úi£fuka ,;a m[ay jHdlrfKdamiïmodjhs'
^fidamdl - f:r.d:d&
Nøj;sld we;skak
Wfoak rcqf.a ux., we;skak jQ Nøj;sld we;skak nqÿrÿka ±l y÷kk

Wkajykafiag uy;a f.!rj olajkakshls' fndfyda .re i;aldr ú¢ñka isá weh uy¨
úhg m;a jQ ksid ;k;=frka myfldg uqod yßk ,oa§ h' lEula" kEula" fnfy;la"
fyjkla fkd,;a we;skak ál Èklska jeyeÍ .shd h' ;ekska ;ek weúo wyq,d lñka
ÿlfia Ôj;a jQjd h' we;skak flfrys wkqlïmdfjka nqÿrcdKka jykafia we;skak
tk fmru.g jevu l< fial' nqÿrÿka ÿgq ieáfha wi,g ú;a ìu fmr<S je|
jegqKq we;skak l÷¿ j.=rkag jQjd h' we;skak iekeiQ nqÿrcdfKda Wfoaks rcqg
l<.=K ie,lSfï w.h jodrd uy¨ Nøj;sldg fmr mßÈ u wdydr mdk;a" i;aldr;a
,efnkakg ie,iQy'
ô<ay Oïu cd;lh&
nK weiqug f.dia wdydr ,enQ ÿmam;d
nqÿrcdKka jykafia Èkla NslaIQka msßjrd w,õ kqjrg jeähy' k.r jeisfhda
nqÿrcdKka jykafia m%Odk NsCIq ix>hdg oka msßkeuQy' ke;s jQ f.dfkl= fidhñka
tÈk WoEik ksfjiska msg jQ ÿmam;a f.dúfhla fjfyi uykais ù f.dkd fidhdf.k
.jy,g oud ksfjig fkdf.dia l=i.skafka u nqÿrcdKka jykafia fj; meñK je|
tl;a mfil isáfha h' tA wjia:dfõ Tyqf.a l=i.skak n,j;a nj ±k.;a nqÿrcdKka
jykafia tys isá ;eke;a;l= ,jd wdydrmdk fojQ fial' Tyq wdydr .;a miq tys
isá msßig nqÿrcdKka jykafia oyï foiQy' tA oyï weiQ f.dúhd fidajdka úh'
nqÿrcdKka jykafia fï ldrKh ksñ;s lr l=i.skak n,j;a u frda. hhs o ^ð.ÉPd
mrud frd.d& ixialdr n,j;a u ÿl hhs o ksjk mru iqjh hhs o NsCIq ix>hdg
jod<y'
Ôïumo - iqL j._h&
26
fidajdka jQ fmaildr ÿj
w,õ kqjr tla fmfylï lrk ;reKshla urKh ksh; h' Ôú;h wksh; h'
hkd§ jYfhka urKdkqiau;sh jevqjd h' wjqreÿ lSmhlg miq Èfkl tu ;re‚h
tod u urKhg m;a jk nj ±k .;a nqÿrcdKka jykafia weh flfrys wkqlïmdfjka
tkqjrg jev /iajQ msßig oyï fkdfoid u weh meñfKk f;la n,d yqkay'
´ f;dfuda o nqÿrcdKka jykafia tkqjrg jevu jQ nj wid fmfy lïyf,a ish
lghq;= jyd ksu fldg n,j;a fidïkiska nqÿrcdKka jykafia fj; meñK jekaod h'
nqÿrcdKka jykafia tA wjia:dfõ wehf.ka m%Yak lSmhla úpd<y' fmaildr ÿj
/iajQ msßi uú; lrjñka tA m%Yak ish,a, u úi÷jd h' tÈk oyï weiQ ´ f;dfuda
fidajdka jQjd h' fidajdka j ish mshdKkaf.a fmfylïy,g .sh fï ;re‚h yÈis
wk;=rlska tys § ñh .shd h'
Ôïumo - f,dal j._h&
rÊcqud,d fufyldßh
.hd fmfofia ksfjil

ud,d kï ;reK fufyldßhla
jQjd h' weh ish jev fldgi
fl;rï ksjerÈ j bgq l<;a iajdñ
ÿj wef.a flia jeäfhka w,a,d
ks;r myr fohs ksid bka .e<ùug
is;+ fufyldßh ish fliajeáh
lmd ±ïud h' bka miq iajdñÿj
ud,df.a fn,af,a ,kqjla ne| thska
w,a,df.k myr ÿkakd h' ks;r
fn,af,a t,af,k ,Kqjla we;s
ksid ud,d fufyldßh rÊcqud,d
kï jQjd h' iajdñ ÿjf.a ;dvkmSvk
bjish fkdyels jQ weh Èkla Èhf.k tAug hk njla w`.jd ish Èú ydks lr .kakd
woyiska ksfjiska msg j wi, jkhg .shd h' f., je,,d .kakg ierfik úg
tA .ek l,a we;sj ±k tys jevu l< nqÿrcdKka jykafia wehg iekiSug oyï
foiQy' oyï wid fidajdka jQ rÊcqud,d n,j;a m%S;sfhka Èh l<hl=;a /f.k iajdñ
ÿjf.a ksjig meñ‚hd h' tÈk wef.a mudùu .ek lreKq úpdf<ka ´ isÿ jQ ish,a,
meyeÈ,s l<d h' bkamiq tA ksfji wehg m%S;su;a ;ekla úh' iajdñ ÿj yd fiiafida
o wehg fidhqßhlg fuka ie,l+y'
^rÊcqud,d úudkjFMq&
27
;siai NslaIqj
nqÿrcdKka jykafia oji l=Iag frda.hlska fm¿Kq ;siai kï NslaIqjla

ieje;a kqjr fÊ;jkdrdufha úiS h' wn weg ;rñka l=vdjg mgkaf.k úYd, j
msmsÍ .sh ;=jd,j,ska Wkajykafiaf.a YÍrh jeisK' ks;r .,k f,a ierj ksid
.;ska ÿ.| yukakg úh' tA ksidu mQ;s.;a;;siai kñka Wkajykafia y÷kajkq
,enQy' Wkajykafiaf.a isjqr YÍrfha u we,S .sfha h' frda.h w;sYfhka u oreKq úh'
lsisu Wmia:dhlhl= ke;s j ;ks jQ Wkajykafia urKdikak jQy' fï nj ±k.;a
nqÿrcdKka jykafia ;siai NslaIqj flfrys wkqlïmdfjka tA ysñhkaf.a l=áhg
jevu fldg frda. ;;a;ajh úuid wk|ysñhka ,jd WKqj;=r ms<sfh, fldg isjqre
fidaojd YÍrh Èfhka kyjd fõ,d.;a isjqre fmdrjd iqj myiqj i,id § oyï o
foiQy' oyï weiQ mQ;s.;a;;siai f;rKqfjda ry;a ù iaj,am fõ,djlska msßksjka
mEy'
Ôïumo - Ñ;a;j._ .d:dj&
WordndOfhka fm¿Kq NslaIqj
WordndOhlska fm¿Kq tla NslaIqjla Wmia:dhlhl= o fkdue;s j b;d

widOH ;;a;ajhg m;aúh' fï nj ±k.;a nqÿrcdKka jykafia wdkJo f;reka iu.
tA frda.S f;reka fj; jevu fldg frda. ;;a;ajh wid n,d Wmia:dhlhl= ke;s nj
±k wdkJo f;reka ,jd Èh f.kajd f.k tA frda.S NslaIqjf.a isrer fidaod wjYH iqj
myiqj i,id ÿkay' fï ldrKh ksñ;slr nqÿrcdKka jykafia NslaIQka /ialrjd
.sys f.hska kslau meúÈ jQ Tn yeug Tn yeuf.a msysg ;sìh hq;=hs' frda.S ÿ¾j,
wjia:dj, § iqÿiq Wmia:dkh l< hq;= h hs jod<y' th nqoafOdamia:dkh yd iudkhhs
^fhd NslaLfj ux WmgGfyhH fid .s,dkx WmgGfyhH& jodrd .s,dfkdamia:dkh
lrk ieá;a Wmia:dhlhl= ;=< meje;sh hq;= .=Kdx.;a myod ÿkay'
ûydj.a. md<s - Öpr nJOlh&
wirK irK ùfï§ Ndú;d l< m%dfhda.sl l%u
hfula ldhsl udkisl jYfhka wirK njg m;ajQ úg úCIsma; ukila

w;sùu idudkH fohls' tn÷ wjia:djkays§ .eUqre O¾uh Tjqkg f.dapr fkdù h
yel' tn`ÿ wjia:djkays udkisl mSvk iajNdjh wju fldg Tjqkaf.a uki l%ufhka
m%lD;s iajNdjhg m;a lsÍu wjYH fohls' tn÷ wjia:djkays nqÿrcdKka jykafia
m%dfhda.sl l%u wkq.ukh l< fial'
lsidf.da;ñh tl u orejd u< nj fkdms<s.;a ;eke;a;shls' wehg urKfha

iajNdjh fyda Ôú;fha wks;H;dj ms<sn| nqÿrcdKka jykafia O¾uh foaYkd lf<a
kï weh th jgyd fkd.kq fkdwkqudk h' tfyhska nqÿrcdKka jykafia wehg
28
lsisfjl= fkdu< f.hlska wnñgla /f.k tk f,i mjikafka orejd fkdj
wef.a uki iqjm;a lrkq msKsi h' weh .sh iEu ksjil u wn we;suq;a {d;sfhla
ñhfkd.sh f.hla fkdù h' fufia yeu ksfjilu nd," ;reK" uy¨ ljqre fyda
ñhf.dia we;snj weh jegyS .sfha h' udf.a orejdg o w;ajQfha tu brKuhehs is;+
wehg orejdf.a isrer fidfydkg oud nqÿrÿka fj; f.dia oyï wid meúÈ jQjd h'
Ôú;h ms<sn| h:djfndaOfhka f;drj isá wirK lsidf.da;ñh Ôú;fha mru iqjh
Wodlr .;af;a ;:d.;hka jykafiaf.a WmdhYs,s l%ufõoh fya;=fjks'
wx.=,sud, oukh wjia:dj o tn÷ tla jeo.;a fudfyd;ls' .=rejrhdf.a

fkdu. heùfuka reÿre njg m;a wysxil ;reKhd .=re mQcdj i|yd ñksiqka urd
oyi mqrjñka isáfha h' fï jk úg fyf;u kjish wkQkj fofkl= urd ;sìK'
fï w;r fldfid,a uyrcq fiakdj msßjrd Tyq keiSug msg;aúh' fuh weiQ Tyqf.a
uj Bg fmr mq;= fírd .ekSug ;ksju msg;a jQjd h' ksjka ±lSug ;rï msfkka
msÍ isá wx.=,sud, wdk;a;ßh mdm l¾uhla isÿlr wmd.; jk nj ÿgq ;:d.;hka
jykafia Tyqg msysg ms‚i ish,a,kag fmr tys jevu jQy' fï Y%uKhd urd fyda
oyi mqrjñhs is;+ wx.=,sud, nqÿrÿka miqmi fõ.fhka ÿqnekafoa h' Wkajykafia
Tyqg ,xúh fkdfyk fia iDoaê n,fhka wE;g wE;g jeä fial' fjfyig m;a
wx.=,sud, —uyK isgqj" uyK isgqj˜ hehs .¾ckd lf<a h' ;:d.;hka jykafia
bÈßhg jäñka u —uu isáfhñ Tn o isákak˜ hehs mejiQy' wx.=,sud, úu;shg
m;aúh' zzfyf;u Y%uKh" Tn hk .uka uu kej;=fkñZZ hs lsh;s' kej;=k ug
Tn isákakehsZZ lsh;s' fuys woyi l=ula±hs weiS h' ;:d.;hka jykafia wx.=,sud,
wu;d —orej ish¨ i;=ka flfrys o`vq nyd ;nd uu isáfha fjñ' m%dKjOfhka
fkd je<l=Kq Tn ;ju fkdkej;=fkysZZjod<y' thska nqoaêh úlis; jQ wx.=,sud,
i;HdjfndaOh ,eî h' tn÷ fkdu. .sh mqoa.,hka oukh fldg Tjqka wirK
Ndjhg m;ajkakg fkd § wdrCId lr.ekSug Ndú; l< tu l%ufõohka b;d
fY%aIaG h'
nqÿrÿkaf.a u iq¿ ujf.a mq;a kkao f;reka W;=ï jQ meúoafoka fk,d.;

hq;= m, fk,d.; fkdyelsj .sys Èúh;a meúÈ Èúh;a w;r foda,kh jk ukilska
l,af.ù h' th ÿgq ;:d.;hka jykafia kkao f;reka ksjka u.g fhduqlf<a
Wml%uYs,Sj Wkajykafiaf.a uki iqjm;a lsÍfuks' iDoaêfhka kkao f;reka
l|jdf.k ÈjH f,dalhg jevu jQ nqÿrcdKka jykafia w;ru. § kj±,s fyakl
±ù.sh je¢ßhla fmkajd wk;=rej foõf,dj iqrEmS fojÕkka olajdÆy' ckmo
l,Hd‚h ms<sn| is;ska isá kkao f;rekag fojÕkka yuqfõ weh od .sh je¢ßh jeks
hehs is;sK' tu.ska kkao f;rekaf.a is; fjk;lg fhduql< nqÿrcdKka jykafia
Wkajykafiag lugyka ,nd § Ndjkd u.g fhduql< fial' iir ;;= wjfndaO
lr.;a kkao f;reKqfjda rd.d§ ish¨ flf,iqka kid ry;a nj mila lr .;ay'
ish ifydaorhd jk uydmka:l l=udrhd wkqj .sh pq,a,mka:l l=ure o

iïnqoaO Ydikfhys meúÈ úh' tfy;a isõuila .;jk ;=re;a Wkajykafia .d:d
i;r mohlaj;a mdvï lr .ekSug wfmdfydi;a jQy' Wkajykafiaf.a .=rejrhd
29
jQ uydmka:l f;rKqfjda zzmka:l" i;r mo .d:djla mdvï lr.; fkdyels Tn
iiqka lsi uqÿka muqKqjd.kafka flfia±hsZZ lshd úydrfhka fkrmdÆy' ysñÈßfha
uydlreKd iudm;a;sfhka f,dj n,d jodrK ;:d.;hka jykafia úydrfhka
neyerj hk pq,a,mka:l ysñhka fmru. isg Wkajykafiaf.a nqoaê uÜgug .e<fmk
lugykla ,ndÿka fial' msßisÿ iqÿ frÈ lvla w;g § —rfcdyrKx rfcdyrKx˜
hkqfjka mjiñka f,i jod< fial' ál fõ,djlska frÈ lv wmsßisÿ úh' tA wkqj
is; fufyh jQ pq,a,mka:l ysñfhda iõflf<iqka kid uyry;a njg m;ajQy'
mqoa.,fhda úúOdldr woyia is;=ï me;=ï nqoaê uÜgï we;af;da h' Tjqkaf.a
is;=ï jgydf.k tA wkqj ksisu. fmkaùfuka hyu.g .; yels h'
pq,a,mka:l ysñhkag tfia ;:d.;hka jykafia msysg fkdjqfka kï .sys
njg m;aj fï iif¾ ;j;j;a .sf,kq ñi mru iqjh Wodlr fkd.kq we;'
ukqIH i;a;ajhdf.a Ñ;a; ika;dkh iqjm;a lr wirK Ndjfhka ñoùug

nqÿrcdKka jykafia fhdod.;a m%dfhda.sl l%ufõo wjia:dfjdaÑ; h' iuia; nqÿ
isßf;ys tn÷ wjia:d wmg fnfyúka yuq fj;;a bka w,amud;%hla fuys i|yka
lrk ,oafoa ;:d.;hka jykafiaf.a wirK irK .=Kh m%lg lrjkq ms‚i h'
wNHdi
01' nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a wirK irK .=Kh m%lgjk wjia:d nqÿ isß;
weiqfrka fidhd ,shkak'
02' —i;ayg jk nj ÿlg fjodKka˜ hk jelsh mdol fldgf.k rpkdjla
,shkak'
03' wirKhkag irK ùfï W;=ï udkj .=K O¾uh m%lg lrk j¾;udk isoaê
lsysmhla tla lr jd¾;djla ilikak'
30
.=Kfhka w.m;a w.ijq nqÿ mq;a
fn!oaO iudch NslaIq" NslaIqKS" Wmdil" Wmdisld hk isõ jKla msßilf.ka

iukaú; h' nqÿrcdKka jykafia Ôjudkj jevisá iufhys fuu isõ msßfiys u
úfYaI l=i,;d ie,ls,a,g .ksñka Tjqkg fhda.H ;k;=re m%odkh l<y' ta u.ska
nqÿrÿka wfmaCId lf<a nqÿ iiqfka ukd meje;auhs' tu ;k;=rej, iajNdjh úuid
ne,Sfuka th ukdj jgyd.; yels h' fuu ;k;=re w;r jvd;a úYsIaG jkqfha
w.iõ ;k;=re fol h' nqÿ iiqfkys tu W;a;Í;r ;k;=re ,eîug Nd.H iïmkak
jQfha ießhq;a-uq.,ka hk uyry;ka jykafia,d foku h'
l,K ñ;=re weiqrla
rc.y kqjr oUÈj b;d m%isoaO k.rhls' ta iómfhys Wm;siai kï jQ iqkaor

nuqKq .ula msysgd ;snqKs' tys uydidr nuqKq l=,hl idß kï jQ neñKshg Wmka
fogq mq;%hd Wm;siai hk kñka m%lg úh' flda,s; kï nuqKq .u o Wm;siai
.u iómfhys jQ ;j;a tjeks u iqkaor .ïudkhls' tys uydidr nuqKq l=,fhys
fud.a.,a,dk neñKshf.a mq;%hd m%lg jQfha flda,s; hk kñks'
fuu Wm;siai-flda,s; fofokd b;d l=vd l, mgka u Tjqfkdjqkag

l,HdK ñ;%fhda jQy' l%ufhka ;reK úhg m;a Tjqyq ;j;a ñ;=rka msßila o iu.
rc.y kqjr jd¾Islj mj;ajk uyd ieKfl<shlg iyNd.s jQy' th ye|skajQfha
.sr.a.iuÊc Wf<, f,ihs' fuh keröug rc.ykqjr yd ;odikak m%foaYj,
;reK ;reKsfhda b;d Wkkaÿfjka iyNd.s fj;s' Tjqka ieKfl<sh krUkqfha
wmuK úfkdaodiajdohlska hqla;jhs' Wm;siai flda,s; fofokd o fuu.ska uq,§
lsishï úfkdaohla ,enQy' l%ufhka uqyql=rd .sh kqjK we;s Tjqyq tajd ksire ksr¾:l
foa hehs l,lsÍug m;a jQy'
fuf,dj Wmka i;a;aj j¾.hd fudfyd;ska fudfyd; urKh lrd <Õd jk
l,ays fun÷ kegqï" .ehqï" jehqï foi n,d úfkdaoùfuka we;s M,h l=ula ±hs"
fofokd u ks;r l;dny l< y' th u Tjqka ixidrfha úuqla;sh fidhñka i;H
.fõIKh i|yd fhduq ùug fya;=jla úh'
.sysf.a yer.sh Tjqkg m<uqfjka u uqK.eiqfKa IÜ Ydia;DDkaf.ka flfkl=
jQ zzixchZZ kue;s msßjeðhd h' tfy;a ixch msßjeðhd i;=j o ienE úuqla;s ud¾.h
fkdue;s nj jeäl,a fkdf.dia Tjqyq f;areï .;ay' t;ekska kslauqKq Tjqka kej;
i;H fiùug msg;ajQfha
zzwm fofokdf.ka hful= lsishï ;ekl § ljr fyda f,ilska úuqla;sh
ms<sn| u. ±k.;fyd;a l,afõ,d fkdf.k ta nj wfkldg o ±kaúh hq;= h'ZZ hk
.súiqu we;sj h'
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fufia i;Hh fidhñka hk w;r Èkla Wm;siai msßjeðhdg rc.y kqjr §
miaj. NsCIQka jykafia,d f.ka tla kula jQ wiaiÔ uyry;ka jykafia uqK.eiqKs'
ikaiqka b÷rka we;sj jevujk Wka jykafiaf.a bßhõ ÿgq Wm;siai msßjeðhd"
zzwdYap¾hhls' fï kï taldka;fhka u úuqla;sh ,enQ W;a;uhka jykafia

kula úh hq;= heZZhs" is;S h' ms`vq msKsi jevujk fõ,dj jk fyhska l;dny fkd
l< hq;= nj i,ld miqmiska f.dia oka j<|k fõf,ys l< hq;= Wjgeka isÿ l<
Wm;siai msßjeðhd wjidkfha § fufia weiS h'
zziajdóks" Tn jykafia f.a bkaøshka b;d m%ikak h' lsishï úuqla;s

u.lg ms<smka njla Èia fõ' Tn jykafia f.a .=rejrhd ljfrla o@ Tn ljr kï
flfkl=f.a O¾uhla .re lrkafkys o@ZZ
wiaiÔ f;rKqfjda (-
zzYdlHuqks f.!;u nqÿrcdKka jykafia f,dj my< ù isá;s' uu tu

nqÿrcdKka jykafia Wfoid .sys f.h yeroud meúÈ ùñ' Wka jykafia udf.a
Ydia;DjrhdKka jykafia fj;s'ZZ
Wm;siai msßjeðhd (-
zziajdóks" Tn jykafiaf.a tu Ydia;DDka jykafia foaYkd lrk O¾uh l=ula o@ZZ
wiaiÔ f;rKqfjda (-
zzud meúoaog kjlfhls' úia;r jYfhka ug ;:d.; O¾uh foaYkd l<
fkd yels h' tfy;a ;:d.; O¾ufha uQ,sl lreKq tlafldg fláfhka O¾uh myod
§ug yels h'ZZ
tfia jod< wiaiÔ f;rKqfjda"
fh Ouud fy;=mmNjd
f;ix fy;=x ;:d.f;d wdy
f;iCop fhd ksfrdfOd
tjx jd§ uydiufKd
hï O¾uhla fya;+ka uq,afldg mj;S o" tys fya;=j ;:d.;hka jykafia
foaYkd lr;s' tys ke;sùu o foaYkd lr;s' Wka jykafia tn÷ jdo we;s flfkls hs
nqÿrÿkaf.a foaYkdj f.kyer ±lajQy'
fufia fláfhka foaYkd l< O¾uh uekúka jgyd.;a Wm;siai msßjeðhd

.d:d foaYkdfõ uq,a mo fol weiSfuka u fidajdka M,hg m;a úh' fya jyd ish
ñ;=re flda,s; msßjeðhd fidhd f.dia ;ud wid ±k.;a ksjka u. Tyqg fy<s
lf<a h' .d:d mo i;r lshd ksufj;a u flda,s; msßjeðhd o fidajdka M,hg
m;a úh'
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miqj Wm;siai flda,s; msßjeðfhda uy;a .=re ne;ska ish me/Ks wdpd¾hjrhd
jQ ixch msßjeðhd fj; t<ôhy' nqÿrcdKka jykafia f,dj my< ù ksjka u.
f,djg fy<slr we;s fyhska Wkajykafia yuqjg hdug Tyqg werhqï l<y' tfy;a
Ydia;DDjrfhl= f,i isg Y%djlfhl= ùug we;s wlue;a; ksid ixch msßjeðhd tu
b,a,Su m%;sfCIam lf<a h' wk;=rej ;ud iu. isá 250 la muK msßjeð msßi o
iu. Wm;siai flda,s; fofokd nqÿ rÿka fj; f.dia meúÈ Wmiïmodj ,o y' tys
§ Wm;siai flda,s; fofokd yer fiiq msßi ry;a jQ y' meúÈùfuka miq Wm;siai
msßjeðhd idß neñKshf.a mq;%hd neúka idßmq;a; f:r kñka o" flda,s; msßjeðhd
fud.a.,S neñKshf.a mq;%hd neúka fud.a.,a,dk f:r kñka o m%lg jQy'
meúoafoka foi;shlg miq rc.y kqjr iQlrL; f,fka § zz§>kLZZ

msßjeðhdg foaYkd l< fõokd mß.a.y iQ;%h wid ießhq;a f;rKqfjda ry;a jQy'
ießhq;a-uq.,ka foku u uy ry;aNdjh iïmQ¾K l< miq nqÿrcdKka jykafia
rc.y kqjr fõ¿jkdrduhg NslaIQka jykafia,d 1250 kula tla/ia lrjd m%:u
ix>ikaksmd;h meje;a jQy' ta kjï fmdfydh Èfkl h' tys § ießhq;a uyry;ka
jykafiag ol=K;a ijq ;k;=r;a" uq.,ka uyry;ka jykafiag ju;a ijq ;k;=r;a
msßkeuQy'
fuh ÿgq we;eï mD:.ack NslaIQka jykafia,d zznqÿrcdKka jykafia uqyqK

n,d ;k;=re fo;sZZ hs" fpdaokd l< y' uq,ska meúÈ jQ NslaIQka jykafia,d isáh
§ uE;l § iiqkg we;=<;a jQ ießhq;a uq.,ka fokug w.iõ ;k;=re msßkeóu
idOdrK fkdjk nj we;eïyq m%ldY l< y' fuu fpdaokdj ms<sn| ±k.;a nqÿ
rcdKka jykafia"
zzuyfKks" mxp j.a.sh NslaIQka" hi NslaIqj" Noao j¾.sl NslaIQka" ;=ka nE

cá, NslaIQka hk fï ish¨fokd u wfklla m;d u mska l<dyq h' w.iõ ;k;=re
fkdme;+y' tfy;a ießhq;a-uq.,ka foku w.iõ ;k;=re m;d u mska l< y'ZZ
hkqfjka w.iõ foku f.a w;S; m%jD;a;s f.k yer ±la jQ y' thska NslaIQka
jykafia,df.a l=l=i ÿre úh' nqÿrcdKka jykafia ießhq;a uq.,ka foku w.%Y%djl
;k;=rej,g m;a lsÍfï § ießhq;a f;rKqjka m%d{hka w;r o uq.,ka f;rKqjka
iDoaêu;=ka w;r o w.%ia:dkhg m;a l< y' ta nj wx.=;a;r ksldfha ±lafjkafka
fufia h'
t;o..x NslLfj uu idjldkx NslLqkx uydm[[djk;dkx hÈox

idßmqf;;d" t;o..x NslLfj uu idjldkx NslLqkx boêuk;dkx hÈox uyd
fud..,,dfkd
O¾u fiakdm;s ;k;=r ,enqfKA o ießhq;a f;reka jykafiag h'
² b;d .eUqre O¾u lreKq ;u kqjKska jgyd f.k ir,j foaYkd lsÍfï yelshdj;a"
² wkHhkag O¾uh wjfndaO lr foñka thska ksis M, fk,d .ekaug l%shd lsÍu;a
33
tu ;k;=r ,nd§ug n,mE lreKq w;r m%Odk h'
ießhq;a f;reka jykafiaf.a foaYkd fl!Y,Hh nqÿrcdKka jykafia

fkdfhla wjia:dj, § fnfyúka w.h l<y' wx.=;a;r ksldfha plaldkqj;a; iQ;%h
thg WodyrKhls' tys§ nqÿroyq fufia jodr;s'
uyfKks" fï iiqfka w¾:h okakd" O¾uh okakd" isõmi muK okakd"

ld, mßyrKh okakd" msßia .ek okakd idßmq;a; ia:úrhka jykafia ;:d.;hka
jykafia úiska mj;ajk ,o wkq;a;r jQ O¾u pl%h ukdfldg kej; mj;ajhs' tu
O¾u pl%h fjk;a Y%uKfhl=g fyda n%dyauKfhl=g fyda foúfhl=g fyda udrfhl=g
fyda n%yaufhl=g fyda f,dfjys fjkhï lsisu flfkl=g fyda lsisfiA;a u meje;aúh
fkd yels h'
ießhq;a uyf;reka jykafiaf.a úYsIag jQ .=K iuqodh w;r wiSñ; .=re

f.!rjh iqúfYaI fõ' ;ukag ksjka u. fmkajd ÿka wiaiÔ f;rKqjka isá ÈYdjg
Èklg f;jrla kuialdr l< Wka jykafia tfoig ysi,d ie;mqKq nj idßmq;a;
wmodkfhys ±lafjhs'
fhd fu wdpßfhd wdiS - wiiÔ kdu idjfld

hiix Èidhx ji;s - WiiSiuys lfrduyx
udf.a wdpd¾hjrhd jQ wiaiÔ kï nqoaO Y%djlhka

jykafia lsishï Èidjl fjfi;a o uu tfoig
ysi,d ie;fmñ'
tfia u" l=vd idufKarkula fok wjjdoh jqj o ms<s.ekSug ;rï ießhq;a
f;rKqfjda ksjd; .=Kfhka hqla; jQ y' Èkla Wka jykafia úydr u¿fõ ilauka
lrñka isák w;r;=r fkd±kqj;aj u w|kfha tla fldKla my;g t,af,ñka ìu
.Efjñka ;sìK' tÈk u meúÈ jQ i;a yeúßÈ idufKar kula th fmkajd ÿka l,ays
ießhq;a f;rKqfjda"
;oyq mnnðf;d ifk;d - cd;shd i;; jiisfld

fidZms ux wkqidfihH - iumápPdñ uqoOkd
tÈk u meúÈ jQ Wm;ska i;a yeúßÈ idufKar kula jqj o ug wkqYdikd

lrhs kï uu th ysi uqÿkska ms<s.ksñhs lshd th ilialr f.k ta idufKar ku
bÈßfha tu jro foid lud lrjd .ekSug ;rï ksy;udkS jQy'
nqoaO Ydikfha w.iõ f,i ießhq;a f;rKqfjda ;uka i;= ld¾hNdrh ms<sn|
ukd wjfndaOhlska l%shd l< y' fkdu.g fhduqj isá fndfyda fofkl= iqu.g
34
fhduq l< y' foõo;a f;reka ix>fNaoh fldg NslaIq lKavdhula /f.k .hd
YS¾Ihg .sh wjia:dfõ § ießhq;a uq.,ka w.iõ foku u uq,a ù tu msßig ksjka
u. myod § nqÿrÿka fj; kej; le|jdf.k tau tla wjia:djls'
ießhq;a f;reka msßksú wjia:dfõ wk| f;reka nqÿrÿka yuqfõ l<

.=K l:kh Wkajykafiaf.a fufyjr ieflúka lshdmdk jeo.;a m%ldYhls'
tys§ wk| f;rKqfjda zz wms p NfJ; wdhiud idßmqfF;d Tjdofld wfydis
ú[[dmfld iJoiifld iudomfld iuqf;;cfld iumyxifld wls,diq Ouu
foikdh" wkq..dyfld in%yupdÍkxZZ hkqfjka iajdóks" tfiajqj;a wdhqIau;a
ießhq;a f;rKqfjda wmg wjjdolrkafkla" lreKq wÕjkafkla" olajkafkla"
iudokalrjkafkla" Woafõ. lrjkafkla" i;=gq lrjkafkla" oïfoiqïys miqng
fkdjkafkla" iín%yaupdÍkag wkq.%y lrkafkla jQy hs mji;s' ießhq;a f;reka
jykafia msßksjkamEug wdikak wjia:dfõ § ñiÈgq.;a ish uEKshka jQ rEmidÍ
neñKshg ksjka u. lshd § fidajdka M,fhys msysg jQ y' Wka jykafiaf.a msßksjkamEu
o tÈk u isÿ jqKs' ießhq;a f;rkaf.a úYsIag .=K j¾Kkd l< nqÿrcdKka jykafia
Wka jykafiaf.a Od;= ksOka fldg iEhla o lr jQy'
uq.,ka uyf;rKqfjda
w.iõ moú ,o uq.,ka uy ry;ka jykafia o iïnqoaO Ydikfhys ÑriaÓ;sh

i|yd ;u j.lSï iïNdrh ms<sn| ukd wjfndaOhlska yd lemùulska l%shd l< y'
iDoaê n,h o fhdod .ksñka Wka jykafiaf.a úfYaI ld¾hhka lsysmhla fufia
fmkajd Èh yels h'
² fkdu.g .sh foajo;a; mdlaIsl NslaIQka iqu.g .ekSu'

² uÉPßh fldaish isgq;=ud uiqrelñka uqojd,Su'
² kkafodamkkao kd.rdchd oukh lsÍu'
² uÊCêu ksldfha udr;ÊckSh iQ;%fhys i|yka mßÈ udrhd ;u isrer ;=< fmr<s
l< wjia:dfõ ;ud o fmr udrfhla j Wmka wjia:djla .ek i|yka lrñka
udrhdg ;¾ckh lsÍu'
² nqÿrÿka ud;D ÈjHrdchdg wNsO¾uh foaYkd lsÍug foõf,dj jevu l<
wjia:dfõ § foõf,dj f;dr;=re úia;r fldg ck;djg O¾uh foaYkd lsÍu'
² ñksia f,dj muKla fkdj foõf,dj o ksrfha o ießirñka i;a;ajhka ;=< mska
mõ yd tajdfhys úmdl ck;djg foaYkd lsÍu'
zz fihH:dms NslLfj cfk;;s tjx idßmqf;;d" fihH:dms cd;ii wdmdfo;d

tjx fud..,,dfkdZZ hkqfjka uyfKks Tng ujl hï n÷ fõ o ießhq;a f;reka
tn÷ h' msfhl= hï n÷ o uq.,ka f;reka tn÷hehs jod<y'
uq.,ka f;rekaf.a tu f;oj;a .=Kh m%lgjk wjia:d Wkajykafiaf.a

pß;fha lsysmjr ±lsh yels h' jrla nqÿrÿka fmdfydh iSudfõ ÿis,a NslaIqjla isàu
35
ksid fmdfydh fkdlr isá wjia:dfõ tn÷ flfkl= isà kï bj;a jkak hehs
lshd;a tu NslaIqj bj;a fkdjQ úg uq.,ka f;rKqfjda Èjeiska n,d wod< f;reka
jykafia fj; f.dia w;ska w,a,d bj;a l<y'
pd;=u iQ;%fha i|yka jk mßÈ jrla kjl NslaIQkaf.a lEflda.eiSula ksid

nqÿrcdKka jykafia ießhq;a uq.,ka foku;a Wkajykafia,df.a oyila msßjr;a
foõrï fjfyßka fkrmdÆy' miqj wfkams`vq isgq;=ud wd§ odhlhka yd foúnUqka
mjd ueÈy;a ù nqÿrÿka lud lrjd Wkajykafia,d wdmiq jevujd .kakd ,§'
zztu wjia:dfõ Tn g is;=fKa l=ula±ZZhs ießhq;a f;rekaf.ka nqÿrÿka úuiQ úg
Wkajykafia jodf<a ;:d.;hka jykafia NslaIQka mßyrKfhka wE;a ù úfõl
iqjfhka jevisàug leu;s fj;a kï ;ukq;a úfõlfhka isákakg woyia l< njhs'
tfy;a uq.,ka f;rekaf.ka weiQúg Wkajykafia mejiqfõ ;:d.;hka jykafia;a"
ießhq;a f;reka jykafia;a" ix>hd md,kh lsÍfuka wE;a jk fiala kï th
;ukajykafiaj;a l<hq;= hehs is;+ nj h'
uq.,ka ysñ iajlSh iDoaê n,h o fhdod .ksñka O¾uh foaYkd lsÍu ksid
ie±yej;ayq nqÿrÿka yd NslaIQka úIfhys uy;a fia mqo mQcd meje;a jQy' tksid" wkH
;S¾:lfhda uq.,ka f;reka flfrys ±ä ffjrhlska miq jQy' Wka jykafia >d;kh
lsÍug o wmrdOlrejka fhojQy' m<uq yd fo jeks >d;k jEhïj,§ Wkajykafia
iDoaê n,fhka thska .e,jqKy' tfy;a f;jeks jr i;=rka jegÆ wjia:dfõ § fmr
iir uõmshka ueÍfï mdm l¾uh fkdje<elaúh yels fia úmdlh lrd t<U we;s
nj ±k ksi,j yqkay' i;=frda ;<d fm<d Wka jykafia u<yZhs" is;d msg;aj .shy'
iDoaê n,fhka YÍrh n,.kajd nqÿrÿka fj; t<ô Wka jykafia fkdfhla iDoaê
m%d;syd¾h md je| wjir f.k ld,is,djg jevujd tys § msßksjka md jod< y'
wNHdi
01' ießhq;a uq.,ka uyry;ka jykfia,d i;=j meje;s úfYaI .=Kdx. f,i fuu
mdvfuys olajd we;s lreKq tu pß; foflys isoaê weiqßka fjk fjk u
meyeÈ,s flfrk j.=jla ms<sfh, lrkak'
36
f;rKska w;r w.m;a §mYsLdfjda
fÄud uyry;a f;rKsh
mshqu;=rd nqÿrÿka oji oUÈj yxij;S kqjr uy;a hibiqre we;s isgq l=,hl
l=, l=ußhla Wm; ,enqjd h' ta Nd.Hj;=ka jykafia f.ka nK wid uy;a fia meyeÿKq
´ f;dfuda fouõmshka f.a o wjirh we;sj nqoaO m%uqL wd¾h uydix> r;akhg i;a
Èkla mqrd uy oka meje;ajQjd h' i;a oji bl=;aj .sh l, tu Nd.Hj;=ka jykafia
tla;rd NsCIqKshl uyd kqjKe;a;ka w;frys w.%ia:dkfhys msysgqjkq oel m%idohg
m;a weh zzuu o nqÿ flfkl=ka jykafia kulf.ka tu ;k;=r ,nkafkñZZ hs"
m%d¾:kd l<d h' Nd.Hj;=ka jykafia o zzTnf.a m%d¾:kdj isoaO fõjdZZ hs" újrK
ÿka fial'
fndfyda mskalï isÿfldg foõf,dj Wmka weh t;eka mgka ÈjH f,dalj,
bmso foúrcjrekaf.a foj`.k ;k;=re o" ñksia f,dj ilaú;s rcjrekaf.a w.ìfida
;k;=re o we;=¿j fndfyda iem iïm;a N=la;s úka|d h' úmiais nqÿrÿka iufhys rdc
l=udßldjlaj bmso iir mqreoao ksid u meúÈj l=i,a /ialr .;a;d h' fldaKd.uk
nqÿrÿka iufhys o rdc l=udßldjlaj bmso úydrhla ;kjd nqÿmdfudla uyiÕrejkg
msÿjd h' liaim nqÿrÿka iufhys nrKeia kqjr lslS rcqf.a iuKS kï jeäuy,a
ÈhKsh f,i weh Wm; ,enQ weh iajlSh fiiq fidfydhqßhka ih fokd o iu.
tlaj wdrduhla lrjd nqÿmdfudla uyiÕrejk Wfoid mQcd l<d h'
wm nqÿrÿka iufhys uÿ rg id., kqjr uy;a Okj;a isgq mjq,l mxp

l,HdKfhka hq;a úYsIag rEmY%Ska fyì ;eke;a;shl f,i Wmka weh fÄud kï
jQjd h' ksis jhi meñKs l, weh ìïìidr rcqf.a w.fufyish njg m;ajQjd h'
rEm uofhka u;a jQ fÄud zznqÿrcdKka jykafia rEmhg ks.%y lr;sZZ hs" wid Wka
jykafia ±laug .sfha ke;' th rc;=udf.a n,j;a lKiai,a,g fya;=jla úh' b;d
ie±ye;sfhl= jQ ìïìidr rcq fõ¿jkdrduh nqoaO m%uqL uyiÕkg mQcd lf<a h'
rcq ksrka;rfhka u nqoaO m%uqL uy iÕkg odkd§ wjYH oE uekúka imhñka nK
wiñka ld,h .; lrhs' k.rfha isgqjre fia u fiiq mqrjeisfhda o ks;r ks;r
fõ¿jkdrduhg f.dia O¾u Y%jKh lr;s' tfy;a lsis Èfkl fÄudj nqÿrÿka ±lSug
fkd .sh fyhska ìïìidr rcq Wmdhlska weh nqÿrÿka yuqjg heùug is;S h' ta wkqj
fõ¿jkdrdufha iajNdj w,xldrh j¾Kkd flfrk .S;sld ks¾udKh lrjd tajd
.dhlhka ,jd uekúka .dhkd lrjd wehg weiSug ie,eia ù h' tu ukyr .S
weiSfuka fõ¿jk Whfkys wisßh keröug fÄud ìijg uy;a wdYdjla Wmks' ta
nj ±ka jQ l,ays uy;a i;=gg m;a rcq iymsßjßka foaúh fõ¿jkdrduhg heù h'
37
Whkg f.dia jk isßh n,ñka b;d fidïkiska weúÈk foaúh tla;rd
;reK NsCIqjla rella uq, Ndjkdkqfhda.Sj isákq ÿgqjd h' fun÷ rE imqjlska fyì
fh!jk úfha miqjk fhda.djpr NsCIqj f.a OHdkh ÿgq weh uy;a fia mqÿuhg m;a
jQjd h' Whk mqrd weúÈñka Whfkys wisßh n,d wjidkfha § nqÿrÿka fkd±l u weh
wdmiq meñŒug iQodkï jQjd h' weh nqÿrÿka fkd±l wdmiq meñKSug ieriqkfyd;a
jyd weh nqÿrÿka fj; f.k hd hq;= hehs" rcq rdc mqreIhkag wK fldg ;snqfKa h'
tneúka rdc mqreIfhda wehf.a wdmiq yeÍu j,ld jyd weh nqÿrÿka fj; meñKùug
l%shd l< y'
fÄud ms<sn| ish¨ ;;= kqjKska ±kisá nqÿrcdKka jykafia weh meñfKkq
±l b¾ê n,fhka fojÕkl jeks rEu;a ia;%shla Wkajykafiag úðksm;ska mjka
i,kakdla fia wehg fmfkkakg ie,eia jQ y' th ÿgq fÄudjkag
zzfunÿ fojÕkla jeks rEmY%Sfhka hqla; jQ ia;%Syq nqÿrcdKka jykafia

iómfhys isá;s' uu fudjqka f.a fufyldr lugj;a fkd jákd ;rï h' nqÿrcdKka
jykafia rEmY%Shg ks.%y lr;s hs" rfÜ me;sr mj;akd l;dj iïmQ¾K wi;Hhlehs
is;sKsZZ
tfia is;+ weh tu ia;%S rEmh foi u n,d isáhd h' weh n,d isáh § u nqÿ
rÿka f.a wêIaGdkh mßÈ tu ia;%S rEmh m%:u jhi l%ufhka f.ù uOHu jhig
m;aj th o f.jd uy¨ jhig o m;aj ysiflia meiqKq" iu /<s jegqKq" o;a jegqKq
úrEm jQ ueye,a,l njg;a m;a j úðksm; o yer oud ìug m;s; úK' thska ixfõ.
hg m;a fÄudg
zzfun÷ rEu;a YÍr mjd fufia úkdYhg meñfKhs' udf.a fuu rEmhg o
fun÷ brKula w;aùu fkdje,elaúh yels h'ZZ hs jegysK
fÄud ìijf.a rEm uoh ySk ù kqjK uqyql=rd .sh nj o;a nqÿrcdKka
jykafia"
zzfÄudfjks" frda.dÈfhka wd;=r jQ fo;sia l=Kqmfhka wmú;% jQ l=Kq jQ

fuu YÍrh foi n,kak' YÍrh .ek we;s Pkaoh ÿre lrkak' wiqNdkqmiaikdj
jvkak'ZZ
hkqfjka jodrd uydksodk iQ;%h foaYkd l< fial' ta weiQ fÄud ìij
fidajdka M,hg meñK nqÿrÿka yuqfjys fufia m%ldY l<d h'
zziajdóks" ud fuf;la ojia rEm uofhka u;aj Tn jykafia rEmh fy,d

olsk nj wid Tn jykafia yuqùug fkdmeñKsfhñ' ±ka ug i;Hh jegysK' ud
w;ska hï jrola ù kï Bg iudjqj uekj'ZZ
38
túg" zzTn w; jro ke;eZZ hs" nqÿrcdKka jykafia jod< y' blaì;s fÄudj
nqÿrÿka m%oCIsKd fldg je| rc ueÿrg f.dia ìïìidr rcqg yuqù
zziajdóks" uu nqÿka ±l nK wid Ôú;h .ek uy;a fia l<lsÍug m;aùñ'

uyrc Tn wjir fokafka kï nqÿ iiqfkys meúÈ fjñ'ZZhs mjid isáhd h'
ìïìidr rcq wehg meúÈùug wjir ÿkafka h' fÄudj úydrhg f.dia
meúÈj wv uila wejEfuka mykla ±,aùu;a" ksùu;a ±l ta .ek fufkys lrñka
isg ry;a Ndjhg m;a jQjd h' fÄud uyry;a f;rKsh ;u m%d¾:kdj mßÈ iir
mqrd kqjKska mska mqrñka meñK uyd kqjKe;a;shl njg m;a jQ fyhska nqÿrÿka
NsCIqŒkag w.%ia:dkh msßkuk l,ays"
zzt;o..x NslLfj uu idúldkx NslLqŒkx uydm[[dkx hÈox fLudZZ
hkqfjka zzuyfKks" udf.a Y%dúldjkaf.ka uyd m%{djka; NsCIqŒka

w;r fuu fÄud f;dfuda w.% jkakSheZZhs w. ;k;=frys msysgqjd jod< fial' ta iu.
u ´f;dfuda nqÿrÿkaf.a w.%Y%dúld ;k;=rgo m;a jQjd h'
Wmam,jKaKd uyry;a f;rKsh
mÿuq;a;r nqÿrÿka iufhys u yxij;S kqjr tla l=, f.hl ÈhKshla

Wmkakd h' nK weiSu i|yd úydrhg hk uy msßia ±l Tjqka iu. f.dia nK weiQ
weh nqÿrcdKka jykafia tla;rd NsCIqKshla Roaêu;a NsCIqŒka w;r w.%ia:dkhg
m;alr jodrkqq ÿgqjd h' ta ±l zz uu o u;= hï Èfkl fuu ;k;=r ,nkafkï kï
b;d fhfyleZZ hs" is;d i;a Èkla u nqoaO m%uqL uy iÕkg uyoka meje;ajQjd h'
;j;a fndfyda mskaoyï isÿ l< weh t;eka mgka iir mqrd Wiia ÈjH iïm;a
ukqIH iïm;a ú¢ñka wjq;a ldYHm nqÿrÿka iufhys nrKeia kqjr lslS kï ldis
rcqf.a ÈhKshlj Wm; ,nd iuK.=;a;d kñka m%lg jQjd h' wehg fidfydhqßfhda
ifofkla jQ w;r thska ke.Kshl iu. .sysf.hs isg u nUir jiñka NsCIQka
jykafia,dg msßfjKla bÈfldg ÿkakd h' tjeks fndfyda l=i,a fldg ñhf.dia
ÈjH f,dalfhys bmso uy;a ÈjH Y%S iïm;a ú|sñka isg kej;;a ukqIH f,dalfhys u
tla;rd ÿ.S mjq,l Wm; ,enqjd h'
tu Njfha § mfia nqÿrcdKka jykafia kulg oka § kej;;a foõf,dj

Wm; ,enqjd h' tf,i ÈjH iïm;a ú|s weh kej; ñksia f,dj mshqï ú,l uy mshqï
.enl Wmkakd h' tu ú, wi, isá ;dmi;=fula weh ±l /f.k f.dia yod jvd
fmdaIKh lf<a h' l%ufhka ye§ jevqKq weh ms<sn| ;;= ±k.;a nrKeia rcq iajlSh
rc ud,s.djg wehj le|jd rcq f.a w. fufyish njg m;afldg .;af;a h' tu Njh
o f.jd ±uQ weh kej;;a rc.y kqjr È<s÷ l=, f.hl Wm; ,enqjd h' l%ufhka ksis
39
jhig m;a weh wkH l=,hl flfkl= iu. újdym%dma; jQjd h' ish ieñhd o iu.
tlaj mfia nqÿjrekag oka ÿka weh ks¨mq,a wg ñgla f.kjq;a mfia nqÿjrekaf.a
mduq,ays ;nd zzud Wmkqmka iEu Njhl u udf.a YÍrh o fuu ks¨mq,a u,a yd iudk
meyefhka hqla; fõjdZZ hs" m%d¾:kdjla l<d h' fufia tu ckaufhys wmuK mska
/ial< weh wm f.!;u nqÿrcdKka jykafia f.a ld,fhys Wm; ,enqfõ ieje;a
kqjr tla;rd isgq l=,hl h' mQ¾j m%d¾:kd wkqj ks¨mq,a u,a yd iudk meyefhka
hqla; jQ ksid weh zzWmam,jKaKdZZ hehs kï ,enqjd h'
oUÈj fndfyda rcjre o isgqjre o fuu Wmam,jKaKd l=ußh ms<sn| f;dr;=re

wid weh ksis úhg meñKs l,ays zzkqU f.a ÈhKsh wmg mdjd fojZZ hs" lshd weh
f.a mshdKka yg yiqkam;a tjQ y' thska isgqjrhd uy;a wmyiqjlg m;aúh' zzug fï
ieu f.a is;a Èkd.ekSug fkdyels h' ñka ldg fyda ueh ÿkafkï kï fiiafida ud
yd wukdm fj;s' óg thg iqÿiq Wmdhla fhdoñ'ZZ hs is;+ isgq;=ud ÈhKsh le|jd
zzorej" meúÈùug leu;s±ZZhs úuiS h' fuh wef.a mYaÑu wd;auNdjh jQ fyhska th
wid buy;a i;=gg m;a weh i;=gqj zzmshdfKks" uu meúÈ fjñZZ hs" tlfy,d u
lSjd h' isgq;=ud o thska uy;a fidïkig meñK uy fmryßka wehj NsCIqKS wrug
le|jdf.k f.dia meúÈ lr ù h'
w¨;ska meúÈ jQ Wmam,jKaKd f;rKshg fiiq NsCIqŒyq tlaj fmdfyda f.hs

j;a iemhSu Ndr l< y' ks;sm;d fmdfyda f.h weuo myka o,ajk Wmam,jKaKd
f;rKsh tu myka ±,a, u ksñ;s jYfhka f.k f;afcda lisKh wruqKq fldg
OHdk Wmojd tu OHdkh u mdol fldgf.k ry;a Ndjhg m;a jQjd h' wk;=rej
t;=ñh fÄud f;rKsh <Õg nqÿrÿkaf.a ju;a w.%Y%dúldj njg m;ajQjd h'
Wmq,ajka f;rKsh iDoaê m%d;syd¾h mEfuys w;solaI jQjd h' miq lf,l
nqÿrcdKka jykafia .Kavín rela uq,a ys isg hul m%d;syd¾hh olajk Èkfhys u
´ f;dfuda wiqka i;r fofkl= fh¥ r:hla iDoaê n,fhka ujdf.k nqÿrÿka fj;
meñK Wkajkafiaf.a fomd je| zziajdóks" Tn jykafia wkque;sh fokfiala kï
;S¾:lhkaf.a udkh u¾okh lsÍug fm<yr mdkafkñhs lshd mfil isáhd h'
tfy;a tod ;S¾:l u¾okh msKsi nqÿrcdKka jykafia u huduy fm<yr mE fial'
nqÿrcdKka jykafia tu lreK u ksñ;s fldg f.k ´ f;dfuda uy;a iDoaê we;a;d
jQ NsCIqŒka w;r w.% jkakS hehs" jodrd
zzt;o..x NslLfj uu idúldkx NslLqŒkx boêuk;Skx hÈox Wmm,jKKdZZ

hehs Wmam,jKaKd f;rKsh w.% ia:dkfhys ;enQ fial'
ixhq;a; ksldfha Wmam,jKaKd iQ;%fha i|yka mßÈ Èkla fu;=ñh

ÈjdúyrKh i|yd wkaO jkhg msúi tys i,a .ila uq, jev isáhd h' tl,ays udr
ÈjH mq;%hd meñK t;=ñh ìh .kajkq msKsi fufia lSfõ h'
40
zz,iaikg msmqKq u,a we;s i,a .ila uq, wiuiu rE we;s Tn yqfol,dj
isákafkys h' Tng i,a,d, OQ¾;hka flfrka ìhla keoao@ZZ
thg ms<s;=re ÿka Wmam,jKaKd uy f;rKsh"
zzi,a,d,hka ,laIhla meñKsh;a uu fufia u h' f,dauhla fyda fkdfid,ajñ"

fkdief,ñ" udrh Tn ;ksj ug l=ula lrkak o@ZZ
uu w;=reoyka fjñ' Tfí l=ig fyda msúfiñ' neu w;r fyda isáñ' tfia
isáh;a Tn ud fkdolafkys h'
uu uf.a is; jiÕ lr.;af;ñ' fyd¢ka iDoaêmdo jevqfjla ñ" ish¨

neñj,ska ñÿKq flfklañ hs" udrh uu Tng ìh fkdfjñhs tä;rj mejiqjd h'
Wmam,jKaKd f;rKsh iir mqreoafoka u lduhkaf.a wd§k j ±k l<lsÍ

meúÈ jQ flfkls' ry;aù fmrúiQ l| ms<sfj< ±k.;a t;=ñh lduhka fld;rï
ms<sl=,a iy.; ±hs ;ukag u fmr Njhl ú¢kakg jQ w;a±lSulska meyeÈ,s lr
we;af;a fufia h'
WfNd ud;d p ë;d p - uhx wdiqx im;;sfhd

;iid fu wyq ixfjf.d - wnN=f;d f,duyxifkd
ërF:q ldud wiqÖ - ÿ..JOd nyq lKGld

hF: ud;d p ë;d p - iNßhd uhx wyq
uj;a ÿj;a hk wms fofok u tla mqreIfhl= g im;akS jQfhuq' th ug

f,duqoy.kajk uyd ixfõ.hla úh'
lduhkag kskaod fõjd' tajd t;rï wmú;% h" ÿ.| h" fndfyda flf,ia lgq
iys; h' uj;a ÿj;a hk wm im;akS ùuu Bg ksoiqka h'
fmr iej;a kqjr fjf<kafol=f.a ìßhl l=i ms<sis|.;a ore.en .ek

fjf<ka|d ÿr neyer .sh l,l ielis;+ kekaoKsh weh f.oßka m<jd yeßhd h' ;ek
;ek weúoñka .sh weh wïn,ul § orejd ìysl<d h' weh t<shg .sh fudfyd;l
fjk;a flfkla orejd /f.k f.dia yodjvd .;af;a h' miq lf,l ta wirK uj
o fjk;a flfkl=f.a ìßh njg m;aù ÈhKshl jeÿjd h' kej;;a tu ksjiska o
m,jd yßk ,o weh ÈhKsh o wysñ j wirK j weúÈñka isáhd h' fï w;r yeä±ä
;reKhl= jQ wef.a m<uq mq;= ;ju;a fhdjqka fmkqfuka isá weh uj nj fkd±k
wdjdy lr .;af;a h' weh o ta nj fkdo;a;d h' ta iu. wef.a ÈhKsh o Tyqg yuq úh'
;u fidhqßh nj fkdo;a Tyq weh o wdjdy lr .;af;a h' ujg o ÈhKsh y÷kd.;
41
fkdyels úh' fufia wka;sfï§ ;sfokd u fkd±k mq;d <Õ uj;a fidfydhqßh;a
iudk Nd¾hdjka njg m;a jQy' fmr Njh ÿgq Wmam,jKaKd f;rKsh ii, lf<a
fï ìysiqKq w;a±lsuhs' lduh wiQÑ jekshehs t;=ñh mjikafka tfyhsks'
fï f;rKshkaf.a l;dmqj;aj,ska wmg bf.k.; yels mdvï /ils'

úfYaIfhka fÄud ìijf.a mqj;ska nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a úYsIag foaYkd ú,dih
ms<sìUq fõ' tys§ Wkajykafia fÄudjkag O¾udjfndaOh ,ndfokafka oDYH rEm
wdOdrfhks' th m%n, wOHdmk Wml%uhls'
tfiau fuu isoaêfha § fõ¿jk Whk b;d jeo.;afõ' wdrduhla kï

^wd.kFjd ru;s tF:d;s wdrdfud& flfkl= weú;a n,d i;=gq jk ;ek wdrduhhs'
^mqImdrdu M,drdu& tkï Whka h' mkai,la Whkla úh hq;= h' uq,§ mkai,a Whka
lsÍu l,a.; jk neúka Whka mkai,a f,i .kakd ,È' fõ¿jkh" fÊ;jkh"
uyfuõkd Whk Bg ksoiqka h' wfma mkai, ks;r u wdruhla fyj;a Whkla
f,i ;nd.; hq;= h' túg ckh th ±l meyefo;s' Y%oaOdj Wmojd .ks;s' îoOd
cdf;d Wmixlu;s& ie±ye we;s ù mkai,g t;s' ^Wmixlufk;d mhsremdi;s& meñK
ix>hd weiqre lr;s' ^fid;x Tok;s& lka fhdu;s' Ôuux iqKd;s& nK wi;s' fufia
wdrduhla Whkla fia mú;%j iqkaorj ;nd .eksu ckhd nqÿ iiqkg weo.ekSfï
Wm%uhla f,i tod isg fhdod f.k ;sfí' fÄud ìijf.a mqj; Bg wmQre ksoiqkls'
wNHdi
01' w.%Y%dúldjka jykafia,df.a úfYaI mqKH uysuh ms<sn| fjka fjka jYfhka
lreKq f.dkq lrkak'
02' w.%Y%dúldjka jykafia,df.a Ôjk pß;hkaf.ka .; yels wdo¾Yhk uefhka
c.;a ldka;dÈkhg fhdod.; yels m;%sldjla ilia lrkak'
42
nqÿ iiqkau. h;s myka
je,súg wirK irK irKxlr ix>rdc udysñ
wmsia if;dia hkd§ .=Kdx.j,ska msßmqka iS, .=Kfhka iq.kaOj;a jQ ldreKsl

.=Kfhka uDÿ jQ is;a we;s uyd Nd.Hiïmkak je,súg wirK irK irKxlr ix>
rdfcda;a;uhdKka jykafiaf.a wl,xl pß;dmodkh .sys meúÈ ieuf.a wdo¾Yh
msKsi fya;= jkafka u h' Wka jykafia 17 jeks ishjfia w. Nd.fha Y%S ,xldoaùmfhys
ixcd; fndaêi;a;ajjrfhl= fia ms<s.; yels h' ,xld b;sydifha ÿ¾oYdmkak w÷re
ld, mßÉfþohl ckau,dNh ,en msßyS .sh Ydiksl ;;a;ajh" NsCIq wOHdmkh
yd O¾u Ydia;%Sh lghq;= iu. NdId idys;H jHdmdrhka h:d ;;a;ajhg m;a l<
ix>rdc udysñfhda ,laÈj iqj|j;a l< wiydh hq. mqreIhdK flfkla jQ y'
18 jk ishjfia § Y%S ,xldfõ Ydiksl" cd;sl" idudðl" ixialD;sl yd

wOHdmksl ;;a;ajh wka; mßydkslr ;;a;ajhlg m;aj ;snqfKa uqyqÿnv m%foaY
mD;=.Sis - ,kafoais wdêm;Hhg k;=ùu" ksrka;r hqo flda,dy, yd ta ksid u
jQ wd¾Ól mßydksh" ñIkdß jHdmdr ksid fn!oaOhka wkH wd.ï je<| .ekSu
hkd§ lreKq ksid h' fï ksid u NsCIq iudch o wka; mßydKslr ;;a;ajhlg
m;aj ;snqKs' Ydiksl úkh l¾uhlg Wmiïmod NsCIQka jykafia,d isõkula j;a
fidhd.; fkdyels ;;a;ajhlg NsCIq iudch msßyS mej;=Ks' ix>rdc idOq pßhdj
yd iÕrcj; hk .%ka:j,ska fmfkk mßÈ tl, úydr ika;l bvlvï mßyrKh
lrñka isáfhda .Kskakdkafia,d kï jQ y' Tjqyq Y%uK idremH mej;=ïj,ska neyerj
Èú f.jQ y' nd,dj;drh kï jQ ir, md,s jHdlrK .%ka:h bf.kSug irKxlr
idufKarhka jykafiag fofofkl= fj; hdug isÿùu;a" rdc iNdjg meñKs
n%dyauKfhl= lS ir, ixialD; Yaf,dalhla f;areï lr§ug iu;a irKxlr ysñ
yer wka lsisfjl= lkao Wvrg fkdue;sùu;a ;=<ska NdId idys;H yd wOHdmkfhys
meje;s mßydKslr ;;a;ajh m%lg fjhs'
fujka mßirhl uOHu m<df;a ngysßka msysá ;=ïmfka l÷j,ska jg jQ

n,fldgqjla jeks ireidr fl;aj;=j,ska msßmqka je,súg .%dufha § j¾I 1698 cqks
ui 19 jeksod irKxlr udysñfhda Wm; ,o y' mshd l=,;=x. kï jQ w;r fï l=ure o
l=,;=x. kï úh' ish fidfydhqrd jQ l=,;=x. mgne|s uqÈhkafia iu. rc ud<s.dfjys
isá neúka l=,;=x. <orejd o rcqf.a mq;a ;k;=frys yeÿKq jevqKq nj ix>rdc idOq
pßhdfjys i|yka fjhs' ish mq;Kqjka rdc mqreIfhl= jkq ±lSu fouõmshkaf.a
wNsm%dh jQ w;r l=,;=x. orejdf.a wNs,dIh jQfha .sys Ôú;fhka fjkaj meúÈùu hs'
l=vd l, isg u ks;s mkais,a fmdfydh wgis,a rlsñka b;d Od¾ñl Ôú;hlg
43
yqremqreÿ jQ l=,;=x. l=, l=ure fidf<dia yeúßÈ úfha § iQßhf.dv úydrfha §
iQßhf.dv idufKarhka fj;ska irKxlr kñka W;=ï jQ m%j%cHdN+ñhg m;a úh'
fun÷ is;a bm§

,Êcd iÕ=ka fkd,§
fidf<di jhfia §
myka ukiska fj,d meú§
ieye,a¨ .;s mej;=ï ksid;a" msKavmd; p¾hdj ksid;a zzmsKavmd;sl

je,súg irKxlrZZ hk kñka Wkajykafia jvd;a m%lg jQy' NsCIQka jykafia,d
ms<sfj;a msÍfuys WodiSkj isá ful, NsCIq ms<sfj;a uekúka iqrlsñka Wkajykafia
msKAvmd;fhka Ôj;afjñka md;%fha je<ªy'
fufia irKxlr idufKarhka jykafia ukd NsCIq m%;sm;a;s Tiafia .=K

kqjKska jefv;a u ful, NsCIq m%;srEmlhska úkd ienE is,aj;a NsCIQka jykafia,d
fkdue;s nj Wkajykafiag fmkS .sfha h' fuu ;;a;ajfhka iïnqoaO Ydikh;a"
rg;a uqojdf.k h<s Ydiksl m%fndaOhla we;slr,Sfï mru mú;% wfmaCIdfjka
hqla;j ta yd wod<j .;hq;= l%shdud¾. fj; wm%;sy; ffO¾hfhka hqla;j
fhduq úh' Wka jykafiag m%:ufhka u wjYH jQfha O¾uh b;d ksjerÈj f;areï
.ekSug hs' ta i|yd md,s NdIdj bf.kSu wjYH jQ fyhska th imqrd .ekSug
wdpd¾hjreka fofofkl= fj; hdug isÿúh' tjlg udflfy,aj, nkaOkd.dr
.;j isá f,õfla Èidj fj;ska nd,dj;drfha kdu ldKavh f;la W.;ay' b;sß
fldgi W.;af;a m,al=Uqf¾ w;a:oiais ysñhka fj;sks' md,s jHdlrKh ms<sn|
,nd.;a fuu uQ,sl ±kqu mdol lr .ksñka th ;jÿrg;a ÈhqKq lrf.k
iafjda;aidyfhka u O¾u úkh yd NdId Ydia;%h uekúka W.;ay' irKxlr
fyrKmdKka jykafiaf.a B<Õ wNsm%dh jQfha ;ud W.;a O¾uúkh Wmfhda.S lr
.ksñka NsCIqj ksjerÈ m%;sm;a;s ud¾.hg fhduq lsÍu hs' ta i|yd NsCIQka jykafia
±kqj;a lsÍfï l%shdj,sfhys m%;sM,hla f,i úYd, msßila Wka jykafia jgd tla/ia
jQ y' fndfyda l=, orefjda .sysf.h yermshd Wka jykafia fj; wjq;a meúÈnj ,nd
j;a ms<sfj;a mqrkakg jQy' fufia je,súg fyrKmdKka jykafia weiqfrys is,a
rlsk j;a ms<sfj;a mqrk msßi is,aj;a iud.u" is,aj;a ;eka hk kñka ye|ska úK'
ta is,aj;a msßig fkdfhla whqßka kskaod wmydi lf<da zzje,súg Wkakdkafiaf.a
iud.uZZ hk kduh o mgn|sñka wj{djg ,la l<y' tfia isÿ lf<a m%;sm;a;s w;ska
msßyS isá .Kskakdkafia,d" wkH wd.ñlhka yd ÿ¾u;OdÍ fn!oaOhka h'
ta tl o n,fõ.hla yuqfõ fkdie¨Kq Wka jykafiaf.a B<Õ wruqK jQfha

Wmiïmkak NsCIQka jykafia,df.ka ysiaj ;snQ Y%S ,xldfõ kej; jrla Wmiïmodj
msysgqùu hs' ùr mrdl%u kf¾kaøisxy yd Y%S úch rdcisxy hk rcqkaf.a iydfhka
nqreuh yd ishu hk rgj,ska Wmiïmkak NsCIQka jykafia,d jevujd .ekSug
44
Wkajykafia ±rE m<uq W;aidyh wid¾:l úh' kuq;a irKxlr idufKarhka
jykafia thska wffOhH_u;a fkd jQy' lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rcqf.a iydh ,ndf.k kej;
o ih fofkl= f.ka iukaú; ¥; msßila ,kafoaiSka úiska imhd fok ,o kejlska
ishug hejQ y' fuu ¥; pdßldfjys m%;sM,hla f,i Wmd,s f;reka jykafia m%Odk
uyf;reka jykafia,d 18 kula o idufKarhka jykafia,d 7 kula o ,laÈjg
jevu l< y' j¾I 1753 cqks 15 jeks Èkg fhÿKq wei< mqr mif<diajl fmdfyda
Èk uykqjr u,aj;= uydúydrfha úiqx.du iSudfõ § m%:u Wmiïmod úkh l¾uh
isÿ flßKs' ishï rg Wmd,s uyf;reka jykafiaf.a m%Odk;ajfhka lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy
rcqf.a mQ¾K wkq.%dyl;ajfhka fuh isÿ flßKs' fuys § irKxlr idufKarhka
jykafia we;=¨ yh kula Wmiïmodj ,enQ y' fuh j¾;udk YHdfudamd,s îshï
Wmd,s& uydksldfha iudrïNl wjia:dj hs'
fuu Wmiïmod úkh l¾ufha § irKxlr fyrKmdKka jykafiag m<uqj

Wmiïmodj ,nd .ekSug wjia:dj ;snqK o ;uka jykafiag .=re;kays,d ie,lSug
flfkl= isàfï jeo.;alu i,ld jhiska jeäysá kulg m<uqj Wmiïmodj
,nd§ug ;rï Wka jykafia ksy;udkS jQy' fï jk úg mkia mia fjks úfha miq
jQ je,súg irKxlr udysñfhda isß,l Wmiïmodj kej; msysgqjd Ydiksl ;;a;ajh
h<s mqk¾Ôjkh lsÍfuys,d jQ uykSh fufyjr uekúka bgq l< y'
Wmiïmodjg m;a irKxlr ud ysñhka lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rcq úiska ,laÈj
ix>rdc Oqrhg m;a lrk ,§' ix>rdc moúfhka mQð; je,súg wirKirK irKxlr
ix>rdc udysñfhda"
zzW~`.= fkdj uyK" W~`.= fkdj uyK" W~`.= fkdj uyK"ZZ
hkqfjka f;jrla ;,am;l igyka fldg ;enQ y' fujeks fY%aIaG moúhlska
mjd udkh" wyxldrh jeks my;a is;=ú,s ud;%hla j;a bm§u Wkajykafia fkdßiaiQ
nj fï isoaêfhka ukdj meyeÈ,s h'
wkqkaf.a Wmldrfhka b;d iaj,am fohla bf.k iafjda;aidyfhka tu

±kqu j¾Okh lr.;a je,súg ix>rdc udysñfhda Y%S ,xldfõ my< jQ w.%.KH uyd
m`ärejkla nj úoaj;a .sys meúÈ il, idOq ckhd tl f,i ms<s.ks;s' iajlSh fh!jk
úfha § b;d ÿlaLodhl mßirhl isg uy;a wdhdifhka O¾uYdiaf;%daoa.%yKh l<
Wka jykafia tlS wOHdmk rgdfjys jákdlu w;a±lSfuka u o;a fyhska mßydks
;;a;ajhlg m;aj ;snQ O¾u Ydia;%Sh yd idys;H lghq;= k.d isgqùug fkdmels,sj
l%shd l< y' l%shd ud¾. lsysmhla Tiafia tu fiajdjka jHdma; l< y'
45
tajd kï"
1' .%ka:lrKfhys kshe,Su
2' úoHdmSG $ Ydia;%Yd,d wdrïN lsÍu
3' úoaj;a .sys meúÈ YsIH mrmqrla ìys lsÍu
4' me/Ks fmd;am;a ,shkakka ,jd msgm;a lrùu
iÕrc udysñhkaf.a O¾u Ydia;%Sh .%ka:
1' uqks.=Kd,xldrh
2' wNsiïfndaê w,xldrh
3' idrd¾: ix.%yh
4' r;ak iQ;%h m%Kdu .d:d ikakh
5' fNaiÊc u[acqid ikakh
6' i;r nKjr ikakh
7' uydfndaê ikakh
8' rEm ud,dj
iÕrc udysñhkaf.a mqfrda.dñ;ajfhka we/ô úoHdmSG
1' kshulkafoa úoHdia:dkh

2' u,aj;= - wia.sß WNh úydria: úoHdia:dk
3' .v,dfoKsfha ioaO¾u;s,l úydria: úoHdia:dkh
4' me,auvq,a, rcuyd úydrh yd fmd;a.=,a úydr úoHdia:dkh
iÕrc udysñf.a .sys meúÈ YsIH mrmqr
1' ;sífndgqjdfõ Y%S isoaOd¾: nqoaOrCIs; udysñ

2' orñáfmd< O¾urCIs; udysñ
3' .sks.;amsáfha ix>rCIs; udysñ
4' rUqlaje,af,a OïurlaÅ; udysñ
5' fudrf;dg OïulaLkaO udysñ iy
6' w;a;r.u rdc.=re nKavdr
7' nrK .Ks;dpd¾h
8' m;a;dhfï f,alï hkd§ .sys meúÈ úoaj;=kaf.ka iukaú; úh'
je,súg msKavmd;sl wirK irK irKxlr ix>rdfcda;a;uhdKka

jykafiaf.a O¾u Ydia;%Sh yd idys;H fiajdj uykqjr hq.hg muKla iSud fkdjQ
w;r tys wdf,dalh úfoHdoh úoHd,xldrdÈ wdh;k u.ska kQ;k hq.h olajdu úys§
wd w;r th wkd.;h mqrdjg;a me;sr hkafka h'
46
wgqjdpd¾h nqoaOf>daI ysñ
nqoaONdIs; O¾u úkfhys yd Y%djl NdIs;hka ys o we;=<;a ÿrjfndaO jpk

yd ixl,am meyeÈ,s lsÍu i|yd iïmdÈ; w¾: jHdLHdk iïm%odh md,s wÜGl:d
kñka ye|skafõ' ;%smsgl .%ka:j, wka;¾.; O¾u lreKq iy ft;sydisl lreKq
iúia;rj ±laùu tu md,s wÜGl:dj,ska isÿ flfrk m%Odk ld¾hh hs' md,swÜG
l:djka .ek i|yka lsÍfï § ks;e;ska lshfjkafka wgqjdpd¾h nqoaOf>daI ysñhka
f.a Y%S kduh hs' nqoaOld,Sk w¾: jHdLHdk iïm%odh m%:u O¾u ix.dhkdfõ §
iy bka miqj;a ry;ka jykafia,d úiska ix.dhkd lrk ,È' Wka jykafia,d
iy YsIHdkqYsIH mrïmrdj tajd uqL mdG jYfhka wdrCId lrf.k wdy' wkqnqÿ
ñys÷ uyry;ka jykafia úiska tajd fy< niska ;nk ,È' fy< niska meje;s tu
wgqjdjka h<s fm< nig fmr<Sfï Ndr¥r ld¾hh bgq lf<a wm fï l;d lrk
wgqjdpd¾h nqoaOf>daI ud ysñfhda h'
nqoaOf>daI ysñhka Wm; ,enqfõ oUÈj fnda uevg kqÿre f>daI kï .%dufha
nuqKq l=,hl h' Tyq jdofhys oCI jQ f¾j; kï uyf;reka jykafiaf.a YsIHfhl=
f,i meúÈ jQ nj m%p,s; u;h hs' ioaOïuix.y kï .%ka:fhys ±lafjk mßÈ
nqoaOf>daI ysñ uydfndaê uKavmhg ol=Kq È. nuqKq.u Wmka flfkls' fnda uevg
kqÿfrys f>daI kï jQ .fï Wmka nj nqoaOf>daiqmam;a;s l:dfõ i|yka h'
md,s NdIdj o o¾Ykh b;sydih mqrdúoHdj o ldh jHjÉfþo úoHdj" ,CIK

Ydia;% wd§ úIhhka ms<sno mD:q, ±kqñka hqla; jqjdla fuka u ffjÈl b.ekaùï
ms<snoj o me;sÍ.sh nqoaê m%Ndjhla nqoaOf>daI ysñhka i;=j mej;sK' ta nj my;
i|yka uydjxi .d:djka f.ka o meyeÈ,s fjhs'
fndêuKv iómuys - cdf;d n%dyuK udKfjd

úccd ismm l,dfj§ - ;Siq fjfoiq mdrf.d
iuud ú[[d;iufhd - inn jdo úidrfod
jdoFÒ cunq §muys - wdysKvfk;d mjdÈfld
nqoaOf>daI ysñ ,laÈjg jevuùug fmr [dfKdaoh kï O¾u m%lrKh;a"

w;a:id,skS wgqjdj;a oUÈj § l< nj;a" msß;a wgqjdj ,sùu wdrïN lr ;snQ nj;a
i|yka h' Wkajykafia l,ska i¾jdia;sjdÈfhl=j isg miqj f:rjd§ jQ nj we;eï
úpdrlhka f.a ms<s.ekSu hs' nqoaOf>daI ud ysñhka ,laÈjg jevu jQfha wkqrdOmqrh
rdcOdksh lr.;a uydkdu rc oji h' ta nqoaO j¾I 953 ;a 975 ;a w;r ld,h hs'
Wka jykafia ,laÈjg jevujk úg wÜGl:d ixys;d lsysmhla u furg mej;s nj;a
tajd fy< niska u W.;a nj;a lshfõ'
ñys÷ uyry;ka jykafia oji u fy< niska ;nk ,o wgqjd l;d jir
700 l muK ld,hla isxy, ;%smsglh fy<s fmfy<s lrñka mej;=fKa h' ;%smsgl
47
md,sh ;snqK;a tys wgqjd fï jkúg oUÈj ;sî ke;' isxy, wgqjd ,shd we;s nj
oUÈj úiQ f¾j; ysñhkag o ±k.ekaug ,eî we;' isxy, wgqjd md,shg mßj¾;kh
lsÍu nqÿ oyu Ñria:dhSùug fya;=jla hehs ie,l+ Wkajykafia fy<gqjd md,shg
mßj¾;kh lsÍu i|yd nqoaOf>daI ysñhka ,laÈjg tjQ nj uydjxYfha i|yka fõ'
md,s u;;x bOdkS;x - kFÒ wgGl:d bO

;:dpßhjdod p - NskkrEmd k úccfr
iSy<gGl:d iqoOd - uysfJok u;Su;d
ix.s;s;;h udrE<yx - iuud iunqoO fois;x
idßmq;;dÈ.S;[p - ;:d u..x ifulÅh
tld iSy<Ndidh - iSyf<iq mj;;;s
;x ;F: .kFjd iqFjd - ;x ud.Odkx ksre;;shd
mßjf;;ys id fyd;s - innf,dl ys;djyd
;%smsgl fm< muKla fuys f.fkk ,È' wgqjdj;a úúO wdpd¾hjdo;a ke;'
iïud iïnqÿka úiska foik ,o idßmq;%d§ka jykafia úiska m%ldY lrk ,o" tfiau
ix.S;s;%hg k.k ,o" uysJo f;reka úiska isxy,fhka ;nk ,o msßisÿ wÜG l:d
fy< niska isxy, rfÜ muKla mj;S' tys f.dia th widf.k u.O nig fmr,kak'
th ish¨ f,dajeishkg ys;iqj f.k fokafka hehs f¾j; f;rKqfjda nqÿf.dia
ysñhkag mjid ;sfí'
fujeks lghq;a;la i|yd bÈßm;a jQ tl u wdpd¾hjrhd nqoaOf>daI ysñhka

hehs lsj fkd yels h' Wka jykafiag l,ska nqoaOo;a; ysñ o miqj Oïumd, ysñ o
fuu ld¾hh i|yd u ol=Kq bkaÈhdfõ isg ,laÈjg jevu l< y' nqoaOo;a; ysñfhda
;ud uy¨úhg m;afjñka isá ksid wfmaCIs; ld¾hh bgq l< fkdyelsj fmr<d
bkaÈhdgu jevu l<y' nqoaOo;a; ysñhka tfia jevujk .ufka § nqoaOf>daI ysñhka
uqyqfoa § uqK.eiS ;udf.a mkays|;a" wr¿ f.ähl=;a § wdYs¾jdo l< nj o lshefõ'
Y%S ,xldjg jevu l< nqoaOf>daI ysñfhda wkqrdOmqr uyd úydrfha § tjlg
tys m%Odk;ajh ±rE ix>md, ysñhka m%uqL NsCIQka jykafia,d neye±l meñKs
ldrKdj Wka jykafia,dg ie<lr isáhy' isxy, wgqjd md,shg mßj¾;kh lsÍug
m<uqj tjlg meje;s isxy, NdIdj;a" tu wgqjdj, wka;¾.;h;a yeoEÍug wjYH
úh' ix>md, ysñhka yd nqoaOñ;a; ysñhka jeks m%ùK wdpd¾hjrekaf.a Wmfoia
mßÈ nqoaOf>daI ysñfhda iajlSh wOHhk lghq;= imqrd .;ay' isxy, wgqjd md,shg
fmr,Sug fmr ksjka u. fy<s lrk .%ka:hla ,sùug ix>md, ysñfhda nqoaOf>daI
ysñhkag werhqï l<y' úiqoaê ud¾.h ,shejqfKa tys m%;sM,hla f,i hs' ixhq;a;
ksldfha foaj;d ixhq;a;fha tk"

48
wfk;d cgd nys cgd - cgdh cá;d mcd
;x ;x f.d;u mqpPdñ - fld bux úcgfh cgx
we;=<; o wjq,a h' msg; o wjq,a h' uq¿ i;a;aj j¾.hd fuu wjqf,ka wjq,a je
isá;s' f.!;u i¾j{hka jykai" tneúka uu Tn f.ka úpdrñ' fuu wjq, ljqre
ksrjq,a flfr;a o@ hk
fuu m%Yakhg nqÿrcdKka jykafia ÿka ms<s;=r"
iSf, m;sgGdh kfrd imf[[d

Ñ;;x m[[ x p Ndjhx
wd;dms ksmfld NslLq
fid bux úcgfh cgx
iS,fhys msysgk oCI m%{djka; NsCIqj is;;a" m%{dj;a jvd flf,ia ;jk
ù¾hfhka hqla;j fï wjq,a bj;a lrkafka h' hkq h'
fufia nqÿrÿka b;d ixCIsma; f,i ÿka fuu ms<s;=r úia;D; f,i bÈßm;a
lsÍu úiqoaê u.a.fha § isÿ ù ;sfí' f:rjd§ nqoaO O¾uhg wh;a úYsIag;r ks¾udK
lD;shla f,i nqoaOf>daI ysñhkaf.a úiqoaê ud¾.h iòyka l< yel' w;sÿ¾,N jQ
nqÿ iiafkys meúoao ,nd úiqoaêh fidhd hk l=, mq;%hkag wjidk úuqla;sh fyj;a
ksjk lrd muqKqjk ud¾.h y÷kajd§u mrud¾: fldgf.k ,shQ úiqoaê ud¾.h iS,"
iudê" m%{d hk ;%sYsCIdj ms<sn| j ukd jQ mQ¾K úia;rhla bÈßm;a lrhs'
fndfyda fofkl=f.a l=;=y,hg ;=vq ÿka jd¾;d.; isoaêhla jkafka nqoaOf>daI

ysñ úiqoaê ud¾.h ,shd th uydúydrjdiS NsCIQka jykafia,dg ms<s.kajkakg
iQodkïj isáh § foúhka úiska th w;=reoyka lrkq ,eîu h' kej; fojk jrg o
,shd wjika fldg ;sìh § th o uq,a msgm; fia u w;=reoykaùu;a" f;jkjr ,shd
ms<s.ekaùug iQodkï jQ úg uq,ska ,shQ msgm;a fol o yuqù úiqoaê ud¾.h msgm;a
;=k u t<s±laúK' fuu msgm;a ;=k u w¾:fhka o" .%ka:fhka o" mQ¾jdmr jYfhka
o" f:rjdofhka o" fm<ska o" mofhka o" jH[ackfhka o fjkila fkd ù h'
nqoaOf>daI ysñhkaf.a .eUqre mdKaä;Hh yd úYsIag f,aLk fl!Y,Hh tu.ska ukdj
meyeÈ,s fõ' ta ÿgq NsCIQka jykafia,d fnfyúka ;=gq mygqj zzksielfhka u fï
f;u fuf;a fndai;ayq hZZ hs" kej; kej; lshd f>daId fldg wgqjd iys; msgl;%h
we;=<;a fmd;a m%odkh l< y' miq j Wka jykafia uydúydrno ¥rixlr .%ka:dlr
msßfjK fjfiñka fndfyda isxy, wgqjd ta ish,a,ka f.a u uQ, NdIdj jQ ud.ë
NdIdjg fmrÆ y' ish¨ f:rjd§ wdpd¾hjrfhda u tajd fm< fmd;a ;rug .=re
;ekays ;enQ y'
49
nqoaOf>daI ysñhka jev isá ia:dk w;r ¥rixlr msßfjKg wu;rj
uydúydrhg ol=Kska jQ mOdk>rh o fjhs' tfiau f,dajduydmdfha my; ud,h
o .%ka:lrKfhys fh§u i|yd Wka jykafiag fjkalr § ;snqKs' uydúydrfha
.%ka:dlrh fyj;a mqia;ld,h o Wka jykafiag mßyrKh lsÍug bvlv i,iajd
;snqKs' fïjdfhys jev isáñka úiqoaê ud¾.h fia u"
iuka; mdidÈld - úkh wgqjdj
iqux., ú,diskS - §>ksldfha wgqjdj
mmCoapiqokS - uÊ¯uksldh wgqjdj
idrF:mamldiskS - ixhq;a;ksldh wgqjdj
ufkdr:mQrKS - wx.=;a;rksldh wgqjdj
lxLdú;rKs - m%d;sfudCI wgqjdj
mruF:fcd;sld - LqoaolmdG wgqjdj"
hkd§ wgqjd lD;s o ixialrKh l< y' tu .%ka:j, úYd,;ajh yd úúO;ajh
.ek i,lk úg ta i|yd ±rE mßY%uh flf;la ne?reï jQjla o hkak jgyd.;
yels h'
nqoaOf>daI ysñhka úiska wgqjdlrKfha § Ndú; l%u Ys,am lsysmhla
iuka;mdidÈldfõ ixCIsma;j ±lafjhs'
• uq,a lD;sfha ni neyer lsÍu
• fy<gqjdj, mej;s m%udo ,shùï neyer lsÍu
• È.= úia;r neyer,d ixCIsma; lsÍu
• ;;ald,Skj mej;s ish¨ úksYaphka we;=<;a lsÍu
• md,s NdIdfõ jHdlrK úê fkd blauùu
fï wkqj nqÿf.dia ysñfhda md<s wÜGl:d rpkd lf<a yqfola fy< wgqjdjka ys
m¾j¾;k f,i fkd j ixialrKuh NdId mßj¾;k f,isks' tlS md,s wgqjdjka
Bg idCIs orhs' nqÿf.dia ysñ Ndú; l< tlS l%ufõoh u Wka jykafia f.ka miqj
md,s wgqjd ,shQ wdpd¾hjre o Ndú;hg .;a y' md,s wgqjd fmd;aj,ska wvlg;a
jvd imhd we;af;a nqÿf.dia ysñhka h' fn!oaO wÜGl:dpdÍka w;r Wka jykafia
fY%aIaG;uhd h' tlS W;a;Í;r pß;h jgd úúO ckm%jdo f.;S we;af;a ta ksid u h'
Wka jykafia f,dj my< jQfha nqÿrÿka f.a m¾hdma;s Ydikh §¾> ld,hla ks¾u,j
mj;ajdf.k hdu i|yd md,s wÜGl:d rpkd lsÍug h" hk ckm%jdohla o we;'
ta ksid u ,xldfõ wgqjd .ek l;d lrk iEu ;efkl u nqoaOf>daI ysñhkag
zzwgqjdpdÍka jykafiaZZ hk W;a;u wNsOdkhla fhdod .efkhs'
wNHdi
01' Ydiksl mqk¾Ôjkfhys ,d ix>rdc ysñhkaf.ka isÿ jQ fiajdj ms<snò lreKq
/ia lrkak'
02' nqoaOf>daI ysñhkaf.a wgqjd ms<snò f,aLkhla ilia lrkak'
50
úkh - ;,a lráfha ì| jeàu
úkh
nqÿrcdKka jykafia we;s l< Ydikh nqoaO Ydikhhs' iïnqÿ iiqk bÈßhg
mj;ajd f.k hkq ,nk Ôjudk jdylhka jkafka NslaIQka jykafia,d h' tys m<uq
wjia:dj idufKar kñka y`ÿkajhs' fojeks wjia:dj Wmiïmod kñ' th isÿ lrkq
,nkafka úkh l¾uhla u.sks' zzúisjhia msßfjka miq idufKar Ndjfhka Tijd
;eîu iòyd isÿ flfrk úkh l¾uh" zWmiïmod úkh l¾uhZhs'ZZ Wmiïmkak
NslaIQka jykafia" nqoaO Ydikfhys fY%aIaG;u f,iska ie,flk wêYS,fhys msysáfhls'
m%jqcHdfjka wfmalaIs; mru M,h jk úuqla;shg wêYS,h w;sYhska u bjy,a fjhs'
wêYS,hg le<e,a jk wúkh ixLHd; ÿIam%;sm;a;Skays fh§fuka úuqla;s idOkhg
ndOd fjhs'
NslaIq iudch fm!oa.,sl jYfhka ;u ;ukaf.a úuqla;s ixisoaêh îajd¾:h&

i|yd;a fmdÿ jYfhka nyqck Y=N isoaêh ^mrd¾:h& i|yd;a ieliqKq ixia:djls'
tneúka Wmiïmkak NslaIqjlf.ka isÿjk iq¿ jro jqj o iajd¾:hg ndOlhla jkq
muKla fkdj ixia:dfõ f.!rjhg yd mú;%;djg le<,la ùfuka nyqck Y=N
isoaêh je<elSug fya;=jla o fjhs' fï ksid Wmimka NslaIQka jykafiaf.a wdÔj
mdßY=oaêh w;sYhska jeo.;a fjhs' iajd¾:hg wys;lr jQ;a ixia:dfõ f.!rjhg
iu.shg yd ÑrÔjkhg ndOl jQ;a idjoH l%shdjka ta tlsfkflys we;s nrm;, lï
wkqj wdm;a;sialkaO y;lg j¾. fldg ;sfí' tajd wrlaId lsÍug Wmimka NslaIqj
neòS isáhs' tajd fufia h'
01' mdrdðl wdm;a;s

02' ix>dÈfii wdm;a;s
03' :q,a,Éph wdm;a;s
04' mdÑ;a;sh wdm;a;s
05' mdáfoikSh wdm;a;s
06' ÿlalg wdm;a;s
07' ÿíNdis; wdm;a;s
NslaIQka jykafia flkl=f.ka isÿ úh yels jerÈ ish,a,la u mdfya fuu

ima;dm;a;sialkaOlhka hgf;a ix.%y ù ;sfí' fuhska NslaIqjlf.ka isÿúh yels
b;du;a u nrm;, jerÈ f,i .efkkafka mdrdðldm;a;Ska h' mdrdðld wej;lg
meñKshyqg thska ksoyia ùu i|yd lsisÿ ms<shula fkdue;' fya NslaIQka iu.
51
iyjdihg lsisfia;a fkd iqÿiafils' fiiq ´kEu wej;lska ksoyia ùug yd Bg
ms<shï fh§ug wjir we;;a mßð wej;lska h<s mdßY=oaêh ,eîug lsisÿ bvla
ke;' zz;d, j¾.fha .il tys lráh is£ .sh miq kej; fkdjefvkakd fia h'ZZ
mdrdðldjlg m;aùu;a iu.u ta NslaIqj .syshl=f.a ;;a;ajhg m;afjhs' Tyq flfrys
wêYS, ixLHd; Wmiïm;a;sh fkdmsysghs' NslaIq;ajhg m;aùug fmr hï fia .syshl=
jYfhka isáfha o mdrdðldm;a;shg meñKSfuka miq h<s ta ;;a;ajhg m;a fjhs'
tfy;a idufKar iS,h iudokaj idufKarhl= jYfhka isáh yels h'
NslaIq iudcfhys f.!rjhg yd myiqjg fya;= jkakdjQ;a" tys iduQysl
meje;aug yd tu iudcfhys YsIag;ajhg bjy,a jkakdjQ;a iodpdr O¾u iuQyh
wdNsiudpdßl YslaId kñ' tajd uydj.a. md,s" pq,a,j.a. md,s" mßjdr md,s" hk
.%ka:j, LkaOl j;a:q hk kdufhka úia;r fldg ;sfí' wdÈn%yaupßh .Khg
jefgk m%d;sfudalaI YslaId foish úiafika mdrdðld" ix>dÈfiai iy wksh; hk
YslaId mo ^tl=ka úiai& fuys oS úia;r lrkq ,nhs'
fu:qkOuu mdrdðldm;;sh
zzfhd mk NslLq NslLQkx islLdidÔj iudmfkkd islLx

wmpplLdh ÿnn,Hx wkdùlFjd fu:qkx Ouux m;sfifjhH"
wk;ufid ;srpPdk.;dhZms" mdrdðfld fyd;s wixjdfid;s ZZ
w¾:h(- hï NslaIqjla NslaIQka ms<sn| wêYS, YslaIdjkag meñKsfha" ^YS,h& Wmiïmodj

m%;slafIam fkdfldg ÿ¾j, nj o fkdlshd hg;a msßfihska ;sßika .sh ud.ula
iu. o fujqkaoï fiù kï mßð jQfha fjhs' Wmimka NslaIQka iu. iy jdihg
kqiqÿiafila fjhs'
újrK(-
NslaLq(- iïnqoaO Ydikfhys meúÈj wêYS, ixLHd; Wmiïmodj ,nd.;a NslaIqj"

NslaLq hkqfjka ye¢kafõ' nqÿ iiqfkys Wmiïmodj ,nd.; yels l%u wfgls' .re
Oïu má.a.yK" ÿf;k" wÜG jdÑl hk ;%súO Wmiïmodfjda NslaIqKSka wrNhd
mkjk ,oaodyq h' wfkla Wmiïmod l%u i;r u Ôjudk nqÿrcdKka jykafia
fj;ska ,nd .; hq;= fjhs' tn÷ l%uhlska Wmiïm;a;sfhys msysá NslaIqjlf.ka
mdrdðld wej;la isÿ úh yels fkd fõ' wgjk zz[;a;s p;=;a: l¾uZZ jdlHfhka
NslaIq ix>hd fj;ska u Wmiïmodj ,;a NslaIQka jykafia kula u fï YslaId mof-
hys i|yka zNslaLqZ hkafkka woyia flf¾'
52
zzislLdidÔj iudmfkkdZZ(- islaLd hkq wêiSs, YslaIdjhs¡ idÔj hkq nqÿrÿka úiska
mKjk ,o YslAId mohka h¡ wêYS, YslaIdjka yd m%{ma;s YslaIdjkaf.kq;a yslaóug
ms<smkafka hkq woyi hs¡
zzislLx wmpplLdhZZ(- wêYS, ixLHd; YslaIdj m%;slafIam fkd fldg tkï Wmiïmodj
m%;slafIam fkdlr hk woyihs' l%udkql+, j Wmiïmodj w;ayeÍu fkdl< NslaIqj
tu YslaIdfjys msysá flfkls' tneúka YslaId m%;slafIamh úkhdkql+, j isÿ fkdl<
flfkla .sys we÷ï wekao;a mdrdðld jkafka h'
zzÿnn,Hx wkdùlFjdZZ(- idÔj kï jQ m%{ma;s YslaIdjka msÍySug wmyiq nj m%ldY

fkdfldg" fuhska mejfikqfha YslaId m%;slafIam lrkafkl=g ta i|yd jQ fya;=jhs'
tu fya;=j meyeÈ,s f,i m%ldY l< hq;= h'
zzfu:qkx Ouux m;sfifjhHZZ(- tkï ia;%S mqreI ixjdifhys fh§uhs' Tjqfkdjqkaf.a

,sxf.akaøshka ;, weghla muK fyda tlsfkl m%fõY lsÍu fuys§ ie,fla'
zzwk;ufid ;srpPdk.;dhZmsZZ ;sßika .;sfhys Wmka ia;S% i;a;ajfhl= iu. fyda"

ffu:qk O¾ufhys ne|Sfuka jqj o wY%uKfhl= jkafka h¡ ñksia ud.ul .ek
lshkqu ljf¾ o@
zzmdrdðfld fyd;sZZ(- mdrdðl jQfha fjhs' ysiiqka mqreIfhl= ðj;a ùug jrï
fkd,nkakd fia fï jro l< NslaIqj o Y%uK Ndjhg jrï fkd,nkafka h¡
merÿfkla jkafka h'
zzwixjdfidZZ(- Wmimka NslaIQka iu. tlaj úiSug fyda ix> l¾u lsÍug fkd iqÿiq
jkafka h'
wkqm%{ma;sh
fuys zzwk;ufid ;srpPdk.;dhmsZZ hkak fojk meKùuhs¡ th tla;rd
NslaIqjla ;sßika i;ajhl= iuÕ tjka jrol ne|su ksid mKjk ,§¡ zzislLx
wmpplLdh ÿnn,Hx wkdùlFjdZZ hkak f;jk mekùuhs¡ th jþðmq;a;l NslaIQka
YslaIdj m%;slafIam fkdfldg .sys fõYfhka f.dia jrfoys ne¢ wdmiq meñKsu ksid
mKjk ,È¡ wkdm;;s - fkdokakyqg" fkdbjikakyqg" Wu;= jqjyqg" úlaIsma; is;a
we;a;yqg" fõokdjlska mSsä; jQjyqg o" wdÈlïñlhdg o weje;a fkdfõ¡
fu:qkOuu mdrdðldm;;s ksodk l:dj
wm ;:d.; iïnqÿ mshdfKda tla lf,l úid,d uykqjr uyjkfhys l+gd.dr

Yd,dfjys jev fjfi;s' fuiufhys úid,d uykqjr iómfhys l,kaol kï .u
iqÈkak kue;s l=,mq;%fhla nqÿka jykafia oyï foik l,e isõmsßia ueo ys| oyï
53
wid iiafkys meye§ .sys f.h l<lsÍ uyK jkakg leue;s úh' oyï weiQ msßi
bj;aj .sh úg nqÿka jykafia iómhg .sh iqÈkak l=,mq;a f;fï" ;ud" .sys f.hs
l<lsÍ we;s neúka iiafkys meúÈ lrjk f,i nqÿka jykafia whe§ h' udmshkaf.a
fyda Ndrlrejl=f.a wjirh fkdue;a;jqka meúÈ fkdlrk nj nqÿka jykafia mejiQ
úg fyf;u wjirh .kq msKsi udmshka yuqjg .sfha h'
iqÈkakf.a udmshkg isá tlu mq;d iqÈkak h' Ok OdkHfhka wdVH jQ

l=,fhl tu mdrïmßl Okhg tlu ysñlre jQ iqÈkak meúÈ jkq Tyqf.a udmsfhda
lsisfia;a fkd bji;s' .sysf.hs ÿIalr;ajh yd meúoafoys w.h fldf;la jgyd ÿka
kuq;a ;udf.a meúoaog ud mshkaf.a wjirh ,nd .kakg iqÈkak wfmdfydi;a úh'
fldf;la weúá,s l<;a wjirh fkdfok úg" ;udg meúÈ ùug wjir fkdÿkfyd;a
fkd ld fkdî ñfhk njg iqÈkak l< ;¾ckfhka o udmsfhda fu,a, fkdjQy'
;u u;fhysu ;rfha t,an .;a iqÈkak i;a Èkla wdydrfhka f;drj Wmjdifhka
úiS h' udmshka .sysf.hs iem iïm;a j¾Kkh flfrñka Tyq k.d isgqjd wdydr
.ekaùug fldf;la W;aidy l< o iqÈkak ta lsisjlg wjk; fkdù h' ;u mq;=
wyr ke;sj ñfhkqjg jvd meúÈj Ôj;a jkq ±lau fhfylehs is;+ ud msfhda meúÈ
jkakg wjir ÿkay'
udmshkaf.a leue;a; ,;a weis,af,a u i;=gq is;ska mskd.sh fya Wmjdifhka

keÕS isg wdydr mdkdÈh f.k lsysm Èklska msfhú iqjh ,nd nqÿka jykafia fj;
meñK ud msh wjirh okajd iiafkys meúÈ Wmimka njg m;a úh' meúÈj l,la
.; jQ miq udmshka meñK h<s .sys njg m;aje mdrïmßl Okh ysñ fldg f.k
lïiem ú¢k f,i b,a,d isá kuq;a iqÈkak f;reka jykafia ta ms<s fkd.;ay'
l,la bl=;a úh' iqÈkak f;ryq úYd,d uykqjr uy fjfkys fjfi;s' Èkla
Wkajykafiaf.a uj iqÈkakhkaf.a .sys l,e ìßh;a iu. uy jkhg f.dia iqÈkak
f;reka yuq jQjd" ;u l=,h fkdkid .sysje lï iem;a ú¢ñka l=, ika;l Okh
mjrdf.k odkd§ mska oyïys yeisfrkakehs b,a,d isáhd h' tfy;a Bg iqÈkak
f;rekaf.a wlue;a; m<úKs' .sysje l=,h fkd /lsh yels kï l=,h meje;au i|yd
ìßh fj; ore îchla ,nd fok f,i wheÈhd h' ful,e nqÿ iiafkys ffu:qk
O¾u YslaIdmoh mKjd fkd;sìK' tfyhska tys wd§kj fkdo;a iqÈkak f;ryq
ujf.a b,a,Su ms<sf.k ish merKs ìßhf.a w;ska f.k uy jkhg jeo weh iu.
f;jrla fujqka ofuys fhÿky' mqrdK¥;Shsldj o bka .eí .;a;S h'
fï jkdys ix> iudcfhys ksr¾nqojQ;a ksrd§kjjQ;a hq.fhls' iqms<smka"

uyiÕrejk iqmsßisÿ isõmsßisÿ is,ays ue kshq;= he' tn÷ hq.fhl tn÷ msßfil
iqÈkak f;rekaf.a l%shdfjka w¾nqofhla my< úh' wd§kjfhla yg .eksKs' ix>
iudcfhys is,aj;a nj u m;k foúhka w;frys fï isÿùu idlÉPdjg Ndck
úh' ksr¾nqo ix> iudcfhys iqÈkak l,kaol mq;%hd úiska w¾nqofhla lrk ,±hs
foúhka w;r yg .;a fuu rdjh pd;=¾uydrdðl foúhka mgka l%ufhka nUf,dj
olajd u me;sßKs'
54
fï w;r iqÈkak f;rekaf.a is;ays ÿ l=l=fila my< úKs' uúiska fkdiqÿiaila
lrk ,È' ug jQfha uy;a w,dNfhlehs yg.;a úms<sifrka fya Èfkka Èk ÿ¾j¾K
ù" m~qjka isrere we;af;a ù" ks;r l,amkd lrk iq¨ jQfha Ñka;dmrjY ùh' fï
nj o;a ;:d.;hka jykafia iqÈkak f;rekaf.ka lreKq úuid fkdfhla whqßka
Wkajykafiag kskaod mßNj fldg ffu:qkOïumrdðldm;a;sh mKjd jod< fial'
wÈkkdodk mdrdðldm;;sh
zzfhd mk NslLq .dud jd wr[[d jd wÈkkx f:hHixLd;x

wdÈfhhH" h:drEfm wÈkkdodfk rdcdfkd fpdrx .fyFjd
yfkhHqx jd nfJOhHqx jd" mnndfchHqx jd fpdfrdZis ndf,dZis
uQf<ydZis f:fkdisZ ;s" ;:drEmx NslLq wÈkkx wdÈhudfkd
whums mdrdðfld fyd;s wixjdfid ZZ
w¾:h(- hïlsis NslaIqjla .ñka fyda wdrKHfhka fyda fkdÿka fohla fidr is;ska
.kS o" hïn÷ fidrlul § rcjre fidrl= w,a,d f.k ^f;da& fidfrls" nd,fhls"
fudavfhls" wkai;= oE meyer .;af;lshs fm<;a o" isrlr;a o" msgqjy,a lr;a o" tn÷
fidrlul fhfok fï NslaIqj o mßð jQfha fjhs¡ m%lD;s NslaIQka yd iyjdihg
fkdiqÿiafia fjhs¡
újrK(-
.dud(- .%duhla f,i ie<flkafka ukqIH jdih we;s t<suyka N+ñ m%foaYhls'
Yla;su;a mqreIhl= ksji iSudfjys isg úisl< .,la jefgk ;ekska fumsg .%duh
jYfhka ie<flk nj ud;slÜG l:dfjys ±lafõ'
wr[a[d(- .u;a .ï iSudj fyj;a .%du Wmpdrh;a yer bka tmsg wdrKHh fia
ie<fla'
wÈkakx(- whs;slre úiska lfhka fyda jpkfhka fkdÿka jia;=j fyda ;udg wh;a
ke;s wka wfhl=g wh;a jQ foh'
f:hH ixLd;x(- fidrekaf.a iajNdjh f:hH kï fõ' fuh fidr is;g u kuls¡
zzf:hH Ñ;; ixLdf;d tfld Ñ;; fldgGdfid;s wfF:dZZ fidris; kï jQ tla
is;a j¾.hla h hk w¾: fohs¡ fuh lrKd¾: ÿ;shdjls¡ tneúka f:hH ixLdf;ak
^fidr is;ska& lshd w¾: .; hq;= h'
55
wdÈfhhH(- .kS" yer .kS" meyer .kS" ta i|yd bßhõ udre lrhs¡ ;=nq ;ekska bj;a
lrhs¡ ;=nq i,l=K blaujhs¡
h:drEfm wÈkakdodfk
mdohla ûiqrka myla& fyda t;rï jákd fohla fyda Bg jeä fohla ^tata
ld,fhys rdc kS;sfhka kshu lrk ,o wju uqo,a m%udKh óg wod< fõ¡&
zzrdcdfkd fpdrx .fyFjd yfkhHqx jd nfJOhHqx jd mnndfchHqx jd

fpdfrdZis ndf,dZis uQf<ydis f:fkdisZ ;sZZ
fuu fldgiska úia;r lrkafka fidrlu m%udK lsÍuhs' rdckshuh wkqj

o`vqjï meñKùu yd fidfrla hehs ksYaÑ; lsÍu isÿ lrhs' fidrlug .efkk uqo,a
m%udKh;a fyda t;rï jákd jia;=jla fidrlï lrkakdg by; lS o`vqjï kshu
flf¾' tn÷ jerÈ isÿ lrk NslaIqj mdrdðl weje;lg m;afõ'
wkqm%{ma;sh
fuys zz.dud jd wr[[d jdZZ hk fldgi fojk meKùuhs¡ cín.a.sh
NslaIQka jkfhys§;a frÈf;dfgys§;a fidrlï lsßula ksid th mKjk ,È¡
wkdm;a;sh
hula ;udf.a h hk ye.sï w;a;yqg" úYajdih ksid .kakyqg" ;djld,sl j
.kakyqg" fm%a;hka" ;sßikqka i;= oefhys o mdxiql+, ix{dfjka .kakyqg o" Wïu;a;l"
úËsma;Ñ;a;" fjokÜGhkag o wdÈlïñlhdg o weje;a fkdfõ¡
wÈkkdodk mdrdðldm;;s ksodk l:dj
tla lf,lays ;:d.;hka jykafia rc.y kqjr f.dÿre .ï fldg .scql=¿

mõfjys jev jik fial' fu iufhys fndfyda NslaIQka jykafia,d .scql=¿ mõfjys
;DK l=á idod f.k jia t<Uqkdy' fï w;r wdhqIau;a Oksh ia:úrhka jykafia o
jQy' jiaidk ld,h wjika jQ úg ta NslaIQka jykafia,d uyd mjrdKfhka jia
mjdrKh fldg okõ ießirkq jia kslauqKdyq h' tfy;a l=ïNldr mq;% wdhqIau;a
Oksh ia:úrhka jykafia fyauka; .sïydk ld,hkays o tys u úiQy' Èkla uqka
jykafia ms~q msKsi .ïudkhla n,d .sh l,ays ;K yd or f.k hk ia;%Syq .scql=¿
mõjg jeo Wkajykafiaf.a l=áh ±l th lvd ì| f.k ;K yd or i|yd f.k
.shy' wdmiq meñKs Oksh ia:úrhka jykafia kej;;a ;ud i|yd ;DK l=áhla ;kd
.;ay' tfy;a h<s;a Wkajykafia ms~q isÕd jeä l,ays ia;%Syq meñK th o lvdf.k
.shy' fufia f;jrla u fuh isÿ úh'
56
isõjeks jr Oksh ia:úrhka jykafia ;DK l=áhla fkdl<y' zzfldf;la
;DK l=á l<;a ;DK ldIagydßldjka th lvd ìf|f.k hk fyhska l=ïNldr
f.da;%fhys Wmka uu Tjqkg lvd ì| .; fkdyels uDkauh ûeáj,ska ;ekQ& l=áhla
lrkafkueZZhs is;d i¾juDkauh îsh,a, ueáfhkau ;ekQ& l=áhla fldg tys ;DK
ldIagdÈh oud ±jQy' fuu ls<sh w;sYhska ±l=ïl¿ úh' m%idockl úh' Èkla NslaIQka
msßjrd .scql=¿ mõ jevu l< nqÿka jykafia fï is;al¿ l=áh ±l zzuyfKks" fï
±l=ïl¿ l=áh lsfula±ZZhs wid" Oksh ia:úrhkaf.a hhs ±k Y%uK idremH fkd jQ
fun÷ l=áhla NslaIQka i|yd flfia jgfka±hs .¾yd fldg wdh;s ixjrh i|yd
lreKq jodrd l=áh ì| ±óug jod< fial' NslaIQka jykafia l=áh lvd oukq ±l
Oksh ia:úrhka jykafia zzweje;aks" l=ula ksid uf.a l=áh ì¢kakdyq±ZZhs weiqy'
;:d.; kshufhka ì¢kafkuqhs lS úg tfia kï ì¢õhehs mejeiQy'
fufia isõjeks jrg;a ;u l=áh ì| ±uqKq l,ays Oksh ia:úrhka jykafia

;uka i|yd odreuh ^±juqjd& l=áhla ;ekSug woyia fldg fufia is;+y' zzrdclSh
±j .nvdfõ ud yd l:dnia fldg we;s m<mqreÿ ;eke;af;la isà' rchg wh;a
,S Tyqf.ka f.k wjq;a l=áh ;kkafkñZZ fufia is;+ Oksh ia:úrhka jykafia
odre NdKavd.dßlhd lrd t<U l=áhla lr.ekSug ,S b,aÆy' zziajdóks tn÷ ,S
NdKavd.drfhys fkdue;' tfy;a k.r m%;sixialrKh i|yd ;ekam;a fldg ;enQ
rchg wh;a ,S fuys we;' rc;=udf.ka wjir ,nd f.k ,S f.k f.dia l=áh ;kd
.kq uekjeZzhs NdKav.dßlhd mejeiS h'
zzmskaj;" rcqf.a wjirh ,eî we;eZZhs Oksh ia:úrhka jykafia lS l,aays

zztfia kï f.k hkq uekejeZZhs NdKavd.dßl f;fï lSfha h' Oksh ia:úrhka
jykafia ,S lv fldg lmd r:j,ska f.k f.dia l=áhla ;kd .;ay'
Èkla u.O uydud;H jiaildr n%dyauK f;fï odreNdKavd.drhg f.dia

±j b,aÆy' túg odre NdKavd.dßl f;fï" rc;=ukaf.a wjirfhka Oksh ia:úrhka
jykafia úiska ±j f.k hk ,±hs mejiS h' fu weiQ jiaildr nuqKq f;u fkd
i;=gqj rcqg ±kaù h' rc f;fï odre wdrlaIlhd úksYaph Yd,djg f.k taug wK
lf<a h' rdc mqreIfhda Tyq w,ajd ne|f.k .shy' fuh ie< jQ Oksh ia:úrhka
jykafia o rc f.g jevu l< y' ìïìidr rc f;fï" Oksh ia:úrhka jykafia
je| tl;a mfil isg zziajdóks" k.r m%;sixialrKh i|yd jQ ±j uúiska Tn
jykafiag fok ,o±hs Wkajykafiaf.ka úuiS h' zztfia h uyrceZZhs f;rKqfjda
lSy'
zziajdóks" wms fndfyda rdc ld¾h we;af;da fjuq' lsisjla m%odkh l< o th
wkqiaurKh l< fkdyelafluq' tneúka kej;;a isysm;a lrkq uekjeZZhs ìïìidr
rc f;fï lSh'
zzuyrc" f;dm wNsfIal ,;a m<uq ji ;=< § u zzuúiska uyK nuqKkag

;DKldIafgdol fok ,oafoa h' leue;s mßÈ mßfNd. flfr;ajdZZhs mjrK ,oafoa hZZ
hkq f;rekaf.a ms<s;=r úh'
57
zziajdóks" th isys lrñ' is,aj;a uyK nuqKkag iq¿ fofhys mjd l=l=ia
nyq, fyhska Wka jykafia,d i|yd u uúiska ta jrh fok ,È' tfy;a ta jkfhys
wmß.DyS; ±h ms<sn| j hZZ rc f;fï mjid udf.a rdcHfhys jik Y%uKfhl=g fyda
n%dyauKfhl=g flfia o~qjï foï o" iajdóks" jäkq uekj' fuhska miq funkaola
fkdlrkq uekjehs wjjdo fldg Oksh ia:úrhka jykafia heù h'
fï ldrKh ±k .;a uyd ckhd NslaIQkag kskaod lrkak g jQy' fï uyK
nuqfKda w,ÊÔyq h' ÿYaYS,hy' fndre lsh;s' wms is,aj;=ïyhs m%;s{d fldg jerÈ
lr;s' fudjqkg Y%uK O¾uhla ke;ehs hkqfjka uyd ckhd l< fï fodaIdfrdam-
Khka weiQ ,Êð NslaIQyq Nd.Hj;=ka jykafia fj; t<U fulreK Wkajykafiag
ie< l<y'
nqÿrcdKka jykafia NslaIQka /ia fldg Oksh ia:úrhka jykafia le|jd
rcq úiska fkdfok ,o ±j .;af;a ienE±hs úpdrd tfia hhs lS l,ays fkdfhla
whqßka .¾yd fldg wkqka wh;a ±h fidr lï lsÍfuys ,d hglS wÈkakdodkd
mdrdðldm;a;sh mKjd jod< fial'
ukqiiú..y mdrdðldm;;sh
zzfhd mk NslLq i[Ñpp ukqiiú..yx Ôú;d fjdfrdfmhH"

iF:ydrlx jdii mßfhfihH" urK jKKx jd ixjfKKhH"
urKdh jd iudofmhH" wfuNd mqßi" lsx ;=hysñkd mdmflk
ÿcðúf;k" u;fk; ðú;d fifhHdZZ;s" b;s Ñ;;ufkd Ñ;;
ixlfmmd wfklmßhdfhk urKjKKx jd ixjfKKhH" urKdh
jd iudofmhH" whums mdrdðfld fyd;s wixjdfid ZZ
w¾:h(- lsishï NslaIqjla ^fudyq urñhs& ±k ±k ukqIH YÍrh Ôú;fhka f;dr lrhs
kï" urKh i|yd wdhqO fyda ms<sfh, fldg ;nhs kï" urKfhys w.h m%ldY lrhs
kï" W;aiql lrjhs kï" zztïnd ñksi" Tng fï ÿlanr Ôú;fhka ljr jefvla o@
Tnf.a Ôj;a ùug jvd urKh W;=ï hZzhs urKq leue;s is;a we;sj" l,amkd we;sj"
fkdfhla whqßka urKfhys .=K jKkafka o" urKfhys fyda W;aiql lrjkafka o
ta NslaIq f;fï mßð jQfha fjhs' ^m%lD;s NslaIQka iu.& iyjdihg fkd iqÿiqiafila
o fjhs'
újrK(-
ixÑpp(- m%dKsfhl nj ±k Èú f;dr lrk nj ±kSu yd yeÕSu we;sj l%shd lsÍu'
ukqii ú..yx(- uõl=fia my< jk m<uq jk m%;sikaê isf;ys mgka urKfha§ my<
jk pq;s is; olajd mj;sk ukqIH m%dKh'
58
Ôú;d fjdfrdfmhH(- l<, wjia:dfjys ueãfuka fyda fnfy;a fh§fuka o
bkamiqj ta ta ld,hg iqÿiq Wml%u fh§fuka o lrk .eí fy<Su'
iF:ydrlx jdii mßfhfihH(- Ôú;h úkdY lsÍug iqÿiq wúwdhqO wdÈh urK
fÉ;kdfjka hq;=j imhd ;eîu'
urKjKKx jd ixjfKKhH(- ñh hdfuys w.h mejiSu zzfuu ÿIalr Ôú;fhka

ljr m%fhdackhla o@ urKska miq hym;a Ôú;hla ,nd.; yels hZZ wd§ jYfhka
urKfhys w.h mjid lsisfjl= urKhg Wkkaÿ lrùu'
urKdh jd iudofmhH(- urKh i|yd Wmdh lshd§u' tkï wúhlska" ji úi wkqN-

jhlska wd§ jYfhka urKh <Õd lr .; yels l%u lshd§uhs'
Ñ;;ufkd Ñ;;ixlfmmd(- ñksfil= urKhg m;alrñhs fyda urjñ hk woyi

fÉ;kdj we;s j NslaIqjla úiska isÿ lrk ,nk ukqIH Ôú; úkdYhlska fuu
mdrdðl wej; isÿ fõ' ta i|yd"
01' ukqIH m%dKsfhl= ùu'

02' ukqIH m%dKsfhl= nj ±kSu'
03' urKSh fÉ;kdj'
04' urKSh Wml%uh'
05' tu l%ufhka urKh isÿ lsÍu'
hk wx. my iïmQ¾K ùfuka
Wmiïmod NslaIqjla ukqiai ú.a.y mdrdðldjg m;afõ'
ukqiiú..y mdrdðldm;;s ksodk l:dj
Nd.Hj;a nqÿrcdKka jykafia tla lf,l úYd,d uykqjr weiqre fldg

uydjkfhys l+gd.dr Yd,dfjys jev jik fial' lugyka .ekaug fyda O¾u
Y%jKhg fyda meñfKk NslaIQka jykafia,dg fï Èkj, nqÿka jykafiaf.ka wid
.kakg ,enqfKa" YÍrfhys ms<sl=,a nj mejfik O¾uhka yd wiqN Ndjkdfjys
w.h;a h'
wv uila muK ldhÑ;a; úfõlh leu;s jQ nqÿrcdKka jykafia ta nj

NslaIQkag mjid msKavmd;h f.fkk NslaIqj yer wfkla NslaIQkaf.a meñKSu
kj;d úfõl iqjfhka l,a .; l< fial' NslaIQka jykafia o wiqN Ndjkdfjys
fhfoñka YÍrfhys ms,sl=,a nj i,lñka úiQy' YÍrfhys we;s ms<sl=,a nj i,l;au
Wkajykafia,dg YÍrfhys ksire nj;a th ord isàfuys ksIam%fhdack nj;a jegyS
fndfyda fofkla ;ukau Èú kid .;ay' we;eïyq wkqka ,jd ish Èú f;dr lrjd
.;ay' ;j;a iuyfrla ñ.,KaÀl keue;s fmr uqj jeoafol= j isg meúÈ jQ flfkl=
59
,jd Èú f;dr lr .;ay' wv ui f.ù h;a u fndfyda NslaIQka jykafia urKhg
m;aj isáhy' yqol<d jdifhka ke.S isá nqÿrcdKka jykafia NslaIQka wvqù we;s
nj ±l wk| ysñhkaf.ka lreKq úuid fya;=j ±k b;sß ish¨ NslaIQka Wmia:dk
Yd,dfjys /ia lrjd ishmK kid .ekafuys;a wkqka Èú f;dr lsÍfuys;a wd§kj
olajd .¾yd fldg by; i|yka YslaId moh mKjd jod< fial'
W;;ßukqiiOuu mdrdðldm;;sh
zzfhd mk NslLq wkNscdkx W;;ßukqiiOuux w;;+mkdhslx

w,ußh[dKoiikx iuqodpfrhH zzb;s cdkdñ" b;s
miidñZZ;s' ;f;d wmfrk iufhk iukq..dyshudfkd jd
wiukq..dyshudfkd jd wdmfkkd úiqoOdfmflLd tjx jfohH(
zzwcdkfujyx wdjqfid wjpx cdkdñ" wmiix miidñ" ;=pPx uqid
ú,msZZk;s' w[[;% wêudkd whums mdrdðfld fyd;sZ wixjdfid ZZ
w¾:h(- hï lsis NslaIqjla ^;ud fj; ke;s kQmka neúka& we;ehs fkdokakd jQ wd¾h
ud¾.{dk o¾Ykh we;s lrjk iq¨ ÔHdkd§& W;=re ñksia oï ;ud flfrys ^we;ehs&
wÕjd th fï ldrKfhka oksñ" fï ldrKfhka oksñ hs wê udkfhka f;drj
m%ldY flfrhs o" thska u mdrdðldm;a;shg meñKs ta NslaIqj miq lf,l msßisÿ nj
leue;sj ^lsisjl= úiska& wid fyda fkd widu fyda zzweje;aks" uu ^W;=re ñksia oï&
we;ehs fkd ±ku oksñ hs lshd fkd ±lu olsñZhs lshd ysia ^ksire& jQ fndre lSñ hs
m%ldY flf¾ o ta NslaIqj mßð jQfha fjhs' ^NslaIQka iu.& iy jdihg fkdiqÿiafila
fjhs'
újrKh(-
wkNscdkx(- ;ud fj; ke;s" we;s njla ±k .kakg ke;s" olakg ke;s
W;;ßukqiiOuux(- idudkH ñksiqka i;= .=KO¾u ukqIH O¾u kï fõ' tu ukqIH
O¾u blaujQ OHdk" iudm;a;s" ud¾.M," wvq;rñka Oq;dx. rlsk nj jeks foa'
w;;+mkdhslx(- W;a;ß ukqIH O¾u ;ud flfrys we;ehs weÕùu fyda ;ud W;a;ß
ukqIH O¾u fj; meñKs nj fyda m%ldY lsÍu'
w,ußh[dKoiikx(- flf<ia ke;s lsÍug iqÿiq" wd¾h mqoa.,hkaf.a [dK o¾Ykh

fyj;a f,daflda;a;r [dKh we;s nj ±laùu'
úiqoOdfmflLd(- ;ud jerÈlre nj ±k msßisÿ njg m;ajkq leu;s j l%shd lsÍuhs'

mdrdðldjg m;a NslaIqjg ,eìh yels msßisÿ nj kï idufKar ùu fyda .sys njg
m;aùu h'
60
w[[;% wêudkd(- wêudkh kï ;uka Ndjkd lroaÈ wuq;= wuq;= wdf,dal ±lSu"
wd§ lreKlska ;ud OHdkd§ ;;ajhlg m;ajQfõ hehs /jà isàuhs' ienúka u tfia
/jgqKq flfkl=g mdrdðld fkdfõ'
W;;ßukqiiOuu mdrdðldm;;s ksodk l:dj
Nd.Hj;a nqÿrcdKka jykafia úYd,d uykqjr iómfhys jQ uyfjfkys

l+gd.drd Yd,dfjys jev jik iufhl fndfyda NslaIQka jykafia j.a.=uqod kï jQ
k§ ;Srfhys jia t<eôhdyq h' fï ld,fhys jeoErg ÿ¾NslaIfhla my< úh' NslaIQka
jykafiag wdydr fidhd .ekau w;sYhska u ÿIalr úh' msKavmd;fhys yeisÍfuka
m%fhdackhla fkdù h'
fï ÿIalr;dj .ek NslaIQka jykafia w;r idlÉPd we;súh' zzflfia kï

wms wdydrmdk ,nuq o@ ljr Wmdhlska wdydrfhka la,dka; fkdù iu.sj jia
jikafkuq±ZZhs Tjqfkdjqka úuiQy' we;eï NslaIqyq zz.syshkaf.a l¾udka; ^ms<sn| j
zzfï l¾udka; lrjQ fï wdldrfhka lrjQ wdÈ jYfhka& Wmfoia §fuka .sysfhda
wmg msKavodkfhka ix.%y flfr;sZZhs lSy' tfy;a ta fkdms<s.;a we;eï NslaIqyq
zzwms .syshkaf.a ¥;lï lruqhs lSy' ta fol u m%;slafIam l< we;efula wms .sySkaf.a
iómfha§ wij,a NslaIQyq OHdk,dNSyq h' wij,a NslaIQyq ud¾.M, ,dNSyqhhs' wm ;=<
fkdue;s W;a;Í ukqIH O¾u m%ldY lsÍfuka .syshkaf.a m%idoh ,nd msKavmd;h
,eìh yels fjuq' tneúka tfia lruqZZ hehs lSy' fuh wyr ,nd.ekafuys myiq
Wmdhlehs woyia l< ish¨ NslaIQyq ñksiqka fj; f.dia ;uka ;=< fkdue;s W;=re
ñksia .=K oï ;uka ;=< we;ehs mjikakg jQy' .sysfhda funia wid fndfyda
meyeÿkdyq zzwmg jQfha b;d ,dNfhls' fujeks is,aj;a .=Kj;a NslaIQyq fmr jia
fkd t<UqKdyqhZZhs is;d wdydrmdkfhka ta NslaIQkag ix.%y l<y' tneúka Tjqkg
wdydrfhys ÿIalr;djfhla fkd ù h'
jia mjdrKfhka miq ta NslaIQka jykafia,d nqÿrcdKka jykafia ±laug

.shy' fjk;a ÈYdj,ska meñKs NslaIQyq o tys isáhy' Tyq ÿ¾NslaIfhka mSvdjg
meñKshdyq fndfyda ÿ¾j¾Kj la,dka; jQjdyq h' tfy;a j.a.=uqod k§;Srfhka meñKs
NslaIQka jykafia ;=< tn÷ fjkila fkdù h' ukd wdydr mdk ,eîfuka Tyq ukd
Púj¾K we;a;dyq mskd .sh b÷rka yd is;a i;ka we;a;dyq jQy'
nqÿrcdKka jykafia j.a.=uqod ;Srfhka meñKs NslaIQka wu;d zzflfia o@

uyfKks" iu.sj iemfia jia úiQjyq o@ ÿ¾NslaIfhka mSvdjg fkdmeñKshdyq ± hs
weiQy' ta NslaIQka jykafia ;uka wdydr ,nd.;a whqre ;;a jQ mßoafoka mejiQy'
zzflfia o@ f;dm i;Hhla u lshd wdydr ,nd .;a;yq o" wi;Hhla lshd .syshka
uq<d fldg wdydr ,nd .;a;yq±ZZhs nqÿka jykafia úiska úuik ,oaodyq zziajdóks
wi;Hhla u lSfjuqZZhs lSy'
61
tl,ays Nd.Hj;=ka jykafia zzf;ms flfia kï fun÷ Y%uK idremH fkdjQjla
l<yq o@ Wor mQrKh i|yd flfia kï Tjqfkdjqka ;=< fkdue;s W;=re ñksia .=K
oï .syshkag lSfjyqo@ fufia ;ud ;=< ke;s W;=re ñksia oï m%ldY lrkjdg jvd
f.ß lmk le;af;ka l=i lmd .;af;a kï uekú' ukao fï fya;=fjka Tn urKska
u;= ÿ.;shg" ysia mqreIfhla njg" ksrhg meñfKkakdyqh' fuh fkdmeyeÿK
jqkaf.a meye§u i|yd fkdjkafka h' hkd§ka .¾yd fldg fï YslaId moh mkjd
jod< fial'ZZ
m%d;sfudalaI YslaIdjka w;r uq,ska u oelafjkafka i;r mdrdðld O¾uhka h'
fïjd NslaIq;ajfhka mrdchg m;a jk lreKq i;rls' ffu:qk O¾ufhys fh§u"
wo;a;dodkh" ñksia Âú;hla ke;s lsÍu iy ke;ss wd¾h .=K we;s nj jxl is;ska
m< lsÍu hk lreKq i;ßka tlla fyda l<fyd;a NslaIq;ajfhka msßyS hhs' kej;
ixjrhg wjldYhla ke;' tfia u kej; Wmimka njg meñKsh fkdyels h'
idufKar fyda .sys nj leu;s úh hq;= h' ;jo mßð wej;lg m;aj th i`.jdf.k
ix>hd ksfhdackh lsÍu nrm;, mdmhls' ta mdrdðld fþoH.dñKS wej;la
jk fyhsks' YslaIdjka jeãfuys hï ÿn, njlafõ kï hï NslaIqjlg Wmimka nj
m%;slafIam l< yels h' th zYslaId m%;HlaLHdkhZ kñka y`ÿkajhs' tjka NslaIqjlg
wjYH kï miqj Wmimka nj ,eìh yels h' mdrdðld O¾u" mdßY=oaê l%uhla
ke;s neúka o" NslaIq;ajfhys wkkH;djg ydkslr neúka o nrm;, .reldm;a;s
jYfhka .efka' tuksid tajdfhka ñoS NslaIq;ajh;a iïnqÿ iiqk;a /l .eKSu nqoaO
mq;%hka jykafia,d yeáhg wmf.a mru hq;=lu jkafka h' th iïnqÿ iiqfkys Ñr
meje;aug" NslaIq;ajfhys iqrlaIs; Ndjhg" Y%djl m%idohg fukau úuqla;s idOkhg;a
ufydamldÍ jkafka u h'
wNHdi
01' i;r mdrdðld ms<sfj<ska kï lrkak'
02' mdrdðld hkafkys ir,d¾:h fmkajd fokak'
03' zzi;r mdrdðld YsCId wdrlaI lsÍfuka Wmiïmod NslaIqjf.a fof,dj wNsjDoaêh
ie,fiaZZ fï ms<sn| ksnkaOhla ,shkak'
04' my; iòyka jpkj, wre;a meyeÈ,s lrkak'
1' NslLq
2' m%d;sfudCI ixjr iS,h
3' mdrdðfld fyd;s wixjdfid
4' wÈkkx
5' urKx jd iudofmhH
6' ÿnn,Hx wkdúlFjd
7' f:hH ixLd;x
8' ;srpPdk .;dhms
9' wkdm;;s
10' w;;+mkdhslx
62
úkh - idiksl mqkre;a:dmkh
ix>dÈfiai hkq .reldm;a;s jYfhka .efKk YslaId m%{ma;s f;f<ilg

fh§ we;s ix{d kduhhs' zixf>d wdÈuys fpj fifi p bpý;fnnd wiid;s
ix>dÈfifidZ tkï"msßfjia iudoka ùï ixLHd; wdÈfhys fuka u udk;a wíNdk
ixLHd; fiiq ms<sfj;ays o i`.fjfiia wej;lg meñKshyq úiska ix>hdf.a
iyNd.S;ajh leu;s úh hq;= fyhska ix>dÈfiai fõ hehs iuka;mdidÈldj mjihs'
mdßY=oaêh ,nd.; yels weje;a w;=ßka b;du;a nrm;, wej;a ix>dÈfiaidm;a;Syq h'
fï ksid o fïjdg .rel hk ku fhfoa' wej;ska ke.S isàï jYfhka o b;du nr;,
fyhska o .rel hk ku fhfoa' foaYkd mdßY=oaê jYfhka msßisÿ úh fkdyels h'
j;a iudodkh"udk; msÍu yd wíNdk l¾uh hk úkh ms<sfj;a ud,dj wkq.ukh
lsÍu u.ska muKla u mdßY=oaê Ndjhg m;a úh yels h'
iqllúiigÀ ix>dÈfiidm;;sh
zzif[p;ksld iqllúigÀ w[[;% iqmskk;d ix>dÈfifid ;sZZ
w¾:h(- isyskhl § yer ±k ±k lrk Y=l% fudapkh ix>dÈfiaidm;a;shla fjhs'
újrKh(-
ixfp;ksld(- fudapk wdYajdoh we;sj lrkq ,nk Y=l%fudapkh fuhska woyia

flf¾'
iqllúigÀ(- úfYaIfhka Wml%u u.ska lrk Y+l% fudapkhhs' fÉ;kd iy.; j

Od;=fudapkh fyj;a Od;= uqoùu fuhska ie,fla' YÍrfhys ldh m%idoh we;s iEu
;ekl u Y=l% Od;=j we;ehs ie,fla'
w[[;% iqmskk;d (- isyskhl§ isÿjk Y=l% fudapkfha§ ix>dÈfiaih fkdfõ' ta

fÉ;kdjla fkdue;s fyhsks'
63
iqllúiigÀ ix>dÈfiidm;;s ksodk l;dj
nqÿrcdKka jykafia ieje;akqjr foõrï uyd úydrfhys jev ji;s' tl,

wdhqIau;a fihHil f;reka iiqfkys fkdwe,S jdih lrhs' ÿ¾j¾Kj lDYù .sh
fihHil ysñhka j Èkla Wodhs ysñhkag uqK.eiqKs' fufia ÿ¾j,ùug fya;=j
l=ula±hs Wodhs f;reka úuiS h' fihHil ysñfhda zziiqfkys we,aula ke;sZZ ±kajQ
úg Wodhs ysñhka Wkajykafia wu;d zz weje;aks fkd;efjkak" ñysß wdydrmdk
.kak" iqjfia wdydrmdk f.k i;=áka jdih lrk úg Tng ldurd. wd§ fya;=jla
ksid l,lsÍfï we;s jqjfyd;a yia;d§ Wml%uhlska Y=l% fudapkh lrkakehs Wmfoia
ÿkay' túg fihHil f;reka zzth wmg lem±Zhs úuiQ úg tfia h" th wlem
fkdfõ' wms o tfia lruqZhs mejiS h'
fu;eka mgka fihHil f;reka leu;s mßÈ wdydrmdkf.k iqjfia

ie;fmñka m%S;sfhka mskd.sh b÷rka we;sj ukyr isrer we;sj is;a fia jev jihs'
hï wjia:djl ldu wdYdjla we;sjQ úg Wml%ufhka Od;= fudapkh lrhs' fiiq
wdrdñl NslaIQka jykafia,d fihHil ysñhka l,ska jeyereKq YÍr we;sj isg ±ka
mskd.sh b÷rka we;sj isákq ±l lreKq úuid tu m%jD;a;sh ±k.;ay' fihHil
f;rekag kskaod l, wdrdñl NslaIQka jykafia,d ta nj f,dõ;=rd nqÿrcdKka
jykafiag ie,l<y' nqÿrcdKka jykafia fihHil ysñhka f.kajd ks.%y fldg
jro fmkajd § by; ix>dÈfiaidm;a;sh mKjd jod< fial'
ldhixi.. ix>dÈfiidm;;sh
zzfhd mk NslLq T;sfKKd úmßKf;k Ñf;;kZZ

ud;=.dfuk ioêx ldh ixi..x iumfcchH
yF:.dyx jd fjKs.dydx jd w[[;rii jd
w[[;rii jd wx.ii mrduikx ix>dÈfifid˜
w¾:h(- lsishï NslaIqjla rd.hg nei ^rd.fhka& fmr¿Kq is;ska ud.ula iu`. w;
.ekSu fyda fliajeáh .ekSu fyda wfkla wfkla wjhjhla fyda iam¾Y lsÍu hk
wdldrhlska lhska iam¾Y lsÍulg m;a fõ kï ix>dÈfiaidm;a;sh fjhs'
újrKh(-
T;sfKKd úmßKf;k Ñf;;k(- ldh ixi¾. rd.hg nei tu rd.fhka uvkd

,o" rd.fhka fmr¿k" Wu;= jQ is;a we;s j lghq;= lsÍuhs' is; rd.fhka r;ajQ úg"
oafõYfhka ¥Is; jQ úg" fudayfhka uq<d jQ úg úmßK; fyj;a fjkia jQ is;la fõ'
fuys§ ta w;ßka rd.fhka r;ajQ is; .efka'
64
ud;=.dfuk(- ud;=.du ia;%S jdpl mohls' fuhska toji Wmka ia;%shla jqj o rd.d§
is;ska iam¾Y lsÍu ix>dÈfiaidm;a;shg fya;=jk nj ±lafõ' wkH ia;%S fkdie,flk
w;r ukqIH ia;%shla muKla ud;=.du mofhka .efka'
ldhixi..x(- lfhka lh iam¾Y lsÍuhs' w;ska w; .ekSu" flaYh we,a,Su wfkla

wfkla wjhj w;.Eu ldh ixi¾.h f,i úfYaI fldg olajd we;' rd.fhka toji
Wmka ia;%shf.a jqj o flia w.lska fyda mrdu¾Ykh lrhs kï ix>dÈfiai fõ'
lh yd ne÷k fohlska iam¾Y lrhs kï :q,is fõ' ukqIH ia;%shla flfrys ukqIH
ia;%shla fkdfõ hk yeÕùfuka úu;sfhka iam¾Y lrhs kï :q,is weje;a fõ'
lfhka lh yd ne÷kla iam¾Y lrhs kï ÿl=<d weje;afõ'
ldhixi.. ix>dÈfiidm;;s ksodk l;dj
nqÿrcdKka jykafia ieje;akqjr foõrï uyd úydrfhys jev jik fial'

wdhqIau;a Wodhs ysñfhda tl, o¾YkSh wdrKH fiakdikhl jevji;s' is;a .kakd
iq¨ úydrdx.hkaf.ka hq;= w,xldr tu ia:dk keröug fndfyda ukqIHfhda ish ore
mjq, o iu. ks;r meñfK;s'
Èkla tla;rd n%dyauKfhla ish ;reK ìßò o iu. tys meñK Wodhs ysñhka
wu;d zziAjdóks Tn jykafia úydrh b;d úis;=re h th olskq leu;s hehs lSh'
Wkajykafia o th ms<sf.k úydrfhys fodr ljq¿ wdÈh yer nuqKdg iy neñKshg
th keröug wjia:dj i,id ÿkay' Tjqka fofok úydrfhys wisßh krUk w;r
Wodhs ysñfhda nuqKdg fkdfmfkk mßÈ rd.S is;ska neñKshf.a w`.mi`. iam¾Y
l<y'
úydrh krUd wjidkfhys nuqKd zzWodhs ysñ Wiia ia:dkhl Wodr f,i
Ôj;afj;s tneúka Wkajykafia Wodr flfkla hehs lSh' th weiQ neñKsh Wodhs
f;reka jykafiaf.a l=uk Wodr lula o Tn ud iam¾Y lrkakd fia ta f;ryq o
ud wjhj iam¾Y l<yZhs lSjd h' neñKshf.a fuu l:dfjka fldamhg m;a nuqKd
Wodhs ysñhkag yd fiiq NsCIQkag zzfï Y%uKfha ,eÊcd ke;af;da h' Y%uK m%;sm;a;s
ke;af;da hehs kskaod wmydi lf<a h' uyckhd o tu m%jD;a;sh ±k NsCIQkag kskaod
wmydi l<y' nqÿrcdKka jykafia Wodhs f;reka ms<snò m%jD;a;sh ±k Wkajykafia
f.kajd wjjdo lr ldhixi.a. ix>dÈfiaidm;a;sh mKjd jod<y'
65
ÿgGq,,jdpd ix>dÈfiidm;;sh
zzfhd mk NslLq T;sfKKd úmßKf;k úf;;k

ud;=.dux ÿgGq,,dys jdpdys TydfihH h:d
;x hqjd hqj;sx fu:qkQmixys;dys" ix>dÈfifid ZZ
w¾:h(- lsishï NslaIqjla rd.hg nei fmr<S.sh is;a we;af;a lsishï ia;%shlg
fujqkaou yd iïnkaO j ;reKfhla ;reKshlg l:d lrk wdldrfhka wiNH
jpkfhka l:d flf¾ kï ix>dÈfiidm;a;sh fjhs'
újrKh(-
ud;=.dux(- iNH wiNH jpk ;SrKh l< yels ia;s%hla fuys§ ud;=.du Yíofhka
.efka' jÉpu.a." miaidju.a. wdÈh ms<snò j lrk tn`ÿ wiNH jpk f;areï .;
fkdyels <±ßhl fyda tn`ÿ foa ±k.ekSfuys wiu;a uy¿ ia;S%ka fuys fkdie,fla'
ÿgGq,,dys jdpdys TNdfihH( ÿÜGq,a,jdpd kï jÉpu.a.h miaidju.a.h yd ffu:qk

O¾uh hk fïjd ms<snò lrkq ,nk l:djhs' ta ms<snò j .=K lSu fm<Uùu fyda
wiNH jpk lSu fuhg .efkhs'
ÿgGq,,jdpd ix>dÈfiidm;;s ksodk l;dj
iïud iïnqÿrcdKka jykafia foõrï fjfyr jevjik fial' tl,

wdhqIau;a Wodhs f;reka jykafia is;al¨ wdrKH úydrhl jevjik fial' fjfyr
±laug fndfyda ia;S% mqreIfhda ks;r tys meñfK;s' meñK f;reka jykafiaf.ka
wjir ,nd fjfyr isß krU;s'
we;eï ia;S%yq meñK fjfyr olskq leue;af;uq hs lSúg Wkajykafia o

Tjqkag úydrh fmkajñka wiNH l:d lsh;s' ,sx.sl wjhj ms<snò rd. ñYs%; jpk
lsh;s' ,eÊcd ke;s ,dul ia;S%yq tajd wid iskdfi;s' tfy;a ,eÊcd we;s wh tu
l:d wid Wodhs ysñhkag wdfl%daY mßNj lrñka úydrfhka h;s' fuu mqj; ckmo
jeishkag o wikakg ,eî Tjqyq o NsCIQkag kskaod wmydi lrkakg jQy' úydrjdiS
NsCIQkaf.ka tu mqj; ±k.;a nqÿrcdKka jykafia Wodhs f;reka f.kajd kskaod lr"
Tjoka § fuu ix>dÈfiai YsCIdj mKjd jod<y'
66
w;;ldu mdßpßh ix>dÈfiidm;;sh
zzfhd mk NslLq T;sfKKd úmßKf;k Ñf;;k

ud;=.duii ik;sfl w;;ldu mdßpßhdh
jKKx NdfihH" t;o..x N.sks mdßpßhdkx
hd udÈix iS,jk;x l,HdKOuux n%yupdßx
tf;k Ofuuk mßpfrhHd;s fu:qkQmixysf;k
ix>dÈfifid ZZ
w¾:h(- lsishï NslaIqjla rd.hg nei.;af;a úm¾hdi jQ is;ska ud.ula iómfhys

ke.Ksfhks udn÷ is,aj;a jQ hy.=K we;s n%yaupdßfhl=g tjka O¾uhlska Wjgeka
lsÍu Wiia u Wjgek jkafka hhs fujqkaoï uqiq jokska ;udyg fujqkaoñka fufy
lsÍfï wkqiia lshd o ix>dÈfiidm;a;sh isÿ fõ'
újrKh(-
w;;ldu mdßpßhdh(- fujqkaoï fiajkfhka ;udyg Wmia:dk lsÍu fuys w¾:hhs'

;udg fujqkaoï fiajkfhka Wmia:dk lsÍfuys wdksixi ia;s%hl iu. jpkfhka
mejiSu yia; i{d wdÈfhka we`. ùu'
iS,jk;x(- mrmK keiSfuka je<lSu wdÈfhka iS,jka; njg m;ajQ'
n%yupdßx(- fujqka oñka je<l=Kq fyhska n%yaupdÍ nj we;s'
l,HdKOuux(- hym;a jQ .=KO¾uhkaf.ka hq;= mej;=ï we;s'
w;;ldu mdßpßh ix>dÈfiidm;;s ksodk l;dj
nqÿrcdKka jykafia ieje;akqjr foõrï uyd úydrfhys jevjik fial'

Wodhs f;reka jykafia ksfjiaj,g ks;r hdfuka weiqre lrk l=,hka iu. b;d
ys;j;aj jdih lr;s' tl, tys l=¿m. ksjil ieñhd ñh.sh rEu;a ia;s%hla úiqjd
h' Wodhs f;reka jykafia Èkla fmrjre fõf,ys tu ksjig jevu l< fudfydf;a
tu ia;s%h ys`Èkd wiqka mkjd tl;a mfil yqkakd h' weh iu. ñysß jpkfhka
iqyo idóÑ l:d l< Wodhs ysñhkaf.a ms%h f;mqf,ka i;=gq úh' i;=gq jQ weh
zziajdóks" Öjrd§ isõmi odkfhka Tnjykafiag wjYH fohla fõkï lshkq uekú
lSjd h'
th weiQ Wodhs ysñ zzke.Kshks" wmg isõmih kï wjYH ;rñka ,efí' hula
wmg ÿ¾,N kï th Èu Wiia u wdksixihla jkafkahehs mejiS h' Tnjykafiag
67
ÿ¾,N l=ula ±hs weh úuiqjd h' wmg fujqkaoï fiajkh b;d ÿ¾,Nhehs mejiqúg
iajdóks tfiakï jäkq uekú uu Tnjykafiag fujqkaoñka Wmia:dk lrñhs'
mejeiQ weh ldurhlg we;=¿j weò isá jia;% .,jd Yhkhl È.d jQjd h' Wodhs
ysñfhda tu ia;s%h iómhg f.dia zzfï ms<sl=,a Wmojk ÿ.ò yuk ;=ÉP jQjla flfia
iam¾Y lrkfkñ ±ZhsZZ fl<.id msgj .shy'
Wodhs f;reka jykafiaf.a tu jpkfhka fldamhg m;a ia;s%h fuu Y%uKfhda

,eÊcd ke;af;da h' ;uka u ffu:qk fiajkh b,a,d miqj kskaod lrk ,oafoa h' ud
l=ug ìhjkafkñ ±hs is;d NsCIQka jykafia,dg wmydi lrkakg úh' uyckhdg
o fuu mqj; wikakg ,eî NsCIQka jykafiag kskaod lrkakg jQy' wdrdujdiS
NsCIQkaf.ka f;dr;=re wid ±k.;a nqÿrcdKka jykafia Wodhs ysñhka f.kajd ks.%y
lr wjjdo § by; úkh YsCIdj mKjd jod<y'
ixpß;; ix>dÈfiidm;;sh
zzfhd mk NslLq i[pß;;x iudmfcchH

bFÓhd jd mqßiu;sx mqßiii jd bFÓu;sx
cdh;;fk jd cdr;;fk jd wk;ufid ;x
LKsldh ms ix>dÈfifid ZZ
w¾:h(- hï NslaIqjla kshu wUqieñ njla fyda fidr wUqieñ njla msKsi fyda
mqreIhdf.a woyi ia;%shg fyda ia;%shf.a woyi mqreIdhg fyda hg;a msßfihska ta
fudfydf;a fiajkh i|yd fyda leue;a; Tjqfkdjqka fj; f.k hñka mKsjqv
ldßfhys fhfoa kï ix>dÈfiai wdm;a;sh fõ'
újrKh(-
ixpß;;x(- wdjdy újdy n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjka isák ia;%S mqreIhkaf.a ,shqï fyda

mKsúv Tjqfkdjqka fj; f.khdu' ;reK ia;S% mqreIhka w;r fyda Tjqkaf.a uõmsh
fomd¾Yjhka w;r mKsúv yqjudrej fuys§ woyia flf¾'
ia;%Syq (- ia;S%yQ oifofkla yd Nd¾hdfjda oifofkla fuu jpkfhka

ie,fla'
ud;=rlÅ;d (- uj úiska rlskq ,nk ia;s%h
ms;=rlÅ;d (- mshd úiska rlskq ,nk ia;s%h
Nd;=rlÅ;d (- ifydaorhd úiska rlskq ,nk ia;s%h
N.sksrlÅ;d (- ifydaoßh úiska rlskq ,nk ia;s%h
[d;srlÅ;d (- [d;Ska úiska rlskq ,nk ia;s%h
f.d;;rlÅ;d (- l=, f.da;s%lhka úiska rlskq ,nk ia;%sh
68
OuurlÅ;d (- is,a we;a;shka fufyKshka jeks iy±ñhka úiska rlskq
,nk ia;s%h
idrlLd (- ueh wij,dghehs WmÈk úgu fyda miqj fjka lr.;a
ia;s%h
imßoKvd (- weiqre l<fyd;a o`vqju fuh hehs kshu lrk ,o ia;%sh
ud;=ms;=rlÅ;d (- uj yd mshd úiska rlskq ,nk ia;s%h
OkllS;d (- Okh § ñ< § .;a ;eke;a;sh
P‡jdiskS (- wdorfhka lekaod.;a ;eke;a;sh
fNd.jdiskS (- odhdo iïm;a mjrd§ jdih lrjd.;a ia;%sh
mgjdiskS (- jia;% §fuka ìßò lr.kakd ,oaÈh
Tom;;lskS (- w;meka j;afldg .;a ia;%sh
Ty;pqungd (- uqyqK jid isák jeiau bj;a lsÍfuka f;dard.;a ia;%sh
odiS p Nßhd (- ìßò lr.;a odish
luuldÍ p Nßhd (- ìßò lr.;a lïlre ia;%sh
Ocdygd (- n,y;aldrfhka f.fkk ,o ia;%sh
uqyq;;sld (- fudfyd;lg ìßò jQ ;eke;a;sh
mqßiu;sx(- mqreIhdf.a leue;a;" woyi" wij,a ;ekg meñfKkak hkd§ jYfhka

ia;%shg m%ldY l<hq;= mKsúv f.khdu
cdh;;fk(- wUqieñhka jYfhka iaÓrj újdy ùug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk ia;%s

mqreIhka w;r yqjudre jk mKsúv f.khdu cdh;a;k kï fõ'
cdr;;fk(- wyUqf,i uqK .eiS we;sjk ys;j;alï u; fidr wUqieñ njg m;ajk
n,dfmdfrd;a;= we;s ia;S% mqreIhkaf.a mKsúv yqjudre lsÍu'
;x LKsldh(- tu fudfydf;ys muKla wUqieñhka jYfhka tlajkq leu;a;jqkaf.a

mKsúv f.khdu'
ixpß;; ix>dÈfiidm;;s ksodk l;dj
nqÿrcdKka jykafia ieje;a kqjr foõrï fjfyfrys jev jik iuhhs'

Wodhs f;reka jykafia fndfyda .sysl=,hka iu. l=¨m.j jdih lr;s' fï
ys;j;alu ksidu ta ta l=,hkays jik ysñhd u< ldka;djka fyda l=, l=ußhka
fyda ms<snòj fjk;a l=,hkays ;reKhka yuqj f;dr;=re mji;s' ke;fyd;a tu
;reKhkaf.a uõmshka yuqfõ mji;s' fuu .=K l:k wid meyeÿKq we;eïyq zzwms
Tjqka fkdy`ÿkkafkuqZZ Tnjykafia fï újdyh ms<snò f;dr;=re lshd th bgqlr
fokakeZhs lsh;s' Wodhs ysñfhda tfia l=,ksfjia fj; f.dia mKsúv lshd újdy
lrfo;s'
69
ful, tla mqrdK .Klhl=f.a ìßhlg rEu;a ÈhKshla jQjd h' weh m;d
meñKs wdcSjl Y%djlfhda .Klsh yuq ù Tnf.a ÈhKsh wm mq;Kqjkag újdy
lrfokakehs lSy' Tjqka fkdy`ÿkk neúka .Klsh wlue;s úh' ta nj wdÔjl
Y%djl msßi Wodhs ysñhkag mjid Wkajykafiaf.a ud¾.fhka újdyh isÿlr .;ay'
fuu mqj; ie<ùfuka uyckhd w;r NsCIQka jykafia ms<snò úfrdaO;djla

we;súh' fudjqka Y%uK Ndjhg fkdiqÿiq foa lrkafka hehs fodia k.kakg jQy'
NsCIQka jykafia,d ta nj ;:d.;hka jykafiag ie<lsÍfuka miqj Wodhs f;reka
f.kajd jro fmkajd § wjjdo lr by; lS YsCId moh mkjd jod< fial'
l=áldr ix>dÈfiidm;;sh
zzi[[dÑldh mk NslLqkd l=áx ldrhudfkk

wiidñlx w;;=fooix mudKsld ldfr;nnd" ;;%sox mudKx
§>fid ojdoi úoFÓfhd iq.;úoFÓhd ;sßhx i;;k; rd" NslLQ
wNsfk;nnd jF:q foikdh' f;ys NslLQys jF:qx fofi;nnx
wkdruNx imßlluKx idrfuy fp NslLq jF:qiñx wmßllufk
i[[dÑldh l=áx ldfrhH NslLq jd wkNsfkhH jF:q foikdh"
mudKx jd w;slldfuhH ix>dÈfifid ZZ
w¾:h(- lrjd fok ysñhl= ke;sj" ;ud u b,a,d .;a WmlrKfhka ;ud u Wfoid
ls<shla lrjk NslaIqj úiska th ksis m%udKhlg bÈ l< hq;= h' tys ,d m%udKh
fuhhs' È.ska iq.;a úh;ska úh;a fod<ils' mq¿,ska we;=<; úh;a i;ls' l=á N+ñh
foikdfjka iïu; lsÍu msKsi NslaIQyq le|úh hq;a;dy' ta NslaIQka úiska Wmøj
rys; jQ;a Wmpdr iys; jQ;a l=á jia;=j foish hq;= h' hï fyhlska NslaIqjla
Wjÿre iys; jQ" Wmpdr rys; jQ l=á jia;=jl b,a,d.;a WmlrKhlska ls<shla
lrjkafka kï fyda l=á jia;=j foiSug NslaIQka fkdle|jkafka kï fyda" m%udKh
fyda blaujkafka kï ix>dÈfii wdm;a;sh fjhs'
újrKh(-
i[[dÑldh(- l=áhla bÈlsÍfï § wjYH WmlrK b,a,d .ekSfï § úkdhdkql+,

nj fkdhslaujd l< hq;= h' wkqkaf.a jE fmdfrda wd§ WmlrK ;uka i;=lr .ekSfï
wruqfKka fkdj tfia Wmldrhla wjYH úg okajkak hehs mejiQ l=,hlska muKla
b,a,d .; hq;= h' jvq" lïlre" Y%uh b,a,Sfï § mjd úkdhdkql+, nj fkd blaujd
,nd.; hq;= h'
l=áx(- W,,s;; - we;=<; iqKq msßhï l< wj,s;; - msg; iqKq msßhï l<
W,,s;;dj,s;; - we;=<; yd msg; iqKq msßhï l< jYfhka l=á j¾. ;=kls'
70
mudKsld(- NsCIqjla Wfoid ;ks l=áhla bÈlrk úg kshñ; m%udKh úkhdkql+,
úh hq;=h' we;=<; ì;a;s yer È. m%udKh nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a úh;ska úh;a
fod<yla yd m<, úh;a y;la ùu wjYH h'
iq.; úo;;shd(- iq.;a úh; f,i ie,flk nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a úh; uOHu
m%udKfha msßñ wfhl=f.a w;ska úh;a ;=kls' jvqßhka tl yudrls'
NslLq wNsfk;nnd jF:q foikdh(- l=á bÈlsßfï§ m<uq j tu N+ñh Wjÿre rys;
o Wmpdr iys; o hkak ix>hd jevujd Wkajykafia,d ,jd mßlaId lrjd .;
hq;= h' tfia mÍCId fldg ksremøs; kï Wmpdr iys; kï ix>hd úiska l¾u jdlH
foaYkd fldg tu l=áh bÈ lsÍug l=á N+ñh iïu; l< hq;= h' tfia l=á jia;=j
foiSug ix>hd le|jd .ekSu ñka woyia flf¾'
wkdruyx(- l=áhla bÈlrk N+ñfhys fkd;sìh hq;= Wmøj oyihls' lsms,,ld
^l=yqUqjka& WmÑld ^fõhka& WJÿr ^óhka& wys î¾mhka& úpýl ^f.dakqiaika& i;mÈ
^m;a;Ehka& yFÓ ^we;=ka& wii ^wYajhka& iSy îsxyhka& jH.> ^jHd>%& §ms ^fldá&
wpP ^lÿsia j,ia& ;rpP ^lrndkd j,ia& hk Wjÿre fkdue;s ia:dk úh hq;= h'
tfiau rdc WoHdk wdÈh wdY%h fkdjQ ia:dkh l=áhlg fhda.H fia ie,fla'
imßlluKx(- l=áhg msg;ska f.dkqka fofofkla n`Èk ,o lr;a;hla .uka l<
yels m%udKfha bvla ;sìh hq;= h' th Wmpdrh kï fõ'
l=áldr ix>dÈfiidm;;s ksodk l;dj
nqÿrcdKka jykafia ieje;akqjr foõrï uyd úydrfhys jevji;s' w,õ
kqjr jdiS NsCIQka jykafia,d ;uka Wfoid l=á bÈlr fok msßia fkdue;s fyhska
m%udKh blaujQ l=á bÈlr;s' tfy;a úúO wmyiq;d ksid tu lghq;= wjika lr.;
fkdyels fjhs' fï fya;=fjka .ïjeishka yuqjk NsCIqka jykafia,d WmlrK"
lïlrejka" jvqjka Tjqkaf.ka b,a,;s' fuh uyckhdg n,j;a mSvdjla úh' NsCIqka
jykafia,d ÿgq úg ksfjia fodr.=¨ oud .ks;s' we;eïyq u.yer h;s'
uyd ldYHm uyry;ka jykafia rc.ykqjr jia jei w,õkqjr w.a.,dj

úydrhg jeäfial' fmrjre fõf,ys msKavmd;h jevu l< úg ksjeisfhda ;e;sf.k
fodr jid .;ay' msKavmd;h ksujd fjfyrg jeä Wkajykafia uyckhdf.a fjki
ms<snòj NsCIQka jykafiaf.ka lreKq úuiqy' Wkajykafia,d ldYHm ysñhkag
f;dr;=re mejiQy'
nqÿrcdKka jykafia o Èkla w,õ kqjrg jev w.a.,dj úydrhg jeäfial'

uyd ldYHm ysñfhd NsCIqka jykafia,df.a wdhdpkd jeäùfuka uyckhd n,j;a
mSvdjg m;aj we;s mqj; nqÿrÿkag ie< lr isáhy' w,õ kqjr jeis NsCIqka jykafia
leòjQ ;:d.;hka jykafia f;dr;=re i;H nj ±k ks.%y fldg wkqYdikd lr
fuu úkh YsCIdj meKjQy'
71
úydrldr ix>dÈfiidm;;sh
zzuy,,lx mk NslLqkd úydrx ldrhudfkk

iiidñlx w;;=fooix" NslLq wNsfk;nnd jF:q foikdh f;ys
NslLQys jF:qx fofi;nnx wkdruNx imßllukx idrfuN fp
NslLq jF:qiñx wmßllufk uy,,lx úydrx ldfrhH" NslLQ jd
wkNsfkhH jF:q foikdh" ix>dÈfifidZZ
w¾:h(- lrjd fok ysñhka we;sj ;ud Wfoid úYd, úydrhla lrjk NslaIqj úiska
N+ñh foiSu i|yd NslaIQyq le|úh hq;a;dy' ta NslaIQka úiska Wmøj rys; jQ o Wmpdr
iys; jQ o úydr N+ñh foish hq;= h' lsishï NslaIqjla Wmøj iys; jQ fyda Wmpdr
rys; jQ ìul úYd, úydrhla lrjkafka kï fyda tu N+ñh foiSu i|yd NslaIQka
fyda fkdle|jkafka kï ix>dÈfiidm;a;sh isÿ fõ'
újrKh(-
uy,,lx(- uy,a,l úydrh kï uyd úydrhla fyj;a úYd, m%udKfha l=áhls'

úydrh lrjd fok odhlhka isák neúka NsCIQka jykafiag tys lsisÿ fjfyila
fyda Wjÿrla ke;' tfy;a bÈlrk ìu NsCIQka jykafia,d fj; wdrdOkd fldg
jevujd iïu; lr.; hq;= h'
úydrldr ix>dÈfiidm;;s ksodk l;dj
nqÿrcdKka jykafia fldiUEkqjr f>daIs;drdufhys jevjik iuhls' tl,

Pkak ysñhkaf.a ys;j;a odhl .Dym;sfhla zz iajdóks Tnjykafia Wfoid úydrhla
bÈlr fokq leue;af;ñ' Bg iqÿiq N+ñhka fmkajkq uekjehs b,a,d isáfha h'
Pkak ysñhka ;ukag úydrh bÈlr .ekSu iòyd uyckhdf.a jkaokdjg md;%
jQ jkiam;shla wi, N+ñhla fmkaù h' .Dym;shd tu jkiam;sh isò ùh' fuh
ÿgq .ïjeisfhda fï Y%uK YdlH mq;%fhda jDCI ffp;Hhka isò;s' ;=re,;djkays
tlsJøsh m%dKhla we;s neúka th m%dK>d;hlehs fodia lSy' fuu m%jD;a;sh ie<jQ
nqÿrcdKka jykafia by; úkh YsCIdj mkjd jod<y'
72
mGu ÿgGfodi ix>dÈfiidm;;sh
zzfhd mk NsCLq NslLqx ÿfgGd fodfid wmm;Sf;d

wuq,flk mdrdðflk Ofuuk wkqoOxfihH wfmmj kdu
kx buuyd n%yupßhd pdfjhHk;s" ;f;d wmfrk iufhk
iukq..dyshudfkd jd wiukq..dyshufkd jd wuQ,lf[pj ;x wêlrKx
fyd;s NslLq p fodix m;sgGd;s" ix>dÈfifid
w¾:h(- lsishï NslaIqjla fldamhg meñKsfha wkqka flf,ik is;a we;af;a

fkdi;=gq is;a we;af;a fudyq fï iiqfkka fkrmkafka kï fhfylehs NslaIqjlg
wuQ,sl jQ mrdðldm;a;shlska fpdaokd flf¾ kï" miq lf,l Ñjdrkq ,nkafka
fyda fkd,nkafka wêlrKh wuQ,sl fjhs kï ta fpdaol NslaIqj o fodaIfhys msysgd
isákafka kï ix>dÈfii wdm;a;sh isÿ fõ'
újrKh(-
ÿfgGd(-
ÿIag ùu fyj;a fldamhg m;a ùu'
fodfid(-
wkqka ¥IKh lrk is;a we;sj" wkqka fodaihg Ndckh lrjk is;a we;s hk
woyihs'
wmm;Sf;d(-
mS%;sfhka f;dr i;=fgka f;dr ùu'
wuQ,flk mdrdðflk Ofuuk(-
fya;= idOl ke;sj mdrdðl wej;lska fpdaokd lsÍu fuhska woyia
lrhs' lsishï NsCIqka jykafia kulg mdrdðl wej;lska fpdaokd lrk úg th
ksYaÑ; f,i u ±k ls%hd l<hq;= fjhs' fpdaokd lrk NsCIqj pqÈ; NsCIqjf.a hï
mdrdðldm;;shla fkdolafka o fkdwik ,oafoa o" iel fkdlrk ,oafoa o fufia
±lSï" weiSï iel lsÍï hk uq,a fya;= fkdue;s fyhska tu fpdaokdj wuQ,l kï fõ'
wkqoOxfihH(-
wej;lg meñKs njg fpdaokd lsÍuhs' ;uka úiska fpdaokd lsÍu fyda wkqka
,jd fpdaokd lrùu fuys § ie,fla'
iiqfkka fkrmd yeÍu jeks ÿIag fÉ;kdfjka tn`ÿ nrm;, fpdaokdjla

lsÍu n,j;a jrols' fpdaokd lrk NsCIqka jykafia ±k ±k u wej;lg m;aùug
th fya;=jla fõ'
73
mGu ÿgGfodi ix>dÈfiidm;;s ksodk l;dj
f,dõ;=rd nqÿrcdKka jykafia ieje;akqjr fÊ;jkdrdufhys jev jdih

lrk fial' fï wjêfhys oínu,a,mq;a; ysñhka i;a yeúßÈ jhfia§ u ry;a úh'
ish¨ flf,ia nr ìu ;enQ ry;ka jykafiag j;dj;a lrkq úkd wka l<hq;= fohla
fkdue;s fyhska Wkajykafia uyd ix>r;akhg Wmia:dk lsÍug is;+y'
nqÿrcdKka jykafia yuqjg meñKs oínu,a,mq;a; ysñfhda iajdóks" uyry;a

nj mila l< uu wd¾h ix>r;akhg Wmia:dk lrkq leue;af;ñZ hs m%ldY l<y'
fiakdik mekùu" oka kshu lsÍu iòyd nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.ka wjir ,nd.;a
oínu,a,mq;a; ysñfhda t;eka mgka uy;a Wkkaÿfjka m%S;sfhka tu ld¾hfhys
kshe¨ky' ;uka jykafiaf.a iDoaê n,fhka uyd ix>hdg leu;s leu;s fiakdik
o mkj;s' l,a .;fj;a § oínu,a, mq;a; ysñhka ms<snò uyd ix>hd jykafia w;r
uy;a m%idohla yd ckm%sh;djhla we;s úh' ñka fldamhg m;a fu;a;sh N+ïucl
NsCIQyq Wkajykafiag wuQ,sl mdrdðldm;a;shlska fpdaokd l<y' fuu lreK wruqKq
lr.;a nqÿrcdKka jykafia by; YsCIdmoh mkjd jod<y'
ÿ;sh ÿgGfodi ix>dÈfiidm;;sh
zzfhd mk NslLq NslLqx ÿfgGd fodfid wmm;Sf;d w[[Nd.shii

wêlrKii ls[Ñfoix f,iu;;x Wmdodh mdrdðflk Ofuuk
wkqoOxfihH" wfmmjkdu kx buuyd n%yupßhd pdfjfhHk;s" ;f;d
wmfrk iufhk iukq..dyshudfkd jd wiukq..dyshudfkd jd
w[[Nd.shx fpj ;x wêlrKx fyd;s fldÑfofid f,iuf;;d
WmdÈfkkd" NslLq p fodix m;sgGd;s" ix>dÈfifid ZZ
w¾:h(- lsishï NslaIqjla lsmsfha" wkqka o flf<ik is;a we;af;a" fkdi;=gq is;a
we;af;a" fï NslaIqj fï iiqfkka fkrmd oukafkñ hs is;d NslaIqjlg wka flfkl=
yd iïnkaO wêlrKhla ^wmrdOhla& ^ta ;eke;a;d yd fpdaokd l< hq;= ;eke;a;d
w;r we;s& iq¿ iudklula mokï lrf.k ^Tyqf.a jro o fudyqg wdfrdamKh
lrñka& mdrdðld O¾uhlska fpdaokd lrhs' bka miq wjia:djl § úuikq ,nkafka
fyda fkdúuikq ,nkafka tu wêlrKh wkqka yd iïnkaO jQjla u fõ o" f,aIud;%
iudk;ajhla f.k we;af;a o" fpdaol NslaIqj o jro ms<s.kS o" ix>dÈfiidm;a;sh
isÿ fõ'
74
újrKh(-
w[[dNd.shii wêlrKii
fpdaokd lrkq ,nk NsCIqjf.ka wkH jQ flfkl= yd iïnkaO jrola h

hk wre; fohs' tn`ÿ jrola ;ud fpdaokd lrkq leu;s ;eke;a;dg wdfrdamKh
lsÍu ñka woyia flf¾' wêlrK hk moh fuys wdm;a;dêlrKh muKla
n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjka fhdod ;sfí'
ls[Ñfoix f,iu;;x WmdÈkkx
fpdaokd lrk NsCIqjf.a yd fpdaokdjg uQ,sljQ ls%hdj l< mqoa.,hd w;r

iukd;ajh fuhska lshfjhs' cd;s" kdu" f.d;a;" ,sx." wdm;a;s" m;a;" Öjr" WmÊ®dh'
wdpßh" fikdik hk lreKqj,ska tlla fyda lsysmhla tu ls%hdj l< mqoa.,hdf.a
yd NsCIqjf.a w;r iudk;ajh i,ld wdfrdamKh lsÍu fuhska woyia lrhs'
ÿ;sh ÿgGfodi ix>dÈfiidm;;s ksodk l;dj
nqÿrcdKka jykafia rc.ykqjr .scql=¿ mõfjys fjfi;s' fï ld,fha

fu;a;sh-N=ïucl NslaIQyq oínu,a,mq;a; f;reka flfrys B¾IHdfjka miq jQy'
Wkajykafiag wmjdohla lsÍug uÕla fidhk Tjqyq t¿jl= yd t¿fokl .scql=¿
mõj wi, ixjdifhys fhfokq ÿgy' fuys§ ta t¿jdg oínu,a, lshd o" t¿fokg
fu;a;shd lshd o kï mg nekaoy'
fiiq NsCIqka jykafia,d yuqjg .sh fu;a;sh N+ïucl NsCIqyq weje;a;s" fmr
weiQ mqj;la wo isheiska u ÿgqfjuq' oínu,a,mq;a; f;reka fu;a;shd NsCIqKsh iu.
.scql=¿ mõj mduq, ixjdifhys fhfokq ÿgqfjuqhs mejiQy' fiiq NsCIQka jykafia,d
zztfia fkdlshjZZ oínu,a, mq;a; f;reka tn`ÿ wfhl= fkdfõ hehs lshd tu mqj;
nqÿrcdKka jykafiag ie,l<y' nqÿrcdKka jykafia oínu,a,mq;a; f;reka leòjd
tu lreK úuiQy' ;u Èúfhys isysfkka fyda tnkaola isÿfkdù he hs Wkajykafia
mejiQy' túg nqÿrcdKka jykafia NsCIQka jykafia,d ,jd fu;a;sh N+ïucl NsCIqka
mÍCId lrjd wuQ,slj f.d;k ,o fpdaokdjla nj ±k fuu YsCId moh mkjd
jod<y'
75
mGu ix>fNo ix>dÈfiidm;;sh
—fhd mk NslLq iu..ii ix>ii fNodh mrllfuhH" fNok

ixj;;kslx jd wêlrKx iudodh m..hy ;sfgGhH" fid NslLq
NslLqys tjuii jpkSfhd ud wdhiud iu..ii ix>ii fNodh
mrllñ fNok ixj;;kslx jd wêlrKx iudodh m..hy wgGdis"
ifu;dhiud ixf>k iuf..d ys ixf>d ifuudoudfkd wújoudfkd
tl=foofid Mdiqúyr;S ;s' tj[p fid NslLq NslLQys jqppudfkd ;f:j"
m..fKyhH" fid NslLQ NslLqys hdj ;;shx iukqNdis;fnnd ;ii
máksii..dh" hdj ;;shf[p iukqNdishudfkd ;x máksiifchH"
bfpp;x l=i,x fkd fp máksiifchH ix>dÈfifid˜
w¾:h(- hïlsis NslaIqjla iu.s ix>hdf.a fNaoh msKsi W;aidy lrhs o" fNaolr
ldrKhla fyda ±ä j f.k isà o" ta NslaIqjg fiiq NslaIQka úiska fufia mejish
hq;= h' weje;aks iu.s ix>hdf.a fNaoh msKsi jEhï fkdlrkak' fNaolr lreKla
fyda ±ä j f.k fkd isákak' weje;aks ix>hd iu. tl;= jkq uekú' iu.s ix>hd
jkdys Tjqfkdjqka i;=áka jdoújdo rys;j tlg mdfudla foiSï lrk l, iqj fia
fjfi;s hkqfjks' NslaIQka úiska fufia mjioa§;a ta NslaIqj tfia u ^woyia& ±ä j
f.k isà kï NslaIQka úiska f;jk jr olajd ^th w;ayßkq msKsi& lreKq lsj
hq;af;a h' f;jk jr olajd u lreKq lshk úg ta woyi w;ayÍ kï th hym;s' hï
fyhlska th w;a fkdyÍ kï ix>dÈfiidm;a;sh isÿ fõ'
újrK(-
iu..ii ix>ii - iu.s ix>hd y`ÿkajk mdrdðld md,sh zziuf..d kdu ixf>d
iudk ixjdifld iudk iSudhx Àf;dZZ hkqfjka iòyka lrhs' fuhska iudk
ixjdi fyj;a tlg jdih lrk" iudk iSudfjys isá ix>hd woyia flf¾' iudk
ixjdi hkafkka oDIaá jYfhka fjkila fyda m%;smod jYfhka fjkila fyda ke;sj
tlu wdldrhlg nUir rlsk hk woyi fohs' thska Tjqfkdjqkaf.a iuÑ;a;;dj
woyia flf¾' iudk iSud îudk iSudhx Àf;da& hkafkka ldh jYfhka o fjkaj
úiSula ke;s nj woyia flf¾' ish¨ fokd fNaohlska f;drj tlu iSudjg /iaj
fj;s' th ziu.a. ix>Z hk fhÿfuka woyia flfrhs'
fNok ixj;;kslx wêlrKx ( iu.s ix>hdf.a fNaohg fya;=jk lreKq 18 la pq,a,

j.a. md<sfha iòyka fõ'
76
01' wOuux Ofuud;s §fmk;s -
wO¾uh O¾uh hehs olaj;s'
02' Ouux wOfuud;s §fmk;s -

O¾uh wO¾uh hehs olaj;s'
03' wúkhx úkfhd;s §fmk;s -

wúkh úkh hehs olaj;s'
04' úkhx wúkfhd;s §fmk;s -

úkh wúkh hehs olaj;s'
05' wNdis;x w,ms;x ;:d.f;k Ndis;x ,ms;x ;:d.f;kd;s §fmk;s -

nqÿrcdKka jykafia foaYkd fkdlrk ,oaola foaYkd lrk ,oaola fuka
olaj;s'
06' Ndis;x ,ms;x ;:d.f;k wNdis;x w,ms;x ;:d.f;kd;s §fmk;s -

nqÿrcdKka jykafia foaYkd lrk ,oaola foaYkd fkdlrk ,oaola fuka
olaj;s'
07' wkdÑKKx ;:d.f;k wdÑKKx ;:d.f;kd;s §fmk;s -

nqÿrcdKka jykafia úiska mqreÿ fkdlrk ,oaola mqreÿ lrk ,±hs olaj;s'
08' wdÑKKx ;:d.f;k wkdÑKKx ;:d.f;kd;s §fmk;s -

nqÿrcdKka jykafia úiska mqreÿ lrk ,oaola mqreÿ fkdlrk ,oaola f,i
olaj;s'
09' wm[[;;x ;:d.f;k m[[;;x ;:d.f;kd;s §fmk;s -

nqÿrcdKka jykafia úiska fkdmKjk ,oaola mKjk ,oaola f,i olaj;s'
10' m[[;;x ;:d.f;k wm[[;;x ;:d.f;kd;s §fmk;s -

nqÿrcdKka jykafia úiska mKjk ,oaola fkdmKjk ,oaola f,i olaj;s'
11' wkdm;;sx wdm;;S;s §fmk;s -

weje;a fkdjkakla weje;lehs olaj;s'
12' wdm;;sx wkdm;;S;s §fmk;s -

weje;la wej;a fkdfõhehs olaj;s'
13' ,yqlx wdm;;sx .reld wdm;;S;s §fmk;s -

ÿq weje;a mdrdðld" ix>dÈfiai hk .re weje;a fia olaj;s'
77
14' .relx wdm;;sx ,yqld wdm;;S;s §fmk;s -
.re weje;la ÿq weje;lehs olaj;s'
15' idjfiix wdm;;sx wkjfiid wdm;;S;s §fmk;s -

idjfii fyj;a mdrdðld yer fiiq wdm;a;sialJO ihg wh;a weje;a
mdrdðld ialJOhg wh;a weje;a fia olaj;s'
16' wkjfiix wdm;;sx idjfiid wdm;;S;s §fmk;s -

wkjfii fyj;a mdrdðldialJOhg wh;a weje;a fiiq wdm;a;sialJO ihg
wh;afldg olaj;s'
17' ÿgGq,,x wdm;;sx wÿgGq,,d wdm;;S;s §fmk;s -

ÿÜGq,a, fyj;a mdrdðld ix>dÈfiiai ldKavj, wh;a weje;a fiiq
wdm;a;sialJO myg wh;a fia olaj;s'
18' wÿgGq,,x wdm;;sx ÿgGq,,d wdm;;S;s §fmk;s §fmk;s -

wÿÜGq,a, fyj;a fiiq wdm;a;s ialJO myg wh;a weje;a mdrdðld" ix>dÈfii
ldKavj, wh;a fldg olaj;s'
iukqNdis;fnnd - iukqNdik l¾uh l< hq;= h' fuys iukqNdik l¾uh kï

fujka jerÈ woyia .;a flfkl=g tu woyi w;ayßk f,i ix>hd lrk n,lsÍuhs'
th ix>hd ueog f.k f.dia jHla; m%;sn, NslaIqjla úiska [;a;sp;=;a: l¾u
jdlHh m%ldY lsÍfuka iukqNdik l¾uh l< hq;= h'
mGu ix>fNo ix>dÈfiidm;;s ksodk l;dj
nqÿrÿka rc.ykqjr fõ¿jkdrdufhys jev fjfik wjÈhls' tl, foõo;a

f;r ix>hd md,kh ;uka hg;g .ekSug fkdfhla Wml%u fh§ h' wjidkfha
§ fldald,sl ysñhka w;=¨ msßila fj; f.dia wms ix>fNaohla we;s lrjuq hehs
mejiSh' túg Wkajykafia,d nqÿrcdKka jykafia kï uy;a iDoaê we;a;dy' flfia
kï ix>fNaohla lruq ±hs úuiQy' Y%uK f.!;ufhda w,afmaÉp;dj wd§ .=Khka
j¾Kkd lr;s' tneúka mxp jrhla b,a,uqhs l:d lr .;ay' Tjqka th b,aÆ l,
nqÿrcdKka jykafia th m%;slaCIam lrñka hï NslaIqjla leu;s kï muKla tajd
wkq.ukh l< yels nj foaYkd l<y'
Wkajykafia,d mxp jrh b,a,d fkd,enqKq ;ek" ix> fNaoh lsÍug bgd
.;ay' th u wdjqOhla lrf.k ;u ix>hdf.a;a nqÿrÿkaf.a ix>hdf.a;a fjki th
nj olajñka ix>hdg fodia lSug uyckhd fm<UjQy' we;eï w{dk msßia foõo;a
f;rekaf.a lSu ms<sf.k Wkajykafiaf.a mlaIh .;ay' ;j msßila foõo;a f;rekag
fodia lSy' fuh ie<ùfuka nqÿrcdKka jykafia fï YslaId moh meKjQy'
78
ÿ;sh ix>fNo ix>dÈfiidm;;sh
;fiij fLd mk NslLqii NslLQ fydk;s wkqj;;ld j..jdold

tfld jd foj jd ;fhd jd f; tjx jfohHqx" zud wdhiufk;d t;x
NslLqx ls[Ñ wjpqF: Ouujd§ fpfid NslLq úkhjd§ fpfid NslLq
wuydlx fpfid NslLqq PJox p reÑ[p wdodh fjdyr;s" cdkd;s fkd
Ndi;s" wuydlfum;x Lu;SZ;s' f; NslLq NslLQys tjuiiq jpkshd" ud
wdhiufk;d tjx wjpqF: k fpfid NslLq Ouujd§ k fpfid NslLq
úkhjd§" ud wdhiuk;dkums ix>fNfod reÑÑF: ifu;dhiuk;dkx
ixf>k" iuf..d ys ixf>d ifuudoudfkd wújdoudfkd tl=foofid
Mdiq úyr;S ;s' tj[p f; NslLq NslLQys jqppudkd ;f:j m..fKyhHqx
f; NslLq NslLQys hdj ;;shx iukqNdis;nnd ;ii máksii..dh"
hdj;;shf[p iukqNdishudkd kx máksiifchHqx" bfpp;x l=i,x
fkd fp máksiifchHqx ix>dÈfifid;s'
w¾:h(-
ix>fNaoh msKsi W;aidy lrk ta NslaIqjg wkql+, jQ fNaohg mlaI j l:d
lrkakg tla NslaIqjla fyda fofofkla fyda ;sfofkla fyda we;akï" Tjqyq weje;aks
ta îx>fNol& NslaIqjg lsisjla fkdlshuq' ta NslaIqj O¾ujd§ h" úkhjd§ h" fya
wmf.a o leue;a; yd reÑh o /f.k ^fufia& lshhs' fya wmf.a leue;a; okshs'
wm iu. o l;d lrhs' th wmg o ßis fõ' hhs lsh;a kï ta NslaIQkag fiiq ^±yeñ&
NslaIQka úiska fufia lreKq lsj hq;= h' weje;aks tfia fkdlshõ' ta NslaIqj O¾ujd§
fkdfõ' t NslaIqj úkhjd§;a fkdfõ' wdhqIau;=ka jykafia,dg o ix>fNaoh ßis
fkdfõjd' wdhqIau;=ka jykafia,d o ix>hd iu. tl;= jkq uekú' iu.s ix>hd
jkdys" i;=áka újdo rys; j tla j mdfudla foik l, myiqfjka fjfikakdy
hkqfjks' ta NslaIQyq NslaIQka úiska fufia lshoa§;a ta woyi tfia u ±äj f.k isá;a
o ta NslaIQyq NslaIQka úiska ;=kajk jr olajd u iukqNdik l¾uh l< hq;= fjhs'
;=kajk jr olajd iukqNdikh lrk úg ta woyi ÿr,kakdyq kï fhfyls' ÿr
fkd,kakdyq kï ix>dÈfiidm;a;sh isÿ fjhs'
újrK(-
ix> fNaohg W;aidy lrk NslaIqjf.a mlaIh f.k Tyqf.a .=K jkñka Tyq
O¾ujdoS úkhjdoS nj mjik lsishï NslaIqjla fyda jeä msßila fyda issá;a kï Tyqg
fyda Tjqkg wfkla NslaIQka úiska tfia ix>fNaol NslaIqjf.a mlaIh f.k l%shd
fkdlrk f,i wjjdo Èh hq;= w;r f;jk jr olajd tfia iukqNdik l¾ufhka
fyda fkdyslauqKfyd;a ta ix>fNaol NslaIqjg fyda NslaIQkag ix>dÈfiidm;a;sh isÿ
fjhs'
79
wkqj;;ld(-
ix>fNol NslaIqj wkqj hk ( Tyqg rel=,a fok hk wre; fuys fjhs'
j..jdold(-
ix>hdf.a j¾. ùug fyj;a fNao ùug mlaIj lreKq lshkakyq

j¾.jdolfhdahs'
tl=foofid(-
ta m%foaYfha jik" ta iSudjg wh;a ish¨ NslaIQka jykafia,d tlu iSudjg

/iaj tlg mdfudla foiSuhs' ^fmdfydh lsÍu&
ÿ;sh ix>fNo ix>dÈfiidm;;s ksodk l;dj

nqÿrÿka rc.y kqjr fõ¨jkdrdufha fjfik iufhls' tl, foõo;a f;r
ix>fNaoh i|yd .sys meúÈ msßi fufyhjñka isà' Tyqg mlaImd;S jQ fldald,sl
lgfudarl ;siai wd§ NslaIq msßila o jQy' Tjqyq fiiq NslaIQka foõo;a f;rekaf.a jEhug
fodia lshk l, foõo;a f;rekaf.a ksjerÈ nj;a Tyq tfia lrkafka ;ukaf.a o
leue;a; we;sj nj;a ta l%shdjg ;uka o leu;s nj;a mejiQy' túg ix>fNaoh ßis
fkdjQ ±yeñ NslaIQyq ta nj nqÿrÿkag ±kajQy' ta ksñ;s fldg Wkajykafia fï islmoh
meKjQy'
ÿnnp ix>dÈfiidm;;sh
NslLq mfkj ÿnnp cd;sfld fyd;s" Wfooi mßhdmfkkiq islLdmfoiq

NslLQys iyOuñlx jqppudfkd w;;dkx wjpkShx lfrd;s' zud ux
wdhiufk;d ls[Ñ wjpqF:' l,HdKx jd mdmlx jd" wyumdhiufk;
k ls[Ñ jlLdñ' l,HdKx jd mdmlx jd úru:dh iufk;d uu
jpkdhd;s' fid NslLq NslLQys tjuii jpkSfhd ud
wdhiud w;;dkx wjpkShx wldis jpkShfujdhiud w;;dkx
lfrd;=" wdhiudms NslLq jfo;= iyOfuuk" NslLQms wdhiu;;x
jlLk;s iyOfuuk tjx ixjoÒdys ;ii N.jf;d mßid hÈox
w[[u[[ jpfkk w[[u[[ jqgGdmfkkd;s tj[p fid NslLq
NslLQys jqppudfkd ;f:j m..fKyhH" fid NslLq NslLQys hdj ;;shx
iukqNdis;fnnd ;ii máksii..dh' hdj ;;shf[p iukqNdish
udfkd ;x máksiifcchH" bfpp;x l=i,x fkd fp máksiifcchH
ix>dÈfifid'
80
w¾:h(-
lsishï NslaIqjla ÿ¾jp ^wlSlre& iajNdj we;af;a fjhs' m%d;sfudalaIfha
we;=<;a YslaIdmo ms<sn| j fiiq NslaIQka úiska úkhdkql+,j lreKq lshk l,ays o"
weje;aks" ug hym;a jQ fyda whym;a jQ fyda lsisjla fkd lshõ' uu o wdhqIau;=kg
hym;a jQ fyda whym;a jQ fyda lsisjla fkdlshñ' wdhqIau;=ks" ug wjjdo lsÍfuka
j<lskq uekjezhs lshd ;ud wjjdo fkdl< hq;a;l= lrhs kï" ta NslaIqj fiiq
NslaIQka úiska fufia lsj hq;= jkafka h' weje;aks ;ud wjjdo fkdl< hq;af;l=
fkd lrj' ;ud wjjdo l< hq;af;l= u lrj' wdhqIau;=ka o NslaIQkag úkhdkql+,j
lreKq lshkq uekú' NslaIQka o wdhqIau;=kag úkhdkql+,j lreKq lshkq we;'
ta Nd.Hj;=ka jykafiaf.a i`. msßi fufia Tjqfkdjqkag wjjdo lr .ekSfuka
Tjqfkdjqka ^wej;ska& kÕd,Sfuka jefvkafka h hkqfjks' ta NslaIqj fufia NslaIQka
úiska lreKq lshkq ,nkafka;a tfia u ta woyi ±äj .kafka kï ta NslaIqj ta
woyi w;ayßkq msKsi NslaIQka úiska ;=kajk jr olajd iukqNdIK l¾uh l< hq;=
jkafka h' ;=kajk jr olajd iukqNdIKh lrkafka th w;ayf<a kï fhfyls' w;a
fkdyf<a kï ix>dÈfiidm;a;sh fjhs'
újrK(-
ÿnnp cd;sfld(- jpkhg lSlre fkdjk" wjjdolaIu fkdjk" wlSlre
Wfooimßhdmfkkiq islLdmfoiq(- Woafoih hkq m%d;sfudlaIhhs' m%d;sfudalaIhg

wh;a YslaIdmo fuhska .efka'
iyOuñlx(- nqÿrcdKka jykafia úiska mKjk ,o YslaIdmo iuQyh ziyOïñlZ

kï" ta YslaIdmoj,g wkqj wjjdo flf¾ hk woyi h'
wjpkShx lfrd;s(- ;udg ljqrej;a wjjdo fkdl< hq;=h hs lshhs'
ÿnnp ix>dÈfiidm;;s ksodk l;dj
nqÿrcdKka jykafia fldiUEkqjr f>daIs;drdufhys fjfik wjÈfhls'

tiufhys Pkak f;reKqfjda fkdfhl=;a wlSlrelï lr;s' túg fiiq NslaIQyq
weje;aks" fufia fkd lrj" th lem ke;e hs wjjdo lr;s' túg Pkak f;r" zug
wjjdo fkd lrõ" nqÿrÿka wfma h" O¾uh o wfma h' wmf.a wd¾hhka jykafia
nqÿnjg m;a jQy' wmg wjjdo lrkakg Tng we;s whs;sh l=ula o@ wd§ jYfhka
wjjdo m%;slafIam lrhs'
Pkak f;rekaf.a fkdukd yeisÍï ms<snòj fkdi;=gg m;a NslaIQka

jykafia,d ta nj nqÿrÿkag ±kajQy' nqÿrcdKka jykafia ta ksñ;s fldg fï YslaId
moh mKjd jod<y'
81
l=,¥il ix>dÈfiidm;;sh
NslLq mfkj w[[;rx .dux jd ks.ux jd Wmksiidh úyr;s'

l=,¥ifld mdmiudpdfrd" ;ii fLd mdmld iudpdrd Èiik;s
fpj" iqhHk;s p l=,dks p f;k ÿgGdks Èiik;s fpj iQhHk;s p
fid NslLq NslLQys tjuii jpkSfhd( wdhiud fLd l=,¥ifld mdm
iudpdfrd wdhiuf;d fLd mdmld iudpdrd Èiik;s fpj iQhHk;s
p l=,dks pdhiu;d ÿgGdks Èiik;s fpj iQhHk;s p mllu;dhiud
buuyd wdjdid" w,x f; bO jdfikd ;s tj[p fid NslLq NslLQys
jqppudfkd f; NslLq tjx jfohH PJo.dñfkd p NslLQ fodi.dñfkd
p NslLq fudy.dñfkd p NslLq Nh.dñfkd p NslLQ ;dÈisldh
wdm;;shd tlppx mnndfck;s tlppx k mnndfck;S ;s'
fid NslLq NslLQyS tjuii jpkSfhd' udpdhiud tjx wjp" k p NslLQ
PJo.dñfkd' k p NslLQ fodi.dñfkd k p NslLQ fudy.dñfkd
k p NslLq' Nh.dñfkd" wdhiud fLd l=,¥ifld mdmiudpdfrd"
wdhiuf;d fLd mdmld iudpdrd Èiik;s fpj iQhHk;s pZ
l=,dkspdhiu;d ÿgGdks Èiik;s fpj iqhHk;s p mllu;dhiud
buuyd wjdid" w,x f; bO jdfikd;s tj[p fid NslLq
NslLQys jqjjudfkd ;f:j m..fKyhH fid NslLq NslLQys hdj
;;shx iukqNdis;fnnd ;ii máksii..dh' hdj ;;sf[p
iukqNdishudfkd ;x máksiifchH" bfpp;x l=i,x" fkd fp
máksiifchH ix>dÈfifid;s'ZZ
w¾:h(-
NslaIqjla jkdys l=,hla ¥IKh lrñka" <dul mej;=ï we;sj lsishï .ula
fyda kshï .ula fyda weiqre lrñka fjfia o" Tyqf.a <dul yeisÍï olakg fyda
wikakgj;a ,efí o tyq ksid ¥Is; jQ l=,hka o olakg yd wikakg ,efí o" ta
NslaIqjg NslaIQka úiska fufia mejish hq;= jkafka h'
zzwdhqIau;=ks Tn l=, ¥Ilfhls" <dul yeisÍï we;af;ls' wdhqIau;=kaf.a

<dul yeisÍï olskakg;a wikakg;a ,efí' weje;aks wdjdifhka neyer jkak'
Tn fuys úiSfuka m,la ke;ZZ hkqfjks' NslaIQka úiska fufia lshkq ,nk l,ays
zNslaIQyq Pkao.dóyq h" fodi.dóyq h" fudy.dóyq h" Nh.dóyq h" fun÷ wej;lska
we;ful= wrñka neyer lrj;a" we;ful= neyer fkdlrj;a" hkqfjka ta NslaIqj
lshkafka kï NslaIQka úiska fufia mejish hq;= jkafka h' weje;aks tfia fkdlshj"
NslaIQyq Pkao" fodai" fuday" Nh .dóyq fkdfj;s' wdhqIau;a l=,¥Ilfhls' ,dul
yeisÍï we;af;ls' wdhqIau;=ka úiska ¥Is; l=,hka o olskakg;a wikakg;a ,efí'
wdhqIau;=ks fï wdjdifhka msg fjkak' Tn fuys úiSfuka m,la ke; hkqfjks' ta
NslaIqj" NslaIQka úiska fufia lshkq ,noa§;a tfiau ish woyi f.k isà o" ta NslaIqj
NslaIQka úiska ;=kajk jr olajd woyi neyer lrùug iudkqNdik l¾uh lghq;=
82
jkafka h' ;=kajk jr olajd iukqNdikh lsÍfuka th w;a yßkafka kï fhfyls'
w;a fkdyßkafka kï ix>dÈfiidm;a;sh fjhs'
újrK(-
l=,¥ifld(-
n%dyauK" laI;%sh" ffjYH iy Y=ø hkqfjka l=, i;frls' ta yd iudkj wo
l=uk fyda mjq,l mj;sk Y%oaOdj úkdY lrkakd l=,¥il kï fjhs' myka jQ fyda
fkdmyka jQ fyda l=,hka hï hï oE §fuka" fjolñka" yiqka f.k hdu wdÈfhka
flf<iSuhs' ;sfnk m%idoh ke;sùu;a" ke;s m%idoh we;s fkdùu;a bka woyia
flf¾'
mdm iudpdfrd(-
Y%uKidremH fkdjk <dul" my;a yeisÍu mdmiudpdr kñ' l=,hkays we,S
.e,S fjfiñka .syshka fia l=,hkays l=ÿuy;a lghq;=j,g iïnkaO ùu fuhska
woyia flf¾' l=, ix.%yh iòyd lem N+ñhl fyda wlem N+ñhl
01' u,ame, frdamKh lsÍu" lrùu'

02' meka biSu" biai ùu'
03' u,a fk,Su" fk,ùu'
04' u,a oï f.;Su" f.;ùu'
wd§ l%shd mdm iudpdr l%shd kï fjhs'
l=,¥il ix>dÈfiidm;a;s ksodk l;dj
nqÿrÿka ieje;a kqjr foõrï fjfyr jev fjfik iufhl wiaiÔ"

mqkíniql kï jQ Pín.a.sh NslaIqyq foku lSgd.sßfhys úiQy' Tjqyq l=, ix.%y
msKsi u,a j;= jeùï wdÈfhka .syshkag Wmldr lr;s' Tjqkaf.a l%shdj,g yqremqreÿ
jQ .ïjeisfhda tys jevu l< iqfmaY, NslaIQkag ix.%y fkdl<y' ta Tjqkag ta
NslaIQkaf.ka m,la ke; lshd h' tfia .sh tla NslaIq kula nqÿrÿka fj; meñK ta
nj ie< lf<a h' nqÿrcdKka jykafia w.%Y%djlhska jykafia,d le|jd lSgd.sßhg
f.dia wiaiÔ mqkíniql NslaIQkag míndckSh l¾uh lrk f,i kshu l<y'
Wkajykafia,d tfia l<y' tfy;a th wiaiÔ mqkíniqlfhda fkd ms<s.;ay' ta
fjkqjg tf,i u yeisfrñka fmr<d ix>hdg wdfl%daY lrkakg o jQy' fï ksñ;s
fldg fï isl moh mKjk ,È'
nqoaO Ydikh ;=< we;s nrm;, u jerÈ mdrdðld kñka ye¢kafõ' tu

nrm;, wdm;a;shlg meñKs NslaIqj kej; NslaIQka yd iyjdihg kqiqÿiq h' tfy;a
ix>dÈfiaidm;a;shlg meñKs NslaIqjlg ix>hdf.ka iïmQ¾Kfhka bj;a ùug isÿ
fkdfjhs' tys mdßY=oaêh ,nd .; yels h' bkamiq m%lD;s Wmimka NslaIqjlf.a
;;a;ajhg meñKsh yels h'
83
wNHdi
01' ix>dÈfiai hkafkys w¾:h meyeÈ,s lrkak

02' ix>dÈfiai yd mdrdðld w;r fjki fmkajd fokak'
03' ix>dÈfiaidm;a;shlg wh;a ksodk l;djla ,shkak'
04' my; iòyka jpkj, w¾:h fmkajd fokak'
1' j;a iudodkh

2' udk; msÍu
3' wíNdk l¾uh
4' w[a[;% iqmskka;d
5' uy,a,lx
84
úkh - wúksYaÑ; úksYaph
ix>dÈfiaiqoafoaifhka wk;=rej Wfoikqfha wksh; YslaIdoajhhs' wksh;

hkq wúksYaÑ;" iaÒr jYfhka fkdo;a hk wre;a m%lg lrhs' wksh; YslaId folls'
tkï wdm;a;sh ms<sn| ksYaphla ke;s jerÈ iïnkaO YslaIdmo folls' fï wdm;a;s
isÿjkafka NslaIqjla ud.ula iu. yqol,dj isàfuka mdrdðld" ix>dÈfiai yd
mdÑ;a;sh hk weje;a ;=kska tllska fpdaokd ,eîu wkqj h' m<uq YslaIdjg wkqj
ffu:qkhg fhda.H ia:dkhl ud.ul yd yqol,d ùfukq;a" fojk YslaIdjg wkqj
ffu:qkhg wjldY ke;s ;efkl ud.ul yd yqol,d ùfukq;a fpdaokdjg ,laùug
bv ;sfí' fï YslaId wkqj fpdaokd l< yelafla weoysh yels joka we;s Wjishlg
muKs' tkï ÈÜGmam;a;" ú[a[d; idik jYfhka .; yels iuHla oDIaál" iiqk
y`ÿkk Wjishlg muKs' tjekakshla fndre fpdaokd lsÍug fkd fm<fUk neúks'
ta Wjeish fpdaokd lrk wej; mdrdðld fõjd" ix>dÈfiai fõjd" mdÑ;a;sh fõjd
ta ljr wej;lska kuq;a NslaIqjg fpdaokd l< hq;af;a Wkajykafia m;ajQfha hhs
ms<s.kakd wej;lska muKs' zwksh;Z hk jHjydrh lrkafka tfyhsks' lsishï
isoaêhl § NslaIqjlg mdrdðld§ wej;lska fpdaokd lrk úg ta NslaIqj ta fpdaokd
lrk wej; fkdms<s.kS kï tu wej;ska fpdaokdj mejßh fkd yels h' tys §
ta NslaIqj ms<s.kakd wej;la mejßh hq;= fjhs' tn÷ wjia:d wksh; kï fjhs'
m%:u wksh; YslaId moh
fhd mk NslLq ud;=.dfuk ioêx tfld tldh rfyd mápPfkk

wdifk w,x luuksfh ksiccx lfmmhH" ;fukx ifoOhH jpid
Wmdisld Èijd ;sKKx Ouudkx w[[;frk jfohH mdrdðflk
jd ix>dÈfifik jd mdÑ;;sfhk jd ksiccx NslLq mácdkudfkd
;sKKx Ouudkx w[[;frk ldfr;fnnd mdrdðflk jd
ix>dÈfifik jd mdÑ;;sfhk jd fhk jd id ifoOhH jpid
Wmdisld jfohH f;k fid NslLq ldfr;fnnd whx Ofuud wkshf;d'
mod¾:h(-
hïlsis NslaIqjla ia;%shl iu. yqfol,d j ryis.; j wdjrKh jQ fujqkaoug
fhda.H jQ wiqkl ys£ o weoysh hq;= nia we;s Wmdisldjla tfia ys¢k NslaIqj ±l
mdrdðl" ix>dÈfii" mdÑ;a;sh hk ;%súO wdm;a;Ska w;=frka hï wdm;a;shlska
fpdaokd lrhs o" ;uka tfia yqka nj NslaIqj ms<s.kafka kï mdrdðld" ix>dÈfii"
85
mdÑ;a;sh hk ;%súO wdm;a;Ska w;=frka" weoysh hq;= nia we;s Wmdisldj fpdaokd
lrk wej;ska NslaIqjg l%shd lrúh hq;= h' fï wksh; wej;hs'
újrKh(-
ud;=.dfuk(-
ud.u hkq ia;%shhs' fuys È ukqiai fkdjk hlaI" fm%a;" ;srYaÖk wd§ ukqIH
fkdjk ia;%sh wksh; iòyd j,x.= fkdfjhs'
rfyd(-
hkq ndysr lsisfjl=g fkdfmfkk mßÈ wm%lgj isàuhs'
w,x(-
hkq iqÿiq hk w¾:hs'
luuksh(-
hkq fujqkaoï l¾uhg fhda.H jQ hk w¾:hhs'
ksiccx lfmmhH(-
fuys § ys£u fyda ihkh lsÍu úfYaIfhka woyia flf¾'
ifoOhH jpid Wmdisld(-

fidajdka wd§ u.M, ,enQ wd¾h Y%dúldjla woyia flf¾'
mácdkudfkd(
ta yqka NslaIqj ta fpdaokdj ta wdldrfhka ms<s.kafka kï muKla l%shd l<
hq;= nj fuhska woyia flf¾'
ksodkh(-
nqÿrÿka ieje;a kqjr foõrïys jev fjfik iufhys Wodhs f;r Wmia:dhl
l=, yd b;d l=¨m. j fjfia' jrla Wkajykafiaf.a l=¨m. mjq,lska l=ußhla tn÷
jQ u mjq,lg mdjd fok ,È' ta l=ußh fidhd f.k tys .sh Wkajykafia tys we;=¿
ldurhl weh isá ;ekg u f.dia wiqfkl jdä ù O¾u l:djl fhÿfKa h' tu
f.or úYdLdjg o .re lrk ;ekls' ta wjia:dfõ Tjqkaf.a werhqï mßÈ weh o tys
wdjd h' tys § Wodhs f;rekaf.a fï l%shdj ÿgq Wmdisldj Wkajykafiag tys jro
.ek lreKq lSjd h' th Wkajykafia fkdms<s.;ay' miqj fuh úYdLdjf.ka ±k.;a
NslaIQyq nqÿrÿkag ±kajQy' nqÿyq ta ksñ;s fldg islmoh meKjQy'
fojk wksh; YslaId moh
86
k fyj fLd mk mápPkkx wdikx fyd;s kd,x luukshx w,[p fLd
fyd;s ud;=.dux ÿgGq,,dks jdpdys TNdis;=x" fhd mk NslLq ;:drEfm
wdifk ud;=.dfuk ioêx tfld tldh rfNd ksiccx lfmmhH ;fukx
ifoOhH jpid Wmdisld Èijd oúkkx Ouudkx w[[;frk jfohH
ix>dÈfifik jd mdÑ;;sfhk jd' ksiccx NslLq mácdkudfkd oúkkx
Ouudkx w[[;frk ldfr;fnnd ix>dÈfifik jd mdÑ;;sfhk
jd fhk jd id ifoOhH jpid Wmdisld jfohH f;k fid NslLq
ldfr;fnnd whums Ofuud wkshf;d'
mod¾:h(-
wdikh wdjrKh jQjla fkdfõ' fujqkaoï l%shdjlg iqÿiq o fkdfõ' tfy;a
ia;%shla yd wieì jokska l:d lsÍug m%udKj;a fjhs' hï NslaIqjla tn÷ wiqkl
yqfol,d j ryis.; j ys¢kafka kï th weoysh hq;= nia we;s Wmdisldjl ±l
ix>dÈfii fyda mdÑ;a;sh hk oaúO wdm;a;Ska f.ka tllska fpdaokd lrhs o NslaIqj
o tu ys£u ms<s.kafka kï ix>dÈfiai" mdÑ;a;sh hk weje;a w;=frka ta weoysh
hq;= jpk we;s Wmdisldj fpdaokd lrk wej;lska tu NslaIqjg l%shd lrúh hq;= h'
fuh o wksh; wdm;a;shls'
újrKh(-
zkfyj fLd mk mápPkkx wdikx fyd;sZ
fuh mdrdðldjlska fpdaokd lsÍug ;rï wdjrKh jQjla fkdfõ' tneúka
fiiq wdm;a;sj,ska muKla fpdaokd lsÍug bv we;' ix>dÈfiaifhka jqj o
ÿÜGq,a,dm;a;shlg muKs" bv we;af;a'
ksodk l;dj(-
nqÿrÿka ieje;a kqjr fÊ;jkdrdufha jev fjfik iuhls' m<uq wksh;
isl moh meKùfuka miq j tu ksjig u .sh WodhS f;rKqfjda wdjrKh fkdjQ
tfy;a yqfol,d ;ekl ys| ta l=ußh iu. O¾u l;d meje;aù h' tys o imeñKs
úYdLdj ±l lreKq lSjd h' Wkajykafia fkdms<s.;ay' fuh nqÿrÿkag ie<ùfuka
miq fuu islmoh mojk ,È'
ie'hq'
fï wksh; islmo fofla o" Wmdisldjf.a idlaIsh jeo.;a h' weh weoysh
hq;= flfkl= úh hq;= h' tfiau jdä ù isákq ñi m<uq isl mofha § mdrdðldÈhg
wod<j fyda fojekafka ix>dÈfiaidÈhg wod< j fyda lreKq bÈßm;aj ke;'
fpdaokdj flfrkafka isák wdldrhg wkqj h' tneúka fuh ielh u; flfrk
fpdaokdjls' fï wkqj idlaIsldßh lshk wdm;a;sfhka fpdaokd l< yelafla pQÈ;
NslaIQka jykafia th ms<s.kafka kï muKls' fï ksid fï fol wksh; fjhs'
87
;%smsgl idys;Hh
;%smsglh kï nqÿrcdKKa jykafia foaYkd l< O¾uh;a mKjd jod<

úkh;a h' thska úkh zzúkh msglhZZ jYfhka o" O¾uh zziQ;% msglhZZ yd zzwNsO¾u
msglhZZ jYfhka o msgl ;=klg fnfoa' msgl hkafkka Ndckh" l+vh" ix.%yh
^tl;=j& hk w¾: lshefõ' fuys§ msgl hkak fh§ we;af;a ix.%h hk w¾:fhks'
úfYaIfhka wd.ñl .%ka: ye¢kaùu i|yd o msgl hkak fhfok nj ld,du iQ;%fha
tk zud msgl iumodfkkZ hk mdGfhka fmfka'
md,s NdIdj
f:rjdÈ ;%smsglhg udOH jQ NdIdj md,s NdIdjhs' m%:u O¾u ix.dhkdjg

iyNd.S jQ mkaishhla uyry;ka jykafia,df.ka mej; tk fn!oaO iïm%odh
f:arjdo kñ' fojk ix.dhkdfjka miq fn§ .sh wfkla iïm%odh uydhdkhhs' tys
;%smsglfha udOH NdIdj ixialD;hhs'
nqÿrÿka oji Ndr;fha ixialD; ^fõo NdIdj& m%dlD;" ud.ë" w¾O ud.ë"
ffmYdÖ" fY!rfiaks hkqfjka m%Odk NdId yhla iy tajd iu. ne÷kq w;=re NdId
rdYshla mej;sK' thska md,s NdIdjg m%Odk jYfhka uq,a jQfha ud.ë NdIdjhs'
tfyhska th ud.ë kñka o ye¢kafõ' tfy;a md,s NdIdj ud.ë NdIdj fyda
;;ald,Sk fjk;a NdId iu. tlfy,d u iudk fkdjk fjku u NdIdjls' tfia
ùug fya;=j úúO NdId jHjydr l< msßia nqÿiiqkg we;=,a ù lghq;= lsÍfï§" O¾u
foaYkd lsÍfï§ yd O¾uh b.ekaùfï§ ta ta we;a;kaf.a mqreÿ NdId jHjydr tlg
ixl,kh ù fmdÿ NdIdjla ks¾udKh ùuhs' flfia fj;;a m%:u O¾u ix.dhkdfõ§
wo mj;sk md,s NdIdj ;%smsglfha udOH NdIdj fia iïu; úh'
nqÿ oyfï NdIdj f,i md,s NdIdj Ndú; jkafka Y%S ,xldj" ñhkaudrh"
;dhs,ka;h wd§ f:rjdÈ nqÿoyu mj;sk rgj, muKs' Ökh" cmdkh" fldßhdj wd§
uydhdk nqÿoyu mj;sk rgj, nqÿ oyfï NdIdj jkafka ixialD;hhs'
md,s NdId udOHfhka ,sheù we;af;a ;%smsglh" wgqjd" àld" uQ,sl O¾u
.%ka: yd md,s NdIdjg wod< jHdlrK Pkaoia w,xldr .%ka:;a fn!oaO ixialD;shg
yd fn!oaO b;sydihg wod< jxi l:d wd§ .%ka: iaj,amhl=;a muKs' ieflúka
lsjfyd;a nqÿoyug;a fn!oaO ixialD;shg;a md,s NdIdjg;a msgia;r .%ka: lsisjla
md,s NdIdfjka ,sheù ke;' fNicc u[cQid kï ffjoH .%ka:hla we;s w;r th;a
88
NslaIQka jykafia kul úiska ,shk ,o fn!oaO .%ka:hla fia ie,flkakls' wfkla
iqúfYaI ldrKh kï uQ,sl ;%smsglhg mßndysrj wuq;=fjka ,shejqKq jxi l:d wdÈ
ish¨ .%ka: NslaIQka jykafia,d úiska u ,shk ,o tajd ùu h' .sysfhl= úiska ,shk
,o lsisÿ .%ka:hla md,s idys;Hfha ke;'
nqoaO foaYkdj
nqÿrcdKka jykafia ;u O¾uh y÷kajñka jod< m%:u m%ldYh jk pr:

NslLfj pdßlx wd§ mdGfha i|yka jk mßÈ uq,§u nqoaO foaYkdj y÷kajd we;af;a
Oïu iy n%yaupßh hkqfjks' úkh mekùfuka miq th Oïu úkh hkqfjka
y÷kajkakg mgka f.k ;sfí'
nqoaO foaYkdj j¾. lsÍï fyda fn§ï .ek i,lk úg nqÿrcdKka jykafia
úiska u O¾uh j¾. lr we;af;a zzkjx. i;a:q idikhZZ jYfhks' ta wkqj tys iq;;
f.hH fjhHdlrK .d:d Wodk b;sjq;;l cd;l wnN=;Ouu fjo,, hkqfjka wx.
kjhls' tfy;a tajd nqoaO O¾uh fjka fjka j ix.%y l< .%ka: fkdj foaYkdfõ
úfYaI ,laIK jQ wx.hka h' foaYkd j¾.hka h' m%:u O¾u ix.dhkdfõ§ O¾u
úkh msgl jYfhka ;=klg;a" .%ka: jYfhka úis tllg;a ^21& fnÿKq kuq;a tu
fn§ï isÿ lr we;af;a by; lS wx. kjhg fkdfõ' tfy;a wgqjdpdÍka jykafia,d
miqj ;%smsgl .%ka: tu kjdx.h iu. .,mkakg W;aidy f.k ;sfí' th fufia h'
iq;; - iïmQ¾K úkh msglh;a iq;a; ksmd;fha tk ux.," r;k" kd,l" ;=jgl
hk iQ;%;a iQ;% kñka ye¢kafjk fjk;a foaYkdjkq;a iq;a; wx.hg .efka'
úkh mKjkakg fmr NslaIQka jykafiaf.a yslaóug wjYH lreKq we;=<;a jQfha
iQ;%j, h' §> ksldfha iS,laLkaO j¾.fha i|yka jk pq,a,iS," uÊ¯u iS," uyd
iS, Bg ksoiqka h' tksid úkh mekùfuka miq ta úkh ldrKd iq;a; úNx. kñka
ye¢kaúK' fuu kjdx.fha§ úkh iq;a; .Khg we;=<;a lr we;af;a tfyhsks'
f.hH - ish¨ u .d:d iys; iQ;% f.hH kñ' úfYaIfhka ixhq;a; ksldfha i.d:l
j¾.h óg wh;a h'
fjhHdlrK - iïmQ¾K wNsO¾u msglh;a" .d:d rys; iQ;%;a fiiq wx. wgg wh;a
fkdjk foaYkdjkq;a fjhHdlrK .Khg .efka' WodyrKhla f,i oïila mej;=ï
iQ;%fha zzbuiñx p mk fjhHdlrKiñxZZ hkqfjka iQ;%fha§ u thg fjhHdlrK
hk ku fh§ we;'
.d:d - Oïu mo" f:r .d:d" f:Í .d:d hk .%ka:;a iq;a; ksmd;fha iQ;% kdufhka
y÷kajd ke;s zzj;a:q .d:d ZZ jeks Y=oaO .d:d o .d:d wx.hg wh;a fõ'
89
Wodk - nqÿrcdKka jykafia úiska fidïki yd [dKuh m%S;sh;a" O¾u ixfõ.h;a
mokï lrf.k jod< zzwfkl cd;s ixidrxZZ jeks .d:d foaYkd Wodk kñ' Wodk
md,sfha tn÷ Wodk wvx.= iQ;% wiQ ;=kla we;'
b;sjq;;l - b;sjq;a;l md,sfha tk zzjq;;x fy;x N.j;dZZ wd§ jYfhka ix.%y lr

we;s tlish oyhla jQ iQ;% foaYkd b;sjq;a;l kï fõ'
cd;l - nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a fndai;a Ôú; .ek lshefjk wmKaKl wd§ mkaish
mkyla muK jQ foaYkd cd;l kñ'
wnN=;Ouu - fndai;dKka jykafia ms<sn|j;a nqÿrcdKka jykafia ms<sn|j;a

wdkkao wdÈ ry;ka jykafia,d ms<sn| j ;a wdYap¾h woaN=; lreKq we;=<;a wpPßh
wnN=; iQ;%h jeks foaYkd wíN=; Oïu kñ'
fjo,, - fõo fyj;a [dkh;a i;=g;a ,nñka úuik m%Yafkda;a;r we;=<;a pq,a,
fõo,a," uyd fõo,a," iïud ÈÜÀ" ilal m[ay" ixLdrj NdckSh" uyd mqKaku
hkd§ iQ;% fõo,a, .Khg jefÜ'
wiQydroyila O¾uialkaO
nqoaO foaYkdj O¾uialkaO jYfhka wiQydroyilg fnod ±laùu o iqúfYaI

fn§uls' §>ksldh wgqjdfõ i|yka jk wkaoug ta O¾uialkaO fnfokafka fufia h'
tla wkqikaêhla we;s iQ;%hla tla O¾uialkaOhls' wkqikaê hkq iQ;%hl

we;=<;a fjkia fjkia w¾: m%ldY flfrk oyï fldgia h' oïila mej;=ï iQ;%h
.;a úg tys wka; fol wkqikaê folls' tkï O¾uialkaO folls' i;H i;r
O¾uialkaO y;rls' ixLHd O¾u wvx.= iQ;%j, tla tla lreKla fjk fjk u
O¾uialkaOhls' m%Yafkda;a;r wvx.= iQ;%j, m%Yakh tla O¾uialkaOhls' ms<s;=r tla
O¾uialkaOhls'
wNsO¾ufhys mÜGdk wdÈfhys tys ÿl" ;sl jYfhka we;s fn§ï o Ñ;a; jdr
tl tlla fjk fjk u o tla tla O¾uialkaOfhda h' ffp;isl rEm wdÈh o tfia h'
úkfhys j;a:q" ud;sld" moNdckSh" wdm;a;s" wkdm;a;s wd§ YslaId mo ms<sn|

flfrk úúO újrK tlla tlla fjk fjk u O¾uialkaOfhda h'
fufia wiQ fooyila O¾uialkaO nqoaO foaYkd jYfhka o" fooyila Y%djl
foaYkd jYfhka o ;%smsglfha wvx.= jk nj tys i|yka fõ'
90
ioaO¾u ixrlaIKh yd ;%smsgl fn§u
nqÿrcdKka jykafia jrla foiQ iQ;%hla ta wdldrfhka u kej; fkd foi;s'

tfy;a th wid .ekSfï jrh nyqY%e;hka w;r w.;ekam;a wk| f;rekag muKla
,eî ;snqKs' ta Wkajykafia ta i|yd m%d¾:kd fldg fmreïmqrdf.k wd neúks' uq,a
hq.fha§ nqoaO foaYkdjka tajd Y%jKh lr Y%djlhka jykafia,d úiska u isys;ndf.k
tk ,o w;r wk| f;reka Wmia:dhl ;k;=reg m;aùu;a iu. O¾uh ord.ekSfï
j.lSu o Wkajykafia u Ndr.;ay'
úkhOrhka w;r w.;ekam;a Wmd,s f;rKqfjda úkh ordf.k wdy' m%:u

O¾u ix.dhkdfõ§ fï fofokd jykafia úiska O¾uh;a úkh;a iïmQ¾Kfhka u
bÈßm;a lrk ,È' tys§ mkaishhhla ry;ka jykafia,d úiska tlaj iÊ®dhkd
fldg iïu; lr.;a tu O¾u úkh msglj,g yd .%ka:j,g fnod tajd lgmdvñka
mj;ajdf.k hdu i|yd ta ta f;r mrmqrj,g Ndr lrk ,§ th fufia h'
úkh msglh
úkh uq,ska u fnok ,oafoa WNf;d úNx." LkaOl" mßjdr hkqfjka j¾.
;=klg h' kej; tajd md,s kñka ye¢kafjk .%ka: mylg fnod we;'
01' WNf;d úNx.
NslaIQkag mkjk ,o YslaId mo NslaLq úNx. kñka o NslaIqKSkaf.a YslaIdmo

NslaLqKS úNx. kñka o ye¢kafõ' WNf;d úNx. hkq thhs' tajd .%ka: jYfhka o
folls'
mdrdðl md,s
NslaIQka jykafia,d i|yd mKjk ,o mdrdðld" ix>dÈfiai" wksh;"

ksiai.a.sh mdÑ;a;sh hk YslaId mo y;<sia kjhl úia;r újrK fuys we;=<;a h'
mdÑ;;a;sh md,s
NslaIQka jykafia,dg mKjk ,o mdÑ;a;sh wkQ fol;a" fiaÅhd ye;a;E my;a"

hk b;sß YslaId mo iy NslaIqKSka i|yd mKjk ,o ;=kaish tfld<yla ^311& jQ
ish¨ YslaId mo úia;r mdÑ;a;sh md,sfhys we;=<;a h'
91
02' LkaOl
LkaOl .%ka: folls' tajdfha wvx.= lrKq LkaOl kñka mßÉfþoj,g fnod
we;s ksid ta ku fhfoa'
uydj.a. md,s
meúoao" Wmiïmodj" fmdfydh lsÍu" jia úiSu yd mjdrKh" lÀkh"

fnfy;afya;a wd§ ldrKd ms<sn| mekùï yd úia;r újrK wvx.= LkaOl oyhlska
fï .%ka:h iukaú; fõ'
pq,a,j.a. md,s
fuys LkaOl fod<yls' thska m<uq LkaOl oyfha o`vqjï úê" ix>dÈfiai
wdm;a;sj,ska ñfok yeá" wêlrK iu:" ysiflia lemSu kEu wd§ iq¿ iq¿ lreKq
^Lqoaol j;a:q& ms<sn| mekùï yd úia;r újrK we;=<;a fõ' tys wjidk LkaOl foflka
m[api;sllaLkaOlfha m%:u O¾u ix.dhkd jd¾;dj;a" i;a;i;sllaLkaOlfha
fojk ix.dhkd jd¾;dj;a we;=<;a h'
03' mßjdr
mßjdr md,s
by; lS úkh .%ka: i;f¾ u tk mekùï ms<sn| w;sf¾l úia;r we;=<;a

idrdxYhla fuys wvx.=fõ'
fufia .%ka: mylska ix.%y lrk ,o úkh msglh OdrKh lrf.k mj;ajd
f.k hdfï j.lSu Wmd,s f;rekaf.a iÕ mrmqrg mjrk ,È'
iQ;% msglh
iQ;% msglh o .%ka: mylska iukaú; h' tajd ksldh .%ka: kñka ye¢kafjk
w;r §>d.u wd§ jYfhka wd.u kñka o y÷kajd ;sfí'
01' §> ksldh
zn%yaucd,Z wdÈ m%udKfhka b;d §¾> iQ;% ;siay;rla iS,laLkaO j¾.h"

uyd j¾.h yd mdál j¾.h kñka j¾. ;=klg fnod fuys ix.%y lr ;sfí' th
mj;ajdf.k hdfï j.lSu wdkkao f;rekaf.a mrïmrdjg Ndr úh'
92
02' uÊ¯u ksldh
zuQ,mßhdhZ wd§ uOHum%udKfha iQ;% tlish mkia folla mky ne.ska
uQ, mKaKdil" uÊ¯u mKaKdil" Wmß mKaKdil hkqfjka j¾. ;=klg fnod
fuys ix.%y lr ;sfí' th mj;ajdf.k hdu mejrefKa ießhq;a uyf;rekaf.a
mrïmrdjgh'
03' ixhq;a; ksldh

zT>;rKZ wd§ iQ;% y;aoyia y;aish yeg folla ^7762& ixhq;a; kñka j¾.
fldg th mj;ajdf.k hdu i|yd uydldYHm uyf;rekaf.a mrïmrdjg Ndr lrk
,È'
04' wx.=;a;r ksldh
tfla isg tfld<y olajd O¾uldrKd wvx.= iQ;% kjoyia mkaish mkia
y;la ^9557& fuys we;=<;a fõ' tajdhska tfla lreKq tall ksmd;hg o" fofla
lreKq ÿl ksmd;hg o" hkd§ jYfhka l%ufhka ksmd; tfld<ylg iQ;% j¾.
fldg ;sfí' fufia ksmd;fhka ksmd;hg lreKq wdfrdayK l%uhg ix.%y lr we;s
ksid fuh wx.=;a;r ksldh kï fõ' fuh mj;ajdf.k hdu wkqreoaO f;rekaf.a
iÕ mrmqrg Ndr úh'
05' Lqoaol ksldh

by; lS ksldh .%ka: i;rg we;=<;a fkdjQ b;sß O¾uh Lqoaol ksldh kñka
ix.%y lr we;' tajd o ta ta O¾u fldÜGdi wkqj .%ka: jYfhka myf<djlg fnod
we;' tkï
Lqoaol mdG md,s" Oïumo md,s" Wodk md,s" b;sjq;a;l md,s" iq;a; ksmd;
md,s" úudk j;a:q md,s" fma;j;a:q md,s" f:r .d:d md,s" f:Í .d:d md,s" cd;l md,s"
ksoafoai md,s" máiïNsod u.a. md,s" wmodk md,s" nqoaO jxi md,s" pßhd msgl md,s
hkqfjks' tajdfha wvx.= lreKq tu kïj,ska u is;d.; yels h'
fï w;ßka Lqoaol mdGfha NslaIQka jykafia kula uQ,sl j mdvï l< hq;=
irKd.ukfha mgka iQ;% O¾u we;=<;a fõ' iq;a; ksmd;fha merKs iQ;% f,i
ie,flk r;k iQ;%h" ux., iQ;%h wd§ iQ;% fuka u wÜGl j¾.h yd mdrdhK
j¾.h kñka m%lg j¾. folla o we;=<;a h' ksoafoai md,sfha wvx.= jkafka iq;a;
ksmd;fha wÜglmdrdhK j¾.j,g imhk ,o újrKhka h' máiïNsod u.a.fha
p;=máiïNsod [dKh we;=¨ ish¨ nqoaO{dk ms<sn| úia;r we;=<;a h' pßhd
msglfha we;af;a o cd;lj, fuka u fndaêi;aj pß; ms<sn| úia;rhls' fiiq
.%ka: ms<sn| l,ska úia;r lr we;' Lqoaol ksldh mj;ajdf.k hdug tla NslaIq
mrïmrdjlg fkdmejreKq w;r th ish¨ fokd úiska u yodrd mj;ajdf.k hd hq;=
hehs ks.ukh úh'
93
wNsO¾u msglh
nqoaO{dkhg u úIh jQ ialkaO" Od;=" wdh;k" bkaøsh" i;H" máÉpiuqmamdo"

ud¾." M," ks¾jdK wdÈ uQ, O¾uhka ud;Dld lrf.k jod< mrud¾: foaYkdj
wNsO¾uhhs' th iïuq;s foaYkdj jQ iQ;% yd úkh folg jvd úfYaI jQ foaYkdjla
jk fyhska wNsO¾u kï fõ' O¾u úkh jYfhka fn§fï§ wNsO¾uh wh;a jkafka
O¾uhghs' wNsO¾u msglh .%ka: y;lska iukaú; h' úNd.h" újrKh hk w¾:fhka
tu .%ka: m%lrK kñka ye¢kafõ'
OuuiX.kS m%lrKh
Oïuix.kS hkq O¾u ix.%yh hk woyihs' Ñ;a; úNla;s" rEm úNls;s"

kslafIH rdYs" w¾f:da;aOdr hk j¾. y;rlg fnod kdu rEm úia;r lr ;sfí'
úNx.m%lrKh
iq;a;ka; NdckSh" wNsOïu NdckSh" m[ay mqÉPl hk ;=ka wdldrhg ialJO

Od;= wdh;k wdÈ O¾u fldÜGdi 18 la fnod olajd újrKh lr we;'

Od;= l:d m%lrKh
ialJO wdÈh iajNdjd¾:fhka Od;= kï fj;s' tfia m[apialJOfha mgka

ukisldr ffp;islh olajd O¾u 125 la fuys ix.%y wix.%y wdÈ ;=ÿia wdldrhlg
ú.%y flf¾'
mq..,m[[;;s m%lrKh
m[ap úO f[ah uKav,fhka tlla jk m%{ma;shg wod< j LJO" wdh;k"

Od;=" iÉp" bkaøsh" mq.a., hk m%{ma;s my ms<sn| j ixlaIsma;j yd mq.a., m%{ma;sh
ms<sn| j iúia;r j fuys újrKh flf¾'
l:djF:qm%lrKh
fud.a.,Smq;a;;siai ysñhka úiska nqÿrÿka jod< kh l%uhg wkqj lrk ,o

újrKhls' fuys oDIaájdo ms<sn| j ú.%y flf¾' mrjdo mkaishhla u:kh lrñka
o iljdo mkaishhla Woa§mkh lrñka fuu újrKh lr we;'
94
hulm%lrKh
fuh fn!oaO o¾Ykfha tk kdurEm O¾uhkaf.a h:d ;;a;ajh m%Yafkda;a;r

iajrEmfhka ksrEmKh lrk újrKhls' Oïuix.kS wdÈ fiiq m%lrKhkays olajk
,o O¾u ;jÿrg;a ;yjqre lsÍu ñka isÿj we;'
mgGdkm%lrKh
m[apialJOh Njh yd ksjk hk fïjdfha wx.hka tysu fjk;a wx.hkag

m%;Hh jk wdldrh fuys ixúia;rj ±lafõ' tfia olajk m%;Hh iQúiails'
fufia m%lrKh i;lska hq;= j ix.%y jQ wNsO¾u msglh mj;ajdf.k hdu

idßmq;a; uyf;rekaf.a mrïmrdjgu mejÍ ;snqKs'
;s%msgl wgqjd
wÜGl;d fyj;a wgqjd hkq ;:d.; O¾uh úia;r lsÍug hdfï§ iemhqKq
w¾: újrKhs' nqÿrcdKka jykafia O¾u foaYkd lf<a ta ta mqoa.,hkaf.a jegysfï
m%udKhg ieflúks' tfyhska fndfyda foAYkd fmdÿfõ ldg;a f;areï .ekSug
úia;r újrK .eg¨ ;ekaj,g w¾: iemhSu wdÈh nqoaO ld,fha§ u wjYh úh'
ksoiqkla f,i oïila mej;=ï iQ;%h nqÿrÿka jodf<a tlajrla muKs' tu hq.fha u
we;eï Y%djlhkag th jgyd .ekSug wmyiq jQ fyhska kej; ta ms<sn| újrKhla
lrk f,i nqÿrcdKka jykafia u ießhq;a f;rekag mejrEy' iÉpúNx. iQ;%h
foaYkd jQfha tf<i h' ta wkqj iÉpúNx. iQ;%h oïilamej;=ï iQ;%fha wgqjdjla
jeks h'
fufia nqÿrÿka jod< O¾uh kej; úia;r lsÍfï iu;a idßmq;a; f:r"
uydlÉpdhk f;r" uydfldÜÀ; f;r wdÈ f;rjre /ila m%lgj isáhy'
nqÿrcdKka jykafia úiska ieflúka foik ,o îxÅ;af;ak Ndis;iai& iQ;%j,
w¾: lshdfok f,i NslaIQka jykafia,d fï f;rjreka fj; meñK b,a,d isá
wjia:d iQ;%msglfha ks;r yuqfõ' uÊ¯u ksldfha zzuydlÉpdk Noafoalr;a;ZZ
iQ;%h tjekakls' we;eïúg NslaIQka jykafia,df.a b,a,Su mßÈ nqÿrcdKka jykafia
u ieflúka jod< O¾u ms<sn| j újrK imhd ;sfí' uydrdyqf,dajdo iQ;%h tjekals'
NslaIQka jykafia,d O¾uh fia u tys w¾:h;a wksjd¾hfhka u yod< hq;= nj

wx.=;a;r i;a;l ksmd;fha Oïu[aû iQ;%fha ±lafõ'
fufia nqÿrÿka yd ry;ka jykafia,d úiska wdrïN lrk ,o w¾:l:k

iïm%odh miqj fjku idys;Hdx.hla f,i ix.%y fldg uqL mdGfhka mj;ajdf.k
hk ,È' ix.dhkd ;=fka§ u ix.dhkd ù iïu; jQ tu wgqjd ñys÷ udysñhka
95
úiska ,laÈjg f.k wjq;a isxy,fhka ;nk ,o nj uydjxifha i|ykafõ' tajd
iSy<ÜGl;d kï úh' uq,§ th mej;=fKa uydwÜGl;d kñka ;%smsglhg u fmdÿ
tla wgqjdjla jYfhks'
l%s' miajk Y;j¾Yh jk úg oUÈj wgqjd w;=reoykaj .sh fyhska f¾j; kï

f;rKqfjda isxy, wgqjd md,shg fmr,df.k tk f,i iajlSh YsIH jQ nqoaOf>daI
ysñhka ,xldjg tjQy' uq¿ ;%smsglh u iudf,dapkh fldg úiqoaê ud¾.h kï
O¾u .%ka:h iïmdokh l< Wkajykafia thska ;u yelshdj fmkajd uyd úydÍh
f:rjrekaf.ka wjirh ,ndf.k wgqjd md,shg fmrÆy' nqoaOf>daI ysñhka lsisu
wgqjdjla wuq;=fjka ,shqfõ ke;' lf<a isxy, wgqjdj, ifodia ;eka uyd úydr
NslaIQkaf.a wjirh mßÈ ksfodia fldg ixialrKh lrñka md,shg fmr<Suhs'
tys§ Wkajykafia úkh wNsO¾u ksldh .%ka: wdÈhg fjk fjk u wgqjd fnod
ixialrKh l< y' ta wkqj Wkajykafia m%Odk ksldh wgqjd y;r;a" úkh yd
wNsO¾u wgqjd fol;a Lqoaol ksldfha .%ka: lsysmhl wgqjd;a iïmdokh fldg
kej; oUÈjg .shy' bkamiq Oïumd, f;r" wd§ f;rjre fiiq wgqjd ixialrKh
fldg mßj¾;kh l<y'
wgqjdj, O¾ufha .eg¨ ;eka meyeÈ,s flfrk w;r tajdg wod< ksodk l:d
w;sf¾l újrK wd§ fndfyda úia;r we;=<;a fõ' ksoiqka f,i Oïumofha we;af;a
.d:d muKls' tys ksodk l:dj iy w¾: újrK ;sfnkafka Oïumo wgqjdfõ h'
cd;l l;d o tfiau h fï wkqj wgqjd ke;sj O¾uh f;areï .ekSu myiq ke;'
tfia md,s idys;H olakg ,efnk wgqjd fufia h'
iuk;mdidÈld - úkh wgqjdj - nqoaOf>daI ysñ

iqux.,ú,diskS - §>ksldh wgqjdj - nqoaOf>daI ysñ
mm[piqoks - uc¯uksldh wgqjdj - nqoaOf>daI ysñ
idrF:mmldiskS - ixhq;a; ksldh wgqjdj - nqoaOf>daI ysñ
ufkdr: mQrKs - wx.=;a;r ksldh wgqjdj - nqoaOf>daI ysñ
wF:id,skS - Oïuix.sks wgqjdj - nqoaOf>daI ysñ
ifuudyúfkdokS - úNx. wgqjdj - nqoaOf>daI ysñ
mruF:§mkS - m[pmmlrK wgqjdj - nqoaOf>daI ysñ
lxLd ú;rKs - md;sfudlL wgqjdj - nqoaOf>daI ysñ
mruF:fcd;sld - LqoaolmdG wgqjdj - nqoaOf>daI ysñ
OuumogG l:d - Oïumo wgqjdj - nqoaOf>daI ysñ
mruF:fcd;sld - iq;a;ksmd; wgqjdj - Oïumd, ysñ
uOqrF:ú,diskS - nqoaOjxi wgqjdj - nqoaOo;a; ysñ
wd§ uyf;reka jykafia,d hq.fhka hq.h rpkd lrk ,o wgqjd.%ka:

iuqodhlska f:rjd§ ;s%msgl idys;H ixj¾Okh ù we;'
96
;s%msgl àld
wgqjdjkays ÿrjfndaO ;eka meyeÈ,s lsÍu iòyd àld ,shk ,È' f:rjd§
;%smsgl idys;Hh ixj¾Okh Wfoid àldjkaf.ka ,o odhlFjh o b;d úYd, h'
àld idys;Hfhys wdÈ lD;sh jkafka jðrnqoaê kï NsCIQka jykafia kul úiska
rpkd lrk ,o jðrnqoaê àldjhs' fuh ,laÈj uyd mrdl%undyq hq.hg fmr rpkd
ù we;ehs ie,flk w;r iuka;mdidÈldfõ .egmo újrKhla fia ±lafõ'
idrF:ÈmkS - úkh àldj - ÈUq,d., ldYHm ysñhkaf.a YsIHfhls'

úu;súfkdokS - úkh àldj - fpda,sh ldYHm ysñ
lxLdú;rKs - WNh m%d;sfudCI àldj - nqoaOkd. ysñ
,SkF:mmldiskS - §>ksldh àldj - O¾umd, ysñ
idrF:u[cqid - wx.=;a;r ksldh àldj - ießhq;a ysñ
idOqú,disß - iS,lLdJO j.. àldj - [dKdNsjixOïu ysñ
wd§ fldg.;a àldjka úYd, m%udKhla ,shù we;' nqreuh bkaÈhdj YS% ,xldj
wd§ f:rjd§ rgj, úiQ h;sjrhka jykafia,df.ka fuu idys;Hh ixj¾Okh úh'
àldhq.fhka miq ámamKs kñka ;j;a .%ka: iuQyhla rpkd úh' ámamKshla
hkq àldjkag;a jvd ishqï f,i .egmo újrKh lrk ,oaols'
;s%msgl idys;Hh jkdys w;sYhska mq¿,a mrdihla lrd úys§ me;sÍ we;' uq,a
nqoaO jpkh fkdblaujd oyu újrKh lsÍu iEu l;=jrfhl=f.a u wNsm%dh úh'
tksidu f:rjd§ ;s%msgl idys;Hh fn!oaO f,dalfhys iïNdjkdjg md;% ù we;'
wNHdi
01' ;s%msglhg wh;a .%ka: fjka fjka jYfhka j¾. lr olajkak'

02' ,laÈj rpkdjQ wgqjd .%ka: ms<snò f,aLkhla ilikak'
03' f:rjd§ ;s%msgl idys;Hfha ixj¾Okhg uQ,sl jQ ,laÈj wdÈ h;sjrhka
jykafia,d ms<snò f;dr;=re /ialr jd¾;djla ilikak'
97
.sys iudc iïnkaO;dj
îs.d,l iQ;%h&
rc.y kqjr is.d, kï ;reK .Dym;s mq;%fhla úh' Tyqf.a mshd uyd
Okj;a .Dym;sfhls' ksOka lrk ,o Okh muKla y;<sia fldaáhla úh' is.d,f.a
uj iy mshd f;rejka irK .sh fidajdka Wmdil Wmdisldfjda jQy' tfy;a fuu
is.d, mq;%hd f;rejka flfrys Y%oaOdj we;s flfkla fkdù h' nqÿrcdKka jykafia
yuqùug ke;fyd;a ießhq;a uq.,ka uyry;ka jykafia,d yuqjkakg hehs uõmshka
fldf;la wjjdo l<;a fyf;u tfia fkdlf<a h' f;rejka weiqr wms%h l< fyf;u
úfkdaofhka u l,a f.ù h' l,l § mshd urKdikak úh' mq;Kqjka le|jd wjjdo
lrk mshd nqÿka" oyï" i`.=ka weiqre lrkakg fkdlshd ks;sm;d Èid kuialdr lrk
f,i Wmfoia ÿkafka h' mshdf.a wejEfuka Tyqf.a wjjdoh fkd msßfy,d bgqlrñZhs
is;+ is.d, Èkm;d WoEik u wjÈ ù k.rfhka msg; t<suyka ;eklg f.dia ysi
fidaod kd f;; frÈ msáka we¢,s ne| iÈidjg yefrñka Èid kuialdrh lrhs'
is.d,f.a mshd fufia Èid kuialdrh lrk f,i ;u mq;=g lSfõ tn÷
weoys,a,la fyda úYajdihla Tjqkag ;snQ ksid fkdfõ" th ksr¾:l jevla nj mshd
o okS' tfy;a ;uka Ôj;ajk ;=re hyu.g .ekSug fkdyels jQ mq;Kqjka lrk
fï ksr¾:l ls%hdj ±l ljod fyda Èkl nqÿrcdKka jykafia Tyqg u. fmkajkq
we;ehs úYajdifhks' ta wdldrfhka u Èkla nqÿrcdKka jykafia WoEik md isjqre
f.k ms`vq is`.d jäk w;r tfia Èid kuialdr lrk is.d, yuq úh' tys § Tyq
weu;+ nqÿrcdKka jykafia zz.Dym;s mq;%h" Tn fufia Èid kuialdrh lrkafka
uka±hs úuiQy' zziajdóks" uf.a mshd ñh hk fudfydf;a mq;Kqjks" Èid kuialdr
lrkak hehs kshu lf<a h' uu mshdf.a tu jpkhg .re lrñka Èkm;d fufia
Èid kuialdrh lrñZhs is.d, lSfõ h' túg nqÿrcdKka jykafia .Dym;s mq;%h"
wmf.a fï Ydikfha kï Èid kuialdrh hkq W;=re"ol=K" kef.kysr"ngysr" Wv"
hg hk iÈidjg u je£u fkdfõ hehs jod<y' túg is.d," iajdóks tfia kï fï
W;=ï Ydikfhys iÈid kuialdrh hehs lshkafka l=ulg o ug th myod fokak
hehs wheo isáfha h' wk;=rej nqÿrcdKka jykafia Tyqg fuu is.d, iQ;%h foaYkd
lr jod<y'
tu iQ;%fhys wka;¾.; jk iÈid iuialdrh yd tu kuialdrh isÿlrkakd

úiska iïmQ¾K lr.; hq;= .=KO¾u fudkjd±hs m<uqfldg ieflúka fufia jodr;s'
zz.Dym;s mq;%h" wd¾h Y%djlfhl=f.a i;r l¾ulaf,aY m%ySK jQfha fõ o i;r w.;s
.ufkka mõ fkdlrhs o fNda. úNd. uqL Nh fiajkh fkdlrhs o fï lshk múgq
ldrKd ;=ÿfika ^14& ÿre jQ fyf;u iÈid ix.%yh o fkd msßfy,d lrhs" o fof,dj
ch.ekSug ms<smka flfkla fjhs' Tyqf.a fuf,dj o iM, jQfha fjhs' mrf,dj o
98
iM, jQfha fjhs' urKska u;= fyf;u iq.;sfhys Wm§' fï wkqj fuu iQ;% foaYkdj
wx. yhlska iukaú; fõ'
01' l¾u lAf,aY i;r

02' w.;s .uk i;r
03' wmdh uqL yh
04' mdm ñ;% j¾ckh yd l<HdK ñ;% fiajkh
05' Ofkdamd¾ckh yd ixrlaIKh
06' iÈid wdjrKh
² l¾ulaf,aY i;r
01' m%dK >d;h

02' wo;a;dodkh
03' ldu ñ:Hdpdrh
04' uqidjdoh
zzmdKd;smd;x wÈkkdodkx
uqidjdfod p jqpp;s
mrodr.ukf[p j
kmmixik;s mKä;dZZ
hkq l¾ulaf,aY i;rhs' l¾u laf,aY kï flf,ia iy.; l%shdh' ls,sá

iy.; jQ is;ska m%dK>d; lrhs' fkdls,sá is;a we;s mqoa.,hd m%dK>d; fkdlrhs'
fiiq l¾u laf,aY ;=k o tfia h' idudkHfhka .syshdf.a iS,h jk mxp iS,hg
wod< ÿYapß; y;rla fuys we;=<;a fõ' miajekak iqrdmdkhhs' th l¾ulaf,aYhla
fkdj ó<`.g tk fNda. úkdY uqL yfhka tlla f,i olajhs' rd.d§ laf,aYhka
ksid isÿlrk mdm O¾u fldf;l=;a we;' ta w;ßka mqoa.,fhl=f.a .sys Ôú;h
wjq,a lrk" ls,sá lrk fuf,dj u msßfy,k m%Odk l¾u i;r fïjd h' mqoa.,
Ôú; ydksh" foam, ke;sùu" mjq,a Ôú; wjq,aùu iy f;rejka jid,Su ksid mdm
O¾u nyq,j isÿfõ' th uq¿ Ôú;h u wjq,a lrk m%Odk lreKq i;rla jk nj
tys woyihs' fïjdg l¾u laf,aY lSfõ tneúks' wd¾h Y%djlhd fyj;a Wmdil
Wmdisldfjda fï l¾u laf,aY i;r ÿre l< hq;= h'
² w.;s .uk i;r
flfkl= mdm l¾u lrkafka fkdhd hq;= jerÈ wka; y;rlg hdu ksid h'
tkï flfkla Pkaofhka fyj;a ;udf.a leue;a; wkqj mlaI.%dyS ùfuka" leu;s
me;a; muKla .ekSfuka mdm l¾u isÿlrhs' th Pkao w.;shhs' fldamfhka"
oafõYfhka fyda m<s.ekSfï woyiska mdml¾u lrhs' th fodid.;shhs' Nfhka
;e;s .ekSu ksid fyda ìh.=¿lu ksid fyda mdm l¾u lrhs' th Nh w.;shhs'
fyd| krl ks¾Kh lr.ekSug ;rï kqjK ke;slñka fyda l,amkdj ke;slñka
99
mdml¾u lrhs' th fuday w.;shhs' fï lshk Pkao" oafõY" Nh" fuday hk ldrKd
i;r ksid flfkla O¾uhg msgqmd wO¾ufhys fhfohs kï Tyqf.a lS¾;sh fyda
.=Kh wjmlaIfha i|fuka msßyS hkafka h' wd¾h Y%djlhd i;r w.;shg fkdhhs'
tfuka u w.;shg hdfuka isÿlrk mdmO¾u o fkdlrhs'
PJod fodid Nhd fudyd

fhd Ouux w;sj;;;s
ksySh;s ;ii hfid
ld<mflLj pJÈud
² fNd. wmdh uqL yh

Okh úkdYjk fodrgq yhls' tkï"
01' iqrdfurh uccmudogGdkdkqfhf.d

02' úld,úisLdpßhdkqfhf.d
03' iuccdNsprKx
04' cQ;mmudogGdkdkqfhf.d
05' mdmñ;;dkqfhf.d
06' wd,iidkqfhf.d
hkqfjks'
• iqrdfurh uccmudogGdkdkqfhd.d§kj
uohg fyj;a u;a ù isys l,amkdj ke;sùug" m%udohg fyj;a ú<sìh ke;sj
wl=i, l¾uj, fh§ug fya;=jk iqrdfïrh hehs lshk u;ameka fyda u;aøjH
mdkfhys wd§kj yhls'
01& iJÈgÀld Ok[cdks

n,disáh§ u Okh úkdY ù hdu'
02& l,ymmjvVks
l,flda,y, jeäùu'
03& frd.dkx wdh;kx
frda.hkag wdlrhla ùu'
04& wls;;s i[ckkS
wmlS¾;sh we;sùu'
05& fldmSk ksoxikS
ú<sìh ke;s j yeisÍu'
06& m[[dh ÿnn,SlrKS
kqjK ÿ¾j, ùu hkqfjks'
100
• úld,úisLdpßhdkqfhd.d§kj
wfõ,dfjys fkdfyd;a fndfyda ? fnda ù uxudj;aj, yeisÍfï wd§kj
yhls'
01' w;;dmsii w.=f;;d wrlÅf;d fyd;s

;udf.a u /ljrKh ke;s fjhs'
02' mq;;odfrdmsii w.=f;;d wrlÅf;d fyd;s

Tyqf.a wUq orejkaf.a o wdrlaIdj ke;sfjhs'
03' idmf;hHumsii w.=;;x wrlÅ;x fyd;s

Tyqf.a Okfha o /ljrK ke;sfjhs'
04' ixlsfhd p fyd;s mdmfliq Gdfkiq

jerÈ wmrdOj,g iellrefjla fjhs'
05' wN+;jpkx p ;iñx rEy;s

Tyqfj; wN+; fpdaokd kef.hs'
06' nyQk[p ÿlLOuudkx mqrlLf;d fyd;s

fndfyda ÿla lror Tyq miqmi ths'
• iuccdNsprKd§kj
ikao¾Yk W;aij fidhd weú§ug mqreÿ ùfï wd§kj yhls'
01' Cj kppx - kegqï ;sfnkafka fldys o@

02' Cj .S;x - .dhkd ;sfnkafka fldys o@
03' Cj jdÈ;x - jehqï ;sfnkafka fldys o@
04' Cj wlLdkx - l;d kdgH ;sfnkafka fldys o@
05' Cj mdKsiirx - fnr ;d,ï jdok ;sfnkafka fldys o@
06' Cj l=uN:QKx - l< msöï ;sfnkafka fldys o@
fuys wd§kj yhla f,i olajkafka kegqï .ehqï jehqï wdÈh weiSug
keröug mqreÿ jQ mqoa.,hd ;udf.a lghq;= w;miq fldg ld,h úkdY lrñka
tajd ;sfnk ;ekaj,g hdfuka jk ydkshhs' thg weíneys jQ mqoa.,hd tn÷ ;eka
fidhñka .uka lrhs' tfia hk ia:dk yhla fuys olajd we;' Tyqg yh .=Khl
mdvqjla bka isÿfõ' ta wkqj j¾;udkhg wkqj f.or isáñka rEmjdyskS Ñ;%mg
keröfuka o ixo¾Yk fidh fidhd hdfuka flfrk ld,h yd lghq;= úkdY
lr.ekSu ñka woyia flf¾'
101
• cq;mmudod§kj
lghq;= wvd, ùfuka Okh úkdYùï wdÈfhka Ôjk .uk m%udo lrk wjq,a
lrk iQÿ lS%vdj, fh§fï wd§kj yhls'
01' chx fjrx mij;s

oskQ l,ays merÿk whf.a ffjrh we;sfõ'
02' ðf;d ú;;ukqfidp;s

merÿk l,ays merÿKq Okh ms<sn| j fYdal fjhs'
03' iJÈgÀld Okxcdks

;ud n,d isáh § u Okh keiS hhs'
04' iNd.;ii jpkx k rEy;s

iNdjl wêlrKhl Tyqf.a jpk fkdms<s.kS'
05' ñ;;duppdkx mßN+f;d fyd;s

ys;ñ;=rka w;r msßyqK flfkla fjhs'
06' wdjdyújdyldkx wmFÓf;d fyd;s" wlL Oqf;;d whx mqßi mq..f,d kd,x
odrNrKdhd;s
fudyq iQÿ wka;=fjls' wUqorejka fmdaIKh lrkakg kqiqÿiafilehs wdjdy
újdyj,§ m%;slafIam fõ'
• mdmñ;;dkqfhd.d§kj
mdmñ;=rka weiqre lsÍfï wd§kj yhls'
fh Oq;;d -
iQÿ ldrhskaf.a weiqrg jeàu'
fh fidKvd -
ia;S% f,da,Skag yd iudc Yd,dj,g f,d,ajQjka weiqrg jeàu'
fh msmdid -
u;amekg weíneysjQjka weiqrg jeàu'
fh fkl;sld -
lsreï ñkqï rkaß§ fj<|dï wdÈfhka l+glï lrkakka weiqrg
m;aùu'
fh j[pksld - fndre niska" pdgqfjka ñksiqka rjgk jxpksl weiqrg m;aùu'
fh idyisld - ñkSuereï" f.j,a ì£ï ux meyeÍï jeks ieyeislï
lrkakkaf.a weiqrg m;aùu'
102
fudjqyq mdm ñ;%fhda h' fudjqkaf.a weiqrg m;ajqk mqoa.,hd tajdg mqreÿùfuka
fof<dju úkdY lr.kS'
• w,iid§kj
w,ilfuys wd§kj yhls'
01' w;siS;k;s luux k lfrd;s

w,ihd ±ka b;d iS; hehs lshd jev fkdlrhs'
02' w;sWKyk;s luux k lfrd;s
b;d WIaKh iys; hehs jev fkdlrhs'
03' w;sidhk;s luux k lfrd;s
fndfyda ijia ù hehs jev fkdlrhs'
04' w;smdf;d;s luux k lfrd;s
b;d WoEik jeä hehs jev fkdlrhs
05' w;sPdf;dió;s luux k lfrd;s
b;d l=i.sks hehs jev fkdlrhs'
06' w;sOdf;dió;s luux k lfrd;s
l=i msÍ jeä hehs jev fkdlrhs'
fuu yh wdldrfhka jev lghq;= w;miq lsÍug nyq, fldg jik mqoa.,hdg
w¨;ska iïm;a kQm§' Wmka iïm;a úkdY fjhs'
² mdmñ;% j¾ckh yd l,HdKñ;% fiajkh
ñ;% m%;srEmlfhda
ñ;=re fjiska fmkS isák wñ;%fhda i;r fofkls'
01' w[aûo;a:qyr
02' jÖmru
03' wkqmamshNdKS
04' wmdh iydh
zzw[[oF:qyfrd ñf;;
fhd p ñf;;d jÖmfrd
wkqmmshx p fhd wdy
wmdfhiq p fh iLdZZ
103
1' w[[o;a:qyr wñ;%hd
ks;ru wkqkaf.ka hemSug W;aidy lrk" ñ;=rl= fia fmkS isák wñ;%hd
lreKq y;rlska y÷kd .; hq;= h'

zzw[[oF:qyfrd fyd;s
wfmmk nyqñpP;s
Nhii lsppx lfrd;s
fij;s wF:ldrKdZZ
Tyq ks;ru ñ;=rdf.ka lsisjla /f.k hkakg W;aidy lrhs' tfia u

iaj,amhla § fndfyda foa n,dfmdfrd;a;= fõ' ;udg lrorhla jQ úg muKla
ñ;=relï fmkajhs' ;u jdish muKla i<lñka lghq;= lrhs'
2' jÖmru wñ;%hd
ñ;=frl= fia fmkS isák jpkfhka muKla ix.%y lrk wñ;%hd lreKq
y;rlska y÷kd.; yels h' tkï fyf;u"
i. w;Sf;k máiF:r;s
w;S;fhka ix.%y lrñka u.yÍ'
Woõjla Wmldrhla m;df.k .shúg ál fõ,djlg fmr meñKsfha kï"

Bfha meñKsfha kï fokakg ;snqfKahehs w;S;fhka is; i;=gq fldg ñi tu
Wmldrh u.yßhs'
ii. wkd.f;k máiF:r;s
wkd.;fha ,efnkakg we;s foa .ek lshñka u.yÍ' tu fudfydf;a

Wmldrh fkdlrhs'
iii. ksrF:flk ix.Kyd;s
ñ;=rdf.a wjYH;d .ek ie,ls,a,la fkdolajd th wu;l jk f,ig fjk;a

l;dj,ska ix.%y fldg wjYH;dj u. yßhs'
iv. mppqmmfkkiq lsfppiq nHikx ofii;s
ñ;=rd jdykhla" lsishï WmlrKhla jeks fohla b,a,df.k meñKs úg th

levqKq nj" ke;s jQ nj flfkla /f.k.sh nj lshd tu Wmldrh u. yßhs'
104
fuu ;eke;a;ka Wmldrh fkdlr ñ;=relu o /flk l;dfjka mukla
ix.%y lrk ksid Tyq fyda weh jÖmru kï fõ'
03' wkqmamshNdKS wñ;%hd
ieu fohg u zzfyd|hsZZ lshñka ñ;=rd i;=gq lrjkakg n,k ñ;% m%;srEmlhd
lreKq y;rlska y÷kd.; yels h'
i. mdmlumsii wkqcdkd;s
ñ;=rdf.a krl ls%hdjo wkqu; lrhs'
ii. l<HdKumsii wkqcdkd;s

ñ;=rdf.a hym;a ls%hdjka o wkqu; lrhs'
iii. iuuqLdii jKKx Ndi;s

ñ;=rd bÈßmsg Tyqf.a .=K lshhs'
iv. mruuqLdii wjKKx Ndi;s

ñ;=rd ke;s ;ek Tyqf.a kq.=K lshhs'
04' wmdh iydh ñ;%hd
l=, mq;%hdf.a úkdYhg iydh jk ñ;% m%;srEmlhska isõfofkls'
i' iqrdfurhuccmudogGdkdkqfhdf. iydfhd fyd;s'

ryfur mdkh i|yd hy¿fjla fjhs'
ii' úld, úisLdpßhdkqfhdf. iydfhd fyd;s'

wfõ,dfjys úÓ ixpdrh i|yd hy¿fjla fjhs'
iii' iuccdNsprfK iydfhd fyd;s

kdgH ixo¾Yk wdÈh keröug hdu i|yd hy¿fjla fjhs'
iv' cq;mmudogGdkdkqfhdf. iydfhd fyd;s

iQÿ fl<sh i|yd hy¿fjla fjhs'
idudkHfhka ñksia is; fyd| me;a;g jvd krl me;a;g myiqfjka fhduq
fjhs' tfyhska fujeks mqoa.,hka tlajr u wmg fmfkkafka hym;a ;eke;a;ka
f,i h' tfy;a fudjqka weiqre lsÍfuka jk ydks .ek i,ld n,k úg Tjqka
wñ;%hka nj meyeÈ,s fõ' tksid fof,dj ÈhqKqj leu;s fn!oaOhd fujeks mqoa.,hka
ÿßka ÿre l< hq;= h'
105
iqyo ñ;%fhda
iqyo" ys;j;a ñ;%fhda i;r fofkls' tkï
01' Wmldrl ñ;%hd
02' iudk iqL ÿlaL ñ;%hd
03' w;a:laLdhS ñ;%hd
04' wkqlïml ñ;%hd
Wmldfrdp fhd ñf;;d - fhd p ñf;;d iqfL ÿfL

wF:CLdhS p fhd ñf;;d - fhd p ñf;;dkqlumfld
Ã Wmldrl ñ;%hd
Wmldrl ñ;%hd i;r wdldrhlska o; yels h'
i. mu;;x rlL;s
iqrdu;ska fyda ldhsl udkisl wmyiq;djlska wirK jQ ñ;%hd j /ln,d .kS'
ii. mu;;ii idmf;hHx rlL;s

mud jQ ñ;=rdf.a Okh rlS'
iii' NS;ii irKx fyd;s

ìhg m;ajQ ñ;=rdg msysg fjhs'
iv' Wmmfkk lspplrKSfh ;oÈ.=Kx fNd.x wkqmmfo;s

lsishï lghq;a;lg ñ, uqo,la Wjukd jQ úg fo.=Khla fohs'
Ã iudk iqLÿlaL ñ;=rd
ÿla iem foflys§ ;ud yd iudk fldg is;d i,lk ñ;=rd i;r wdldrhlska
o; yels h'
i' .=hyuii wdÑlL;s
;udf.a ryia fkdi`.jd ñ;=rdg lshhs
ii' .=hyuii mß.+y;s
ñ;=rdf.a ryia fy<s fkdfldg i`.jd f.k isà
iii' wdmodiq k úcy;s

úm;l § ñ;=rd w;a fkdyer isà'
iv' Ôú;umsii w;:dh mßpp;;x fyd;s

Èú mrÿjg ;nd jqj o ñ;=rdg Wmldr fõ'
106
Ã wF:lLdhS ñ;=rd
ÈhqKqjg u. lshk iqyo ñ;=rd i;r whqrlska y÷kd.; yels h'
i' mdmd ksjdfr;s

ñ;%hd múka j<lajhs'
ii' l,HdfK ksfjfi;s

ñ;%hd hymf;ys fhdojhs'
iii' wiiq;x idfj;s

fkd weiq oyï wikakg i,iajhs'
iv' i..ii u..x wdÑlL;s

iq.;shg u. lshdfohs'
Ã wkqlïml ñ;=rd
ñ;=rdg wkqlïmdfjka i,lk lghq;= lrk ñ;=rd o i;r whqrlska y÷kd .;

yels h'
i' wNfjkii k kJo;s'

ñ;=rdf.a msßySula úm;la ±l lK.dgq fjhs
ii' Nfjkii kJo;s'

ñ;=rdf.a ÈhqKqjla ±l i;=gqfjhs
iii' wjKKx NKudkx ksjdfr;s

ñ;=rdf.a kq.=K lshkakka j<lajhs
iv' jKKx NKudkx mixi;s

ñ;=rdf.a .=K lshk úg m%ixid lrhs'
fuu iqyo ñ;=rka i;r fok ukdj ±k ujl ish l=i Wmka orejl=
/l.kakd fia <`.ska weiqre l< hq;= h'
² Ofkdamd¾ckh yd ixrlaIKh
ó<`.g .sys wd¾h Y%djlhd Okh /ialrk wdldrh;a tajd l<ukdlrKh
fldg mßyrKh lrk wdldrh;a b.ekafõ'
107
mKäf;d iS,iumfkkd - c,x w..Sj Ndi;s
fNdf. ixyrudkii - Nurfiij bÍhf;d
fNd.d ikksphx hk;s - juñfld jQmÖh;s
fuf;la lS lreKq wkqj iS,jka; l<K ñ;=rka weiqrelrk [dKjka;hd
È,sfik .skakla fia nn,hs' Tyq Okh /ialsÍfï § u, fkd;,d frdka.kakd
nUfrl= fuka wkqka fkdfm<d Okh /ialrhs' tfia /ia lrkakdf.a Okh fõhka
úiska ì÷fjka ì÷j tl;= lsÍfuka f.dv k.k ;=Uila fia jeä ÈhqKq jkafkah'
tjx fNdf. iudyFjd - w,uf;;d l=f, .syS
p;=Od úNfc fNdf. - i fj ñ;;dks .J:;s
ksis f,i .sysf.hs jikakg iu;a .syshd fufia ±yeñka NjfNda. iïm;a
/iafldg th i;r fldgilg fnod .; hq;af;a h' thska fyf;u ys; ñ;=rka ;ud
fj; weo ne| .kS'
tflk fNdf. N=f[chH
oùys luux mfhdcfh
p;=F:x p ksOdfmhH
wdmodiq Núii;s
fufia fnod.;a fldgia y;frka tla fldgila mßfNdackh fldg iem
iïm;a ú¢kafka h' fldgia follska jHdmdr" f.dú;eka wd§ l¾udka; lr.kafka
h' i;rjk fldgi wdmodjl § m%fhdack fj;ehs i,ld ;ekam;a lr .kafka h'
is.d, .Dym;s mq;%hd nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.ka úuid isáfha nqÿ iiqfka

O¾u úkhg wkqj iÈid kuialdrh ksjerÈ f,i isÿlrkafka flfia o hkqfjks'
th úia;r lrkafka fu;eka isg h'
fï olajd isÿlrk ,oafoa iÈid kuialdrh isÿlsÍug iQodkï jk mqoa.,hd

Bg iqÿiafil= ùug wjYH ldrKd bÈßm;a lsÍuhs' is.d, .Dym;shd f;rejka
wdY%h fldg nK oyï wid Ôjk u. f.dv k.d.;a wfhla fkdfõ' tn÷
;;ajhl isá Tyqg fyda fjk;a wfhl=g tlajr u iÈid kuialdrh lrkakehs
mejiqjfyd;a th ksis mßÈ bgq l< fkdyels h' ukao h;a Tyq fyda weh th
wjxlj f.!rjfhka ,eÈhdfjka isÿ lrkakg ;rï .=Kj;a flfkl= fyda ta i|yd
ld,h" Okh" Y%uh lem lrkakg wjfndaOhla we;s wfhl= fkdjk fyhsks' fuu
iÈid ix.%yh lrkakd mdm O¾u fudkjd±hs y÷kdf.k thska j<lskafkl= úh
hq;= h' w.;shg f.dia ls%hdlrkafkl= fkdúh hq;= h' Okh úkdYjk ud¾.j,ska
ñÈh hq;= h' msßySug fya;=jk ñ;% m%;srEmlhkaf.ka wE;aúh hq;= h' l,HdK
ñ;%hka weiqre l< hq;= h' Okh l<ukdlrKh fldg mßyrKh lrkakg
mqreÿ úh hq;= h' fï .=Kdx.hkaf.ka imsreKq .syshd ;ukaf.a Ôú;h iqjfia
.;lrñka fu;eka isg b.ekafjk iudc hq;=lï bgqlrkakg iu¾: jkafka h'
108
tneúka nqÿrcdKka jykafia is`.d,l .Dym;shdg iÈid kuialdrh tlajr u
y÷kajd fkd§ th lsÍug fmr ;uka ilia úhhq;= wdldrh meyeÈ,s lf<a tneúks'
iÈid wdjrKh
.Dym;s mq;%h wd¾h Y%djlhd fyj;a fn!oaOhd iÈid wdjrKh flfia
lrkafka o h;a( .Dym;s mq;%h Èid yhls' fmrÈ. uõmsfhda hehs o; hq;= h' ol=Kq
È. .=rejre h" ngysr wUqorefjda h" W;=re È. kEys; ñ;=frda h' hgÈ. ±isoia
lïlrefjda h' WvÈ. uyK nuqfKda h'
01' mqrFÓud Èid ^fmrÈ.& - uõmsfhda

.Dy.;s mq;%h" l=,mq;%fhl= úiska fmrÈ. jk uõmshkag lreKq mylska
Wmia:dk l< hq;= h'
Nf;d fk ixNßiidñ
uõmshka úiska fmdaIKh lrkq ,enQ uu Tjqka fyd¢ka fmdaIKh lrñ'

Wmia:dk lrñzhs ls%hdl< hq;= h'
lsppx fkix lßiidñ
uõmshkag isÿlsÍug we;s lghq;= Tjqka fjkqfjka uu ±ka lrñhs ls%hdl<

hq;= h'
l=,jxix Gfmiidñ
l=,isß;a wdÈh /l.ekSfuka l=, mrïmrdj wdrlaId lr.ñhszhs ls%hdl<

hq;= h'
odhccx mámpcdñ
udmshkaf.ka ,;a odhdo fkdkid mßyrKh lrkafkñZhs ls%hdl< hq;= h'
w: jd mk fm;dkx ld,l;dkx olÅKx wkqmmoiidñ
udmshka ñh mrf,dj .sh l,ays oka § mska wkqfudaoka lrjkafkñ hs ls%hdl<

hq;= h'
fuu lreKq mfyka mq;%hd úiska uõmshkag Wmia:dk lrk l,ays Tjqkqÿ
lreKq mylska mq;%hdg wkqlïmd lr;s'
109
mdmd ksjdfrk;s
mq;%hd mdmfhka j<laj;s'
l,HdfK ksfjfik;s
hym;a jQ mskaoyïys fhdoj;s'
ismmx islLdfmk;s
iqÿiq Ys,am Ydia;% m%.=K lrj;s'
m;srEfmk odfrk ixfhdfck;s

iqÿiq l=, l;la wdjdy lr fo;s'
iufh odhccx kShHdfok;s

iqÿiq l,ays ;ud ika;l jia;=j mjrd fo;s'
fufia l=, mq;%hd úiska fï mQ¾j ÈYdj Wmøjrys; fldg ks¾Nh fldg
wdjrKh lrk ,oafoa fjhs'
02' olÅKd Èid ôl=Kq È.& - .=rejre
.Dym;s mq;%h" l=, mq;%fhda ol=Kq È. jk wdpd¾hjreka flfrys lreKq

mylska Wmia:dk l< hq;= fj;s'
WgGdfkk
.=rejrhd ±l yqkiafkka ke.sàfuka'
WmgGdfkk
.=rejrhdg wjYH Wmia:dk lsÍfuka'
iqiiqidh
W.kajk oE uekúka wid isàfuka'
mdßpßhdh
.=rejrhdg j;dj;a lsÍfuka'
illppx ismmmá..yfKk
W.kajk Ys,am uekúka bf.kSfuka'
fuu lreKq mfyka wkaf;ajdislhd wdpd¾hjrhdg Wmia:dk lrk l,ays

wdpd¾hjrhd lreKq mylska ish wkaf;ajdislhdg ^YsIHhdg& wkqlïmd lrhs'
110
iqúkS;x úfkk;s
;u YsIHhdj uekúka yslauj;s'
iq..yS;x .dydfmk;s
YsIHhdg uekúka W.kaj;s'
innismmiq;x iulLdhsfkd Njk;s

;ud W.;a ish¨ Ys,am Ydia;% YsIHhdg .=reñgq fkd;nd uekúka lshd fo;s'
ñ;;dufppiq máhdfok;s
;u ñ;% wud;Hd§kag YsIHhd y÷kajd fo;s'
Èidiq mß;;dkx lfrdk;s

yeu w;skau wdrlaId lr;s'
fufia l=,mq;%hd úiska ol=Kq ÈYdj Wmøj rys; fldg Nh rys; fldg
03' mpýud Èid ^wmr È.& - Nd¾hdj
.Dym;s mq;%h" l=, mq;%hd ngysr ÈYdj fyj;a mYaÑu ÈYdj jk Nd¾hdjg
lreKq mylska Wmldr l<hq;= fjhs'
iuudkkdh
ìß|lg ±laúh hq;= nqyquka lsÍu'
wkjudkkdh
wjuka fkdlsÍu'
wk;spßhdh
wka wUqjka fiajkh fkdlsÍu'
biißhfjdiif..k
ksjfiys lghq;=j, m%Odk;ajh ,nd§u'
w,xldrdkqmmodfkk
;udf.a j;alug wkqj we÷ï me<÷ï ,nd§u'
fuu lreKq miska ieñhd úiska Nd¾hdj úIfhys hq;=lï lrkq ,nk l,ays
ìß| lreKq mylska ish hq;=lï bgqlrhs'
111
iqixúys;luuk;d p fyd;s
l,g fõ,djg wdydrmdk ,nd§ï wd§ jYfhka ukd ixúOdkfhka lrk
,o lghq;= lrkakS fjhs'
iqix.ys;mßckd p
±is oia lïlre wd§ msßjr ckhdg uekúka ix.%y lrkakS h'
wk;spdßkS p
ieñhd yer wka ieñfhl= is;skqÿ fkdm;hs'
iuN;x wkqrlL;s
ieñhd imhk Okh wdrlaId lrhs'
olLd p fyd;s wk,id innlsfppiq

ish¨ lghq;af;ys olaI o fkdue,s o fjhs'
fufia .Dym;s mq;%hd úiska ngysr foi ìh rys; fldg Wmøj rys; fldg
04' W;;rd Èid ^W;=re È.& - ñ;%dud;Hfhda
.Dym;s mq;%hd l=,mq;%fhl= úiska lreKq mylska W;=re ÈYdj kï ñ;%hkag

o iem ÿl foflys tlaj lghq;= lrkakkag o ix.%y l< hq;= h'
01' odfkk - mß;Hd. lsÍfuka'

02' fmhHjfcck - m%shjpkfhka l;d lsÍfuka'
03' wF:pßhdh - wjYH úg ÈhqKqjg Wmldr lsÍfukaa'
04' iudk;;;dh - ;ud yd iudk fldg ie,lSfuka'
05' wúixjdok;dh - ñ;=rka fkd/jàfuka'
fufia ys; ñ;=rkag Wmia:dk lrk l,ays ys;ñ;=frda o l=, mq;%hdg lreKq
mylska ix.%y lr;a'
01' mu;;x rlLk;s - u;aùï" isysuq,dùï" wdÈfhys§ ñ;=rd rls;s'

02' mu;;ii idmf;hHx rlLk;s - tfia u;ska m%udofhka wirK jQ ñ;=rdf.a Okh
rls;s'
03' NS;ii irKx fydk;s - ìhg m;a ñ;=rdg msysg fj;s'
04' wdmodiq k úcyk;s - úm;a;Skays§ w;a fkdyß;s'
05' wmr mcd pii mámQfck;s - ñ;=rdf.a ore uqKqmqrkag o uu;ajfhka i,l;s'
112
fufia l=, mq;%hd úiska W;=re È. ìh rys; fldg Wjÿre rys; fldg
05' fygÀud Èid ^hgÈYdj& - ±isoia lïlrejda
.Dym;s mq;%h" l=, mq;%fhl= úiska lreKq mylska hg ÈYdj kï jQ ±isiia

lïlrejkag ix.%y l< hq;= h'
01' h:dn,x luuk;ixúOdfkk - Tjqkaf.a Yla;shg wkqj l¾udka;j,

fhoùfuka'
02' N;;fj;kdkqmmodfkk - ksis mßÈ n;a jegqma ,nd§fuka'
03' .s,dkqmgGdfkk - .s,ka jQ l, ksis Wmia:dk ie,iSfuka'
04' wpPßhdkx ridkx ixúNdf.k - ñysß wdydrmdk ;ud ;ksj fkdj<|d
Tjqkag;a fnod je<£fuka'
05' iufh fjdiif..k - iqÿiq ld,fhys jevlghq;=j,ska uqodyeÍfuka o
±isoia lïlrejkag ix.%y l< hq;= h'
tfia ix.%y ,nk ±isoia lïlrefjda l=, mq;%hdg lreKq mylska fmr<d
Wmldr lrkakdy'
01' mqnnqgGdhsfkd p fydk;s - iajdñhdg fmr ke.S msìfo;s'

02' mpPdksmd;sfkd p - iajdñhdg miqj kso;s'
03' Èkkdodhsfkd p - fidfrka fkdf.k ÿka foh muKla .ks;s'
04' iql;luulrd p - lghq;= uekúka bgq lr;ss'
05' ls;;sjKKyrd p - iajdñhdf.a .=K hym;alu lsh;s'
fufia l=, mq;%hd hg ÈYdj ksremøs; fldg ks¾Nh fldg wdjrKh lr.kakd
,oafoa fjhs'
6' WmßudÈid ^WvÈYdj& - Y%uK n%dyauK
.Dym;s mq;%h" l=, mq;%hd úiska lreKq mylska Wv ÈYdj kï jQ Y%uK

n%yauKd§kag ix.%y l< hq;= h'
01' fuf;;k ldhlfuuk - ffu;S% iy.; l%shdj,ska'

02' fuf;;k jÖlfuuk - ffu;S% iy.; jpkfhka" l;dnfyka'
113
03' fuf;;k ufkdlfuuk - ffu;S% iy.; is;sú,af,ka'
04' wkdjgojdr;dh - Tjqkag ks;r fodr újrj ;eîfuka'
05' wñidkqmmodfkk - isõmi mQcd meje;aùfuka'
tfia ix.%y ,nk Y%uK n%yaud§yq l=, mq;%hdg lreKq yhlska Wmldr
lrkakdyq h'
01' mdmd ksjdfrk;s - mdmfhka j<laj;s'

02' l,HdfKk ksfjfik;s - hymf;ys fhdoj;s'
03' l,HdfK ukid wkqlumk;s - hym;a is;ska wkqlïmd lr;s'
04' wiiq;x idfjk;s - fkdweiQ O¾uh wiaj;s'
05' iq;x mßfhdofmk;s - weiQ O¾ufhys iel ÿrefldg msßisÿ lr;s'
06' i..ii u..x wdÑlLk;s - iq.;shg u. lshd fo;s'
fufia l=, mq;%hd úiska Wv ÈYdj ksremøs; fldg Nh rys; fldg wdjrKh lrk
,oafoa fjhs'
iudc iïnkaO;djka uekúka mj;ajdf.k hñka fuf,dj ÈhqKqj
n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk l=, mq;%hd fuu iÈid kuÈkafka h' iÈid keu§u f,i fuys§
w¾:j;a lrkafka ;u hq;=lï ukdj bgq lsÍuhs' ;u hq;=lï uekúka bgqjk úg Bg
m%;s Wmldrh wfkla md¾Yajhkaf.ka fkdwvqj ie,fia' thska wfkHdkH iyfhda.
fhka hq;= iduldó m%shckl iudc miqìula ks¾udKh fõ'
ud;dms;d Èid mqnnd - wdpdßhd olÅKd Èid

mq;;odrd Èid mpPd - ñ;;duppd p W;;rd
odiluulrd fygGd - WoOx iuKn%dyuKd
t;dÈid kufiihH - w,uf;;d l=f, .syS
fuu iQ;% foaYkdj wjidkfhys wkqYdikdjla lrk nqÿrcdKka jykafia

by; oyïys yslafuk is,aj;a .=Kj;a W;=uka lS¾;s m%Yxid nqyquka ,nk whqre
úia;r lr;s' tys§ iudc iïnkaO;d ;yjqreùug i;r ix.%y jia;=j w;HjYH
ldrKhls' tajdhska f;drj fï lsis ix.%yhla iïmQ¾K fkdfõ'
mKäf;d iS,iumfkkd - ifKyd p máNdk jd

ksjd;jq;;s wF:foOd - ;dÈfid ,Nf; hix
mKaä; jQ is,aj;a" ishqï w¾: okakd" jegfyk kqjK we;s" hgy;a mej;=ï
we;s f.dryeä fkdjQ tn÷ ;eke;a;d lS¾;sh ,nhs'
114
tf; fLd ix.yd f,dfl - r:iidKSj hdhf;d
tf; p ix.yd kdiiq - k ud;d mq;;ldrKd
,fN: udkx mqcx jd - ms;d jd mq;;ldrKd
odkh o m%shjpkh o w¾:p¾hdj o iudkd;au;djh o hk fïjd ßhlg weKh

fuka f,dj iudc meje;aug wjYH ix.%yfhda fï i;r ix.%y bgq fkdjk ;ek mq;=
jQ muKh mshd fyda mq;= jQ muKska uj fyda .re nqyquka" mqo mQcd fkd,nkafka h'
hiud p ix.fy tf; - iufjlLk;s mKä;d

;iud uy;;x mfmmdk;s - mdixid p Njk;s f;
hï fyhlska mKaä;fhda fï ix.%yhka foi f.!rjfhka n,;a kï thska u

Tjqyq Wodr;ajhg meñfK;s' fiiq f,daljdiSka f.ka m%ixid ,nkafkda fj;s'
fufia is.d,l .Dym;shdg jod< l,ays iajdóks uekú' zzhál=re l< fohla
Wvql=re lrkakd fia o" jeiqKq fohla újr lrkakd fuka o" uxuq<d jQjl=g u.
lshdfokakd fuka o" weia we;af;da rEm ols;ajd hs w÷frys f;,a mykla orkakdla
fia o Nd.Hj;=ka jykafia fkdfhla ldrKfhka O¾uh foaYkd l< fial' iajdóks"
uu Nd.Hj;=ka jykafia o O¾uh o wdhH_ ix>hd o irK hñ' iajdóks Nd.Hj;=ka
jykai wo mgka Èú we;s;dla f;rejka irK .sh Wmdilfhl= fldg i,lk
fialajd hs mejiQ is.d,l .Dym;s f;fï f;rejka irK .sh Wmdilfhl= njg m;a
jQfha h'
wNHdi
01' isÕdf,dajdo iQ;%fha wka;¾.; lreKq ms<sn| j.=jla we| mka;sfha fyda ì;a;s
mqj;amf;a m%o¾Ykh lrkak'
02' YsIHfhl= jYfhka Tfnka .=rejrhdg bgqúh hq;= hq;=lï ljf¾±hs meyeÈ,s
lrñka YsIH iñ;sfha l;djla lrkak'
03' NslaIQka jykafia kulf.ka odhlhkag bgqúh hq;= fufyjr uefhka
ksnkaOkhla ,shd .=rejrhdg bÈßm;a lrkak'
04' ksr¾:l weoys,s úYajdi kskaod fldg neyer lrkq fjkqjg nqÿrÿka úiska
tajd iudchg jevodhS m%dfhda.sl m%;smod njg m;al< wdldrhg úYsIaGu
kso¾Ykh isÕd,l m%;smodjhs' fuh ikd: lrñka rpkhla ,shkak'
115
wd.ñl u;jdo ms<s.ekSfï ksje/È úêh
^ld,du iQ;%h&
tla iuhl Nd.Hj;=ka jykafia uy;a jQ NslaIQ iuQyhla msßjrdf.k

fldfid,a rfgys ießirK w;r flaimq;a; kï ld,du f.da;%slhkaf.a kshï .ug
jeä fial' flaimq;a; jeis ld,duhkag nqÿrcdKka jykafia ;u kshï .ug jeä
nj wdrxÑ úh' tfia u Wkajykafia wryx wd§ .=Khkaf.ka msßmqka W;=fula h hk
.=K lS¾;sh o Tjqkg wikakg ,eìKs' ta ksid tn`ÿ W;=ï ry;a flfkl=ka olakg
hdhq;= hehs Tjqyq is;+y' wk;=rej tf;la fn!oaOhka fkdjq ld,dufhda Nd.Hj;=ka
jykafia fj; t<U ;u;ukaf.a Y%oaOdfõ Nla;sfha m%udKhg je÷ï msÿï wdpdr
iudpdr olajd tl;amiaj ysò .;ay'
tfia ysò .;a ld,dufhda nqÿrÿkag fufia ie<lr isáhy' iajdóks úúO
uyK nuqfKda fï flaimq;a;hg meñfK;s' ta yeu flfkla u ;u;ukaf.a
u;jdoh wd.u fyda o¾Ykh u ksje/Èhe hs yqjd olaj;s' wkqkaf.a wd.ï o¾Yk
ish,a, jerÈhe hs wi;Hhe hs fy<d ols;s' iajdóks" fï fya;=j ksid fudjqkaf.ka
ljfrla we;a; lsh;a o@ ljfrla fndre lsh;a±hs wmg we;sjkafka ielhls'
Bg ms<s;=re fok nqÿrcdKka jykafia —w,x ys fjd ld,dud lXÅ;=x w,x
úÑlsÉý;=x" lXLkSfh p mk fjd Gdfk úÑlsÉPd Wmamkakd" t: ;=ïfy ld,dud
ud wkqiaifjk" ud mrïmrdh" ud b;slsrdh" ud msgliïmodfkk" ud ;lalfy;="
ud khfy;=" ud wdldrmßú;laflk" udÈÜÀksÊ®dklaLka;shd" ud NínrEm;dh"
ud iufKd fkd .rE;s˜ ld,dujreks" Tn iel lsÍu idOdrKh' Tng iel we;s ù
;sfnkafka iel l< hq;= ;ek u h' ld,dufhks" fuh wikak" Tn ûd wkqiaifjk&
lgl;dfjka weiQ ksid fyda ûd mrïmrdh& mshmq;= mrmqfrka fyda .=re mrmqfrka wd
ksid fyda ûd b;slsrdh& fuh fufia ú¨hs lshd fyda ûd msgliïmodfkk& wmf.a
oyï fmd; m;g .e<fma lshd fyda ûd ;lalfya;=& fuh ;¾ldkql+, hehs lshd fyda
ûd khfy;=& kHdh O¾uhkag .e,fma lshd fyda ûd wdldr mßú;laflak& fmfkk
wdldrhg kï fuh ksje/È hehs lshd fyda ûd ÈÜÀksÊ®dklaLka;shd& wm ms<s.;a
oDIaáhg .e,fmah lshd fyda ûd NínrEm;dh& fuh fufia úh yelsh lshd fyda
ûd iufKda fkd .rE& fï Y%uKhka jykafia wfma .=reh ta ksid Tyq lshk foa
ms<s.; hq;=h lshd fyda lsisjla fkdms<s.kak'
—hod ;=fuy ld,du w;;kdj cdfkhHd:" bfu Ouud wl=i,d" bfu Ouud
idjccd" bfu Ouud ú[C¥.rys;d" bfu Ouud iu;;d iudÈkkd wys;dh ÿlLdh
ixj;;k;S;s' w: ;=fuy ld,dud mcfyhHd:˜ ld,dufhks" fï O¾u wl=i,h"
fï O¾u jerÈ iy.;h" fï O¾u kqjKe;a;ka úiska .ryk ,oafoa h' fï O¾u
ms<sf.k ms<sme§u wys; msKsi ÿla msKsi mj;Shhs hï úgl Tng u jegfya kï tajd
w;ayßkak' ÿrelrkak'
116
ld,dufhks" Tn is;kafka l=ula o@ f,daNh mqreIhdf.a is; ;=< bm§u Tyqg ys;
msKsi mj;S o@ wys; msKsi mj;S o@ îajdóks" wys; msKsi mj;skafka h& f,daNfhka
hq;= f,daNhg hg;a jQ is;a we;s mqoa.,hd m%dK>d; wo;a;dodk mrodrfiajk uqidjdo
wdÈh lrhs kï" wkqkq;a Bg fmd<Ujhs kï" th Tyqg fndfyda ld,lg wys; msKsi
ÿla msKsi mj;skjd fkdfõ o@ ^tfia h iajdóks&
ld,dufhks" Tn flfia is;kakyq o@ oafõIh mqoa.,hdf.a is; ;=< we;s ùu

Tyqg ys; msKsi mj;S o@ wys; msKsi mj;S o@ îajdóks" wys; msKsi mj;skafka h&
ld,dufhks" oafõIfhka hq;= oafõIhg h;ag jQ is;a we;s mqoa.,hd m%dK>d; wo;a;dodk
mrodr fiajk uqidjdo wdÈh lrhs kï" wkqkq;a Bg fmd<Uhs kï Tyqg th È.= l,la
wys; msKsi ÿla msKsi m;skjd fkdfõ o@ ^tfia h iajdóks&
ld,dufhks" Tn l=ula is;yq o@ fudayh mqreIhdf.a is; ;=< bm§u Tyqg ys;
msKsi mj;S o wys; msKsi mj;S o@ îajdóks" wys; msKsi mj;skafka h& ld,dufhks"
fudayfhka hgm;a fuday iy.; is;a we;s mqoa.,hd m%dK>d; wo;a;dodk mrodrfiajk
uqidjdo wdÈh lrhs kï fyda wkqkq;a Bg fmd<Ujhs kï fyda th Tyqg wys; msKsi
ÿla msKsi mj;skjd fkdfõ o@ ^tfia h iajdóks&
ld,dufhks Tn l=ula is;kakyq o@ fï f,daN oafõI fuday iy m%dK>d;d§

O¾uhka l=i,a o wl=i,a o@ iajdóks wl=i,a h' jerÈ o@ ksjerÈ o@ îajdóks jerÈhs&
kqjKe;a;ka úiska miik ,oafoa o .ryk ,oafoa o îajdóks" .ryk ,oafoa h& fï
O¾uhkaf.ka hqla; ùu ta ls%hd isÿ lsÍu wys; msKsi ÿla msKsi mj;skjd o@ keoao@
ta .ek Tfí woyi l=ulao@ îajdóks" tajdhska hqla; ùu tajd ls%hdfjka isÿ lsÍu
wys; msKsi ÿla msKsi mj;skafka h hkq wfma woyihs'&
ld,dufhks" hula lgl;dfjka mrïmrdfjka wdrxÑfhka fmdf;a ;snqKq

muKska ;¾l fya;=fjka kHdh fya;=fjka' yß hehs fmfkk muKska ;u u;hg
.e<fmk muKska ms<s.; jQ flfkl= lS muKska .=rejrhd lSs muKska j;a fkdms<s.;
hq;= h' hï úgl fï O¾u wl=Y,h" jerÈ iy.;h tajd we;sùu Bg wkqj ls%hd lsÍu
fndfyda l,a wys; msKsi ÿla msKsi mj;skafka hehs Tng u jegfya kï ta O¾u ÿre
lrkak hehs ud jodf<a fï ksid h'
tfia u ld,dujreks" lsisjla lgl;d wdÈfhka fkdms<s.kak' hï O¾uhka

ms<snòj fï O¾u l=i,a h ksjrÈ h" kqjKe;a;ka úiska miik ,oafoa h' tajdhska
hqla; ùu ta wkqj ls%hd lsÍu ys; msKsi iem msKsi mj;S hehs Tng u jegfya kï
tajd jeä ÈhqKq lrf.k jdih lrkak'
ld,dufhks" l=ula is;kakyqq o wf,daNh mqoa.,hdf.a isf;a we;s ùu ys;

msKsi mj;S o wys; msKsi mj;S o îajdóks" ys; msKsi mj;skafka h'&
117
woafõIh mqoa.,hdf.a is; ;=< mej;Su ys; msKsi mj;skafka o wys; msKsi
mj;skafka o îajdóks" ys; msKsi mj;skafka h'&
wfudayh mqoa.,hdf.a is; ;=< mej;Su ys; msKsi mj;skafka o wys; msKsi
mj;skafka o îajdóks" ys; msKsi mj;skafka h'&
f,daNfhka oafõIfhka fudayfhka f;dr tajdg hg;a fkdjqKq tajdg yiq

fkdjQ is;a we;s mqoa.,hd m%dK>d; wo;a;dodk ldu ñ:Hdpdr uqidjdo wdÈh
fkdlrhs kï wkqkq;a Bg fhduq fkdlrhs kï th Tyqg fndfyda l,a is; iqj
msKsi mj;skafka fkdfõ o@ ^tfia h iajdóks"& ld,duhks Tn l=ula is;kakyq
o tfia kï fï wf,daN wd§ O¾u l=i,a fõ o wl=i,a fõ o@ îajdóks" l=i,a h'&
jerÈ fõ o@ ksje/È fõ o@ îajdóks" ksje/È h'& kqjKe;a;ka úiska miik ,oafoa
o .ryk ,oafoa o@ îajdóks" miik ,oafoa h'& thska hqla; ùu ta wkqj ls%hdfjka
iïmQ¾K lsÍu ys; iqj msKsi mj;S o keoao@ ta .ek Tfí woyi l=ula o@ îajdóks"
tajdhska hqla; ùu tajd ls%hdfjka iïmQ¾K lsÍu ys; msKsi iqj msKsi mj;S hkq
wfma woyihs'& ld,dufhks" lsisjla lgl;d wd§ oi wdldrfhka fkdms<s.kakd
f,i;a hula l=i,a h ksje/È h kqjKe;a;ka úiska miik ,oafoa h tajdhska hqla;
ùu tajd ls%hdfjka imsÍu ys; iqj msKsi mj;S hehs Tng u jegfya kï muKla
ms<sf.k jeä ÈhqKq lrkakehs ud jodf<a fï ksid h'
ld,dufhks" fufia ta wd¾h Y%djlhd ±ä f,daNh jHdmdoh ÿre fldg

fudayfhka uq,d fkdù isysl,amkdfjka hq;=j' ffu;s% iy.; is;ska lreKd iy.;
is;ska uqÈ;d iy.; is;ska fyda WfmalaId iy.; is;ska W;=r ol=K kef.kysr
niakdysr hk isjq Èidjg o Wvhg iri hk ieu foi o hkqfjka f,dalfha fl,jr
olajd u ish,a,ka ;ud yd iuj i,ld mq¿,a jQ uy;a jQ wm%udK jQ wffjÍ ksÿla jQ
is; m;=rejdf.k jdih lrhs' ld,ufhks" tfia wffjÍ jq wysxil jQ fkdls,sá is;a
we;s fun`ÿ msßisÿ is;a we;s wd¾h Y%djlhd fuf,dj§u wiajeis,s y;rla ,nhs'
1' hï fyhlska mrf,djla ;sfí kï fydò krl l¾uj, M,úmdl ;sfí kï

uu ta ldka;fhka urKska u;= iq.;s f,dalhl WmÈkafkñZhs hkak m<uqjk
wiajeis,a,hs'
2' hï fyhlska mrf,djla ke;akï" fydò krl l¾uj, M,úmdlhl=;a ke;akï

uu fuf,dj§ ffjrfhka f;dr mSvdj,ska f;dr ÿlska f;dr iqjm;a Ôú;hla
.; lrkafkñZhs hkq jk wiajeis,a,hs'
3' hï fyhlska is;d u;d lrk ls%hdjlska mdmhla isÿfõ kï" lsisjla ms<snò uf.a
múgq is;laj;a ke;' is;d u;d mõ lsÍula lsisfia;a ke;s ug mõ isÿjkafka
flfia o hkq ;=kajk wiajeis,a,hs'
118
4' hï fyhlska krl ls%hdjla l<;a mõ isÿ fkdfõ kï" lsisfia;a krl ls%hd
fkdlrk uu krl foa lf<d;a mõ isÿ fõh" krl foa l<;a mõ isÿ fkdfõh
hk fohdldrfhka u jrog fkdjefgk msßisÿ jQ Ôú;hla .; lrkafkla nj
ug ±fka hkq isõjk wiajeis,a,hs'
fï foaYkdj wjidkfha § ld,dufhda fun`ÿ kqjKska lghq;= lrk wd¾h

Y%djlhd wka;sfï § fï wiajeis,s y;r ,nk nj ms<s.;a y' thska nqÿrÿka flfrys
meyeÿKq Tjqyq f;rejka irK .sh Wmdlfhda njg m;a jQy'
iudf,dapkh
ld,du iQ;%fha m%Odk wxY myls'
01' hula ms<s.ekSug tl u moku fkdúh hq;= lreKq oyh'
lgl;dj mrïmrdfjka mej;Sf.k tau wd§ fuu wdldr oyh f,dj ñksiqka
idudkHfhka hula ms<s.ekSug fya;= lr.kakd lreKq h' nqÿrcdKkajykafia
jodrkafka fuu lreKq oyh u ks;H ksj/È l%uh úh fkdyels njhs' tajdfha
jer§ï fndfyda ;sìh yels h' ta ksid lsisúgl;a ta oyh mokï lrf.k muKla
fuf,dj mrf,dj ÈhqKqj fyda ksjk jeks foa ms<snò ks.ukhg fkdnisk f,i h'
02' hula yßo jerÈ ±hs ks.uh l< hq;= l%uh
wm úiska ´kEu fohla yßo jerÈ ±hs ks.ukh lsÍfï § wxY y;rlska ta
ms<snò ie,ls,su;a úh hq;=h' tkï"
² th l=i,a o wl=i,a o@
² yßo jerÈ o@
² th kqjKe;a;kaf.a meiiqug ,lafõ o .eryqug ,la fõ o@
² tajd is;Su lSu fyda lsÍu ys; msKsi mj;S o wys; msKsi mj;S o@ hkqfjks'
03' tu ldrKd y;r ±k .ekSug mdol jk m%ñ;s
hula l=i,a o wl=i,a oehs ±k .ekSug Bg mokï jk fÉ;kdj ie,lsh

hq;= h' wl=i,h ms<snò m%Odk fÉ;kd ;=kls' f,daNh oafõIh fudayh hkqfjks'
m%dK>d;dÈh ta wl=i, fÉ;kd ksid isÿjk wl=i, ls%hdjka h' hula l=i,hla
kï thg wf,daN wfodai wfuday fÉ;kd uq,a ù ;sìh hq;= h' ta fÉ;kd we;s úg
m%dK>d;d § wl=i,a fkdlrhs' lrkafka l=i,a muKs' fï nj jgyd f.k wl=i,
fÉ;kd;a wl=i, ls%hd;a ÿre l< hq;= h' l=i, fÉ;kd;a l=i, ls%hd;a ÈhqKq l<
hq;= h'
119
04' i;r n%yau úyrK
fufia fÉ;kdfjka yd ls%hdfjka msßisÿ jQ wd¾h Y%djlhd Njd.%h olajd
iÈidfõ u ish¨ i;a;ajhka flfrys fu;a;d lreKd uqÈ;d WfmlaLd hk O¾uhkaf.
ka uy;afia me;sr .sh mq¿,aj me;sr .sh n%yau úydr is;ska jdih lrhs'
05' wiajeis,s y;r
fufia wdjdg .shdg hï hï wd.ï u;jdo ñ:Hd oDIaá fkdms<sf.k fuys
lshk ,o whqßka O¾udkql+,j ms<s.; yels foa muKla ms<sf.k wl=i,fhka je<lS
l=i,h ÈhqKq fldg ish¨ i;=ka flfrys isõ Un úyrKfhka jdih lrk mqoa.,hdg
wka;sfï § wiajeis,s fyj;a iekis,s odhl is;=ú,s y;rl jdish ,efnkafka h'
01' mrf,djla ;sfí kï fydò l¾uj,g fydò úmdl ,efí kï ;ud wksjd¾hfhka
iq.;shg hk nj;a'
02' mrf,djl=;a ke;akï fydò krl l¾uj, úmdl;a ke;akï fyd`Èka Ôj;a jk
;ud fuf,dj iqfjka isák nj;a'
03' mõ lsÍu lshd fohl=;a Bg ÿla úmdhl=;a ;sfíkï mõ fkdlrk ;udg ÿlla
úÈkakg isÿ fkdjk nj;a'
04' mõ l<;a krl úmdhla ke;akï mõ fkdlrk ;ud tljr w;ska ne¨j;a msßissÿ
flfkla nj;a h'
wjidkfha lS wiajeis,s y;r fuf,dj mrf,dj fyda fydò krl úYajdi
lrk fkdlrk ldyg jqj;a krlska wE;aj fydò Ôú;hla .; lsÍfï jeo.;a lu
fyda wjYH;dj;a W.kajhs' lshd fohs' ta ksid fuh wd.ï woyk fkd woyk ldg
jqj;a m%fhdack oyuls' ta ish¨ fokd wújdofhka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka iqjfia
Ôj;a ù i;=gq is;ska ñh hkakg h' th ienEjla l< yels jkafka fï iQ;%fha
b.ekajQ ms<sfj;g lghq;= lf<d;a muKs' tfia ke;s lsisfjl=g fï wiajeis,a,
,efnkafka ke;' fï oyu b;d wmQrejg w,.shjkak uqlfjá lúhd iqNdIs;fha §
mjikafka fufia h'
we;;a ke;;a mrf,dj iqofkks uy;

yf<d;a fhfyls mõlï fkd;nd ue is;
kef;d;a ta mrf,dj bka jk wjev ke;
wef;d;a ke;ehs mõ l<yg fõ úm;
wNHdi
01' hula ms<s.ekSug tlu moku fkdúh hq;= lreKq oyh ms<sn| úia;rhla
lrkak'
02' ld,du iQ;%fha i|yka mqoa.,fhla fuf,dj§ ,nk wiajeis,a, ms<sn|
igykla ,shkak'
120
±yeñka kef.;s w±yeñka jefg;s
^mrdNj iQ;%h&
tjx fu iq;x - tlx iuhx N.jd idjFÓhx úyr;s fc;jfk wkd:msKälii

wdrdfu' w: fLd w[[;rd foj;d wNsllk;dh r;;shd wNsllk;jKKd
flj,llmmx fc;jkx TNdfiFjd fhk N.jd f;kqmiXlñ¦ WmiXlñFjd
N.jk;x wNsjdfoFjd tluk;x wgGdis' tluk;x À;d fLd id foj;d N.jk;x
.d:dh wcCONdis
tla iuhl Nd.Hj;=ka jykafia ieje;a kqrj fÊ;jk kï jQ wfkamsvq

isgq;=udf.a wdrdufhys jev jik fial' fï w;r Èkla tla;rd foúfhla rd;%sfha
m%:u hduh blau .sh l,ays úYsIag YÍr j¾Kfhka uq¿ fÊ;jkh u taldf,dal
lrf.k Nd.Hj;=ka jykafia fj; t<UqfKa h' t<U" nqÿrÿka jeò tl;a miaj isg
.d:djlska fufia ie<lf<a h'
zmrdNjk;x mqßix - uhx mqpPdu f.d;ux

N.jk;x mqgGqud.uu - lsx mrdNjf;d uqLxZ
f.!;uhka jykai" wms msßfyk mqoa.,hd ms<snò j úuiñka isáuq' ta ms<snòj

Nd.Hj;=ka jykafiaf.ka ms<súiSug meñKsfhuq' iajdóks" msßfykakdf.a msßySug
fodrgq ljf¾ o@
ziqúcdfkd Njx fyd;s - iqúcdfkd mrdNfjd¦

Ouuldfud Njx fyd;s - OuufoiiS mrdNfjdZ
ÈhqKqjkakd myiqfjka o; yels h' msßfykakd o myiqfjka o; yels h' oyug

leue;a;d ÈhqKq fõ' oyug oafõI lrkakd msßfyhs'
zb;s fy;x úcdkdu - mGfud fid mrdNfjd¦

ÿ;shx N.jd n%Eys - lsx mrdNjf;d uqLxZ
fufia wms ±ka ta m<uqjk msßySfï ldrKh oksuq' Nd.Hj;=ka jykai" msßfykakdf.a
fojk ldrKh l=ula o@ jodrkq uekú'
zwik;ii mshd fydk;s - ifk; k l=ref; mshx¦

wi;x Ouux frdfp;s - ;x mrdNjf;d uqLxZ
121
fya wi;a mqreIhka ms%h lrhs' nqoaOd§ i;amqreIhka ms%h fkdlrhs' wi;a mqreIhkaf.a
ñiÈgq oyï reÑ lrhs' th msßfykakdf.a fodrgqjls'
zb;s fy;x úcdkdu" ÿ;sfhd fid mrdNfjd¦

;;shx N.jd n%Eys" lsx mrdNjf;d uqLxZ
fufia wms ta fojk msßySfï ldrKh o ±ka oksuq' Nd.Hj;=ka jykai msßfykakdf.a
;=kajk ldrKh l=ula oehs jodrkq uekú'
zksoodiS,S iNdiS,S - wkqgGd;d p fhd kfrd¦

w,fid fldOm[[dfKd - ;x mrdNjf;d uqLxZ
hï ñksfila ks;r ksok iq¨ fjhs o@ msßia ueo .ejfik iq¨ fjhs o@ W;aidyfhka
f;dr fjhs o@ w,i fjhs o@ lsfmkafklehs m%lg fjhs o@ th msßfykakdf.a
fodrgqjls'
zb;s fy;x úcdkdu - ;;sfhd fid mrdNfjd¦

p;=F:x N.jd n%Eys - lsx mrdNjf;d uqLxZ
fufia wms ta ;=kajk msßySfï ldrKh o ±ka oksuq' Nd.Hj;=ka jykai" msßfykakdf.a
isõjk ldrKh l=ula oehs jodrkq uekú'
zfhd ud;rx jd ms;rx jd - ðKKlx .;fhdnnkx¦

myq ifk;d k Nr;s - ;x mrdNjf;d uqLxZ
hfula yelshdj ;sìh § ;reK úh f.ù f.dia uy¨úhg m;a jQ uj fyda mshd
fmdaIKh fkdlrhs o th msßfykakdf.a fodrgqjls'
zb;s fy;x úcdkdu - p;=f;:d fid mrdNfjd¦

m[pux N.jd n%Eys - lsx mrdNjf;d uqLxZ
fufia wms ta i;rjk msßySfï ldrKh o ±ka oksuq' Nd.Hj;=ka jykai" msßfykakdf.a
isõjk ldrKh l=ula oehs jodrkq uekú'
zfhd n%dyuKx jd iuKx jd - w[[x jdms jKsnnlx¦

uqidjdfok jf[p;s - ;x mrdNjf;d uqLxZ
hfula nuqfKl= fyda Y%uKhka jykafia kul fyda fjk;a lsishï hÈfhl= fyda
fndrefjka rjghs o th msßfykakdf.a fodrgqjls'
122
zb;s fy;x úcdkdu - m[pfud fid mrdNfjd¦
PgGux N.jd n%Eys - lsx mrdNjf;d uqLxZ
fufia wms ta miajk msßySfï ldrKh o ±ka oksuq' Nd.Hj;=ka jykai" msßfykakdf.a
ihjk ldrKh l=ula oehs jodrkq uekú'
zmyQ;úf;;d mqßfid - iysrf[[d ifNdcfkd¦

tfld N=[c;s id¥ks - ;x mrdNjf;d uqLxZ
fndfyda rka rejka we;s riuqiq fndcqka we;s' uyd Okj;a mqreIfhla ;ud muKla
;ksj ñysß fndcqka j<|hs o th msßfykakdf.a fodrgqjls'
zb;s fy;x úcdkdu - PgGfud fid mrdNfjd¦

i;;ux N.jd n%Eys - lsx mrdNjf;d uqLxZ
fufia wms ta ihjk msßySfï ldrKh o ±ka oksuq' Nd.Hj;=ka jykai msßfykakdf.a
y;ajk ldrKh l=ula ±hs jodrkq uekú'
zcd;s;:foOd OkF:foOd - f.d;;F:foOd p fhd kfrd¦

i[[d;sx w;suf[[;s - ;x mrdNjf;d uqLxZ
hï ñksfila cd;s uofhka ;o jQfha Ok uofhka ;o jQfha l=, uofhka ;o jQfha

ish kEhka fy<d olS o th msßfykakdf.a fodrgqjls'
zb;s fy;x úcdkdu - i;;fud fid mrdNfjd¦

wgGux N.jd n%Eys - lsx mrdNjf;d uqLxZ
fufia wms ta y;ajk msßySfï ldrKh o ±ka oksuq' Nd.Hj;=ka jykai" msßfykakdf.a
wgjk ldrKh l=ula o@ jodrkq uekú'
zbFÓOqf;;d iqrdOqf;;d - wlLOqf;;d p fhd kfrd¦

,oOx ,oOx úkdfi;s - ;x mrdNjf;d uqLxZ
hï ñksfila ia;%Skag f,d,a jQfha iqrdjg f,d,a jQfha iQÿjg f,d,a jQfha ,enqKq
,enqKq Okh jkihs o th msßfykakdf.a fodrgqjls'
zb;s fy;x úcdkdu - wgGfud fid mrdNfjd¦

kjux N.jd n%Eys - lsx mrdNjf;d uqLxZ
fufia wms ta wgjk msßySfï ldrKh o ±ka oksuq' Nd.Hj;=ka jykai" msßfykakdf.a
kjjk ldrKh l=ula oehs jodrkq uekú'
123
zfiys odfrys ik;=fgGd - fjishdiq mÈii;s¦
Èii;s mrodfriq - ;x mrdNjf;d uqLxZ
hfula ish wUqjf.ka i;=gq fkdù fji`.kka fj; hhs o ke;fyd;a mr wUqjka
fj; hhs o th msßfykakdf.a fodrgqjls'
zb;s fy;x úcdkdu - kjfud fid mrdNfjd¦

oiux N.jd n%Eys - lsx mrdNjf;d uqLxZ
fufia wms ta kjjk msßySfï ldrKh o ±ka oksuq' Nd.Hj;=ka jykai" msßfykakdf.a
oijk ldrKh l=ula oehs jodrkq uekú'
zw;S;fhdnnfkd fmdfid - wdfk;s ;sunreF:ksx¦

;iid biid k iqm;s - ;x mrdNjf;d uqLxZ
fhdjqka úh blau .sh mqreIfhla ;sôßm, n`ÿ mshhqre we;s ;reK hqj;shla
wdjdyfldg .kS o fyf;u weh ms<snò B¾IHdfjka kskao mjd fkd,nhs o th
msßfykakdf.a fodrgqjls'
zb;s fy;x úcdkdu - oifud fid mrdNfjd¦

tldoiux N.jd n%Eys - lsx mrdNjf;d uqLxZ
fufia wms ta oijk msßySfï ldrKh o ±ka oksuq' Nd.Hj;=ka jykai" msßfykakdf.a
tfldf<diajk ldrKh l=ula oehs jodrkq uekú'
zbFÓ fidKäx úlsr‚x - mqßix jdms ;dÈix¦

biißhiñx Gmdfm;s - ;x mrdNjf;d uqLxZ
mr ia;S%ka mr mqreIhka iqrd iQÿ wdÈhg f,d,a jQ tajd iòyd Okh úiqrejk ia;s%hl
fyda mqreIfhl= f.orl fyda lsishï wdh;khl wêm;s ;k;=frys ;nhs kï th
msßySfï fodrgqjls'
zb;s fy;x úcdkdu - tldoifud fid mrdNfjd¦

ojdoiux N.jd n%Eys - lsx mrdNjf;d uqLxZ
fufia wms ta tlf<diajk msßySfï ldrKh o ±ka oksuq' Nd.Hj;=ka jykai

msßfykakdf.a fodf<diajk ldrKh l=ula oehs jodrkq uekú'
zwmmfNdf.d uyd;fKyd - L;;sfh cdhf; l=f,¦

fid p rccx mF:h;s - ;x mrdNjf;d uqLxZ
124
Njfnda. iïm;a w,am jQ tfy;a uy;a ;DIaKdjla we;s hï mqoa.,fhla rdclSh
mjq,l WmÈhs o fyf;u rclu o m;hs kï th msßfykakdf.a fodrgqjls'
ztf; mrdNfj f,dfl - mKäf;d iufjlÅh¦

wßfhd oiikiumfkkd - i f,dlx Ncf; isjk;sZ
kqjKe;s mqoa.,hd fï lshk ,o msßfyk lreKq uekúka ±l kqjKska msßisò olakd

iq¨ wd¾h mqoa,fhl= f,iska lghq;= fldg mrf,dj iq.;shg hkafka h'
újrKh(-
foúhka yd ñksiqka w;r ux., lreKq fudkjd±hs l=l=ila we;s jQ wjia:dfõ

foúfhl= meñK ta ms<snò úuiQ úg ux., hkq fof,dj ÈhqKqjg fya;=jk lreKq nj
meyeÈ,s lrñka ux., iQ;%h jodrK ,È' bka wk;=rej foúhka w;r kej; l=l=ila
we;s úh' tkï Nd.Hj;=ka jykafia jodrK ,oafoa fof,dj ÈhqKqjg fya;=jk
lreKq muKs' msÍySug fya;=jk lreKq fudkjd ±hs wid ±k .;hq;= h lshd h' ta
wkqj ila foõ rc úiska ta .ek úuiSug tla;rd foõ mqf;l= nqÿrÿka fj; tjk
,È' mrdNj iQ;%fhka ±lafjkafka Tyq ta msßySfï fodrgq úuiQ wdldrh;a nqÿrÿka Bg
ms<s;=re ÿka wdldrh;a h'
fï iQ;%fha mqoa.,fhl= msßfyk ;ekg jefgk m%Odk lreKq fod<yla we;=<;a fõ'
01'
oyug reÑ wreÑ nj - fuys O¾uh hkq oi wl=i,fhka fjka ùu fyj;a oi
l=i,hhs' f,dj fndfyda fofkla m%dK>d;d§ oi wl=i,hg iajdNdjfhka u kefu;s'
tajdfhka fjka ùug ke;fyd;a oi l=i,hg leu;s ke;' th ;udg wys; lr jqj;a
Tjqka leu;s jkafka wl=i,hg u h' fï nj Oïumofha tk iqlrdkS widOQkS wd§
.d:dfjka ukdj meyeÈ,s flfrhs' f,dalhdf.a msßySug m%Odk ldrKh ù we;af;a
fï lshk wO¾uhg ms%h lsÍu yd O¾uhg tfrys ùuhs'
02'
wi;a mqreIhka ms%h lsÍu - fuys wi;a mqreIhka hehs lshkafka l¾uh yd l¾u
úmdl úYajdi fkdlrk jerÈ oDIaá ork jerÈ u; W.kajk mqoa,hka h' wm w;r
Ôj;a jk fndfyda fofkla nqÿka oyï i`.=ka fyda l=i,a wl=i,a .re fkdlrk whhs'
Tjqyq wi;a mqreIfhda h' Tjqka ork u;h ñ:Hd oDIaáhhs' Tjqka l:d lrkafka ta
jerÈ woyia h' th wi;a O¾uhhs' tn`ÿ wi;a mqreIhka weiqre lsÍu;a Tjqkaf.a jerÈ
woyia Woyiaj,g leu;s ùu;a flfkl=f.a msßySug fya;=jls'
125
03'
kslrefKa f.fjk w,i Ôú;h - fuu .d:dfõ § msßySug wod< ldrKd myla
±lafõ tkï" ks;r ksod .ekSu' msßia ueo ´m ¥m l:dfjka .; lsÍu' W;aidyhla
ke;slu iy w,ilu;a fldamjk .;sh;a h' fuys lshfjk lreKq y;rla u
w,ihdf.a ,laIKhs' ;udf.a ÈhqKqj ms<snò lsis Wkkaÿjla ke;s fyf;u ks;r
ksohs' ke;fyd;a hy¿ ñ;=rka iu. fl<sfof,ka .; lrhs' fï ksid bf.kSfuka
Okfhka msßfyk Tyq ;ry .ekSu o iajNdjhls' úfYaIfhka Tyq Wkkaÿ lsÍug
lrk wjjdoj,§ ks;r u fldamfjhs' fï ksid w,i lu;a fldamh;a Tyqf.a msßySfï
,laIKhs'
04'
ujqmshkag fkdie,lSu - ;ud ìys fldg yod jvd .;a ujqmshka ;ud iu. Ôj;a
lrf.k Tjqka /l n,d .ekSu ÈhqKq jk ¥orejkaf.a .;shhs' ke;s neß orefjda mjd
wmyiqfjka kuq;a fuh isÿlr;s' tfy;a flfkl= yelshdj ;sìh § th fkdlrkafka
kï th Tjqkaf.a msßySug fya;=jk nj fuhska lshfõ'
05'
uyK nuqKka /jàu - is,aj;a .=Kj;a uyK nuqfKda odhlhka fok fohska
hefmkafkda h' Tjqkag hula msÈh hq;= ;ek § u. yeÍu fyda jxpdfjka /jàu
my;a ls%hdjls' uyK nuqKka muKla fkdj ÿ.S u.S hdpld§ flfkl= jqj;a tfia
/jàu msßySug uq,ls'
06'
Okh ;ksj N=;a;s ú£u - is.df,dajdo iQ;%h" m;a; lïu iQ;%h jeks" iQ;%j,§ flfkl=
Wmhk Okfhka ;ud iu. Ôj;a jk fyda ;ud yd ne`ÿKq kE ys; ñ;=rka .=re foud-
mshka wd§ ish¨ fokd iu. fnod yodf.k Ôj;a úh hq;= nj W.kajd ;sfí' hï lsis
Okjf;la uiqre isgdKka fuka wka lsisfjl= .ek fkdi,ld wd;aud¾:ldój ;ud
muKla iqfLdamfNda.Sj Ôj;a jkafkakï th Tyqf.a msßySug uq,hs'
07'
udkakdêl nj - flfkla ;ukaf.a cd;sh ksid fyda Okh ksid fyda l=,h ksid
fyda fjk;a fohla ksid fyda ;udf.a u kE ys;j;=ka my;a fldg i,lñka ;udf.a
uyka;;a;lu fmkajhs kï th msßySug lreKls'
08'
ÿisß;g f,d,a ùu - ia;S%kag f,d,a jQ iqrdjg f,d,a jQ iQÿjg f,d,a jQ fndfyda fokd
;udf.a ¥orejka .ek mjd fkd;ld Wmhk Okh tajdg u jeh lr;s' uyOk isgq
mq;%hd fï fya;=j ksid isgq ;k;=frkq;a msßyS fuf,dj ys`.ukg u weo jegqfka h'
126
09'
mrodr fiajkh - ish ìßhf.ka fyda ieñhdf.ka ;Dma;su;a fkdù mrmqreIhka fyda
mrwUqjka fiajkh lsÍu;a tn`ÿ mqreIhka fji`.Kqka weiqre lsÍu;a msßySug ;j;a
ldrKhls'
10'
uy,f,la ;reKshl wdjdy lr .ekSu - i;a;=N;a; cd;lfha tk ÿ.S nuqKd iy
fjiaika;r cd;lfha tk cQcl nuqKd fuka uy¨ flfkla fh!jkshl wdjdy
lr .ekSu uyd wjq,ls' Tyq oji f.jkafka fjk;a ;reKhka weh flfrys we,au
ne,au fy<dh hk B¾IHdfjks' ta ksid Tyqg yß yeá kskaolaj;a ke;' jhiska
msßysfyk Tyqg fuh ;j;a msßySug lreKls'
11'
kdia;s ldrfhl= wêm;s lsÍu - ksjil fyda wdh;khl fyda wêm;s jk ia;s%h fyda
mqreIhd iqrdj iQÿj" ia;S% mqreI weiqr ri uijq¨ wdydrhg lEorlu wd§ kdia;sldr
jevj,ska Ok iïm;a kikafkla kï th Tyqf.a fyda wehf.;a tu wdh;kfh;a
msßySug fya;=jls'
12'
Okh ke;af;la rclï me;Su - fmr rclï lf<a laI;s%fhda h' rclï lsÍug
;udg iEfyk Okhla ;sìh hq;= h' tfia Okh ke;sfhla rc mjq,l Wmkak;a
md,khg w; fkd.eish hq;= h' th msßySug lreKla jk fyhsks' wo ;;ajh óg
jvd fjkia h' wo md,kg w; .ik fndfyda fofkla ;ekam;a Okhla we;s wh
fkdfj;s' Tjqka fndfyda fofkla foaYmd,kh f;dard .kafka Okh bmhSuhg h'
wo rdcH md,kh msßyS we;af;a fï krl .;sh ksid h' th uq¿ rfÜ u msßySug
ldrKhls'
fïjd msßySfï ldrKd nj ±k.;a kqjKe;a;d fuf,dj;a ÈhqKq ù mrf,dj

iq.;shg hkafka h' fuys oiaik iïmkakhe hehs ioyka lr we;af;a ta msÍySfï
lreKq ±kf.k tajdhska je<lsS isákakd .ek h'
wNHdi
01' msßySfï lreKq ,ehsia;=jla ms<sfh, lrkak'

02' fuys msÍysfï lreKla ud;Dld lrf.k YsIH iñ;sfha l;djla lrkak'
03' fufia msßySug m;ajQ wh .ek Tn okakd f;dr;=re mka;shg bÈßm;a lrkak'
127
jrog ìh ksjkg mshjrhs
^wdm;a;sNh iQ;%h&
zzp;;dßudks" NslLfj" wdm;;sNhdks' l;udks p;;dß@ fihH:dms" NslLfj" fpdrx

wd.=pdßx .fyFjd rf[[d ofiihHqx - zwhx f;" foj" fpdfrd wd.=pdÍ" buii
fofjd oKvx mfK;+Z;s' ;fukx rdcd tjx jfohH -z.pP:" fNd" bux mqßix o<ydh
rccqhd mpPdndyx .d<ynJOkx nJêFjd LqruqKvx lßFjd Lriifrk mKfjk
rÓhdh rÓhx isX>dgflk isX>dglx mßfkFjd olÅKojdfrk kslLdfuFjd
olÅKf;d k.rii iSix ýJo:dZ;s' ;fukx rf[[d mqßid o<ydh rccqhd mpPdndyx
.d<ynJOkx nJêFjd LqruqKvx lßFjd Lriifrk mKfjk rÓhdh rÓhx
isX>dgflk isX>dglx mßfkFjd olÅKojdfrk kslLdfuFjd olÅKf;d k.rii
iSix ýfkohHqx' ;;%[[;rii :,gGii mqßiii tjuii -z mdmlx j;" fNd" whx
mqßfid luux wldis .drhyx iSifpPccx' h;% ys kdu rf[[d mqßid o<ydh rccqhd
mpPdndyx .d<ynJOkx nJêFjd LqruqKvx lßFjd Lriifrk mKfjk rÓhdh
rÓhx isX>dgflk isX>dglx mßfkFjd olÅKojdfrk kslLdfuFjd olÅKf;d
k.rii iSix ýJÈiik;s' fid j;iidyx tjrEmx mdmluux k lfrhHx .drhyx
iSifpPcck;s'
tjfuj fLd" NslLfj" hii lii Ñ NslLqii jd NslLqkshd jd tjx ;snnd

Nhi[[d mppqmgÀ;d fyd;s mdrdðfliq Ofuuiq' ;fii;x mdálXLx( wkdmfkkd
jd mdrdðlx Ouux k wdmcðii;s" wdmfkkd jd mdrdðlx Ouux h:dOuux
málßii;s'
zzfihH:dms" NslLfj" mqßfid ld<lx jF:x mßOdh flfi mlsßFjd uqi,x

LfJO wdfrdfmFjd uydckldhx WmiXlñFjd tjx jfohH - zwyx" Nfk;" mdmluux
wldisx .drhyx fudi,,x" fhk fu wdhiufk;d w;;ukd fydk;s ;x lfrdóZ;s'
;;%[[;rii :,gGii mqßiii tjuii - zmdmlx j;" fNd" whx mqßfid luux
wldis .drhyx fudi,,x' h;% ys kdu ld<jF:x mßOdh flfi mlsßFjd uqi,x
LfJO wdfrdfmFjd uydckldhx WmiXlñFjd tjx jlL;s - zwyx" Nfk;" mdmluux
wldisx .drhyx fudi,,x' fhk fu wdhiufk;d w;;ukd fydk;s" ;x lfrdó;s'
fid j;iidyx tjrEmx mdmluux k lfrhHx .drhyx fudi,,k;s'

Nhi[[d mppqmgÀ;d fyd;s iX>dÈfifiiq Ofuuiq" ;fii;x mdálXLx -
wkdmfkkd jd iX>dÈfiix Ouux k wdmcðii;s" wdmfkkd jd iX>dÈfiix Ouux
h:dOuux málßii;s'
zzfihH:dms" NslLfj" mqßfid ld<lx jF:x mßOdh flfi mlsßFjd wiimqgx

LfJO wdfrdfmFjd uydckldhx WmiXlñFjd tjx jfohH - zwyx" Nfk;" mdmluux
wldisx .drhyx Wmjccx' fhk fu wdhiufk;d w;;ukd fydk;s ;x lfrdóZ;s'
;;%[[;rii :,gGii mqßiii tjuii - zmdmlx j;" fNd" whx mqßfid luux
wldis .drhyx wiimqgx' h;% ys kdu ld<lx jF:x mßOdh flfi mlsßFjd wiimqgx
LfJO wdfrdfmFjd uydckldhx WmiXlñFjd tjx jlL;s - wyx" Nfk;" mdmluux
128
wldisx .drhyx wiimqgx¦ fhk fu wdhiufk;d w;;ukd fydk;s ;x lfrdó;s'
fid j;iidyx tjrEmx mdmluux k lfrhHx .drhyx wiimqgk;s'
tjfujx fLd" NslLfj" hii lii Ñ NslLqii jd NslLqkshd jd tjx

;snnd Nhi[[d mppqmgÀ;d fyd;s mdÑ;;sfhiq Ofuuiq" ;fii;x mdálXLx -
wkdmfkkd jd mdÑ;;shx Ouux k wdmcðii;s" wdmfkkd jd mdÑ;;shx Ouux
h:dOuux málßii;s'
zfihH:dms" NslLfj" mqßfid ld<jF:x mßOdh flfi mlsßFjd uydckldhx

WmiXlñFjd tjx jfohH - zwyx" Nfk;" mdmluux wldisx .drhyx Wmjccx'
fhk fu wdhiufk;d w;;ukd fydk;s" ;x lfrdóZ;s' ;;%[[;rii :,gGii
mqßiii tjuii - zmdmlx j;" fNd" whx mqßfid luux wldis .drhyx Wmjccx"
h;% ys kdu ld<lx jF:x mßOdh flfi mlsßFjd uydckldhx WmiXlñFjd tjx
jlL;s - wyx" Nfk;" mdmx luux wldisx .drhyx Wmjccx¦ fhk fu wdhiufk;d
w;;ukd fydk;s ;x lfrdó;s' fid j;iidyx tjrEmx mdmluux k lfrhHx
.drhyx Wmjcck;s'

Nhi[[d mppqmgÀ;d fyd;s mdáfoikSfhiq Ofuuiq" ;fii;x mdálXLx -
wkdmfkkd jd mdáfoikShx Ouux k wdmcðii;s" wdmfkkd jd mdáfoikShx
Ouux h:dOuux málßii;s' budks fLd" NslLfj" p;;dß wdm;;sNhdkS;s'
uyfKks" wdm;a;s Nh i;rdldr fjhs' ta i;r ljf¾ o@ h;a uyfKks

hïfia wmrdO lrk iq¨ fidfrl= w,a,df.k foajhka jykai" fï fidrd wmrdO
lrkafkls' foajhka jkafia" fudyqg o`vqjï mkjkq ,efíjdhs" rc;=ud fj; bÈßm;a
lrKq ,efnhs' rcq fufia kshu lrhs' rdc mqreIhks" fï mqreIhd ±ä /yeklska
msá;, yhd ;o neÿfuka ne| ysi uqvq fldg f.dryeä jo fnr y`v ueo ùÈfhka
ùÈh uxikaÈfhka uxikaÈh yryd /f.k f.dia ol=Kq jdi,a fodfrka msg;g hjd
ysi isò oujhs lshdh' rdc mqreIfhda o tu mqreIhd ±ä /yeklska msá;, yhd ±ä
ne÷fuka ne| ysi uqvqfldg f.dryeä jo fnr y`v ueo ùÈfhka ùÈh uxikaÈfhka
uxikaÈh Tiafia f.k f.dia ol=Kq jdi,a fodfrka msg lrjd k.rfha ol=Kq mi §
ysi isò oukakdy'
w;r u. ;ekl isá tla;rd mqreIfhl=g fufia isf;hs' wfyda fï mqreIhd

ysi is`Èh hq;= ;rï múgq ls%hdjla isÿ fldg we;' rdc mqreIhka Tyq o< /yeklska
msá;, yhd ;o ne÷fuka neò ysi uqvqlr f.dfrdaiq jo fnr yv ueo ùÈfhka ùÈh
uxikaÈfhka uxikaÈh Tiafia f.k f.dia ol=Kq fodßka msg;a fldg k.rh ol=Kq
mi § ysi isò oukafka ta ksid h' tfyhska uu kï fun`ÿ .erysh hq;= ysi is¢h
hq;= ;rï mdm l¾uhla fkdlrkafkñZhs hkqfjks'
ta wdldrfhka u uyfKks" hï lsis NslaIqjlg fyda NslaIqKshlg mdrdðld

wdm;a;s O¾u ms<snò fun`ÿ ;shqKq ìh ye`.Sula we;s úh hq;= h' Wkajykafiag fuf;la
fkdm;a mdrdðld wdm;a;shlg m;a fkdjkafka h' m;ajQ mdrdðld wdm;a;shg O¾u
úkhdkql+,j ms<shï lrkafka h hehs wfmalaIdj we;s úh hq;= h'
129
uyfKks" hïlsis mqreIfhla l¨ jia;%hla yeòf.k flia úiqrejdf.k
fuda,a .ila lr ;ndf.k uyckhd ueog f.dia fufia lshhs' iajdóks" uu .erysh
hq;=" fuda,a myr Èh hq;= mdm l¾uhla flf<ñ' Tn;=uka,d ug hï o`vqjula lrkq
leu;s jkakyq kï uu ta o`vqjug hg;a fjñ hkqfjks'
fï w;r tys mfil isák tla;rd mqreIfhl=g fufia isf;hs wfyda

fï mqreIhd .erysh hq;= fuda,a myr Èh hq;= múgq ls%hdjla lr we;' Tyq l¨
jia;%hla weòf.k flia úiqrejdf.k fuda,a .ila lf¾ ;ndf.k uyckhd ueog
meñK iajdóks" uu .erysh hq;=" fuda,a myr Èh hq;= múgq ls%hdjla flf<ñ' thg
;uqkakdkafia,d hï o`vqjula lrKq leu;s kï uu th ú£ug leue;af;ñZhs
lshkafka ta ksid h' uu kï taldka;fhka u fun`ÿ .erysh hq;= fud,a myrÈhhq;=
mdm l¾uhla fkdlrkakfkñZhs hkqfjks'
tfia u uyfKks" hï lsis NslaIqjlg fyda NslaIqKshlg ix>dÈfiai wdm;a;s

O¾u ms<snò ;shqKq ìh is;la we;súh hq;= h' tfiau Wkajykafiag fuf;la fkdm;a
ix>dÈfiaidm;a;shlg fkdmeñfKkafka h' m;ajQ jQ ix>dÈfiaid m;a;shla fõ kï
O¾u úkdhkql+,j ms<shï lrkafka h hk wfmalaIdj we;s úh hq;= h'
hï fia uyfKks" mqreIfhla l¿ jia;%hla yeòf.k flia úiqrejdf.k

w¿ fmdÈhla lf¾ ;ndf.k uyckhd ueog meñK fufia lshkafka h' uu
iajdóks" .erysh hq;=" w¿ fmdÈfhka myr Èh hq;=" múgq ls%hdjla lf<ñ' ta iòyd
;uqkakdkafia,d hï o`vqjula lsÍug leu;sjkakyq kï th lsÍug uu leue;af;añ'
fufia lshk úg tys mfil isák mqreIfhl=g fufia isf;hs' wfyda

fï mqreIhd .erysh hq;= w¿ fmdÈfhka myr Èh hq;=' múgq ls%hdjla lr we;'
Tyq l¨ jia;%hla weòf.k flia úiqrejdf.k fuda,a .ila lf¾ ;ndf.k
uyckhd ueog meñK iajdóks" uu .erysh hq;=" fuda,a myr Èh hq;= múgq
ls%hdjla flf<ñ' thg ;uqkakdkafia,d hï o`vqjula lrkq leu;s kï uu th
ú§ug leue;af;ñZhs hehs lshkafka ta ksid h' uu kï taldka;fhka fun`ÿ
.erysh hq;= w¨fmdÈfhka myr Èh hq;= múgq ls%hdjla fkdlrñ" hkqfjks'
uyfKks" tfia u lsishï NslaIqjlg fyda NslaIqKshlg mdÑ;a;sh wdm;a;s

ms<snòj fun`ÿ ;shqKq ìh ye`.Sula we;s úh hq;= h' tfiau Wkajykafiag fuf;la
fkdm;a mdÑ;a;sh wdm;a;shlg fkdmeñfKkafka h' m;ajQ mdÑ;a;sh wdm;a;shg
O¾u úkhdkq l+,j ms<shï lrkafka h hk wfmalaIdj we;súh hq;= h'
hï fia uyfKks" mqreIfhla l¿ jia;%hla yeòf.k uyckhd ueog meñK

fufia lshkafka h' uu iajdóks" .erysh hq;=" fodia ke.sh hq;= múgq ls%hdjla lf<ñ'
ta iòyd ;uqkakdkafia,d hï o`vqjula lsÍug leu;sjkakyq kï th lsÍug uu
leue;af;ñ hkqfjks'
fufia lshk úg tys mfil isák mqreIfhl=g fufia isf;hs' wfyda fï

mqreIhd .erysh hq;=" fodia ke.sh hq;=" múgq ls%hdjla lr we;' Tyq l¿ jia;%hla
weòf.k flia úiqrejdf.k uyckhd ueog meñK iajdóks" uu .erysh hq;=" fodia
ke.sh hq;= múgq ls%hdjla flf<ñ' thg ;uqkakdkafia,d hï o`vqjula lrkq leu;s
kï uu th ú£ug leue;af;ñZhs hehs lshkafka ta ksidh' uu kï taldka;fhka
fun`ÿ .erysh hq;= fodia ke.sh hq;= múgq ls%hdjla fkdlrñ hkqfjks'
130
uyfKks" tfiau lsishï NslaIqjlg fyda NslaIqKshlg mdáfoaikSh wdm;a;s
ms<snò j fun`ÿ ;shqKq ìh ye`.Sula we;s úh hq;= h' tfiau Wkajykafiag fuf;la
fkdm;a mdáfoaikSh wdm;a;shlg fkdmeñfKkafka h' m;ajQ mdáfoaikSh wdm;a;shg
O¾u úkhdkq l+,j ms<shï lrkafka h hk wfmalaIdj we;súh hq;= h'
uyfKks" fï wdm;a;s Nh y;rhs'
újrKh
fuu wdm;a;sNh iQ;%fhka nqÿrcdKka jykafia Wmimka NslaIQ NslaIqKS
fomsßi weje;a ms<snò ìfhka lghq;= l<hq;= njg wjjdo lr;s' úkh msglfha§
Wmimka NslaIQ NslaIqKSka iòyd mkjk ,o úkh YslaIdmo m%Odk jYfhka j¾.
y;rl g fnfoa' mdrdðld" ix>dÈfiai" mdÑ;a;sh" mdáfoaikSh hkqfjks'
mdrdðld
NslaIQka jykafia,d iòyd mdrdðld YslaIdmo y;rls' NslaIQKSka jykafia,d
iòyd mdrdðld YslaId mo wgls' fuhska ljr fyda mdrdðld YslaId wdm;a;shlg
m;a NslaIQjl=f.a fyda NslaIqKshlf.a Wmiïmodj iyuq,ska u ke;s jkafka h'
kej; fï ðú;h ;=<§ Wmiïmod ùug bv fkd,efí' Bg ms<shï we;af;a folls'
uq¿ Ôú;h u idufKrfhl= jYfhka .; lsÍu fyda .sysj Wmdil Wmdisldjl
jYfhka .; lsÍu h' mdrdðld wdm;a;s .ek iòyka jkafka ;,a fmd,a jeks .ila
lráfhka u leãhdula f,i h' th kej; ,sh,kafka ke;=jdfia Wmiïmodj o
kej; ,eìh fkdyels neúks' fuu iQ;%fha § th ysi is£ulg Wmud fldg we;'
wmrdO lrefjl=f.a ysi .id oukq olsk mqoa.,fhl=g wmrdO lsÍug hï ìhla we;s
fõkï ta yd iudk ìhla NslaIqjlg fyda NslaIqKshgl mdrðld m;a;shlg meñKSu
ms<snò we;s úh hq;=nj fuys iòyka fõ' tfiau mdrdðld wej;lg m;ajQfjla kï
Bg ms<shu o blaukska lr .; hq;= nj ;j ÿrg;a ±lafõ'
ix>dÈfiai
mdrdðldj,ska miqj nrm;, u weje;a kï ix>dÈfiaihs' NslaIQka iòyd
ix>dÈfiai oy;=kls' NslaIQKSka iòyd ody;ls' fuu wdm;a;sj, § ms<shï fldg
kej; Wmiïmodj h:d ;;ajhg m;alr .; yels h' tfy;a ta iòyd wkq.ukh l<
hq;= ms<sfj; Wiïmodj ,eîug;a jvd nrm;,h' mdrdðl yer ´kEu wej;lg m;a
jqjfyd;a ta nj ksismßÈ Wmimka NslaIqjlg ±kqï §u m<uqfjka u l< hq;= ld¾hhhs'
th wej;a foiSu kñka ye¢kafõ' ix>dÈfiaij,g wej;a foiSfïka muKla ms<shï
l< fkdyels h' weje;a foiSfuka isÿjkafka tu wej; l,a .;ùu je,elaùu muKs'
mdrdðldj fuka uyKlu iyuq,ska u ke;s fkdjqk;a ix>dÈfiaidm;a;shlg m;ajQ
NslaIqjlf.a Wmiïmodj ;djld,slj w;aysgjkq ,efí' ta iòyd kshñ; ms<sfj;a
mqrd Wmiïmodùu yd iudkj u Wmimka NslaIQka 21la kula iSudjg jevujd kej;
ta NslaIqjf.a Wmiïmodj j,x.=Ndjhg m;al< hq;= h' th ix>hdf.ka ;djld,sl j
bj;a fldg kej; ix>hd w;rg leojd .ekSula jk neúka thg wíndyk ^wdyajdk
- le|ùu& úkh l¾uhhehs lshkq ,efí'
131
ix>dÈfiaidm;a;shlg m;a jq NslaIqjlg ms<shï lsÍfï § uq,skau ix>hd
ueog leòjd tu NslaIqjg ix> l¾uj,ska bj;aj mßjdi ld,hla .; lsÍug kshu
lrkq ,efí' mßjdih fohdldrhlska isÿfõ' hï úÈhlska NslaIqj wej; fkdfoid
jika lrf.k isáfhd;a ta isá ld,h yd iudk ld,hla fjku wdjdil ys|
Èkm;d ;uka wej;g m;a jQ nj;a msßfjia mqrK nj;a tu fjfyf¾ isák yd
fjfyrg meñfKk Wmimka NslaIQkag ±kqï foñka .; l< hq;= h' th mßjdi
kñka y÷kajkq ,efnhs'
wej; fkdfoid jika lrf.k ke;akï fyda jika l< ld,hg iß,k
msßfjia mqrd wjika l< miqj fyda kej; Èk yhla wksjd¾hfhka u fmrfia u
ix>hdf.ka fjkaj ;uka m%lD;s NslaIqjla ùug wfmalAIdfjka isák nj Wmiïmod
NslaIQkag ±kqï foñka .; l< hq;= h' ta Èk yfha .; lrk mßjdih udk;a;ûdk;a&
hehs y`ÿkajkq ,efí' iSudjg leòjd wíndyk l¾uh lrkafka fuu msßfjia yd
udk;a imqrd wjika jQ miqj h' fï wdm;a;sj,g ms<shï lsÍfï § wdrïNfha §;a ueo
§;a wjidkfha §;a ix>hd wjYH jk fyhska ix>hdf.a wkque;s yd iyNd.S;ajh
wjYH jk fyhska fïjd ix> ¬ wdÈ ¬ fiai hehs lshkq ,efí'
mdÑ;a;sh
mdrdðl ix>dÈfiai ;rï nrm;, fkdjk wej;a j¾.hls' mdÑ;a;sh j¾.
folls' ksiai.a.sh mdÑ;a;sh iy iqoaO mdÑ;a;sh hkqfjks' ksiai.a.sh mdÑ;a;sh hkq
isjqre msßlr jeks WmlrK jerÈ f,i mdúÉÑ l< úg th ksiai.a.sh fõ' tkï
ta ms<snòj NslaIqjg ;sfnk whs;sh ke;s fõ' kej; th ,nd .ekSug kï tu jro
ksjro fldg wej; foish hq;= h' WodyrKhla f,i isÿrla iys;j isjqrla mdúÉÑ
lf<d;a th ksi.s fõ' tys§ tu isÿr uid Wmimka NslaIqjlg bÈßm;a fldg tys
whs;sh ,ndf.k wej; foish hq;= h' tu isjqr uik ;=re wejf;ka msßisÿ úh
fkdyels h' NslaIq NslaIqKS fomsßig u fmdÿfõ ksie`.s mÑ;s ;syls'
iqoaO mdÑ;a;sh kï úld, fNdacdkd§ iq¿ iq¿ jerÈ h' tajd ;j;a Wmimka
NslaIqjla bÈßfha wdfrdapkh lsÍfuka fyj;a wej;a foiSfuka muKla msßisÿ úh
yels h' NslaIQka iòyd iqoaO mdÑ;a;sh wkQ folls' NslaIqKSka iòyd tlish yeg
yhls'
mdáfoaikSh
mdáfoaikSh hkq .erysh hq;= weje;a h' mdÑ;a;sh jeks jerÈ fkdj idudkHfhka
Y%uK O¾uhg fkd.e<fmk" idudkHfhka ñksia oyug;a fkd.e<fmk ls%hdjl
§ ;uka th l< nj NslaIqjla bÈßfha m%ldY lsÍuhs' fun`ÿ .erysh hq;= wdm;a;s
NslaIQka iòyd y;rls' NslaIqKs iòyd wgls' fï ish,a,gu moku ù we;af;a wdydr
ms<s.ekSuhs' WodyrKhla f,i NslaIqjla b;d ÿ.S È<sÿ f.org werhqulska f;drj
f.dia wdydr .ekSu .erysh hq;= jrols' tys § ;ud tjekakla l< nj m%ldY fldg
wej;a foiSfuka msßisÿ úh hq;=hs' th mdáfoaikSh kñ'
132
fï iQ;%fha iòykajk mßÈ mdrdðldm;a;shg ysi .id ±óug ;rï ìhúh
hq;= h' ix>dÈfiaidm;a;shg fuda,a myr lEug isÿ ùu ;rï ìh úh hq;= h'
mdÑ;a;shdm;a;shlg w¿ fmdÜgkshlska myr lEug ;rï ìh úh hq;= h' mdá
foaikSh wdm;a;shlg m%isoaêfha nekqï weiSug isÿùug ;rï ìh úh hq;=hs' fï ish¨
YslaId moj,§ ie,lsh hq;= m%Odk ld¾hh kï mdrdðld yer wfkla iEu wej;l§u
wjYHfhka u wej;a foiSu l< hq;= njhs' tkï ;ud tu jro l< nj NslaIqjlg
±kqï §uhs' mdÑ;a;sh yd mdáfoaikSh wej;a tfia foiQ muKska u msßisÿ jk w;r
fiiq wej;aj, § tÈfkod o wej;a foiSu ms<shï lr .ekSug myiqjla fjhs'
fï ksid jrog ìh we;s .syshka Èkm;d mkais,a iudoka úh hq;= h' jrog
ìh we;s idufKarhka jykafia,d ks;sm;d oiis,a oudoka úh hq;= h' jrog ìh we;s
Wmiïmod NslaIQka jykafia,d ks;sm;d wej;a foid .; hq;= h' hkq fuu iQ;%fhka
fok mKsjqvhhs'
wNHdi
01' fuys i|yka jk mqrdK o`vqjï i;r meyeÈ,s lrkak'
02' NsCIQka i|yd mKjd we;s mdáfoaikSh wdm;a;s fudkjd±hs m%d;sfudaCIfhka
fidhd igyka lr fmkajkak'
133
wNsO¾uh - Tn Tfí rEmh y÷kkjd o@
Ñ;a;" ffp;isl" rEm" iy ksíndK jYfhka mrud¾: O¾u i;rla we;s

nj Tn okafkys h' bka Ñ;a; iy ffp;isl mrud¾: ms<sn| miq.sh jirj, §
bf.k.;a Tng fuu mdvfï § rEm mrud¾:h ms<sn| bf.kSug ,efí' YS; WIaKd§
úreoaO m%;Hhka ksid úldrhg fkdfyd;a fjkiaùug m;ajkafka rEmh hs'
remm;S;s Nfj rEmx - úldr mppfh i;s

rEm rEmx ;:d rEmx - mßhdmkkf;d mrx
hkqfjka YS;" WIaK wd§ úreoaO m%;H we;sl,ays hï rEmhla úldrhg meñfKa
o th rEmrEm kï fõ' fjk;a rEm o" rEm rEmhg u we;=<;a jk neúka tajd rEm
kï fõ' hehs olajd we;' fuu rEm ms<sn| ú.%y lrk wNsO¾ud¾: ix.%yfha § rEm
wdldr myla hgf;a úNd. fldg olajd we;'
01' rem iuqoafoi - rEm ms<sn| ieflúka úia;r lsÍu' ^kï jYfhka&
02' rEm úNd. - olajk ,o rEm kej; fnod oelaùu'
03' rEm iuqÜGdk - rEm Wmojk fya;= m%;H oelaùu'
04' rEm l,dm - rEm iuQy jYfhka ne£ isák wdldrh oelaùu'
05' rEm m%jD;a;s l%u - rEm mj;sk ms<sfj, oelaùu'
1' rEm iuqoafoai
wNsO¾uhg wkqj rEm úis wgls ^28& ls' tu rEm mGú" wdfmda" f;afcda" jdfhda
hkqfjka uyd N+; rEm y;rla iy Wmdodh rEm 24 la f,i fohdldr h' tfia u
ksIamkak rEm 18 la yd wksIamkak rEm 10 la f,i m%Odk fldgia folls' tajd
ish,a, ud;Dld tfld<ila hgf;a j¾. lr we;'
ksIamkak rEm 18
01' uyd N+;rEm 4 - mGú" wdfmda" f;afcda" jdfhda

02' mido rEm 5 - plaLq" fida;" >dK" ðõyd" ldh
03' úih rEm 4 - rEm" Yío" .JO" ri
04' Ndj rEm 2 - bFÓNdj" mqßi Ndj
05' yoh rEm 1 - yDoh jia;=j
06' Ôú; rEm 1 - Ôú;sJøsh rEmh
07' wdydr rEm 1 - ln,sxldydr
134
wksIamkak rEm 10
01' mßÉfþo rEm 1 - wdldi Od;=j

02' ú[a[;a;s rEm 2 - ldh ú[a[;a;s" jÖ ú[a[;a;s
03' úldr rEm 3 - ,yq;d" uqÿ;d" lïu[a[;d
04' ,laLK rEm 4 - Wmph" ika;;s" cr;d" wksÉp;d
rEm ish,a, 28 ls' ^wNsO¾u II mdvfï § fï ms<sn| úia;rhla we;'&
2' rEm úNd.

fï wg úis rEm ish,a, fmdÿfõ ,laIK wglska hqla; h' tkï
wfy;=l" immpph" idij" ixL;" f,!lsl" ldudjpr" wkdruuK" wmmNd;nn
hkqfjks'
wfy;=l - kdu - fyj;a Ñ;a; - ffp;islhkays fuka rEmhkays f,daNd§

wl=i, uQ,hka o" wf,daNd§ l=i, uQ,hka o fh§ula ke;s
neúka wfya;=l h'
immpph - rEm iu. fhfok f,daNd§ fya;= ke;;a rEm" lu_" Ñ;a;" iD;=
wdydr hk m%;Hhkaf.ka yg.kakd neúka imamÉph fjhs'
idij - wdij kï ldu wd§ fla,Yhka h' rEm wruqKq fldg flf,ia
Wm§' tneúka rEmh idij h'
ixL; - fya;= m%;Hhkaf.a tlaùfuka ilia jk ieu fohla u

ixL; h' ksjk yer ish,a, ixL; .Khg jefÜ' fï wkqj
rEm O¾u o ixL; h'
f,!lsl - kj f,dõ;=rd oyï û. m," ksjk yer& ish,a, f,!lsl h'
ta wkqj rEmO¾u ish,a, u f,!lsl h'
ldudjpr - ldudjpr hkafkka ldu N+ñhg wh;a fyda lduhg fyj;a

;DIaKdjg f.dÿrejk hk w¾: fohs' ta wkqj rEmh ldu
f,dalhg wh;a h' fï ksid rEmh ldudjpr h'
wkdruuK - Ñ;a; ffp;islhka fuka wruqKq .ekSula rEmhg ke;s

fyhska wkdruuK h'
135
wmmNd;nn - m%ydKh l< hq;af;a laf,aYhka h' rEm ms<sn| j m%ydKh l<
hq;af;a rEm fkdj rEm rd.hhs' túg rEmh ksrdhdifhka u
m%ydKh l<d jkafka h' tneúka rEmh wmamyd;ín fjhs'
rEm O¾u kej; fohdldr jYfhka j._ kjhlg fnfoa'
1' wc®;;sl rEm - ndysr rEm
m[ap bkaøSh yd iïnkaO O¾u ms<sn| uu h" udf.a h hk uudhkh b;d ±ä h'
tneúka pCLq" fid;dÈ m%ido rEm wdOHd;añl rEm f,i .efka' fiiq rEm 23
ms<sn| j u t;rï ;DIaKdjla fkdue;s neúka tajd ndysr rEm kñ'
2' jia;= rEm - wjia;= rEm
Ñ;a; ffp;islhkaf.a yg .ekSug yd jdihg fya;= jk neúka m%ido rEm mi;a"

yoh rEmh;a jia;= rEm f,i o" tfia kdu O¾uhkag jdih fkdjk fiiq rEm O¾u
wjia;= rEm f,i o ie,fla'
3' oajdr rEm - woajdr rEm
Ñ;a; mrïmrdjkaf.a we;sùug yd mej;Sug fodrgq jk pCLq fid; wd§ m%ido rEm
mi;a ldh l¾u yd jdla l¾uhka my< ùug fodrgq jk ú[a[;a;s rEm fol;a
oajdr rEm kñ' fiiq rEm 21 woajdr kï fjhs' tajd ldh l¾udÈhg fodrgq fkdfõ'
4' bJøsh rEm - wksJøsh rEm
bJøsh Yíoh wêm;s fyda md,kh lrk hk w¾:h fohs' pCLq ú[a[dKd§
ú[a[dKhkag wêm;s jk neúka m%ido rEm mi;a" ia;S%;ajh yd mqreI;ajh md,kh
lrk neúka NdjrEm fol;a" l¾uc rEm md,kh lrk neúka Ôú;sJøsh;a hk rEm
wg ^8& bJøsh rEm kñ' fiiq rEm 20 wksJøsh rEm fjhs'
5' ´,dßl rEm - iqLqurEm
m%ido rEm mi;a" úih rEm i;;a hk fodf<dia rEmhka bJøsh-wruqKq jYfhka
.efgk iq¨ neúka ´,dßl h' fuys úih rEm i;la jQfha fmdÜGín rEmh mGú"
f;afcd" jdfhda hk N+; rEm ;=k .efkk fyhsks'
jK_ rEmh weig o" Yío rEmh lKg o" .JO rEmh kdihg o ri rEmh Èjg o
±fkk w;r lhg ±fkk rEm ;=kls' tkï mGú" f;afcd" jdfhda hk rEmhka h'
tn÷ .eàula ke;s neúka by; ±lajQ fodf<dia rEm yer b;sß rEm 16 iqLqu rEm kñ'
136
6' WmdÈkak rEm - wkqmdÈkak rEm
bkaøsh rEm wg;a" bÈßhg lshfjk wúksfnNd. rEm wg;a WmdÈkak rEm kñ' fïjd
;Kayd ÈÜÀ jYfhka ±äj w,a,d .kakd neúka tkï fjhs' fïjd mQ¾j l¾ufhka
yg.kakd neúka l¾uc rEm kñka o ye¢kafõ' tn÷ w,a,d .ekSula ke;s Ñ;a;"
iD;=" wdydrhka f.ka yg.kakd b;sß rEm oyh wkqmdÈkak kñ'
7' iksoiaik rEm - wksoiaik rEm
weiska ±lsh yels rEmhhs' tkï jK_ rEmhhs' fiiq rEm i;a úiai u wksoiaik kñ'
8' f.dpr.a.dysl rEm - wf.dpr.a.dysl rEm
f.dÿre .kakd fyj;a wruqKq .kakd m%ido rEm mi f.dpr..dysl kñ' fiiq rEm
23 wf.dpr..dysl kï fjhs'
9' wúksífNd. rEm - úksífNd. rEm
fjka l< fkdyels mßÈ tl u l,dmhla f,i ks;r u mj;sk N+; rEm i;r;a" jK_
^rEm rEmh& .JO" ri" ćd ^wdydr& hk rEm i;r;a wúksfnNd. rEm kñ' wksl=;a
rEm 20 fiiq rEmhkaf.ka fjkafldg ±laúh yels neúka úksfnNd. fõ'
rEm iuqÜGdk
rEm Wmojk fya;= rEm iuqÜGdk kñ' tkï" lïu" Ñ;a;" W;= wdydr hk i;rhs'
lïu rEm Wmojk lu_ kï wl=i, fod<i ^12& ldudjpr l=i, wg ^8& rEmdjpr
l=i, mi ^5& hk miaúis fÉ;kdjka h' wrEmdjpr yd f,dl=;a;r fp;kd
^lu_& rEm fkdWmojhs' wg úis rEm w;=frka l¾u fya;=fjka muKla
WmÈk rEm kï bkaøSh rEm wg iy yoh rEmhhs' w;S; l=i,dl=i,
fÉ;kd keue;s l¾uh i;aj ika;dkfhys m%;sikaêfha mgka CIKhla
mdid u rEm Wmojhs' l¾ufhka Wmojk rEm l¾uc rEm kñ' Ôú;sJøsh
mjd urKh ;dla mj;skafka l¾ufhks'
Ñ;a; wiQ kjhla jQ is;a w;=ßka fomia ú[a[dK is;a yd wrEmdjpr úmdl
is;a yer fiiq is;a mka ie;a;Ej u rEm Wmojhs' is;ska muKla Wmokd
rEm folls' tkï ú[[;a;s rEm folhs' YÍrh bfí fi,fjkafka ke;'
hdïBï w;amd tiùï wd§ YÍrfhka flfrk l%Svd fuka u jpkfhka
flfrk ish¨ m%ldYk flfrkafka is;ska Wmojk rEm n,fhks'
137
W;= i;aj f,dal yd ixLdr f,dal hkqfjka .efkk Ôj - wÔj jQ ish¨
f,dalh u we;s lsÍfuys iu;a n,fõ.h jk f;afcd Od;=j fuys W;=
hkafkka .efka' zzWoh;s cfk;S;s W;=ZZ hkq Bg § we;s w¾:hhs' fuh
rEm Wmojk rEmhls' yqÿ W;=fjka muKla yg.kakd rEm lsisjla ke;'
W;= n,mEfuka WmÈk rEm w;ßka wúksífNd. rEm wgg fiiq fya;=
;=k u n,mdhs' Yío rEmhg Ñ;a;h o" úldr rEm ;=kg Ñ;a; yd wdydr
fya;= fol W;=jg iydh fõ'
wdydr ćdj fohdldr h' wNHka;r ćdj yd ndysr ćdj jYfhks' wúksífNd.
fyj;a ćÜGul rEmj,g wh;a ćdj wNHka;r ćdj h' th YÍrfha
ish¨ rEmhka ;=< we;=<;a j ;sfí' ln,sxldydr u.ska msg;ska ,efnk
ćdj ndysr ćdj h' rEm Wmojkafka fï ćd folu tl;=ùfuys
tllgj;a ;ksj rEm bmoúh fkdyels h' l=i.sks WmÈkúg YdÍßl ćdj
u;= ù ths' wdydr .;aúg ćd fol tl;= ù YÍrhg Èrjd .kS' t;eka isg
rEm Wmojhs' wï, ms;a; frda.h je<f|kafka fj,dj miqù wdydr .kakd
úg wNka;r ćdj úh<S hdu ksid" ndysr ćdjg ;ksj Èrùug fyda rEm
bmoùug fkdyels neúks' ta nj wx'ks' m[apl ksmd;fha WiaiqrN;a;
iQ;%fha i|yka h'
i;a;ajhdg kej; kej; wdydr .ekSfï Wjukdj we;sjkafka o iD;=c rEm
jQ YÍrh u,dksl jkafka o fï ćdj ke;sùfuks' .iaje,aj, fulS wdydr rEmh
we;' tys we;af;a iD;=c rEmfhda h' tajd jefvkafka iD;=c rEm fya;= fldg f.k h'
i;a;ajhd iy .iaje,a w;r fjki o fuhhs' ćdfjka fyj;a wdydrfhka muKla
Wmokd rEm o lsisjla ke;' wdydrc rEmj,g o fjk;a fya;= iïnkaO úh hq;= h'
rEm iuqÜGdkh ms<sn| j fuf;la úia;rfha § m%ldY ù we;af;a rEm
fodf<dila muKs' tkï l¾uc rEm oyh;a" taldka; Ñ;a;c rEm fol;a h' b;sß
rEm ms<sn| iuqÜGdkh fufiah'
Yío rEmh" Ñ;a;" iD;= folska u yg.kS' úldr rEm ;=k Ñ;a;" wdydr
folska yg.kS' wúksífNda. rEm wg yd wdldY rEmh l¾u wd§ fya;= i;ßka u
yg.kS' ,laIK rEm i;r fï lsisÿ fya;=jlg wod< fkdfõ' tajd fulS fya;=j,ska
fkdWmokd rEm f,i y÷kajkqfha l¾u wd§ fya;= mfyka yg.;a rEmhkaf.a bm§u"
ÈÍu" ì£ hdu hk ,laIK ud;%hla muKla jk neúks'
rEm yg.ekSfï ms<sfj< ielúka fufia h(-

01' l¾uc rEm 18
wúksífNda. rEm wg" wdldY Od;=j" yDoh rEmh iy bkaøSh rEm wg'
02' Ñ;a;c rEm 15
wúksksífNda. rEm wg" wdldY Od;=j" Yío rEmh" ú[a[;a;s rEm fol"
úldr rEm fol
138
03' W;=c rEm 13
wúksífNda. rEm wg" wdldY Od;=j" Yío rEmh" úldr rEm ;=k
04' wdydrc rEm 12

wúksífNda. rEm wg" wdldY Od;=j" úldr rEm ;=k
rEm l,dm
rEm lsis úgl;a ;ks ;ks j fkd Wm§' tajd ;j;a rEm yd iïnkaO ù
WmÈkafka h' idudkHfhka tljr WmÈkafka wju jYfhka rEm wglj;a iuQyhls'
tajd rEm l,dm kñka ye¢kafõ' rEm l,dmj,g fjk;a l,dmj,ska fjkaùfï
iSudjla ^mßÉfþohla& we;' tfy;a ta l<dm ;=< we;s rEm w;r mßÉfþohla ke;'
tlsfkl ;=< .s,S .shd fia mj;S'
tlg bm§u" tlg ì£u" tl u ksY%hl ^weiqrl& mej;Su" tlg mej;Su hkq
fï rEm l,dmj, ,laIKhhs' rEm l,dm tla;rd l%uhlg iE§ ;sfí' ta wkqj l,dm
úis tlls' tajd l¾uc l,dm kjhla o" Ñ;;c l,dm ihla o" iD;=c l,dm i;rla
o" wdydrc l,dm folla o hkqfjka j._ flf¾'
l¾uc l,dm 9
01' pCLq oilh - wúksfnNd. rEm wg iy Ôú; rEmh hk kjhg

pCLqmmido rEmh tlaùfuka iEfoa'
02' fid; oilh - uq,ska lS rEm kjhg fid;mmido rEmh tlaùfuka iEfoa'
03' >dK oilh - ta rEm kjhg u >dKmmido rEmh tlaùu'
04' ðõyd oilh - ta rEm kjhg u ðjydmidoh tlaùu'
05' ldh oilh - ta rEm kjhg u ldhmmidoh tlaùu'
06' bFÓNdj oilh - Bg ia;S%Ndj rEmh tlaùfuka iEfoa'
07' mquydj oilh - Bg mqreINdj rEmh tlaùfuka iEfoa'
08' jF:q oilh - Bg yoh rEmh tlaùfuka iEfoa'
09' Ôú; oilh - Bg Ôú; rEmh tlaùfuka iEfoa'
Ñ;a;c l,dm 6
01' iqoOgGl l,dmh - wpksfnNd. rEm wg

02' ldh ú[[;;s kjlh - iqoOgGlhg ldh ú[[;;sh tla ù iEfohs
03' jÖ ú[[;;s oilh - iqoOgGlhg jÖ ú[[;s" ioao hk rEm tla ù
iEfohs
139
04' ,yq;d§tldoilh - iqoOgGlh iy úldr rEm ;=k'
05' ldhú[[;;s,yq;d§ - iqoOgGlh" ldh ú[[;;sh" iy úldr rEm
oajdoilh ;=k'
06' jÖ ú[[;;s ioo,yq;d§ - iqoOgGlh" ldh ú[[;;sh" ioo rEmh iy
f;rilh úldr rEm ;=k'
W;=c l,dm 4
01' iqoOgGl l,dmh

02' ioo kjl l,dmh îqoaOÜGlh yd Yíoh&
03' ,yq;d§tldoil l,dmh îqoaOÜGlh - úldr rEm ;=k&
04' ioo,yq;d§ ojdoil l,dmh îqoaOÜGlh" Yíoh" úldr rEm&
wdydrc l,dm 2
01' iqoOgGl l,dmh

02' ,yq;d§ tldoil l,dmh îqoaOÜGlh - úldr rEm ;=k&
fufia rEm l,dm ish,a, tlaúiails'
rEm m%jD;a;sh
rEm my< ùu yd mej;Su iFj fhdaks fyj;a W;am;a;s j._ wkqj o" N+ñ
fyj;a ldud§ f,dal wkqj o úúO fjhs'
W;am;a;s j._ wkqj iFj j._ i;rls'
01' wKavc - ìcqjáka yg.kakd iFjfhda

02' c,dnqc - ud;D .¾Nfha jeoEufika yg.kakd iFjfhda
03' ixfiaoc - .y fld<" mia' li, jeks ;ekaj, WmÈk iFjfhda
04' ´mmd;sl - lu_dkqrEm j bfí my< jk foaj wd§ ishqï YÍr we;s iFjfhda
fuhska wKavc" c,dnqc hk fofldgi u uõ l=i yg .kakd neúka

.íNfihHl kï fjhs' .íNfihHl iFjhkag m%;siJêfha § u ldh oil" Ndj
oil" jF:q oil hk rEm l,dm my< fjhs' we;eï w,sx.sl iFjhkag Ndj oYlh
my< fkdfõ' fïjd m%;sikaêh;a iu. u my< jkafka l¾uc l,dm jk neúks'
.íNfihHhl iFjhkaf.a pCLq" fid;" >dK" ðõyd oil my< jkafka

m%;sikaêfhka miqj tk m%jD;a;s ld,hkays h' thska w,amdhqIal iFjhka uõ
l=i fjfikafka uo l,ls' Tjqkag pCLq wd§ oil blaukska my< fõ' §>_dhqIal
140
iFjhka ujq l=i jeä l,la fjfik w;r ta oil i;r my< jkafka l,a .; ùfuks'
ukqIHhkag pCLq" fida;" wd§ i;r my< jkafka m%;siJêfhka i;s tfld<ylg
miqj hhs wgqjd u;hhs' fï ms<sn| iaÓr ks.ukhla ke;'
fufia lu_c rEm m%;siJêfha § u my< ùu werfUk w;r m%;siJê is;g

wk;=re j my< jk fojk is; jk Njx. isf;a mgka Ñ;a;c rEm my< ùu o
werfUhs' m%;siJê is; ;yjqre îaÓr& jQ ;eka mgka W;=c rEm my< fjhs' lu_" Ñ;a;"
iD;= hk rEm my< ùfuka miq tajd tlaj ćd m%;H ksmojhs' thg ujf.ka ,efnk
ndysr ćdj o ^wdydr& tlaùfuka wdydrc rEm bm§u werfUhs' fu;eka mgka È.g
fï mrïmrdj Ôú; ld,h mqrd WmÈñka" mj;sñka" ke;sfjñka hhs'
ixfiaoc iy ´mmd;sl hk iFjhkag m%;siJêh;a iu. u pCLq" fid;" >dK"

ðõyd" ldh" Ndj" jF:q hk oil i; u my< fjhs' fï w;r pCLq" fid;" >dK" Ndj
hk oYlhka fkd,nk iFjfhda o fj;s' th we;eï iFjhkag m%;siJêhg fhojQ
lu_fha ÿn,lu ksid isÿ fõ' Tjqka WmÈkafka u tjka Yla;Ska ke;s iFj j._hl h'
ta oYl ,eìh hq;= ukqIHhka jeks iFjhka w;r o wl=i, lu_ fya;=fjka fï oil
fkd,nkafkda fj;s' w|" f.d¨" ìysß" kmqxil wd§ fjkialï we;s jkafka ta wod<
oYl my< fkd ùfuks'
iFjhd uefrk l, pq;s Ñ;a;hg is;a oyy;lg ^17& fmrd;=j l¾uc rEm
my< ùu kj;S' Wmka lu_c rEm o pq;s is;;a iu. ksreoaO fjhs' pq;s isf;ka isf;a
myf<djlg miq j Ñ;;c rEm mrïmrdj o is£ hhs' tajdg mej;Sug Yla;shla
bka miqj ke;' uD; YÍrh hkqfjka b;sß jkafka W;=iuqÜGdk rEm muKs' rEm
f,dalfhys >dK oil" ðõyd oil" ldh oil" Ndj oil" iy wdydrc l,dm o ke;'
rEmS n%yauhkag m%;sikaêh;a iu. u pCLq" fid;" jF:q hk oil ;=k o Ôú; kjlh
o hk lu_c l,dm i;r my< fjhs' m%;siJêfhka miqj m%jD;a;sfha § ^mej;Sfï§&
Ñ;;c yd W;=c rEm l,dm my< fjhs' Tjqkg wdydrc l,dm ke;s neúka Tjqkaf.a
Ôú;h md,kh jkafka Ôú; kjlfhks'
wi[a[ iFjhkag pCLq" fid;" jF:q hk oil iy Yío rEmh fkd ,efí'
Ñ;a;c rEm o lsisjla my< fkdfõ' Tjqkaf.a m%;sikaêfha § my< jkafka Ôú;
kjlh muKls' m%jD;a;s ld,fhys § Yíoh yer fiiq W;=iuqgGdk rEm my< fõ'
fï wkqj ldu f,dalfhys rEm úis wg u my< fjhs' rEm f,dalfhys we;af;a
rEm úis ;=kls' ^23& >dK" ðõyd" ldh rEm ;=k yd Ndj rEm fol ke;' wi[a[
iFjhkag m%ido rEm mi" NdjrEm fol" yoh rEmh ú[a[;;s rEm fol iy Yío
ke;s neúka rEm we;af;a ody;la ^17& muKs' wrEm f,dalfhys fï rEm úis wg u
my< fkdfõ'
rEmS i;ajhkag Yío rEmh" úldr rEm ;=k iy cr;d wksÉp;d hk rEm
m%;siJêfha § my< fkdfõ' tfy;a m%jD;a;sfha § ish,a, my< fjhs'
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wNsO¾uh - wfma rEm úis wgls
01' uydN+; rEm 4

uyd N+; rEm i;rls' mGú Od;=j" wfmda Od;=j" f;afcda Od;=j" jdfhda Od;=j
hkq ta i;r hs' mGú hkq ;o .;sh fyda fuf,la .;sh hs' Od;= hkq uQ, iajNdjh hs'
ish¨ jia;+ka ys mj;akd uQ,sl ;o .;sh mGú f,i ye¢ka fõ' hula w;g yiqjkafka
fuu mGú Od;=j ksi hs'
wdfmda Od;=j kï øj .;sh hs' hï jia;=jl we;s je.sfrk .;sh wdfmda kñka
ye¢ka fõ' wdfmda Od;=fjka isÿjkafka fiiq rEm tlg ne£ mj;ajdf.k hdu hs'
úisfrk ¥ú,a, c,h iu. uqiq jQ úg tlg ne£ mj;skakdla fuks' wdfmda Od;=j
iam¾Y l< fkd yels h' c,h wdfmda Od;=jg wh;a jqj o th we,a,Sfï § w;g
oefkhs' ta tys we;s mGú Od;=j ksihs'
f;afcda Od;=j lsishï fohla ;=< mj;sk WKqiqï fyda isis,a .;sh hs' fï
yereKq úg È,sfik .;sh" ;shqKq .;sh" mEfyk .;sh f;afcda Od;=j f,i ye¢ka
fõ' l=vd orefjl= ;reK njg m;ajkafk;a ;reKhl= uy¨ njg m;ajkafk;a
f;afcda Od;=j ksihs' meiùu" fïÍu" ÈÍu hkdÈh f;afcda Od;=jhs' .skafkys f;afcda
Od;=j wêlj we;'
jdfhda Od;=j kï ief,k" b,afmk .;sh hs' fiiq rEmhka fkdjefgk fia
Wiq,df.k isákafka jdfhda Od;=j hs' fuhska rEmhkaf.a pxp, Ndjh" .uka lrk
iajNdjh" ls%hd lsÍu wdÈh isÿ fõ' jdfhda Od;=j iq<fÕys wêlj oelsh yels h'
01' Wmdodh rEm
rEm 28 ka m<uq i;r uydN+; rEm nj i|yka flßKs' b;sß rEm 24 Wmdodh
rEm f,i ye¢ka fõ' tajd uydN+; rEm i;r weiqre lrf.k ta yd oeäj ne£
mj;akd neúka tfia ye¢ka fõ' tajd fldgia oyhls'
02' mido rEm 5

m%ido kï Tmh hs' wm i;= plaLq" fida;" >dK" ðõyd" ldh jYfhka bJøsh
myls' tajdg wod<j m%ido rEm Wm§' ta wkqj plaLqmamidod§ jYfhka mido rEm
myls' weiska rEm oelSug we;s leue;a;" wdYdj i;a;ajhd ;=< oeäj we;' tfia wka
bJøshkays wruqKq ms<sn| j we;s leue;a; ksid mido rEm yg.kS' tu.ska wruqKq
ú|f.k tajd ksid i;a;ajhd kej; kej; Wm§' plaLqmamidoh" fid;mamidoh"
>dKmmaidoh" ðõydmamidoh" ldhmamidoh hkqfjka ta mido rEm my kï flf¾'
142
plaLqmamidoh
plaLq fyj;a wei iiïNdr plaLq yd mido plaLq jYfhka fldgia follg
fnfoa' weig wod< uia ms`vqj iiïNdr plaLq kï fõ' th weiqre fldg mj;akd
lDIaK uKav,h fyj;a l¨ bx.sßhdj ueo msysá rEm mrdj¾;kh jk m%ido .;sh
plaLqmamido kñka ye¢ka fõ'
fida;mamidoh
fuh o iiïNdr fida; yd m%ido fida; hkqfjka fohdldr h' iiïNdr
fida; hkq lka ì,h ;=< mj;akd weÕs,s uqÿjla n÷ lka fnrh u; we;s ;Ujka
frdauhls' th weiqrefldg mj;akd Yío oek.ekSfï Yla;sh we;s ishqï iajNdjh
fida;mamido kï fõ'
>dKmamidoh
kdisld isÿfrys we;s t¿ l=yrhl iajrEmfhka msysá uia jeoe,a, iiïNdr
>dK kñka ye¢ka fõ' ta weiqrefldg mj;akd .| iqj| ú| .ekSfï Yla;sh
>dKmamidoh hs'
ðõydmamidoh
uiska ieÿKq Èfjys uq, mj;akd uyfk,a fm;s w.la n÷ fldgi iiïNdr
ðõydj hs' tys ;ejreKq hï fohl ri ú|.ekSfï ishqï Yla;sh ðõydmamidoh hs'
ldhmamidoh
fuys iiïNdr .Khg uq¿ YÍrh u we;=<;a fõ' ta iam¾Yh oek.ekSfï
Yla;sh YÍrh mqrdu we;s ksihs' flia" f,dï iy ksh o" úh,s iu o yer fiiq
YÍrfhys iEu ;ek u iam¾Yh oek.ekSfï Yla;sh ldhmamido kï fõ'
03' úih rEm 4

rEm" Yío" .JO" ri hk i;r úih rEm f,iska ye¢ka fõ' by; oela jQ
mido rEm myg úIh jk rEm" Yío" .JO" ri" iam%YagjH hk ish,a, tla jia;=jla
;=< mj;S'
rEm (-
weig f.dapr jk fyj;a weiska ±lsh hq;= j¾K fyda meyeh rEm kñka
ye¢ka fõ' kdu-rEm jHjydrfha§ fN!;sl ish,a, rEm kñka ye¢kafjkafka
iSf;daIaKdÈfhka úkdY jk foa ksid h' ta ish,a, weig fmfkk ksid fkdfjhs'
ljr jia;=jl fyda weig fmfkkafka Bg wod< j¾Khhs' rEm hkq Bg lshk kuhs'
ks,a" ly" r;= wdÈh j¾Khs' idudkHfhka j¾Kh r|dmj;skafka mGú" wdfmd" f;fcd
Od;=j,h' jdfhda Od;=j ishqï neúka j¾Khla fkdr|hs' jdhqj fkdfmfkkafka ta
ksidh'
Yío (-
i;r uydN+;hka weiqrefldg .ksñka mj;sk lKg f.daprjk y`v Yío
kñka ye¢ka fõ' i;r uyd N+;hkaf.ka yeÿKq N+;msKavhla ;j;a N+; msKavhl
.eàfuka Yíoh Wm§ fnrh;a lämamqj;a fuks' Yíoh ;%súOh' tlsfkl .eáfuka
WmÈk Yíoh ixfhda.c h' leãfuka ì£fuka yg .kakd Yíoh úNd.c h' Yíofhka
Yíoh ;rx. jYfhka lKg tkafka Yíoc h' ^th uq,a fol lKg meñfKk
wdldrh ñi wuq;= Yíohla fkdfõ'
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.JO (-
kdihg oefkk .| fyda iqj| .JO kñka ye¢ka fõ' i;ruyd
N+;hkaf.ka ieÿKq ieu jia;=jlu weig fmfkk j¾Khla mj;skakd fiau
kdihg ±fkk .|la o we;' th iqj| ÿ.| jYfhka fohdldr fõ' ta ta jia;=j,
tl;=jk N+; O¾uhkaf.a úúO;ajh wkqj úúO .| ±fka'
ri (-
Èfjka o; hq;= foh rihhs' lIdh" ;sla;" uOqr" ,jK" wï," lgql hk
ih wdldr jQ rihka oek.kafka Èj weiqre u.sks' uiska ieÈ Èjg iS;," WKqiqu"
;o" uDÿ .;sh jeks foa ±fka' tajd ±fkkafka Èj ufia ;sfnk ldhm%idohghs'
ðõydm%idohg ±fkkafka by; lS rihka muKs' i;r uyd N+;hkaf.ka ieÈ' iEu
jia;=jl u rihla o we;' ta jia;= Èfhka f;;a jQ úg' rih ±fka' f;;aùfï ld¾hh
flagfhka o isÿfõ' l¨.,a" ueKsla wdÈfha;a rihla we;' tljr th fkd±fkkafka
f;;a fkdjk ksid h' ri mßlaIljrfhla ri n,d hï hï foa ks.ukh lrkafka
yeu fohl u rihla o we;s ksid h'
iam%YagjH(-
wNsO¾uhg wkqj fmdÜGín Od;=jla ke;' tfy;a ldh m%idohg ±fkk
iam¾Yhla we;' mGú" f;afcda" jdfhda hk Od;= ;=k iam¾Yjk w;r wdfmda Od;=j
iam¾Y l< fkd yels h' wdfmda Od;=j hkq je.sfrk .;sh ñi øjHhla fkdfõ'
c,fha ldhm%idofha .efgkafka w;g yiqjkafka fiiq Od;= ;=k hs' thskq;a iam¾Yfha
§ jvd;au ±fkkafka mGú" f;afcda fol hs' jdfhda Od;=j o iam¾Y fkdjk ;rï
ishqï h' iq<Õska hula fmrf,kafka tys we;s mGú n,h;a" fõ.h;a ksid h' rEm
úNd.fha § rEm" Yío" .JO" ri hk i;r muKla m%ido rEm f,i olajkafka
iam%YagjH fyj;a iam¾Y jk foh mGú" f;afcda" jdfhda jYfhka N+;rEmj,§ lshjqKq
ksid h' fmdÜGíN ^Mqi ¬ ;ín& hkak mßj¾;kh úh hq;af;a iam¾Y lshd fkdj
iam%YagjH lshd h' tkï iam¾Y jk foh hs' iam¾Y hkq ldhm%idofha ld¾h hs'
04' Ndj rEm 2
bFÓNdj yd mqßiNdj lshd Ndj rEm folls' Ndj rEm i;a;ajhkag

we;sjkafka l¾udkqrEmj m%;siJê is;;a iu. h' wm ldf.a;a YÍr ieliS we;s i;r
uydN+;hkaf.a ia;%S" mqreI fNaohla ke;' tfy;a YÍrh ks¾udKh ùfï § mqreI Ndj
rEmh we;s fN!;sl YÍrh mqreIfhl= f,i;a ia;%S Ndj rEm we;s fN!;sl YÍrh
ia;%shl f,i;a j¾Okh fõ' fuu NdjrEm YÍrh iEu ;ek u me;sr we;' fN!;sl
rEmhl iajNdjh fjkia lsÍug l¾uhg yels nj;a" l¾uc rEm lshd fohla we;s
nj;a meyeÈ,sj u fmkakqï lrk idOlh kï fï Ndj rEm fol hs'
05' yoh rEmh
yoh rEm we;af;a tlls' plaLq fida;d§ ú[a[dK mi we;sùug plaLq wd§
mido rEm mi jia;= fyj;a ia:dk fõ' tu m[ap ú[a[dK yer ufkda Od;=j yd
ufkda ú[a[dK Od;= is; we;sùug ia:dkh jkafka yDoh jia;= rEmh hs' ufkda
Od;=j hkq ufkdaoajdrh hs' is;a my< jk ;ekhs' wm is; lshkafka o thghs' th
yDoh jia;=fõ we;s m;la muK f,a Od;=j weiqrefldg mj;sk nj O¾uOrhkaf.a
u;hhs' ta wkqj is;g jia;=jkafka yDoh hs' ta ksid thg j;a;=rEm hehs o lshkq
,efí'
144
06' Ôú; rEmh'
Ôú;skaøsh rEmh kï ;ud yd ne|S Wmokd fiiq rEmhka mrïmrd jYfhka

fndfyda ld,hla mj;akd mßos wdrCId lrk" Ôj;a lrjk rEmh hs' YÍrhl l¾uh"
Ñ;a;" R;=jh" wdydrh hk fya;= i;rlska yg .kakd rEm we;' tu fya;= i;ßka
Ñ;a;" R;=" wdydr hk fya;= ;=k tajdhska Wmojk rEm <Õ u we;' tu rEm md,kh
lsÍug wuq;= fohla jqjukd ke;' tfy;a l¾uc rEm yg .ekSu yd mj;ajdf.k
hEu tfia isÿ fkdfõ' l¾uc rEm wdrCId lrk mj;ajdf.k hk n,h Ôú;sJøsh
rEmh hs' th Ôú;fha meje;aug wdYajdi m%dYajdih jeks h'
07' wdydr rEmh'
Miaidydr" ufkdaixfÉ;ksldydr" ú[a[dKdydr" ln,sxldydr hkqfjka

wdydr i;rls' thska wdydr rEmh f,i .efkkafka ln,sxldr wdydrhhs' wfkla
wdydr ;=ku is;ska .efkk kdu O¾uhs' ćd hkq o fï ln,sxldr wdydrhg u
kuls' ln, hkq n;a wdÈfha ms`vqjhs' wdyrKh" .s,Su lrk fyhska wdydrhehs lshkq
,efí' n;a ms`vq wdÈfha wvx.= b;d ishqï ri Od;=j ćdjhs' tu.ska l=i.skak ksùu;a
fiiq rEm fmdaIKh lrñka meje;aùu;a j¾Okh;a isÿlrhs' wdydrh f.dfrdaiq
jk ;rug tys ćdj wvqh' lsß .sf;,a wd§ isks÷ wdydrfha ćdj wêl h' tneúka
f.dfrdaiq wdydr l=i msfrkakg j<|kjdg jvd isks÷ wdydr iaj,amhla je<£u
YÍrhg ojig u iEfykafka h'
08' mßÉfþo rEmh
mßÉfþo kï fjka lsÍuhs' rEml,dm Tjqfkdjqkaf.ka fjka flfrk mr;rh

wdldY kñ' wdldYh" wcgdldYh" mßÉfþodldYh hehs fohdldr fõ' f,dalfha
jia;+kaj,g yd i;a;ajhkag meje;aug ;sfnk bvlv" f,dal l=yrh wcgdldYhhs'
wgúisrEm tlskatl fjka flfrkafka mßÉfþodldYfhks' th fjk;a rEm fuka
ixialrKh jQ O¾uhla fkdfõ' rEmdldrhla Bg ke;' tfy;a fiiq rEmhkaf.a ñY%
fkdù mej;Sug th wjYH jk neúka fjku rEmhla f,i ±lafõ'
09' ú[a[;a;s rEm 2
flfkla wkqkag ;u woyia olajk wdldrh ú[a[;a;s kñ' ldh ú[a[;a;s

iy jÖ ú[a[;a;s hkqfjka th fohdldrh' YÍr wjhj ls%hd lrjk Ñ;a;lsßh
jdfhda Od;=j ta ta ls%hdj yeÕùug fhda.H jk mßÈ ta ta w;g yrjk n, úfYaIh
ldh ú[a[;a;s kï fõ' wmg hula l;d lsÍug wjYH jQ úg jqjukd wl=re fuka
u jpk iEfok mßÈ W.=frka tk jdhqj fufyhjk n, úfYaIh jÖ ú[a[;a;s
kñka ye¢ka fõ'
10' úldr rEm 3
rEmhkaf.a úfYaI wdldr úldr kñ' ,yq;d" uqÿ;d" lïu[a[;d hkqfjka

tajd úldr rEm ;=kls' YÍrh ;udgu Tijdf.k hdyels mßÈ we;sjk YdÍßl
rEmhkaf.a ieye,a¨nj ,yq;d kñka ye¢ka fõ' keúh yels yerúh yels mßÈ
rEmhkaf.a we;sjk uDÿ nj uqÿ;d kï fõ' ta ta l%shdjg wjYH jk wdldrhg
145
wjYH fõ.fhka YÍrh l%shdlrúh yels mßÈ rEmhkaf.a we;sjk ld¾hlaIuNdjh
lïu[a[;d kñ' ld, .=Kh whym;a ùu" ksis wdydr fkd,eîu" is; krlaùu"
wfhda.H wdydr .ekSu" frda.S ùu wd§ fya;= ksid rEmhkaf.a ieye,a¨ nj wdÈh
fkdue;s fjhs' tajd ksis mßÈ mj;sk úg ,yq;dj;a" uqÿ;dj;a" lïu[a[;dj;a
we;s fõ' ú[a[;a;s rEm folla iu. úldr rEm myla f,i o .efka'
11' ,laLK rEm 4
rEmhkaf.a olakg ,efnk W;amdo wd§ ,laIK fuys ,laI rEm kï fõ'
Wmph" ika;;s" cr;d" wksÉp;d hkqfjka ,laLK rEm i;rls' l¾ud§ fya;=
ksid rEmhkaf.a m%:u yg .ekSu Wmph kñ' laIKhla mdid kefik kefik
rEm fjkqjg kej; kej; rEm yg .ksñka Ôú;djidkh f;la rEm mrïmrdj
mej;Sf.k hdu ika;;s kñ' tu rEmhkaf.a ÈÍu zzcr;dZZ kñ' rEmhkaf.a ì£u
wksÉp;d kï fõ' fïjd wkH rEmhkaf.a ,CIK jk neúka ,laLK rEm kñka
ye¢ka fõ'
fuys wjidkhg lshk ,o mßÉfþo" ú[a[;a;s" úldr" ,laIK hk rEm

oyh l¾ud§ m%;Hhkaf.ka fl,skau yg .kakd rEm fkdjk neúka wksYamkak
rEm kñ' tksid fïjdg wrEm rEm hehso lshkq ,efí' fïjd rEm kñka fjka
lr ±laùfuka rEmhka ms<sn| ish¨ lreKq b;sß ke;sj lSjd jkafka h' nqÿ oyfï
mrud¾:h i;a;ajhdg iir ÿlska ñ§fï u.lshd §uhs' i;a;ajhdg iißka tf.dvúh
fkdyelafla uu lshd flfkla we;' ^tfidyuiñ& uf.a lshd fohla we;' ^t;x
uu& ug iodld,slj mj;sk wd;auhla we;' ^tfid fu w;;d& hk jerÈ oDYaáfha
ne£ isák ksidh' tu oDYaáh ì| ±óug nqÿoyu wkq.ukh lrkafka ish,a, fnod
±laùfï ^úNccjd§& l%uh hs'
m<uqjka u i;a;ajhd kdurEm hkqfjka folg fnod olajkq ,efí' Ñ;a;

ffp;isl ú.%yfhka lf<a thska kdu fldgi fnod ±laùu hs' tys§ ÿ.;shg hk
wl=i, is; fuh h" iq.;shg hk l=i, is; fuhh" ÿlska ñfok f,daflda;a;r is;
fuh hehs olajk ,È'
tfy;a i;a;ajhdg ;sfnk f,dl=u ndOlh fï rEmialkaOh hs' l=vd orejd

fi,a,ï nvqj,g wef,kakd fia i;a;ajhdo uq,skau wef,kafka fï rEmhg hs' fï
rEm ú.%yfhka flfrkafka ta remh ms<sn| j<lajd,Su hs' rEmh úis wglg fnod
n,kúg uuh lshd .; hq;a;la ke;s nj jegfya' rEmfha iliaúu yd l%shdldÍ;ajh
n,kúg tys iemla ke;s njo jegfya' wks;H njo jegfya' fya;=m%;Hhfhka yg.;a
nj olsk úg ldf.aj;a ueú,a,la fkdjk nj;a" bfí yg.kakd fkdjk nj;a
jegfya' rEmhkaf.a ,laIK n,kúg iodld,sl fkdjk nj jegfya' ta wkqj fï
rEm ú.%yh i;a;ajhdg ;snk uQ,sl u .eg¨j jk .sh .sh ;ek wef,k fï rEmh
ms<sn| .eg¨j ksrdlrKh lr.ekSug bjy,a jkafka h'
wNHdi
01' rEm úis wg fudkjd o@ u;lfhka ,shkak'
02' tu tla tla rEmj,g wh;a ,CIK fudkjd o@ Tfí jpkfhka ,shkak'
146
wNsO¾uh - ksjkska ksùu
jdK hkq ;DIaKdjg kuls' ks¾jdK hkq ;DIaKdfjka ñÿkd hk w¾:h hs'
fn!oaOhkaf.a m%d¾:kdj jkafka o fuu ;;a;ajhg m;aùu hs' zzrd.laLfhd ksíndKxZZ
zzfodilaLfhd ksíndKxZZ zzfudaylaLfhd ksíndKxZZ hkd§ jYfhka rd.h" fodaIh"
fudayh hk wl=i, uQ, CIh lSÍu ks¾jdKh nj fndfyda iQ;% foaYkdj, oelsh
yels h' fuu wl=i, uQ, m%ySK lr ks¾jdKh mila lr.kafka flfia o hkak
ksje/È j oek.ekSug wNsO¾uh yeoEÍu wjYH fõ' is; mshjßka mshjr wl=i,fhka
ñ§ l=i,hg fhduq fldg ksjka u. lrd hk wdldrh Ñ;a; ffp;isl ldKavj,§
uekúka olajk ,§'
ksjfka bm§ula ke;' uy¨ùula urKhla ke;' iliaùï ke;' ú£ï ke;'
fldákau iir mj;sk lsisjla ke;' iir ú¢k ish,a, ÿlh' ksjk iqjhls' th
iqjhla jkafka fï lsis ÿlla ke;s ksid h' ksjka olskafka ry;aùfuks' ry;aùu
hkq l=ulao@
ÇKx mqrdKx - iir kej; kej; bm§ug fya;=jk merKs l¾u wjika
lrk ,È' kjx wFÓ iuNjx - kej; l¾u /ialsÍula o ke;' wdh;sfl Njiñx
úrF: Ñ;;d - kej; bmÈfï we,aula o ke;' ÇK îcd - bm§fï îc Yla;sh keiQ
wúrE<yspPJod - kej; bmÈfï wdidjla o ke;s' f; ërd - ta W;=fud h:d whx
m§fmd - fï myk ksù hkakd fia ksnnJ;s - fuysÈu ksù h;s'
§fmd h:d ks¾jD;s uNHqfmf;d - ffkhjdjksx .pP;s kdk;ÍCIï

Èix k ld[Ñ;a úÈix k ld[Ñ;a - iafkyCIhd flj,fu;s Ydk;sï
mykla ksù hk úg tys wdf,dalh fmdf<djg fkdh hs' wyigo fkdh hs' Èid
wkqÈidj,g o fkdh hs' yqfola îafkay& f;,a is£fuka t;eku ksú hhs'
tfiau flf<iqka keiQ ry;ka jykafia o mrf,dj lsis;eklg fkdh;s'
îafkay& kej; bmÈfï ;DIaKdj is£fuka fuys§u ksù h;s' fï wkqj ksjk hkq
;j;a WmÈk ;ekla fkdj fuysÈu kQmÈk njg m;aùu hs'
01' fidamêfiai ks¾jdKh

mßks¾jdKh fohdlrh' fidamêfiai yd ksremêfiai hkqfjks' Wmê hkq
m[apialkaOh hs' hï flfkl= Ôj;aj isáh§ ry;aùu fidamêfiai mßks¾jdKh
kñ' nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a nqoaO;ajh fidamêfiai mßks¾jdKh hs' th laf,aI
mßks¾jdKh kñkao ye¢kafõ' Wkajykafia,d t;ekaisg isrer mj;sk ;=re l¾udkq
147
rEmj meñfKk iemÿla ú¢ñka fjfi;s' b;d hym;a Ôú;hla .;lrk kuq;a
wl=i,hla ;nd l=i,hlaj;a /ia fkdlr;s'
02' wkqmêfiai ks¾jdKh
ry;ka jykafiaf.a urKh fyj;a msßksjka mEu wkqmêfiai mßks¾jdKh

hkqfjka ye¢kafõ' m[apialkaOfhka ioygu ñÿKq fyhsks' th ialkaO mßks¾jdKh
kñka o ye¢kafõ'
fidamÈfiai ks¾jdKh m%;HCI lr.; yels wdldr ;=kls'
01' iïud iïnqoaOFjhg m;aùu

02' mfia nqoaOFjhg m;aùu
03' wry;ajhg m;aùu
hkqfjks'
01' iïud iïnqoaOFjhg m;aùu
fndfyda ld,hla iir oi mdrñ;d" oi Wmmdrñ;d" oi mru;a: mdrñ;d hk

mdrñ;d O¾u ;syla iïmQ¾K wkqkaf.ka Wmfoilska f;drj fldg ;ud u O¾uh
wjfndaO lrf.k wkHhkag;a ta O¾uh wjfndaO lsÍu iïud iïnqoaO;ajfha we;s
úfYaI ,CIKh hs' wm ;:d.;hka jykafia tod ih wjqreoaola ÿIalr l%shd fldg
bka w;ñ§ uOHu m%;smodj Tiafia .uka fldg fidhd.;af;a ta fuu iïnqoaO;ajh hs'
zzmqífn wkkqiaiqf;iq OïfuiqZZ iißka i;a;ajhka t;r lsÍfï ud¾.h hs' zzplaLqx
WomdÈ" [dKx WomdÈ" úÊcd WomdÈ" wdf,daflda WomdÈZZ hkd§ jYfhka jodf<a
fuf;la ;ud lsisod lsisfjl=f.ka wid ;sfí' ÿlaL" iuqoh" ksfrdO u.a. iy i;r
O¾u ms<sn| wjfndaOh ;udg bfíu my< jQ njh' iïud iïnqÿrÿkaf.a iqúfYaI;djh
kï ;=kaf,dj ish¨ O¾uhka iEu whqrlskau wjfndaO lsÍuhs' thg i¾j{;d{dkh
hehs lshkq ,efí' tfiau Wkajykafia ish¨ n,hkays jiSNdjhg m;aj isá fial'
tkï ldh n," [K n, hk fï ish¨ n,hkaf.ka ñksiqka foúhka nOqka wNsnjd
isáhy' ´kEu flfkl= yuqfõ ta n,h fh§fï Yla;sh Wkajykafiag yer ;=kaf,dj
lsisfjl=g ke;' ud .fÕka tf.dvg úislrkakg iuf;la ;=kaf,dju ke;' ´ku
m%Yakhla wikakehs wd,jlg jodf<a tfyhsks'
02' mÉfpl nqoaOFjhg m;aùu

mfia nqÿrcdKka jykafia o wkqkaf.a msysgla ke;sj ;uka jykafia u
p;=rd¾h i;H O¾uh wjfndaO lrk fial' flf,iqka kik fial' Wkajykafiag
i¾j{;d[dkh fyda n,hka yd jiSNdjh fyda ke;' tfyhska Wkajykafia,d wkqkag
O¾udjfndaO lrùug iu;a fkdfj;s' iïud iïnqÿrcdKka jykafia kula jev
148
isák ld,hg mfia nqÿrcdKka jykafia,d my< fkdjk nj O¾ufhys i|yka fõ'
th f,dal O¾u;djls' wm f.!;u nqÿrcdKka jykafia f,dj my< jQ Èkfha ud;x.
kï mfia nqÿrcdKka jykafia msßksjka mE nj i|yka fõ'
03' wry;ajhg m;aùu
;udg ;ksju O¾uh wjfndaO lr.ekSug yelshdjla fkdue;s Y%djlhka

jykafia,d iïud iïnqÿrcdKka jykafia kula fyda Wkajykafiaf.a Y%djlfhl=
fyda foiQ oyu wid O¾uh wjfndaO lr.kS' ry;ka jykafiag o wkHkag oyï
foid wkqka o th wjfndaO lrùfï yelshdj we;' tys wry;ajh lrd meñKSfï
mshjr i;rls' fidajdka" il.dñ" wkd.dñ" wry;a jYfhks' iir fmreuka mqrd
mqreÿ < wdldrh wkqj flfkla tlajru ry;a fj;s' iuyre fidajdka wdÈ u.m,
ms<sfj,ska f.dia ry;a fj;s' uq,skau il.dñ fyda wkd.dñ ù ry;a jk who fj;s'
01' fidajdkaùu
ksjka uf.ys m<uq mshjr fidajdka ùu hs' ksjkg wksjd¾hfhka muqKqjk
fyhska tfia ÈhqKq l< wd¾h wIagdx.sl ud¾.h fida; kï fõ' th iev myrla fia
.uka lrk fyhska ta ku fhfoa' ievmyrlg yiq jQ fohla tl t,af,a u .Õg
fyda uqyqog .idf.k hhs' tfia u fidajdka ud¾.hg meñKs mqoa.,hd wksjd¾fhka u
ksjkg <Õd fõ' zzkshf;d ifundê mrdhfKdZZ hkqfjka ta nj olajd ;sfí' fidajdka
ud¾.h i;a;ajhd iir ne| ;nk oi ixfhdack w;=ßka ilaldh ÈÜÁ ^wd;au oDIaáh&
úÑlsÉPd îelh& iS,ín; mrdudi ^úúO ksIaM, is,aj%; wkq.ukh lsÍu& hk
ixfhdack ;=k uq¿ukska u kid ouhs'
fidajdka M,hg m;a jQ ;eke;a;d kej; lsisodl wmd.dó ùula ke;' fuf,dj
§ u ry;a fkdjQfha kï ckau i;la we;=<; ry;a jkafka h' thska fojk ckaufha
ry;ajk mqoa.,hd tal îÔ kñka o" i;ajk ckaufhys ry;ajkakd i;a;laL;a;= mru
hehs o ta w;r;=r ry;a jkakd flda<x flda< hehs o y÷kajkq ,efí'
02' ilod.dñ ùu
ksjka uf.ys fojk mshjr ilod.dó ùu hs' ilsx ¬ wd.dñ hkak ilod.dó
kï ù we;' tkï tla jrla muKla tkafka h hk woyi hs' fuu fojk ud¾.hg
m;a jQ mqoa.,hd ñhf.dia kej; ldu iaj¾.hlg tkafka kï ta tlajrla muKs'
bkamiq msßksjka mdkafka h' ilod.dñ mqoa.,hd ldurd.h yd má>h fyj;a oafõYh
hk ixfhdack fol ;=kS lrkafka h' n, ì¢kafka h' ilod.dó mqoa.,hd tlajrla
muKla ukqf,djg kej; tkafka ldurd.h uq¿ukska is| fkdoeuQ ksid h' tjeks
ilod.dó mqoa.,hka miafofkl= ms<sn|j úY+oaê ud¾.fha i|yka fõ'
149
01' fuf,dj ilod.dó M,hg meñK fuf,dj § u ry;aj msßksjkamdk ;eke;a;d'
02' fuf,dj ilod.dó M,hg meñK foõ f,dj § msßksjkamdk ;eke;a;d'
03' foõf,dj § ilod.dó M,hg meñK foõf,dj § u msßksjkamdk ;eke;a;d'
04' foõf,dj § ilod.dó M,hg meñK fuf,djg meñK msßksjkamdk ;eke;a;d'
05' fuf,dj § ilod.dój foõf,dj bmso wdhq we;s;dla isg kej; fu ñksia
f,djg meñK msßksjkamdk ;eke;a;d'
03' wkd.dñ ùu
ksjka uf.ys f;jk mshjr wkd.dó ùu hs' wkd.dó hkq k ¬ wd.dñ fyj;a
fkd tkafka h hk woyi hs' fï ud¾.hg m;a jQ mqoa.,hd ry;a fkdù l¿ßh
l<fyd;a kej; lsisodl ldu Njhlg fkdtkafka h' rEm wrEm n%yauf,dal w;r;a
WmÈkafka wúy" w;mam" iqoiai" iqoiaiS" wlksÜG hk mxp Y=oaOdjdi n%yauf,dalj,
muKs' tys bmso tys § u msßksjka mdkafka h' tfia isÿjkafka ta mqoa.,hd ilaldh
ÈÜÀ" úÑlsÉPd" iS,ín; mrdudi" ldurd." má> hk ´rïNd.sh ixfhdack my u
iyuq,ska u is|,k neúks' ´rïNd.sh hkq ldu Nj jYfhka ie<flk ÈjHf,dal
yfha ñksia f,dj yd i;r wmdfha bm§ug fya;=jk ixfhdack hs' fïjd ySk fyj;a
my;a Nj f,i i,lk neúka ´rïNd.sh hehs lshkq ,efí' wkd.dñ mqoa.,hd lsis
Èkl ÈjH ukqIH hk ldu f,dalhlg meñfKkafka ke;'
04' ry;a ùu
ksjka uf.ys isõjk mshjr fyj;a wjidkh ry;a ùu hs' wry;a M,hg
m;ajk W;a;uhkag my<jk is; wry;a M, is; hs' fuu M,hg m;ajk W;=ud
rEmrd. wrEmrd." udk" WoaOÉp" wúÊcd hk WoaOïNd.sh fyj;a n%yauf,dalj,
bm§ug fya;=jk ixfhdack my o uq¿ukska u is| ouhs' thska woyia jkafka
Wkajykafia ixidrfhys bm§ug fya;=jk ish¨ ixfhdack keiQ nj hs' kej;
Wkajykafiaf.a bm§ula ke;'
by; oela jQ iïud iïnqoaO;ajh" mÉfÉl nqoaO;ajh yd wry;a Ndjh hk

ud¾. ;=k Tiafia ´kEu flfkl=g fuu iir ÿla fl<jr fldg ks¾jdKdjfndaOh
,eìh yels fõ' ta i|yd l< hq;af;a wod< wd¾h ud¾.fha .uka lsÍuhs'
wNHdi
01' nqÿ" mfia nqÿ" uyry;a hk W;=uka jykafia,d w;r mj;akd fjkialï fudkjd o@
02' fidajdka" ilod.dñ" wkd.dó" wry;a hk mqoa.,hka isõfokd ms<sn| úia;rhla
lrkak'
150
oyiska tllaj;a fkdjákd foa
îyii j..h&
iQ;% msglfha ksldh .%ka: w;ßka miajekak jQ Lqoaol ksldhg wh;a .%ka:
myf<djls' thska fojekak Ouumoh hs' tys kñka u lshfjk mßÈ tu
.%ka:fha wvx.= jkafka úúO oyï lreKq ielúka leáfldg f.;=Kq O¾u .d:djka h'
fndfydaúg tla tla .d:djlska fjkia fjkia oyï mo lshfjhs'
fï .%ka:fha we;s ;j;a iqúfYaIS;ajhla kï fuys tk .d:d O¾u mo hï

hï f;audjka hgf;a fnod ±laùuhs' tfia ix.%y lrk ,o j¾. 26 ls' is; .ek
úia;r flfrk .d:d Ñ;a; j.a.h kñka o" wm%udoh .ek lshfjk .d:d wm%udo
j¾.h kñka o hkd§ jYfhka tu j¾. kïfldg we;s w;r oKav" crd" w;a;" msh"
fldaO" ;Kayd" wdÈh tn÷ O¾u ldrKd mokï fldg f.dkq jQ j¾.hka h' hï hï
mqoa.,hka ms<sn| O¾u ldrKd f.dkq fldg" nd," mKaä;" NslaLq" n%dyauK hkd§
j¾. fnod we;' we;eï j¾. fhduq ù we;af;a hï hï O¾u ldrKd meyeÈ,s lsÍug
fhdod.;a Wmud wkqjh' u,a Wmud lr.;a oyï mo mqmaM j¾.hg o" oyfia ixLHd
Wmud l< O¾u mo iyiai j¾.hg o" u, fyj;a ls¿gq Wmud lr.;a oyï mo
u,j¾.hg hkd§ jYfhka fnod ±laùu Bg ksoiqka h'
Oïumoh hkq ;s%msglfha újrKh flfrk nqoaO foaYkdj u ixlaIsma;

lr olajk ix.%yhla nj hg lshk ,§' nqÿ oyfï tk p;=rd¾h i;Hh" máÉp
iuqmamdoh" l¾uh mqk¾Njh jeks uQ,sl ixl,am o" mqoa., újrK o O¾fudamfoaY
o fuys olakg ,efí' nqÿoyfï .eUqre O¾u ldrKd Oïumofha § bÈßm;a
flfrkafka Bg u wdfõKsl jQ fjk;a l%uhlg h' WodyrKhla f,i l=i,dl=i,
is;a yd ffp;isl ms<sn| wNsO¾ufha Ñ;a; ffp;isl ldKavj, úia;r flf¾'
zzfÉ;kdyx NslaLfj lïux jodñZZ hkqfjka fÉ;kdj uq,afldg u l¾u isÿjk
nj iQ;% O¾uj, úia;r flf¾' tfia u l=i,hg iem úmdl;a wl=i,hg ÿla
úmdl;a ,efnk nj;a i|yka h' is;" l¾uh yd úmdlh hk fï b;d .eUqre
f,i úia;rj lsj hq;= ldrKd ;=k u Oïumofha zzufkdmqnnx.ud OuudZZ
wd§ uq,a u .d:d foflka b;du ir, j is;a jÈk wdldrfhka wmQre Wmud
ixfhdackhlska bÈßm;a lr we;s wdldrh úis;=re h'
fuys tk O¾fudamfoaY o fuu .%ka:hg u wdfõKsl jQ úfYaI l%uhlg

bÈßm;a lrhs' tajd fndfyda úg ta wdldrfhka ;s%msglfha fjk;a ;ekaj, ke;' ksjka
u. .uka lrk mq.,hd m<uq fldgu fuf,dj Ôú;h fuka u iir Ôú;h;a ilia
lr .; hq;= h' ta i|yd Wmfoia imhk ux.," mrdNj" jH.a>mÊc" ji, wd§ iQ;%
151
rdYshla iQ;%msglfha wvx.= fjhs' ta ish,af,ka u fkdlshfjk hym;a Ôú;hla
f.dvk`.d .ekSsug wjYHjk ;j;a fndfyda ldrKd we;' fjk;a f,ilska lsj
fyd;a idudkH ckhdg iq¿ iq¿ hehs ie<flk lreKq mjd lshd§u wjYH fõ'
idudkHfhka wfma cklúj,ska isÿjkafka hï n÷ ld¾hhla o ta yd iudk ld¾hhla
fndÿ ms<sfj;a uf.ys .uka lrkakka i|yd Oïu mofhka bgq ù we;'
zzk Nfc mdmfl ñf;;ZZ

zzk ys fjfrk fjrdks - iuuk;SZO l=odpkxZZ
zzu;;d iqLmßppd.d - mfii fp úmq,x iqLxZZ
zzk jKK rEfmk kfrd iqcdfkdZZ
zzk f;k mKäf;d fyd;s - hdj;d nyq Ndi;sZZ
zziqoiix jccuf[[ix - w;;fkd mk ÿooixZZ
zziqÔjx wysßflk - ldliQfrk OxiskdZZ
zzwic®dh u,d uk;d wkqgGdk u,d >rdZZ
hkd§" tn÷ mQ¾K ñksfil= f.dvke.Sug Wmfhda.Sjk WmfoaY ish .Kkla

Oïu mofha wvx.= fõ'
;jo fuf,dj Ôú;h iy mrf,dj Ôú;h id¾:l lr.kakd wdldrh"

nnq¿jd.kakd wdldrh jH.a>mÊc wd§ iQ;%j,ska úúOdldrfhka úia;rlr we;s w;r
ta lsis ;ekl fkdue;s wuq;= u ldrKd Oïu mofha mo y;rl .d:djlg f.dkqlr
;sfnkq ±lsh yels h' fuf,dj Ôú;h .ek l;d lrk úg ckms%h;ajh ldf.a;a
wfmalaIdjls'
zziS,oiik iumkkx
OuugGx ippfjÈkx
w;;fkd luu l=nndkx
;x cfkd l=ref; mshxZZ
hk .d:dfjka lshfjkafka fuf,dj flfkl=g ckms%h úh yelafla flfiao

hkakhs'
mrf,dj .ek l;dlrk úg ldf.a;a n,dfmdfrd;a;=j iq.;shg hduhs'

thskq;a foõf,dj hdu b;d ckms%h n,dfmdfrd;a;=jls'
152
zzippx NfK k l=fc®hH
occdmmiñums hdÑf;d
tf;ys ;Sys Gdfkys
.fpP fojdk ik;sflZZ
hk .d:dfjka lshfjkafka foõf,dj hk flá u l%uhhs' fuys

zzoccdmmiñums hdÑf;dZZ hk mofhka uq¿ uy;a O¾uh mqrdu odkh .ek lshfjk
lreKqj, jvd iqúfYaI ldrKhla mß;Hd.h .ek lshfõ' tkï ljqreka fyda hula
b,a,d f.k wdúg Tyqf.a n,dfmdfrd;a;= iqka fkdfldg iq¿ fohla fyda Èhhq;=
njhs'
fï ldrKd i<ld n,kúg fmkShkafka Ouumoh hkq ;s%msglfha u tk
lreKq ixlaIsma; fldg ±lafjk tys u È.=jla fkdj nqÿ oyu W.kajk fjku u
wdldrhl .%ka:hla njhs' tys ;s%msglfha tk újrKj,g iudk újrK we;;a
jeämqr we;af;a Ouumohg u wdfõKsl jQ iqúfYaI újrKhla nj ñka meyeÈ,sh'
fï ksid Ydikfha t<sm;af;a isák t;rï kqjK uqyql=rd fkd.sh Wmdil

Wmdisldjkag jqj o Ydikhg msúfik l=vd idufKarjrekag jqj o uq¿ uy;a
;s%msglh fkd yod< kuq;a i;Hh" O¾uh' nd,hdf.a mgka ry;ka jykafia olajd
mqoa.,hka fuka u fuf<dj mrf<dj Ôú;h id¾:l lr.kakd wdldrh;a ksjk;a
f;areï .ekSug fï Ouumofha tk .d:d 423 yeoEÍu muKla jqj o m%udKj;a h'
tksid fuh ±kg ,nd ;sfnk fn!oaOhdf.a w;afmd; hk úreodj,sh fjkqjg
nqÿoyfï w;afmd; hehs ye¢kaùu iqÿiq h'
5'5'1 iyii j..h

Ouumofha wgjk j¾.h iyiai j¾.hhs' idudkHfhka wms tÈfkod
jHjydrfha § hï lsis ldrKhl jeo.;a lu fyda fkdjeo.;alu m%ldY lsÍug iSh" oyi
jeks ixLHd fhdod .ksuq' zziSfhka mx.=jla jákakEZZ zzodfyka mx.=jla jákakEZZ jeks
jHjydr wmsg fyd|g yqre mqreÿ h'
nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a foaYkd w;r o fujeks fhÿï nyq,j olskakg ,efí'

iyiai j¾.h hkq tjeks .d:dj, tl;=jls' fuys bÈßm;a flfrk ldrKd wxY
lsysmhls' ksr¾:l l:d" .d:d weiSfï fyda lSfï ksIaM, nj' tfia u kshu
ch.%yKh hqoaO ÈkSu fkdj ;u is; ÈkSu nj" hd.fydauj, ksIaM, nj yd
O¾udkql+, Ôú;hl jákd lu hk lreKq fuys b;d ixfõ§ wdldrfhka bÈßm;a
flf¾'
153
5'5'1'1' ießhq;a f;rKqfjda wmrdOlrefjl= ksjka u. hj;s'
rc.y kqjr mkaiShl muK fidr uq,la úh' Èkla ;Umdg ±,s /jq,la we;s
;ïnodÀl keue;a;d Tjqka fj; meñK Tjqka iu. tlajkakg wjir me;Sh' mqoa.,hka
.ek fyd| wjfndaOhla we;s fidr fogqjd fudyq ujqmshka jqj;a mdjdfok ;rï
ÿIagfhl= nj jgydf.k Tyqf.a b,a,Su m%;slafIam lf<a h' tfy;a fï ;ïnodÀlhd
hdmamqfjka fidrekaf.a is;a Èkdf.k Tjqka yd tlaj Èúf.jkakg úh' fï w;r
Èkla kqjr jeisfhda rdc mqreIhka iu. tlaj fidreka w,a,d rdcdêlrKh fj;
f.k .sfhda h' úksYaphldr ;ek Tjqka ish¨ fokd u fmdfrdfjka ysi .id ouk
f,i ksfhda. lf<a h' rdc mqreIhkag fidreka >d;kh lrkafkla Tjqka w;ßka u
fidhd .ekSug wjYH úh' tfy;a lsisfjla bÈßm;a fkdù h' wka;sfï § bÈßm;a
jkakdg ksoyi;a iïudk;a ,efnk nj ±kaù h' ydrish wkqkj fofkla u Bg
wlue;s jqj;a wjidkfha isá ;ïnodÀl th Ndr.;af;a h' fyf;u ta ish¨ fokd
fmdfrdfjka .id urd oud ksoyila iïudk;a ,eî h' t;eka isg rdcmqreIhkaf.a
kshufhka È.g u tu ldßh lrf.k .sh Tyq jhia .;j ÿ¾j, ùu ksid ;k;=frka
mylrk ,§'
fuf;la l,la yßyeá we÷ula me<÷ula ú,jqka .e,aùula ke;sj b;d

wm%ikak mqoa.,fhl= f,i Èúf.jQ ;ïnodÀl t;eka mgka flia /jq,a lmd kdf.k
iqj| ú,jqka .,ajd i¿ms<sfhka ieriS .sf;,a ñY% lsßle|la fndkakg iQodkï úh'
fpdar >d;lfhl= jqj;a fudyq iißka f.kd mska we;af;la úh' tksid u Tyqf.a
fï w¿;a Èúhg md ;eîu OHdk iudm;a;shg iuje§ ke.S isá ießhq;a uyry;ka
jykafia Èjeiska ÿgy' Tyqg msysg jk wáfhka Wkajykafia ta fudfydf;a u ms`vq
msKsi ta ksjig jevu l<y' fu;=jla lsisÿ mskla oyula lr.kakg bvla fkd,o
;ïnodÀl ießhq;a uy f;reka ±l mS%;sfhka mskd .sfha h' fyf;u Wkajykafia jvd
ys÷jd .sf;,a iy lsßle| ms<s.ekaù h' j<|d wjidkfha mqKHdkqfudaokdj l<;a
;ud l< wmrdO isysùu ksid Tyqg is; ikid.; fkdyels úh' ta nj jgyd.;a
ießhq;a f;rKqfjda Wmdilh" Tn wmrdO lf<a Tfí Wjukdjg fkdj rcqf.a
fyda rdc mqreIhskaf.a lSu ksid hehs is;d is; yod.kak hehs wjjdo l<y' thska
iekis,a, ,enQ ;ïnodÀl Wmdil ;ek nK wid fidajdka ud¾.hg wdikak
wkqf,dañl {dKh Wmojd .;af;ah'
wjik f;rekaf.a miq.uka fldg wdmiq tk ;ïnodÀl .jfokl fjiska

wd hlaIKshl úiska urd ouk ,§' fyf;u ñhf.dia ;=is; foõf,dj Wmkafka h'
ießhq;a f;reka úiska lrk ,o b;d iq¿ wkqfudaokdjlska fu;rï uy;a

M,hla fujeks wmrdO lrefjl= jQ fudyq ,enqfõ flfia±Zhs tod oï iNd uKavmhg
/iajQ NslaIQka jykafia,d w;r l;d nyla we;súh' nqÿrcdKka jykafia ta ksñ;a
fldg fï .d:dfjka oïfoid jod<y'
154
zziyii ums fp jdpd
wkF: moixys;d
tlx wF:mox fifhHd
hx iqFjd Wmiuu;sZZ
mod¾:(-
wkF:moixys;d" ksjkg Wmldrhla fkdjk ksr¾:l jdlHj,ska hqla;(
iyiix wms fp jdpd" jels oyilg jvd( hx iqFjd Wmiuu;s hula wid rd.d§
flf,iqka ixisf|a kï( tlx wF:mox fifhHd( tn÷ w¾:j;a tla mohla jqj o
wikakg ,eîu W;=ï h'
újrK(-
wkF:mo ixys;d ldjH" kdgl" .S;" l;dkaor jeks rd.d§ flf,iqka wjqiaik
m%nkaO" wF:mox p;=rd¾h i;H" máÉp iuqmamdoh" i;ri;smÜGdkh" ialkaO" Od;=
wdh;k wd§ Ôú;fha ienE ;;a;ajh;a ksjka u.;a lshk oyï mo'
5'5'1'2 CIKsl wjfndaOfhka w.;ekam;a ry;ka jykafia'
oUÈj iqmamdrl kï mgqk wi, odreÖßh kï ;jqfila úiS h' fudyq

uqyqfoa .uka lrñka isáh§ kej leã ì£hdu ksid ,S mqjrejl wdOdrfhka fï
mgqkg fiakaÿ jQ wfhls' uqyqfoa § we÷ï .id.sh ksid f.dvìug meñKs fyf;u
ßámÜgdj,ska we÷ula úhd wekafoa h' tksid fyf;u odreÖßh hhs m%isoaO úh' fï
wuq;= we÷u ksid Tyq ;jqfil= fia mgqka .ï jeishkaf.a ie,ls,a,g md;% úh' Tyq o
tf,i u y`.jd Èú f.ùh' fufia odreÖßh ;jqfil= ùu iir mqreoafoka isÿ jQjls'
ldYHm nqÿrcqkaf.a iiqk msßyS hk wjêfha idufKar wd§kaf.a fkdukd

yeisÍï ksid l<lsreKq NslaIQka jykafia,d y;a kula Èú mrÿjg ;nd f.dia
uyK oï mqrkakg l;sld lrf.k bksu.lska .,am¾j;hg ke. bksu. fmr<d
oud uyK oï mqrkakg jQy' tla kula m<uq Èk Èkfha § u ry;a njg m;aúh'
Wkajykafia iDoaêfhka jev ms`vq is`.df.k wjq;a fiiaikag ms<s.ekajQj;a .súiqu
lvkakg wlue;s ksid Tjqyq th m%;alsfIam fldg ksrdydrj uyK oï mqrkakg jQy'
fojk Èkfha ;j;a kula wkd.dó M,hg m;aúh' ry;ka jykafia msksjka mEy'
wkd.dó f;rKqfjda nUf,dj Wmkay' lsisÿ úfYaI wê.uhlg m;afkdjQ fiiq
miafokd foõf,dj ießird wjq;a wm nqÿ iufhys oUÈj ;ekska ;ek Wmkay'
tla wfhla mqlal=id;s kï rc úh' ;j;a flfkla l=udr ldYHm f;reka

úh' ;j;a wfhla oínu,a,mq;a; f;reka f,i o isõjekakd iNsh mßn%dclhd f,i
155
m%lgj isáfhda h' fï ish¨ fokd nqÿrcdKka jykafia yuq ù nK wid ksjka mila
l< wh jQy' miajekakd odrÖßh ;jqid h'
fudyq ;jqfil= fia ñksiqka rjgdf.k Ôj;afjkq ÿgq nUf,dj bmso isá l,HdK
ñ;%hd odreÖßh nqÿrÿka fj; heù h' iqmamdrl mgqfka isg tlish úis .jqjla f.jd tla
/hlska u Tyq ieje;a kqjrg wdfõ nqoaO hk ku weiqKq ieKska we;s jQ n,j;a
Woafõ.h ksid h'
Tyqg nqÿrcdKka jykafia yuqjQfha Wkajykafia ms`vq is`.d jäñka isá uy

u.§ h' Wkajykafia mduq, je| jegqKq fyf;u ;udg nK foaYkd lrk f,i b,a,d
isáfha h' ndysh uu ms`vq is`.d msKsi hñ" u|la bjikak hhs Wkajykafia jod<;a
ndysh je<elaúh fkdyels úh' ;u Ôú;fha wjidk fudfyd; .; lrk nj bfíu
±Kqkq ksidfoda" iajdóks" Tnjykafiaf.a Ôú;h;a uf.a Ôú;h;a ljr fudfydf;ys
wjikafõ±hs úYajdihla ke;' tneúka blaukska nK foiekakehs fyf;u kej;
kej;;a fm/;a; lf<a h' túg nqÿrcdKka jykafia zz;iud;sy f; ndysh tjx
islÅ;nnx ÈfgG ÈgGu;;x Núii;sZZ hkd§ jYfhka ndysh" ÿgq foa ÿgq muKska
o" weiqKq" ±Kqkq" is;=Kq foa tmuKlska u kj;kak' tajd ñysßhhs" iemhhs" ksñ;s
fkd.kak" tajdfha fkdwef,kakhhs bkaøsh ixjrh ms<sn| O¾uhla foaYkd l<y'
iir mqreoafoka kqjK uqyql=rd .sh ndysr odreÖrh" th weiQ muKska u W;=ï jQ ry;a
M,hg m;aúh'
wk;=rej Tyq meúoao b,a,d isáh;a iif¾ § i`.kg md;%d isjqre mqod mqreoaola
fkd;snqKq ksid tays NslaLqNdjfhka meúÈ lsÍug fkdyels úh' Wkajykafia jir
úisoyila uyK oï mqrd ;snqK;a ;ukag ,enqKq ish¨ msßlr ;ksju mßfNda. l<d
ñi lsisfjl=g ÿkafka ke; NslaIqjla úiska jqj o wgmsßlr isjqre w|kd wd§ msßlr
mQcd lr ;sìh hq;= nj ñka meyeÈ<s fõ'
nqÿrcdKka jykafia md isjqre fidhdf.k tkakehs lshd odreÖßh ry;a

Wmdil ;=ud msg;a fldg hejQy' t;=udg ±Kqkq mßÈ u wdhqI fl<jrg meñK
isá odreÖßh ry;ka jykafia .j foklf.a myr lEug ,laù msßksjka mEy'
meúÈjkakg bvla fkd,eìK'
nqÿrcdKka jykafia NslaIQka jykafia,d iu. tys jevu fldg t;=udf.a

YÍrh wdodyk lrjd ia:Qmhla o lrjQy' fï iqúfYaIS isÿùu .ek l=;=y,hg
m;aj isá NslaIQka jykafia,d weu;+ nqÿrcdKka jykafia" ndysh odreÖßh ry;a jQ
flfkls' Wkajykafia msßksjka mEyhss jod<y' odreùßh ;jqid ry;a jQfha flfia
±hs úuiQ l, uyfKks" Wkajykafia ud t;rï fjfyig m;a lf<a ke;' tl nK
mohlska u i;H wjfndaO l< fialehs jodrd odreÖßh ry;ka jykafia fï iiqfka
ÅmamdNs[a[ fyj;a laIKhlska O¾udjfndaOh l< we;a;ka w;r w.% fõ hhs
156
w.;k;=re o § jod< fial' ta ms<sn| oïiNd uKavmfha § we;s jQ l;dny ksñ;s
lrf.k nqÿrdKka jykafia fuu .d:dj foaYkd fldg oyï foid jod<y'
zziyiiums fp .d:d
wkF: moixys;d
tlx .d:d mox fifhHd
hx iqFjd Wmiuu;sZZ
mod¾:(- wkF:mo ixys;d" ksr¾:l mohkaf.ka hqla; jQ( iyiiums fp .d:d" .d:djka
oyila jqj;a W;=ï fkdfõ( hx iqFjd Wmiuu;s" hula wid flf,iqka ixisfòa kï(
tlx .d:d mox fifhHd" tn÷ tla .d:d mohla jqjo W;=ï h(
újrK(- fuys .d:d mox hkakg fï Ouumofha u tk zzwmmudfod wu;moxZZ jeks

.d:djka ksoiqka fldg ±laúh yel' odreÖßh;=udg uq¿ nqÿ oyu u wikakg fyda
yodrkakg wjia:djla fkdú h' iir kqjK uqyql=rd we;s flfkl=g tl .d:d
mohla jqj o iEfyk nj fuhska ;yjqrefõ'
5'5'1'3 isgql=ußh ia:dfkdaÑ; m%{dfjka urfKka ñfohs'
rc.y kqjr tla isgq mjq,l fidf<dia yeúßÈ b;d rEu;a isgq l=ußhla
isáhd h' ´ f;dfuda l=Kav,flaiS kï jQjd h' tu jhfia hqj;shka mqreIhka flfrys
we,au jeä neúka uõmsfhda weh i;auy,a m%didohl u;= uyf,a r|jd /ln,d .;ay'
wef.a iómfha isáfha tla odishla muKs'
Èkla ysi .id ±óug kshu jQ tla;rd fidfrl= jo fnr jhñka oxf.äh lrd
rdc mqreIhka úiska f.khkq ,eî h' jo fnr y`v weiS iS ueÿre ljq¿fjka tî neÆ
l=ußhg tlajr u olakg ,enqfka oxf.äh lrd f.k hkq ,enQ fidrd h' fh!jk
mqreIhl= ±lsugj;a wjirhla ke;sj isá wehg ÿgq ieKska Tyq flfrys ms<sn| is;la
we;súh' rd.fhka uqim;aj .sh l=ußh Tyq ,ndfokakehs b,a,d isáhd h' uõmshka
fldf;l=;a lreKq lSj;a wehf.a is; fjkia fkdù h' l<yels lsisjla fkdjQfhka
ujqmsfhda rdc mqreIhkag w,a,ia § fidrd uqojd f.k l=ußh Tyqg irK mdjd ÿkay'
weh fld;rï Okj;a l=ußhla jqj;a fidrdg fidrlu fkdlr isáh

fkdyels úh' Tyqg isgq ueÿf¾ jdih o ßis fkdù h' Tyq l,amkd lrñka isáfha fldhs
fudfyd;l § fyda l=ußh me<¢ wdNrK fidrdf.k m,d hkakg h' ta i|yd Wmdhla
fh¥ fyf;u jrog yiq ù urkakg f.k hk wjia:dfõ jQ Ndrhla Tmamq lsÍug
we;s nj lshd u,a myka wd§ mQcd øjHh o /f.k l=ußh iu`. fidreka fy<k
fp!r m%md; kï m¾j;h uqÿkg .sfha h' tys§ ;ud weh fu;kg le|jdf.k wdfõ
157
wdNrK f.k weh m¾j;fhka my,g fy<kakg nj fy<s lf<a h' tys § kqjKe;s
l=ußh WmdhYS,Sj wka;su j;djg ;udg f;jrla meol=Kqfldg ieñhdg kuialdr
lrkakg wjir b,a,d isáhd h' ,;a wjirfhka meol=Kq lrk uqjdfjka weh
miqmiska hk .uka Tyq m¾j;fhka my,g ;,a¨lr ±ïud h' ta ÿgq jk foúfhla
wehf.a fuu ls%hdj miiñka fufia mejiSh'
zz k fid ifnniq Gdfkiq

mqßfid fyd;s mKäf;d
bFÓms mKä;d fyd;s
;F: ;F: úpCLKdZZ
mqreIhd muKla u yeu;ekl § u mKaä; fkdfõ' ta ta ;ekaj,§ ia:dfkdaÑ;

m%{dfjka hq;= ia;S%yq o mKaä;fhda fj;s hkqfjks'
fidrd >d;kh lsÍfuka miq kqjrg hkakg ìh jQ l=Kav, flaiS jk ueÈka
hk w;r mßn%dðld wdY%uhla ±l tys f.dia ish¨ mqj;a mjid mßn%dðldjl njg
m;ajQjd h' tys§ wehg hkakg wxY folla ;snqKs' m<uqjekak OHdk jeãu h'
fojekak jdo oyila bf.k jdÈkshl ùu h' thska fojekak f;dard.;a l=ußh
jdo oyi bf.k oU w;a;la o f.k m%;sjd§ka fidh fidhd .ñka .u k.rfhka
k.rh ießierejd h' bka weh cïnq mßn%dðld f,i m%isoaO úh' weh oUw;a; lsishï
;ekl isgqjd .sh l,ays ljfrl= fyd th Wÿrd ±uqjfyd;a wehf.a oyila jdo
ueo m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re Èh hq;= úh' ta jk úg weh yd jdo lsÍug iu;a lsisfjla
lsis;ekl fkdù h'
fï w;r Èkla ms`vq msKsi jäñka isá ießhq;a uy f;rKqfjda tu oU w;a;
jglrf.k isá fld¿ l=reÜgka msßila ±l Tjqka ,jd u th Wÿrd ±uQy' tod
Wkajykafia iu. jdohg .sh l=Kav,flaishf.a m%Yak oyig u ießhq;a f;rKqfjda
ms<s;=re ÿkay' wk;=rej Wkajykafia zztlkdu lsxZZ wd§ m%Yak oyh wehg bÈßm;a
l< kuq;a bka tlla fyda úi£ug wehg fkdyels úh' mer§ Wkajykafia flfrys
meyeÿKq weh meúoao b,a,d isáhd h' f;rKqfjda weh NslaIqKSka fj; hjd meúÈ
lrjQy' meúÈ ù fkdfnda l,lska u ´ f;dfuda isõms<sisôhdm;a ry;a fufyKshl
njg m;a jQjd h'
miq Èfkl fï ms<sn| oï iNd uKavmfha § NslaIQka jykafia,d w;r l;dnyla

we;s úh' l=Kav,flaYS ;ksj u oreKq fidrl= mrdch fldg meñKSu;a" meúÈ ù
fkdfnda l,lska u jeämqr oyï weiSul=;a ke;sj isõms<sisôhdm;a ry;a njg m;aùu;a
Wkajykafia,df.a úu;shg fya;= úh' ta fudfydf;a oïiNd uKavmhg jevu l<
nqÿrcdKka jykafia ta ksñ;s fldgf.k fï .d:djka jod< fial'
158
zzfhd fp .d:d i;x Ndfi
wkF: moixys;d
tlx Ouumox fifhHd
hx iqFjd Wmiuu ;sZZ
mod¾:(-
fhdp" hï mqoa.,fhla( wkF: moixys;d" ksr¾:l f,!lsl j¾Kkdj,ska
hqla;( .d:d i;x Ndfi" .d:d ish .Kkla lSug jvd( hx iqFjd Wmuu;s" hula wid
flf,iqka ixis£ug m;afõ kï( tlx Ouumox fifhHd" tn÷ tla .d:d mohla jqj o
lSu W;=ï h'
zzfhd iyiix iyfiik

iX.dfu udkqfi ðfk
tl[p fchH w;;dkx
i fj iX.ducq;;fudZZ
mod¾:(-
fhd" hfula( iX.dfu" hqo ìul§¦ udkqfi¦ ñksiqka¦ iyiix iyfiik"
oyiska oyila fyj;a oi,laIhla¦ ðfk" Èkkjdg jvd¦ tl[p fchH w;;dkx"
tlu tla ;ud ÈkSu fyj;a is; md,kh lr.ekSu W;=ï h( i fj iX.ducq;;fud"
Tyq W;=ïu hqO ch.%dylhd jkafka h'
újrK(-
fuys§ m<uq .d:dfjka m%ldY jQfha l=Kav, flaYS mßn%dðldj jeks kqjKe;s
flfkl=g oyia .Kka nKmo wjYH ke;' tla nK mohla jqj o m%udKj;a h
hkak hs'
fojk .d:dfjka lshfjkafka weh oreKq fidfrl= Wml%ufhka mrdch

fldg meñKSu fkdj tjeks wh oY,laIhla mrdch lrkjdg;a jvd flf,iqka
kid ;ud Èkd.ekSu W;=ï njhs'
159
5'5'1'4 wk¾:hg fya;= fidhkakd'
Èkla nqÿrcdKka jykafia yuqùug tla;rd n%dyauKfhla meñKsfhah' Tyqf.a

úfYaI;ajh kï wfkla yeu fokdu wikafka ÈhqKqjg fya;= h" fudyq wikafka
msßySug wk¾:hg fya;= h' tksid fudyq wkF: mqÉPl n%dyauK kï ùh' nqÿrÿka
fj; meñKs fyf;u" iïnqoaOhka jykai" Tn okafka w¾:h muKla o ke;fyd;a
wk¾:h;a okafka±hs weiS h' túg nqÿrcdKka jykafia" n%dyauKh uu w¾:h;a oksñ"
wk¾:h;a oksñhs jod<y' tfia kï ug wk¾:h lshdfokq uekjehs fyf;u b,a,d
isáfha h' túg Wkajykafia"
zzWiiqr fihHx wd,iix

jKällx §> fidFÓhx
tliioOk.ukx
mrodrEmx fijkx
t;x n%dyuKx fijiiq
wkF:x f; Núii;s;sZZ
ysre kef.k;=re ksod.ekSu" w,ilu" ievmreIlu" jev l,a we§u ^fi-

ñka jev lsÍu& ;ksj ÿr .uka hdu" mrodr fiajkh" hk fïjd fiajkh lsÍfuka
n%dyauKh Tng wk¾:hla u jkafka h'
th weiQ nuqK idOqldr § Tn jykafia w¾:h fuka u wk¾:h;a okakd

fialeZhs nqÿrcdKka jykafiag m%Yxid lf<a h'
Tyq .ek okakd nqÿrcdKka jykafia nuqKd" Tn l=ulska Ôj;ajkafka ±hs

úuiQy' mskaj;a f.!;uhka jykai" uu ¥ fl,sfhka Ôj;afjñhs fya lSh' túg'
nuqK" Tng bka ch ,efí o mrdch ,efí±Zhs weiQúg" iajdóks" ch mrdch fol u
,efíhhs fyf;u lSh' túg nqÿrcdKka jykafia fï .d:d foflka oyï foiQy'
zzw;;d yfj ð;x fihHd

hd pdhx b;rd mcd
w;;ok;ii fmdiii
ksppx i[[;pdßfkdZZ
160
mod¾:(-
hd pdhx b;rd mcd" hfula fï hqoaOfhka fyda iQÿfjka wfkla ñksiqka ÈkSug
jvd( ksppx i[[; pdßfkd" ksrka;rfhka u ixjr mej;=ï we;s( w;; ok;ii
fmdiii" ;ud Èkd.;a ta mqoa.,hdf.a' Nfj w;;d ð;x fifhHd" taldka;fhka u
;ud ÈkSu W;=ï h(
újrK(-
ksppx i[[; pdßfkd" hkq flf,iqka ixis| jQ ry;ka jykafia
ksr;=rej u lhska jpkfhka is;ska ixjrj yeisfrk njhs'
zzfkj fofjd k .JOfnnd

k udfrd iy n%yuqKd
ð;x wmð;x lhsrd
;:d rEmii ck;=fkdZZ
mod¾:(-
;:drEmii ck;=fkd" tn÷ mqoa.,hdf.a( ð;x" ch.%yKh( fofjd" foúfhla
fyda( .JOfnnd" .|fUla fyda( udfrd" urefjla fyda( iy n%yuqKd" n%yauhd we;=¿
lsisfjla( fkj wmð;x lhsrd" mrdchla njg m;alsÍug iu;a fkdjk fyhsks'
újrK(-
fkj ð;x wúð;x lhsrd" hkq ish¨ flf,iqka kid ry;a jQ mqoa.,hd ;=,
kej; flf,ia Wmojkakg lsisjl=g;a fkdyels njhs'
5'5'1'5 wd¾hhka jykafiag lrk msÿu wka ish¨ oka mrohs'

rc.y kqjr ießhq;a f;rekaf.a uhs,kq nuqfKla úiS h' Èkla Tyq fj; .sh
ießhq;a f;rKqfjda Tn mska oyï lsisjla lrkafka±hs weiQy' túg fyf;u tfia h
iajdóks" uu uila mdid lyjkq oyi ne.ska jehfldg ks.KaGhkag okafoñZhs
mejiS h' tfia Tjqkag okafokafka l=ula is;df.k± hs weiQ l< nUf,dj m;df.k hhs
nuqKd lSh' nUf,djg hk u. fuh hehs Tng lshqfõ ljqreka± hs weiQúg ta nj
;udg wdpd¾hjreka lS nj fya mejiS h' túg f;rKqfjda nuqK" nUf,djg hk
u. Tn okafka;a ke;' Tnf.a wdpd¾hjreka okafka;a ke;' tkak th ;:d.;hka
jykafia oks;sZhs lshd nuqKd o legqj nqÿrcdKka jykafia fj; .shy' ta mqj;
weiQ nqÿrcdKka jykafia th ienEjla ±hs nuqKdf.ka wid tfiah iajdóks" th
ienEjlshs nuqKd lS l,ays nuqK" Tn fun÷ whg ishla jila fok odkhg jvd
wd¾hhka jykafia kulg fudfyd;lg fok n;a yekaola uy;a M, jkafka hhs
jodrd fï .d:dj foaYkd l< fial'
161
zzudfi udfi iyfiik
fhd hfc: i;x iux
tl[p Ndú;;;dkx
uqyq;;ums mqcfh
id fhj mqckd fifhHd
hf[p jiii;x yq;x ZZ
mod¾:(-
fhd" hfula( udfi udfi" uila uila mdid( iyfiik" lyjKq oyi ne.ska
jeh fldg( i;x iux" ishjila mqrd" hfc:" idudkH whg okafokafka kuq;a( tlx p
Ndú;;dkx" flf,iqkaf.ka uqojd iS,d§ .=Kfhka is; jevQ tla W;a;ufhl=g(
uqyq;;x wms" fudfyd;la fyda( mQcfh" hï mQcdjla lrhs kï( hx fp jiii;x yq;x"
hï ta ishjila lrkk hd.hg jvd( id fhj mqckdx fifhHd" ta wd¾hhkag lrk
mQcdj u W;=ï jkafka h'
újrKh(-
zzhfc:ZZ hkafkka lshjk hd.h;a" zzyq;xZZ hkafkka lshjk fydauh;a
nuqKkaf.a mQcd úê folls' fuys § ta folu" fhdod we;' nuqKkaf.a hd.fydau
wjidkfha § o oka §fï isß;la we;' fuys zzNdú; w;;ZZ hkafkka jevQ is; hk
woyi fohs' wNdú; is; hkq rd.d§ flf,iqkaf.ka .ejiqKq is;hs' Ndú; is; hkq
iS,fhka is,aj;aj iudêfhka is; tl`. lrf.k wks;H ÿlL wd§ úo¾Ykd jevQ is;hs
zzw;;ZZ hkafkka ;ud hk w¾:h lshfõ' nqÿ oyfï zzw;;ZZ hkq ;u is;hs'
tksid fuys zzNdú;;;ZZ hkafkka flf,iqkaf.a ñÈ ñ§ is; ÈhqKq lrf.k hk
fidajdka wd§ wd¾hhka jykafia,d woyia flf¾' uc¯u ksldfha olÅKd úNx.
iQ;%fha i|yka jkafka Wka jykafia,dg fok odkfha wdksYxi wkka; wm%udK
njhs'
5'5'1'6 ishjila .sksms§ug jvd tla fudfyd;la wd¾hhka jykafia ms§u

W;=ï h'
ießhq;a uy ry;ka jykafia nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a w.iõ jqj;a
Wkajykafiaf.a {d;s j¾.hd fndfyda fofkla nuqKq oyu weoyQfjda jQy' Èkla
Wkajykafia ish nEKkq flfkl= fj; jeähy' Tyq ì,smQcd fldg .sks mqok
nuqfKls' Tn lrk mska oyï fudkjd±hs f;reka jykafia weiQ úg nUf,dj
m;df.k mqok nj nuqKd lSh' nUf,dj hk u. Tn okafka ke;' tkak th
Nd.Hj;=ka jykafiaf.ka ±k.ksuqhs lshd f;rKqfjda Tyq;a iu. f.dia nqÿrcdKka
jykafiag fumj;a ie, l<y' túg Wkajykafia nuqK" wjqreÿ iShla .sks mqokjdg
jvd is; jevQ wd¾hka jykafia kulg tl fudfyd;l lrk mQcdj w.fkahhs
162
zzfhdp jii i;x ck;=
w..sxmßpfr jfk
tl[p Ndú;;dkx
uqyq;;ums mQcfh
id fhj mqckd fifhHd
hfCop jiii;x yq;x ZZ
mod¾:(-
fhd ck;=" hï mqoa.,fhla( jii;x" wjqreÿ ishhla jfk" jkhg ù( w..sx
mßpfr" .sks mqokafka o" Bg jvd( tl[p Ndú;;dkx" tla wd;au oukh l< wd¾hhka
jykafia kulg uqyq;;x wms mqcfh" fudfyd;la fyda mqohs o( hx fp jiii;x yq;x"
ta jir iShla lrk hd.hg jvd( id fhj mQckd fifhHd" ta wd¾hka jykafiag
lrk mQcdj u W;=ï jkafka h'
újrKh(-
wx..sx mßpfr" .sksms§u' .skak nuqKka úiska i,lk ,oafoa foúfhl= f,i
h' nuqfKl= kï Tyq jdih lrk ;ek ks;ru .sks ±,aù ;sìh hq;= h' hd.h i|yd úfYaI
;ekl úfYaI or fhdod hd. .skak idod .kq ,efí' .sf;,a fyda fjk;a mQcd øjH tu
.skakg lem lrñka hd.h mj;ajkq ,efí' we;eï úg i;=ka urd ì,s mQcd lrkafka
o .skakg h' fï wkqj hd.h hkq .skak fhdod lrk mQcd úêhls'
uyd n%yauhd f,dj ueùhehs o úIaKq foúhka f,dj md,kh lrkafka hehs o"
BYajr foúhka f,dj jkikafkahehs o Tjqkaf.a úYajdih hs' ;s%uQ¾;sh kñka
y÷kajk fï foújre ;sfokd i;=gq lsÍu" .sks foúhka ms§fï hd.fha wruqK hs' ta
wkqj .sks foúhka ms§fuka n%yauhd i;=gq fldg nUf,dj hd yelshe hs Tjqyq úYajdi
l<y' ießhq;a f;rekaf.a fï {d;Ska hd.fydau lr we;af;a tfia nUf,dj hdug h'
5'5'1'7 jirla mqrd lrk hd.hg jvd wd¾hhka jykafiag je£u W;=ïuh'
rc.ykqjr ießhq;a uy ry;ka jykafiaf.a merKs hy¿fjl= jQ nuqfKla
úiSh' fyf;u nUf,dj hdug mska lrkq msKsi uy hd. mj;ajhs' ießhq;a f;reka
Tyq legqj f.dia nqÿrcdKka jykafig ta j. ie,l< úg Wkajykafia fï .d:dj
foaYkd l< fial'
zzhx ls`CoÑ hsgGx j yq;x j f,dfl

ixjpPrx hfc: mq[[fmflLd
innums ;x k p;=Nd.fu;s
wNsjdokd Wccq.f;iq fifhHd ZZ
163
mod¾:(-
hx ls[Ñ" hïlsis( hsgGx jd" hd.hla" ke;fyd;a ux., wd§ ldrKd fya;=
fldgf.k fok oka fyda( yq;x jd" fydauhka ke;fyd;a hï hï msÈh hq;a;ka
/iafldg fok oka fyda l¾u M, woyd fok ljr fyda odkhla( mq[[fmflLd"
mska M, n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjka( ixjpPr hfc:" jirla mqrd idudkH mqoa.,hskag
ÿkafka kuq;a( innums ;x" ta ish¨ hd. fyda odk( Wccqf;iq wNsjdokd" Wcqmámkak fyj;a
wd¾h ud¾.hg ms<smka fidajdka wd§ W;=ul=g lrk jkaokdjlska( k p;=Nd.dfu;s"
i;frka mx.=jlaj;a fkdjgfka h' ta Wcqmámkak wd¾hhka jykafiag lrk
jkaokdj mjd fY%aIaG jkafka h'
újrKh(-
zwNsjdokd Wccq.f;iqfifhHdZ hk fuys zWccq.;Z hkq Wcqmámkak hk
woyiu h' Wcqmámkak hkq lduiqL,a,sldkq fhda. w;a;ls,u:dkqfhda. hk wka;
oajhg fkdjeà uOHu m%;smodj kï jQ wd¾h ud¾.hg msúiSu hs' ta wd¾hhka
jykafia,dg oka§u fkdj jkaokd lsÍu mjd jir ish .Kkla fjk;a uyK Y%uK
nuqKkag oka§ug jvd W;=ï nj lshfõ'
5'5'1'8 È.disß ,enQ nqÿka oji msß;a foiqula'
§> ,ïìl kï kqjr jeis nuqfKda fofofkla jk.;j y;,sia wg jirla ;jqia
oï msrEy' fï w;=ßka tla wfhla ;udf.a l=, mrmqr .ek is;d kej; .sysf.g f.dia
wdjdyhla lrf.k mqf;l= o ,eî h' wfkla ;jqid jrla ish hy¿jd ±lSug tu
kqjrg meñKsfhah' ta nj weiQ hy¿jd wUq orejka iu. ta ;jqid ±lSug .sfhah'
hy¿jd jekao úg;a ìßh jekao úg;a §>dhqfõjd hhs lS ;jqid orejd ,jd jekao
jQ úg ksy`vj isáfha h' Bg fya;=j úuiQ úg fudyq Ôj;ajkafka ;j i;a Èkla
muKlehs ;jqid lSh' fuh j<lajd .ekSug ms<shula keoa± hs weiQúg ms<shï we;'
tfy;a uu fkdoksñ' f.!;u nqÿrcdKka jykafia okakjd we;s Wkajykafiaf.ka
úuikak hehs ;jqid ms<s;=re ÿkafka h'
orejd /f.k nqÿrdKka jykafia fj; .sh fouy,a,ka orejd ,jd

jekaojQ úg nqÿrcdKka jykafia o È.disß fkdfldg ksy`v jQ fial' Bg fya;=j
Wkajykafia jod< úg orejdf.a wdhq jeãug ms<shula keoa± hs uõmsfhda weiQy'
túg nqÿrcdKka jykafia nuqK ms<shula we;' Tfí f.or fodrgqfjys uKavmhla
lrjkak' tys ueo l=vd mqgqjla ;nd ta jgd wdik wgla fyda odihla mkjkak orejd ta
l=vd mqgqfjys ys÷jd jgd we;s wdikj, NslaIq ix>hd ys÷jd i;a ojila fkd kj;ajd msß;a
foaYkd lrjkakg we;akï fï wk;=frka .e,úh yelshhs jod<y' nuqK o tlS mßÈ
uKavmhla lrjd wiqka mkjd ms<sfh, lrù h' nqÿrcdKka jykafia NslaIQka
jykafia,d msg;afldg hejQy' i;a ojila msß;a foaYkd fldg ksu l< úg
nqÿrcdKka jykafia tys jevu l<y' tfõf,a ish¨ ilaj, jeis foúfhda o t;kg
/ia jQy'
164
tÈkg tu orej f.dÿre lr.ekSug wjreoaO kï hlaIfhla ffjY%jK
foúhkaf.ka jrhla ,nd isáfha h' nqÿrcdKka jykafia tys jevujd ufya YdlH
foú foaj;djka o tys isá ksid wjreoaO hlaIhdg ta wi,gj;a <x úh fkdyels
úh' uq¿ rd;s%h u nqoaO m%uqL uyd ix>hd jykafia msß;a foiQy' miq od myka
úh' hlaIhdg ì,a, ysñùfï ld,h wjika úh' wgjks ojfia WoEik msß;a yudr
ùu;a iù`. foudmsfhda orejd ,jd nqÿrÿka jekaojQy' §¾>dhqI fõjd hs Wkajykafia
wdYs¾jdo l<y' orejdg fldmuK wdhqI we;af;a ±hs úuiQ l, fï l=ureg
tlish úiaila wdhqI jkafka hehs nqÿrÿka jod<y' t;eka isg Tyq wdhqjâVk
l=udr kñka m%isoaO úh' jeäúhg m;a fyf;u .sys nkaOkfhka fkdne£ mkaiShla
Wmdilhka iu. Wmdil Ôú;hla .; lf<ah'
oï iNd uKavmfha § fï l:d mqj; ix>hdf.a l;dnyg ,laúh' ta

ksñ;sfldg nqÿrcdKka jykafia fï .d:dj foaYkd l< fial'
zzwNsjdokiS,sii - ksppx joOdmpdhsfkd

p;;dfrd Ouud jvVk;s - wdhq jfKKd iqLx n,xZZ
mod¾:(-
wNsjdok iS,sii" ks;r je¢h hq;a;ka j¢k iq¨( joOdmpdhsfkd" jeäysáhka
j¢k mqok iq¨ .syshdg fyda meúoaodg( p;;dfrd Ouud jvVk;s" O¾u y;rla jefâ"
wdhq jfKKd iqLx n,x" tkï wdhqIh" j¾Kh fyj;a yevrej o mialï iem; o
n,h fyj;a ldh n,h msßia n,h hk fïjd h'
újrK(-
zwNsjdok iS,siiZ hkq ks;r j¢k iq¨ hk woyihs' je¢h hq;a;ka je£uhs'
.syshkag foudmsfhda je¢h hq;af;da fj;s' meúoaokag wdpd¾h WmdOHdhka jykafia,d
je¢h hq;af;da fj;s' tfy;a fuys zzjoOd mpdhsfkdZZ hkqfjka jeäysáhka ms§u
fjku u olajd ;sfnk fyhska fuys je¢h hq;a;ka jkafka nqÿka" oyï" i`.=ka iy
is,aj;=ka .=Kj;=ka h' tn÷ W;=ukag ks;r j¢k iq¿" .=rejr fouõmsh jeäysáhkag
mqok iq¿ mqoa.,hdg wdksYxi y;rla ,efnk nj fuhska lshfõ' fuys we;s
úfYaI;ajh kï ta je÷ï ms÷ï fmr l< mska úh hq;= ke;' wo lrk je÷ï ms÷ï
n,fhka fï Ôú;fha§ u wdhqI" j¾K" iem" n," ,efí' wdhqjâVk l=udrhdf.a
l;dfjka lshfjkafka msß;a wkqyiska wdhqI jevqKq njhs' tfy;a je¢h hq;a;kag
je£fuka o msÈh hq;a;kag ms§fuka o ta wdksYxih ,efnk nj nqÿrcdKka jykafia
jod<y'z
165
5'5'1'9 ÿis,aj;a ishjilg jvd is,aj;a tla Èkla W;=ï h'
w.iõ ießhq;a f;rekaf.a w;jeis jQ ixlsÉp kï i;a yeúßÈ idufKar

kula úh' fï l=udrhd uõ l=i isáh§ u uj ñh .shd h' ore.en;a ñhhkakg
we;ehs is;+ ñksiaiq wef.a u<l| iEhl ;nd ±jQy' ta id oreKq .sks l|la ueo fï
mskaj;a orejd fkd ms<siaiS isáfha h' i;a wjqreoaola hk;=re orejd fmdaIKh l<
kEoEhka Tyq ießhq;a f;reka <`. meúÈ l<y' ysi uqvq lroa§ u ixlsÉp l=udrhd isõ
ms<sisôhdm;a ry;a njg m;aúh' Wmf;a § u m%d;syd¾hhla mE Wkajykafia idufKar
kula jqj;a uyd iDoaê n, we;af;la úh'
Èkla NslaIQkajykafia,d ;sia kula nqÿrÿkaf.a lugyka f.k uyKoï

msÍu i|yd jk.; fikiqkla fj; hkakg wjir b,a,d isáhy' tys .sh úg
Wkajykafia,dg isÿ úh yels úm;la .ek ÿgq nqÿrcdKka jykafia ta nj fkdmjid
ießhq;a f;reka yuq ù hk f,i mejiQy' Wkajykafia,d ießhq;a f;reka fj; .sh
úg Wkajykafia nqÿrÿka fï msßi ;ud fj; tjk ,oafoa l=ula ksid±hs Èjeiska
n,d ldrKh f;areïf.k tfia ta jkhg hkafka kï fï ixlsÉp idufKarhka
o legqj hkakhs lSy' Wkajykafia,d idufKarhka o legqj jkhg f.dia uyKoï
mqrkakg mgka .;ay'
fï w;r tla;rd ÿ.sfhla NslaIQka jykafia,dg ,efnk wdydr myiqj ±l Wka

jykafia,dg Wjgeka lrñka ta wimqfõ u úiqfõ h' Èkla ish ÈhKshla ne,Sug jk
ueÈka hk Tyq fidr uq,lg yiqúh' tod fidrekag wjYH jQfha ì,s mQcdjla i|yd
ñksfils' ta wkqj Tyq w,a,d.;a fidreka urd ì,s fokakg iQodkï úh' tys§ ne.Em;a
jQ fï ñksid" uu wirK ÿ.sfhls" fujeks W;=ï mQcdjlg ud jákafka ke;'
ud;a hefmkafka wij,a wimqfõ isák Y%uKhka jykafia,d ksid h' Tjqyq Wm;ska u
Okj;=ka h l=,j;=ka h' YÍrfhka o ug jvd mqIaáu;a h' foúhka g msÈh hq;af;a
tn÷ mQcdjlehs lshd lE n;a mf;a .=Khj;a fkd;nd ix>hd mdjd ÿkafka h'
fidre o ta wdrxÑh wkqj f.dia ta ñksid ÿka T;a;=j wkqj f.äh .id
ix>hd /ia jQ úg bka tla kula b,aÆy' tys § uy f;rKqfjda th ;ukaf.a
j.lSula hhs lshd Bg bÈßm;a jQy' Bg tfrys jQ fiiq NslaIQka jykafia,d o ;u
;uka bÈßm;a jQ fyhska ;SrKhla .; fkdyels úh' wka;sfï § ixlsÉp idufKar
jykafia iafõÉPdfjka u Bg bÈßm;a úh' tys § i;a yeúßÈ fï l=vd idufKarhka
.ek ;uka jykafia,dg ießhq;a f;rekag j.lshkakg isÿjk fyhska fiiq NslaIQka
jykafia,d Bg wlue;s jQy' túg idufKarhka jykafia .=refoajhka jykafia Tn
jykafia,dg ud iu`. hkak hehs lSfõ fï foa .ek ±kf.k h' uu idufKar jqj;a
iiqka lsi ksujd isák flfklañ' Tnjykafia,dg ;j fndfyda ÿr hkakg ;sfí'
tfyhska uu hñhs lSy' ix>hd ksy`v jQy'
166
idufKarhka jykafia /f.kf.dia .sksf.dvla .id tys ì,sfokakg
fidrfogqjd ;u lvqfjka Wkajykafiag flgqfõ h' tfy;a m<uqjr lvqj weUÍ
.sfha h' fojk jr lvqj yels,S .sfha h' f;jk jr o lvqj weUÍ WKaä ù .sfha h'
fuu wdYap¾hj;a isoaêfhka mqÿuhg;a ìhg;a m;a jQ fidre je| iudj f.k Wka
jykafia fj;u meúÈ jQy' idufKarfhda ta msßi;a legqj y`vd jefgñka isá fiiq
NslaIQka yuq ù iuqf.k tu msßjr;a iu. ießhq;a f;reka fj; .shy' ixlsÉp Tng
w;jeishka yïn jQjd fkdfõ±hs lshd ish m%idoh m<l< ießhq;a f;rKqfjda ish¿
fokd jykafia o legqj f.dia nqÿrÿkag fumqj; ie< l<y' tys § fmrÈk fidr
uq,laj isg meúÈ jQ msßi wu;d ;:d.;hka jykafia fï .d:d j foaYkd l<y'
zzfhd fp jiii;x Ôfj

ÿiiSf,d wiudysf;d
tldyx Ôú;x fifhHd
iS,jk;ii ®dhsfkd ZZ
mod¾:(-
fhd fp" hïlsis flfkla jkdys( ÿiiSf,d" fidrlï lsÍï hkdÈfhka ÿiaiS, j(
wiudysf;d" is; Ndjkdfjka ikaiqka lr fkdf.k( jiii;x Ôfj" jir iShla
Ôj;ajkjdg jvd( iS,jk;ii ®dhsfkd" is,aj;aj OHdk Ndjkdfõ fh§ isák
mqoa.,hdf.a( tldyx Ôú;x fifhHd" tla ojil Ôú;h jákafka h'
újrKh(-
ta O¾uh wid mkaiShla NslaIq msßi o isõ ms<sisôhdm;a ry;a njg m;ajQy'
ixlsÉp idufKarhka jykafia wjqreÿ 7la we;=<; fojrla u Èú fíreKq flfkls'
m<uqjr ta l=udrhdf.a Èú .e,jqfka f,dal O¾uhla ksid h' tkï mYaÑu Núl
i;ajfhla fyj;a ta Njfha ksjka olskakg isák flfkl=f.a Ôú;h lsisÿ
n,fõ.hlska keish fkdyels h' ó<`.g we;s b;d u jeo.;au ldrKh kï fï
idufKar fmdä yduqÿrefjda wjqreÿ y; jkúg;a ry;a ù iDoaê n,fhka uyd
n,iïmkakfhl= ù isàuhs' nqÿrcdKka jykafia;a ießhq;a f;rKqfjda;a fï idufKarhka
jykafia msßi iu. hjkafka jkfha§ fiiq NslaIq msßi wdrlaId lr.ekSug h'
tla w;lg Wkajykafia idufKar kuls' NslaIQkag j;dj;a l<yels flfkls'
wfkla w;g Wkajykafiag uyKlfï ;j;a lrkakg fohla ke;s neúks'
ta ish,a,gu;a jvd úfYaI ldrKh kï nqÿrÿkag;a ießhq;a f;rekag;a wjYH jQfha
fï mqxÑ ry;ka jykafiaf.a wisßu;a n,mrdl%uh f,dalhdg m%ldY lsÍuhs'
167
5'5'1'10 wl=i,a lsÍu wkqjKlfï ,laIKhls'
tla;rd NslaIqjla nqÿrÿkaf.ka lugyka f.k jk.;j fjfiñka úoiqka

jvd ry;a njg m;aúh' ta nj nqÿrÿkag olajkq msKsi tk w;r u. fjfyi ksid
ud¾.h wi, .,a;,djl OHdkhg iuje§ jev yqkay' fï w;r .ula fld,a, ld
.;a nvq ysiska lßka Tijdf.k hk fidruq,la o fjfyi ksjd.ekSug ta .,a;,dj
wi, kej;=ky' u| w÷f¾ fkdie,S ys¢k f;reka lKqjlehs is;+ fidreka ;ukaf.a
nvq fmdÈ Wkajykafiaf.a isrer u; ;enQy' rd;s%h ksodf.k miqod wdmiq hkakg
msg;ajk fidrekag fu;ek isáfha NslaIQka jykafia kul nj jegyqfka nvqfmdÈ
wdmiq bj;g .;a úg h' fï úiauh ckl isÿùu ksid Wkajykafiaf.a ry;a n,h
ms<n
s | meyeÿKq fidre uy;a ixfõ.hg m;aj fidrnvq bj; ,d meúÈ ù Wkajykafia
fj;u uyK oï mqrkakg jQy' t;eka isg ldKqfldKav[a[ f;r hehs Wka jyka-
fia ye¢kaúK' msßi;a iu. nqÿrÿka fj; .sh f;rKqfjda ish¨ mqj;a Wkajykafiag
ie,lr isáhy' tfõf,ys ta NslaIq msßi weu;= nqÿrcdKka jykafia fï .d:dj foaYkd
l< fial'

ÿmmfCoCod wiudysf;d
tldyx Ôú;x fifhHd
m[[djk;ii ®dhsfkd ZZ
mod¾:(-
fhd fp" hïlsis flfkla jkdys( ÿmmf[Cod" wkqjKlñka hq;=j"
wiudysf;d" tl`. fkdjQ is;a we;sj( jiii;x Ôfj" jir ishhla Ôj;ajkjdg
jvd" m[[djk;ii" m%{djka;j( ®dhsfkd" OHdk Ndjkd lrkafka( tldyx Ôú;x"
tlojil Ôú;h" fifhHd" W;=ïh(
újrK(-
fuys§ zzÿmmfCoCodZZ hkafkka" fidrlï wd§ wl=i,a lsÍu fuka u wkqjKlï
ms<sn| j lshk ,§' tys§ fmr .d:dfõ fuka u woyia lrk ,oafoa is,a ke;s luhs'
zzwiudysf;dZZ hkafkka fomf,a u lshjqfka iudêh ke;s luhs' iS,h;a iudêh;a
ke;s mqoa.,hd jir iShla fkdj jir wkka; ld,hla Ôj;ajqj;a bka jk m,la
ke;' zzm[[djk;ii ®dhsfkdZZ hhs lshQ mßÈ iS,fhka yd iudêfhka hqla;
mqoa.,hdf.a tla ojil Ôú;h jqj o jákafka h' fï l:dfjys lshjqKq mßÈ fidreka
fuka iS,h;a iudêh;a iïmQ¾K l<úg ta fudfydf;a u m%{djg fyj;a wry;a
ud¾.hg m;aúh yels h' iS,h yd iudêh ke;s lñka iir mqrd hkakg ;snqKq
.ukla tla ojilska wjika fjhs'
168
5'5'1'11' f., is|.kakg f.dia flf,ia is|f.k iifrka ñfohs'
ieje;a kqjr tla;rd l=,mq;%fhla nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.ka nK wid meye§

meúÈj Wmiïmodj o ,eî h' l,la hk úg Wkajykafiag meúoao .ek l<lsÍula
we;s úh' tfy;a kej; .sysùu o Wkajykafiag ms<sl=,a úh' tfyhska ñh hdug
is;S h' ±ka Wkajykafia Bg Wmdhla fidhñka isà' fï w;r msßila .sksy,af.a
isá kfhl= w,a,df.k l+vhl oud wE;lg ±óug f.k hñka isáhy' fuh ÿgq
l< lsreKq NsCIqj ;udg ñh hdug fyd| Wmdhlehs is;d i¾mhd bj;,Su ;ud
Ndr.;af;a h' uo ÿrla f.k f.dia i¾mhd ,jd oIag lrjd .ekSug is;d l+vhg
w; ±óh' tfy;a i¾mhd oIag fkdlf<a h' fkdfhl=;a flúálï lf<ah' wka;sfï§
i¾mhdf.a uqjg u weÕs,a, ±óh' tfy;a oIag lf<a i¾mhd fkdfõ' Wkajykafia
i¾mhd w;yer wdmiq wdfõ h' i¾mhd bj; ±uqfõ±hs NsCIQka weiQ úg W! úil=re
i¾mfhl= fkdj .erçfhl= hehs Wkajykafia lSh'
fufia Wkajykafia ;jÿrg;a uefrkakg Wmdhla fidhñka isák w;r

NsCIQkaf.a ysi uqvq lsÍug lrkjEñhd meñ‚ ojil Tyqf.a ±<smsyshla f.k
mfil ;snQ .ila fj; f.dia tys w;a;l f., ;nd f., is|.kakg ieriqKs' tA
fudfydf;a Wmiïmod jQ Èk mgka fï olajd ;uka /ls msßisÿ iS,h Wkajykafiag
isys úh' thska uq¿ uy;a isrer mqrd m%S;sh me;sr .sfha h' m%S;sh uevf.k úoiqka jevQ
Wkajykafia isúms<sôhd m;a ry;a jQy' wdmiq jäk Wkajykafia ÿgq NsCIQka jykafia,d
±<smsyshl=;a f.k fldys .sfha±hs weiQy' f., is|.kakg .sh uu flf,ia is|f.k
wdfjñZhs Wkajykafia mejiS h' fuf;u ;uka ry;a jQ nj fndrejg yÕjkafkahehs
lshd NsCIQyq Wkajykafia legqjf.dia nqÿrcdKka jykafiag tA nj ie, l<y' tys§
nqÿrcdKkajykafia uyfKks ry;ka jykafia kula ish w;ska Èú f;dr lr.kafka
ke;ehs jÞrd Wkajykafia ry;a flfkl= nj fy<s l<y'
fuys§ NsCIQka jykafia,dg .eg¿ ;=kla we;s úh' tlla kï ry;a

jkakg isá flfkla iiqfka l<lsrefka ukao hkak hs' Bg fya;=j ldYHm
nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a iufhys Wkajykafia ;uka iu. uyKoï mqrK NsCIqjlf.a
isjqre msßlg wdYdfjka Wkajykafia WmeúÈ fjkakg fm<Uùu hs' fojk lreK kï
i¾mhd Wkajykafiag oIag fkdlf<a ukao hkak hs' Bg fya;=j kï tA i¾mhd fmr
wd;auNdjhl Wkajykafiaf.a odifhl= ùu nj jÞ<y' fï fya;=j ksid u uqkajykafia
miqlf,l immÞif;r kñka m%isoaO úh' ;=kajk ldrKh kï Wkajykafia ry;a
jQfha flfia o hkakhs' oe<smsysh f., ;enQ mu‚ka Wkajykafia ry;a jQfha
flfiao@ ufKks" tÞ ldYHm nqÿrÿka iufha fï NsCIqj wjqreÿ úisoyila uyK oï
msÍh' th fï Ôú;fha§ ry;a ùug Wmks#Y%h úh' l=iS; mqoa.,fhl=g meúÈj jir
iShla .; l<;a u. M,hlg m;a úh fkdyels h' ù¾hjka; NsCIqj tla mhla Tijd
ìu ;nkakg fmr jqj o ry;a úh yelshehs jÞrd fï .d:dj foaYkd l< fial'
169
l=iSf;d ySkùßfhd
tldyx Ôú;x fifhHd
úßhudrNf;d o<yx ZZ
mÞ¾:(-
fhd fp" hï flfkla jkdyS¦ l=iSf;d" w,ij¦ ySkùßfhd" ù¾hfhka f;drj¦
jiii;x Ôfj" jir iShla Ôj;a jkjdg jvd¦ o<yx úßhx wdrNf;d" OHdk Wmojk
;rï ±ä ù¾hhla wdrïN l< mqoa.,hdf.a¦ tldyx Ôú;x" tla ojila Ôj;a ùu¦
fifhHd" W;=ï h'
újrKh(-
zl=iSf;dZ fuys l=iS;fhla fyj;a w,ifhla hkq ldu ú;lal fyj;a mialï
iemf;ka ;Dma;su;a ùfï woyiska fyda jHdmdo ú;lal fyj;a oafõI iy.;
is;sú,sj,ska fyda úysxid ú;lal fyj;a ;ukag;a wkqkag;a mSvdldÍ wys;lr
is;sú,sj,ska l,a f.jk mqoa.,hd h'
5'5'1'12 urK ÿlska ñ§ iekiqu ,;a mgdpdrdfjda'
ieje;a kqjr i;<sia fldaáhla Okh we;s isgq ueÿrl b;d rEu;a ÈhKshla
jQjdh' uõmsfhda weh i;auy,a m%didohl u;= uyf,a ;nd /laflda h' tfy;a ta
l=ußh ta isgq ueÿf¾u iq¿ fiajlfhl= iu. mek .shd h' tfia f.dia m<uq orejd
,efnkakg isák wjia:dfõ wehg uõmshka fj; hkakg wjYH úh' ìh m;a ieñhd
Bg wlue;s úh' weh ieñhdg fydr ryfia ksjiska msg;a jQjd h' ta nj ie<jQ ieñhd
weh ÿqneò .sfha h' w;r u.§ orejd ìys úh' .ug hdfuka m,la ke;s neúka Tjqyq
fmr,d ksjig meñKshy'
fojk orejd ,efnkakg isáh§;a fï wdldrfhka u isÿ úh' tod weh .sfha
m<uq orejd o /f.k h' weh ÿqneò wd ieñhdg Tjqka yuqúh' ta fudfydf;au
wehg orejd ìysùfï ,l=Kq my< úh' ta iu.u uy jeiail fmr ksñ;s o my< úh'
wdjrKhla ;kd.kakg fld< w;= lvkakg .sh ieñhd i¾mfhl= úiska oIag lrkq
,en ñh .sfha h' jeiafia u orejd ìysl< weh' ieñhd ñh.sh nj ±l ore fofokd
o legqj .ug hkakg msg;a jQjd h' tu .ufka§ weh wÑrj;S .`.ska tf;r úh
hq;= úh' jeiai ksid ievmyr ±ä h' ore fofokd u /f.k mSkd.; fkdyels úh'
tksid tÈk Wmka l=vd ì<sòd o /f.k tf.dvg .sh weh Tyq tf.dv bjqf¾ ;nd
wfkla orejd f.k hkakg fuf.dvg mSkqjd h' weh .`. ueog toa§ uia je±,a,lehs
is;+ Wl=iafila wjq;a fud<leá orejd veyef.k .sfha h' Wl=iaid t,ùug weh oE;a
;,oa§ ;udg w`v.ikjd hhs is;+ fuf.dv isá jeäuy,a orejd .`.g neiafia h'
170
wehg orejka fofokd u wysñ úh' uy;a fYdalfhka je,fmñka weh .u
n,d msg;a úh' w;r u.§ ieje;a kqjr isg tk flfkl=f.ka ±k.kakg ,enqfKa
fmrod uyd jeiafika isgqueÿr lvd jeà wehf.a uj;a mshd;a ifydaorhd;a ñh .sh
njhs' kqjrg <x jk úg Tjqka ±fjk fidfydk o weh ÿgqjd h'
fYdalfhka Wu;= jQ weh we`Èj; j;a fkdi,ld úhrefjka k.rh mqrd

ÿjkakg jQjd h' weh ms<snò f;dr;=re o;a ñksiaiq weh nqÿrcdKka jykafia fj;
msg;a l<y' Wu;=fjka u oï iNd uKavmh fj; Èj.sh wehg nqÿrÿka ÿgq ieKska
isysh ,eìKs' ú,sìfhka we,<S .sh weh ìu jeà jl=gq jQjd h' ñksfila wehg
W;=rei¿jla ÿkafka h' wk;=rej nqÿrcdKka jykafia wehg fkdfhla wdldrfhka
iekiSug lreKq jodrd zzk ik;s mq;;dZZ wd§ .d:dfjka oyï foiQ fial' ta wid
weh fidajdka jQjd h' ksrej;ska yeisreKq ksid t;eka mgka weh mgdpdrd kï
jQjd h'
weh tla Èkla meka flKaäfhka meka f.k mh fodajkh lrñka isáhd h'
m<uqjk jr ±uQ c,h uo ÿrla f.dia k;r úh' fojeksjr ±uQ j;=r ;jÿrla f.dia
kej;=fKah' f;jk jr ±uQ Èh jvd ÿr .sfha h' fuh wruqKq lr.;a ´ f;dfuda
i;ajhd o fï whqßka m<uqfjks jhfia§;a ueo jhfia§;a jhi w.§;a uefrkafka
hhs jgyd .;a;d h' fï is;=ú,a, ÿgq nqÿrcdKka jykafia .òls<sfha jev ys`Èñka u
wdf,dalhla m;=rejd fï .:dfjka oyï foaYkd lr jod< fial'

wmiix WohjHhx
tldyx Ôú;x fifhHd
miif;d WohjHhx ZZ
mod¾:(-
fhd p" hï flfkla jkdys¦ WohjHhx" mxpialkaOhdf.a we;sùu yd ke;s
ùu¦ wmiix" kqjKska fkd±l¦ jiii;x Ôfj" jir iShla Ôj;a fjkjdg jvd¦
miif;d WohjHhx" ta we;s ùu yd ke;s ùu olskakdf.a¦ tldyx Ôú;x" tla ojila
Ôj;a ùu¦ fifhHd" W;=ïh'
újrKh(-
zWohjHhxZ fï f,dalfha mj;sk i;ajhka we;=¿ Ôj wÔj ish¨ foa ks;r u
we;s ù ke;s ù hk iq¿h" iodld,slj mj;akd lsisjla ke;" bm§ mj;sk ;dla
l,a fndfyda fokdg ;ud ms<snò j fyda f,dalh ms<snòj fï h:d¾:h fkdfmfka
weiska u ÿgqj;a lduhg we;s ;Kaydj;a iirg we;s ;Kaydj;a ksid th kqjKg
fkdfmfka' mgdpdrdj Wu;=jkafka fï ienEj fkdfmkqKq ksid h' fuh fkd±l
iir È.=l,la Èj wd weh fuh ÿgq ieKska iir fl<jr l<d h'
171
5'5'1'13 u<orejdg fnfy;a fidhd.sh ujla'
ieje;a kqjr uy isgqjrfhl=f.a i;<sia fldaáhla Okh lsishï mdml¾uhla

ksid tlajr u w`.=re njg m;a úh' isÿ jQ úm; Wyq,d.; fkdyels jQ isgqjrhd
fkdld fkdî je,fmñka weòl je;sÍ isáfha h' ta nj ÿgq Tyqf.a kqjKe;s ñ;=frla
wdYap¾hhlska isÿ jQ fohla wdYap¾hhlska u úifòkq we;ehs ks.ukh fldg
wmQre Wmdhla fhdackd lf<a h' ta wkqj isgqjrhdg lvmsf,a fjk;a wh fkdfhla
nvq úl=Koa§ meÿrla t,d tys w`.=re oud úl=Kkake hs ñ;=rd lSfõh' tys§ w`.=re
úl=Kkafka uka±hs ñksiqka weiqfjd;a ;sfnk foa úl=Kkjd ñi fjk l=ula lrkak
±hs wikak' ta w;r ljqreka fyda meñK Tn r;a;rka úl=Kkafka uka±hs weiqfjd;a
flda fldys±hs wid Tyq fyda weh w;ska u ta r;a;rka f.k N=la;s ú`Èkak hqj;shla
weiqfjd;a weh Tnf.a mq;=g wdjdy lr fokakehs ñ;=rd lSy'
ta kqjr u ÿmam;aj .sh isgq l=,hl ÿ.S nj ksid u flÜgq ù .sh l=udßldjla
jQjd h' f.da;ó kï jq weh t;eka isg lsidf.da;ó kï jQjd h' lvmsf,a weúÈk
wehg fmkqfKa isgqjrhd r;a;rka úl=Kk nj h' weh jyd meñK mshdfKks"
Tn fï r;a;rka úl=Kkafka uka±hs weiqjd h' flda fldys±hs weiQ úg weh Tyqf.a
meÿf¾ ;snQ w`.=re wrka ÿkakd h' weh fok fok w`.=re r;a;rka úh'
Wmdh yß .sfha h' isgqjrhd weh ish mq;=g wdjdy lr ÿkafka h' t;eka isg
ish¨ r;a;rka h:d ;;ajhg m;aúh' l,l§ weh orefjl= ìys l<d h' Tyq fomhska
ke.S isák wjêfha frda.hlska yÈisfha ñh .sfhah' ore fifkyi ksid;a orejka
uefrk nj fkdÿgq ksid;a weh mq;=g ms<shï lr.ekSug fjÿka fidh fidhd Èõjd
h' orejd ñh .sh nj lSj;a weh fkdms<s.;a;d h' thska Wu;= njg m;a jQ weh
orejd welfhys fydjdf.k k.rh mqrd Èj .shd h' fï w;r ñksiqka úiska weh
nqÿrÿka fj; hjk ,§' foõrï fjfyrg Èj.sh weh nqÿrcdKka jykafia fomd uq,
orejd ;nd ;u mq;=f.a frda.h iqjlr fokakehs b,a,d isáhd h' tys§ nqÿrcdKka
jykafia lsisfjl= fkdu< f.hlska wn álla fidhdf.k tk f,i wehg jod<y'
weh k.rfha f.hla f.hla mdid .sh;a yeu;ekl u wn ;snqKs" tfy;a lsisfjl=
fkdu< f.hla kï yuq fkdù h' fuf;lska lreK jgyd .;a weh fmr<d" nqÿ
rÿka fj; meñK ;udg we;a; jegyS .sh nj mejiqjd h' tys § nqÿ rcdKkajykafia
zz;x mq;; miq iuu;;xZZ wd§ .d:dfjka oyï foiQy" lsid f.da;ñh fidajdka jQjd h'
NsCIQKSka w;r meúÈ jQ weh Èkla fmdfydh f.hs myk o,ajd ta myka ±,a, foi
n,d isáhd h' tys§ ta .sks±,a ishqïj ì`È ì`§ WmÈk ieá fmksKs' nqÿrcdKka
jykafiaf.a ta wruqfKys is; ròjd isá wehg .òls<sfha isgu wdf,dalhla m;=rejd
f.da;ñhks" fï .sks±,a fiau i;ajhd WmÈ;s" uefr;s" ksjkg m;ajQfjda muKla
kej; kQmÈ;shs jodrd fï .d:dj foaYkd l< fial'
172
zzfhd fp jii i;x Ôfj
wmiix wu;x mox
tldyx Ôú;x fifHhd
miif;d wu;x mox ZZ
mod¾:(-
fhd fp" hïflfkla jkdys¦ wu;x mox" fkduefrk" ;ek fyj;a ksjkska
ksùu¦ wmiix" fkd±l¦ jii i;x Ôfj" wjqreÿ iShla Ôj;a fjkjdg jvd¦ wu;x
mox miif;d" i;r ud¾. [dKh fyj;a ksjka moh olskakdf.a¦ tldyx Ôú;x"
tla ojil Ôú;h¦ fidfhHd" W;=ïh'
újrKh(-
zzwu;x moxZZ" wu; hkq fkduefrk hk f;areuhs' urKh hkq mxpialkaOfha
meje;au wjika ùuhs' uefrkafka idudkH mD:.ackhka h' Tjqka Ôj;a jQj;a u<d
jekshhs' ^zzfh mu;;d h:d u;dZZ& iòyka fõ' mD:.ackj uefrk ish,af,da kej;
WmÈ;s' ta ksid uefrkafka ry;a fkdjQ whhs" ry;aj Ôú;h wjika ùug urKh hhs
lshkafka ke;' th msßksjka mEuhs' ksremêfiai mßks¾jdKh lshkafka thhs' ta
ksid ksjk kej; fkduefrk neúka wu; moh hhs lshkq ,efí'
5'5'1'14' ¥ orejka ;=ÿila isáh§;a wirK jQ uj
ieje;a kqjr tla mjq,l mq;a;= i;afofkla fuka u ¥jre i;afofkla o jQy'
l,l§ Tjqkaf.a mshd l¿ßh lf<a h' ±ka uq¿ Okh u md,kh lrkafka ujhs' fï
w;r orefjda uEKsfhks" uq¿ Okh Tn i;=j ;ndf.k isákafka wehs' wm Tng
i<lkjd fkdfõ o ta Okh wmg fnod fokakehs lSy' uj o tlS mßÈ Okh orejka
w;r fnod ÿkakd h' t;eka isg orejkaf.ka hefmkakg .sh wehj f,a,sjreka úiska
muKla fkdj ÈhKsjreka úiska o fkdi,ld t,jd oukq ,eî h'
wka;sfï§ fufyKjrlg f.dia meúÈ jQ weh nyqmq;a;sld f;rKsh kñka

m%lg jQjd h' b;d Wkkaÿfjka uyK oï mqrK t;=ñh oj,a oji fiiq NsCIQKSkaf.a
j;dj;a fldg rd;s%fhys Ndjkdfjys fhfohs' ;ud uy¨ neúka weojefÜ hhs hk
ìfhka lKqjla w,a,df.k ta jgd hñka Ndjkd lrhs ilauka u¿fõ o l¿jf¾
.iaj, yefmahe hs ìfhka .ila w,a,d f.k ta jgd hñka Ndjkd lrhs fï isÿùu
ÿgq nqÿrcdKka jykafia .òls<sfha jev isáñka u wdf,dalhla m;=rejd weh wu;ñka
fï .d:dj foaYkd l<y'
173
zzfhd fp jii i;x Ôfj
wmiix Ouuuq;;ux
tldyx Ôú;x fifhHd
miif;d Ouuuq;;ux ZZ
mod¾:(- fhdp" hï flfkla jkdys¦ W;;ux Ouux wmiix" kj f,daflda;a;r O¾uh

fkd±l¦ jiii;x Ôfõ" jir iShla Ôj;afjkjdg jvd¦ W;;ux Ouux" ta W;=ï
O¾uh¦ miif;d" olskakdf.a¦ tldyx Ôú;x" tla ojil Ôú;h jqjo¦ fifhHd" W;=ï h'
újrKh(-
zzOuuuq;;uxZZ kjf,daflda;a;r O¾uhhs' tkï i;ru. i;r M, yd
ksjkhs' th fkd±l iir mqrd weú§u uy wkqjK ÿlaÅ; ld¾hhls' kj f,dõ;=re
oyu ÿgq flfkl=g kej; Ôú;fha .;hq;= m,la ke;' tksid Tyqg tla ojila Ôj;a
jqj;a lula ke;'
wNHdi
01' fuys tk l;dmqj;l isÿùula f;dardf.k jd¾;djla ,shkak'
02' iyiai j.a.fha lshefjk O¾u ldrKd ,ehsia;= .; lrkak'
03' iyiai j.a.h weiqßka O¾u foaYkdjla ks¾udKh lr YsIH iñ;shg bÈßm;a
lrkak'
174
mdmh kï ìysiqKq h
^mdm j..h&
l=ug o l=i,g lïue,s jkafka

ish¨ mõ fkdlsÍu;a l=i,a jeä ÈhqKq lr .ekSu;a is; msßisÿ lr .ekSu;a
isÿ l< hq;=h hkak nqÿrcdKka jykafia,df.a wkqidikdj hs' i;ajhd mdmhg
keUqre ùu jeä wdhdilska f;drj fndfyda úg bfíu isÿ fõ' fï ksid mdmh
l=ula ±hs yÿkdf.k ks;ru thska .e,ùug jEhï l< hq;= h'
mdmh hkq l=ula o@ tys úmdl ljf¾ o hkak" nqÿ oyfuys ks;r úia;r
flf¾' Oïumofha hul j¾.h iy ;j;a ;ekaj, mdmh .ek foiQ oyï /ila
olakkg ,efí úfYaIfhka mdmh .ek u lshfjk oyï mo lsysmhla mdm j¾.fhys
wvx.= fõ'
mdmh j<lajd .ekSu l< hq;af;a ks;r l=Y,fhys fh§fuka h' mdmh ÿla
f.k fokakls' ta ksid mdmh nyq,j fkdl< hq;a;ls' mõ lrkakdg th lrk
wjia:dfõ tys nrm;, lu fkdjegfya' th jegfykafka úmdl fok ojigh'
fïjd iq¿ iq¿ mõ hehs lshd mdmh fkdi,ld fkdyeßh hq;= h' iq¿ iq¿ mõ /ila
f.dv .eiSfuka uy mõldrfhla fjhs' mdmh y,dy, úIla fia neyer l< hq;a;ls'
mõ lrkakdg ty úmdlfhka .e,ùug kï f,dj lsisÿ l%uhla ke;af;ah hkd§
mdmh ms<sn| lreKq .d:d oy;=kla fuys ths'
5'5'2'1 ;snqKq tlu i¿j mqod iínp;=lalh ÈkQ ÿ.shd'
ieje;a kqjr pQ, talidgl kï ÿ.S nuqfKla úiS h' tu nuqKdg;a neñKshg;a
f.hska msg; hdfï § Wvqlh jid .kakg ;snqfKa tl u W;=re i¿jls' tu nuqKd o
tal idgl kñka m%isoaO jQfhA ta ksid h' fï nuqKq fouy,af,da u ;=kqrejka flfrys
b;d ie±ye;sfhda jQy' Èkla nqÿrÿka foõrï fjfyfrys oyï foik ojil yjia
jrefõ neñKsh i¿j fmdrjdf.k fjfyrg f.dia nK wid meñKshd h' nuqKd
rd;s%fha i¿j fmdrjdf.k nK wikakg .sfha h'
nqÿrÿka bÈßmsg u bof.k nK wik Tyqg uy;a mS%;shla we;s úh' l=uk fyda
fohla fyda mqokakg is;=k;a Tyq i;=j ;snqfKa tl u i¿j muKls' th msÿj fyd;a
fofokdg u jk mdvqj .ek is;d nuqKd ta woyi hgm;a lr .;af;a h' rd;s%h m%:u
hduh f.jqks' fojk hdufha § o tu woyi kej; my< jQ kuq;a tjr o th hgm;a
lr .;af;a h' ±ka rd;s%fha mYaÑu hduh hs' kej; kej; ms§fï woyi u;=fj hs'
wka;sfï § ie±ye is; we;s jQ ieKska u uiqrelu hgm;a lrf.k i¿j .,jd kjd
175
fmd;a fldg jyd f.k f.dia nqÿka mduq, msÿfõ h' Tyqf.a mS%;sh ksï ysï ke;sj
.sfha h' uu Èkqjd uu Èkqjd hehs uy yäka lE.eiS h'
nK wiñka isá fldfid,a rcqg ta yv weiS rdc mqreIhka ,jd Èkqfõ

ljq± hs úuid ne,S h' túg fï nuqKdf.a ls%hdj .ek ±k.;a rc;=ud Tyq lr we;s
b;d wmyiq ls%hdj ±l Tyqg rcf.oßka i¿ hqj,la u f.kajd foù h' tajd o nuqKd
nqÿrÿkag ms§ h' kej; i¿ y;rla foù h' tajd o ms§ h' fufia wgla fod<yla
wd§ jYfhka fo.=K fldg foñka wjidkfha i¿ ;sia folla foù h' rc;=ud
wmyiqjlg m;a fkdl< hq;= he hs is;+ nuqKd thska folla ;nd f.k wka ish,a,
nqÿkag ms§ h'
tod rc f.org .sh rc;=ud nuqKd flfrys we;s jQ m%idoh ksid Tyqg b;d
w.kd lïì,s folla ;E.slr heù h' tajd o ;udg fkd.e,fma he hs is;+ nuqKd bka
tla nqÿrÿkaf.a .ò ls<fha o wfkl ;u ksjfia ix>hd jev isák ;ek o Wvq úhka
f,i nekafoa h' nqÿka neye olskakg .sh úfgl .ò ls<sfha ;snQ úhk yÿkd.;a
rc;=ud th nuqKd ms¥ nj wid jvd;a meye§ Tyqg ia;S%ka ±is oiqka we;=ka wiqka iy
.ïjr o hk ish,a, y;r ne.ska mß;Hd. lf<a h' th iínp;=lal ;Hd.h kï
úh'
tod oïiNdjg /iajQ NslaIQka jykafia,d w;r l;dnyg ,la jQfha fï tal
idgl nuqKdf.a mQcdj;a thska Tyq ,enQ úmdlh;a ms<snò j h' tfõf,a tys jeä
nqÿrcdKka jykafia uyfKks" fï nuqKd is;=Kq m<uqfjks wjia:dfõ §u ish
uiqre lu hgm;a lr f.k fï i¿j msÿfõ kï Tyqg ish,a, fidf<di ne.ska
,efnkafka h' fojk hdufha msÿfõ kï ish,a, wg ne.ska ,efnkafka h' ish,a,
i;r ne.ska ,enqfKa uiqre lu lu uev.kakg m%udo jQ ksid h' ta ksid mskalula
lrk úg m%udo fkdúh hq;= h' miqnisk ;rug úmdlh o ySkjkafka hehs jodrd
fï .d:dj foaYkd l< fial'
zzwNsF:fr: l,HdfK - mdmd Ñ;;x ksjdrfh

oJOxys lfrdf;d mq[[x - mdmiñx ru;S ufkd ZZ
mod¾:(-
l<HfK" odk iS, wd§ hym;a lhq;=j, §¦ wNsF:fr:" hqyqiq¿j l< hq;= h¦
Ñ;;x mdmd ksjdrfh" is; wl=i, is;sú,sj,ska yd wl=i, ls%hdjkag fhduq ùfuka
j<ld .; hq;= h¦ oJOxys mq[[x lfrdf;d" lrï o fkdlrï oeZhs miq ndñka mska
lrkakdf.a¦ ufkd mdmiñx ru;s" is; f,daNlï uiqrelï wd§ mdmhkays wef,k
neúks¦
176
újrKh(-
is; rd.d§ flf,iqkaf.ka uqiqù mj;skakls' tjd ;ox. jYfhka hgm;a ù
Y%oaOdjla u;=jkafka b;d l,d;=rlsks th iò j<dl=,ska ñÿKq wjia:djla jeks h'
i;=áka mskalula lrkag ys; ÿka úg u th l< hq;= h' m%udojk úg w`ÿrej<d
meñK h<s iò jefikakd fia flf,ia u;= ù is; jid.kafka h' is;=Kq ú.i u
lrk msk wNsO¾uhg lrk msk wkqj wixLdßl h tys úmdlh n,j;a h' fkdlr
neß ;ek lsÍfï § my<jk is; iixLdßlh th ;u isf;ka u ,o ;,a¨jlska
flfrkakla ksid h' ta ÿ¾j, isf;a úmdlh o ÿ¾j, jk njg fuu l:dmqj; idlaIs
fohs'
5'5'2'2 mõ ishhg ÿla ishhls'
,dödhS uyf;rekaf.a w; jeis jQ fihHil kï ysñ kula úh' Wkajykafia

uyKlï l<;a th lf<a wdidjlska fkdfõ' Wkajykafiaf.a is; ks;r u rd.fhka
weú,S hhs' ta ksid isjqre yer hdug is;=Kq jdr wkka; h' fï ldrKh ms<snòj
fjk;a fkd yslauqKq flfkl= ÿka múgq WmfoaYhla ms<s.;a Wkajykafia ±k ±k
Wml%ufhka Y=l% ñoùfï mdml¾uh lf<a h' fï ms<snò j ±k .;a nqÿrcdKka
jykafia fihHil ysñhka f.kajd úuid Wkajykafia jro ms<s.;a l,ays ±äfia
wjjdo fldg m%:u ix>dÈfiaidm;a;sh mkjd jod< fial' wk;=rej ta ksñ;s fldg
fï .d:dfjka O¾u foaYkd l< fial'
zzmdmx fp mqßfid lhsrd k ;x lhsrd mqkmmqkx

k ;uys PJox lhsrd: ÿflLd mdmii WppfhdZZ
mdod¾:(-
mqßfid" lsishï mqoa.,fhla¦ mdmx lhsrd" mdmhla lrkafka fõ o¦ ;x" th¦ k
lhsrd mqkmmqkx" h,s h,s;a fkdl< hq;= h¦ ;uys" ta mdmh flfrys¦ PJox k lhsrd:"
leue;a; we;s lr fkd.; hq;= h¦ mdmii Wppfhd" mõ jeä ùu¦ ÿflLd" uydÿlls¦
újrKh(-
wïn,ÜÀl rdyqf,djdo iQ;%fha b.ekafjk mßÈ mdmhla lsÍug fmr" lrk
úg" lsÍfuka miq hk wjia:d ;=fkka ljr wjia:djl fyda ta ms<sn| wdmiq yeÍ
ne,sh hq;= h' th lsÍfuka jk ydksh i,ld ne,sh hq;= h' flfkl=g wdfõ.h
ksid fyda fkd±kqj;a lu ksid fyda fjk;a lreKla ksid mjla lrkakg isÿ
jqj;a ta .ek is;d n,d kej;;a tjeks foa fkdlrkakg j. n,d .; hq;= h' mdmh
wksjd¾hfhka ÿla úmdl fokafka h' tl mjlska ÿla úmdl tlls' tlu mj lrk
jdr ishhlg ÿla úmdl ishhls'
177
5'5'2'3 mska hehs lshd kqiqÿiq foa fkdl< hq;= h'
uyd ldYHm uyr;yka jykafia jrla ksfrdO iudm;a;sfhka i;a Èkla

f.jd i;ajk od bka ke.S ms`vq msKsi fldys jäkafka ±hs i,ld neÿ' túg ye,a
fl;la rlsk ie±ye;a;shl ±l wehg jk hym; i,ld tu fl; wi,ska ms`vq
msKsi jeähy' tfõf,a weh isáfha ù fmdß iliñks' f;reka ±l mS%;sfhka mskd
.sh weh jyd Èj f.dia fmdßj,ska md;%h mqrjd mqod Tn jykafia w;a lr.;a ksjka
iqj ,nkakg ug;a yelsfõjd hs me;=jd h' f;rekajykafia o tfia u fõjd hs mska
wkqfudaoka fldg jeähy' oka mqod wdmiq tk wehg i¾mfhla oIag lf<a h' t;k u
weo jeà msfkka mskd .sh is;ska u ñh .sh weh ;õ;sid foõ f,dj Wmkakd h'
tys§ ,dcd fojÕk kñka weh m%lg jqjd h' ,dc hkq ú<|j,g lshk kuls'
;udg fï id uy;a iem;la flfia ,enqfka ±hs neÆ wehg fu;rï iq¨
mskalulska fu;rï iem;la ,enqfka kï' ;j ;j;a mska fldg tu iem ;yjqre
lr .; hq;=hehs is;=Ks' ta wkqj Èkm;d u weh liqma f;reka jevisák fjfyrg
f.dia ñksia fjiska u¿ fm;aux yeu§ï meka fmrd ;eîï wd§ j;dj;a isÿ lrkakg
mgka .;a;d h' fo;=ka Èkl isg fïjd lrkafka ljq± hs neÆ f;rekag weh olakg
,enqKs' Tn ljq±hs weiQ úg ;ud tod ú<ò mqod ñh .sh ,dcd foj`.k nj lSjd
h' fï l=ula lrkafka ±hs weiQ úg th iq¿ mskaluls' fndfyda mskalï fldg ,o
iem; ;yjqre lr.kakg wdfjñ hs lSjd h' túg f;rekajykafia Tn lr we;af;a
fkd lghq;a;ls' foj`.kla uf.a j;dj;a lrkakS hehs lshd ñksiqka fodia lshkq
we;' ta ksid ñka u;= fuys fkd tkakehs weh m<jd yeßhy' mskg u ,eÈ jQ weh
t;kska bj;a j wyig ke.S y`vd je<fmñka isáhd h' fï isÿ ùu Èjiska ÿgq
nqÿrcdKkajykafia .òls,sfha isg u foõ ÿj wu;d foõÿjks" ud mq;a ldYHmg
ixjrh jeo.;a h' mska lrk wh lreKq i,ld iqÿiq foa muKla l< hq;= hehs jodrd
fï .d:dfjka oyï foiQy'
zzmq[[x fp mqßfid lhsrd - lhsrdf:;x mqkmmqkx

;uys PJox lhsrd: - iqfLd mq[[ii WppfhdZZ
mod¾:h(-
fp" bÈka¦ mqßfid" lsishï mqoa.,fhla" mq[[x lhsrd" mska lrkúg¦ t;x" th¦
mqkmmqkx lhsrd:" kej; kej; l< hq;= h¦ ;uys cJox lhsrd:" ta mskg u leue;a;
we;s lr .; hq;= h¦ mq[[ii Wppfhd" mskajeä ùu¦ iqfLd" iemhla jk neúks¦
újrKh(-
fuys § nqÿrcdKkajykafia ,dcd foj`.kg wjjdo lrkafka mska lrkjd
hehs lshd kqiqÿiq foa fkd< hq;= nj h' iqÿiq mskakï fldf;la l<;a jrola ke;ehs
foj.k is;+ is;=ú,a,u fuys§ wf.a fldg jodrd we;'
178
5'5'2'4 iem; f.k fok mskl wisßh'
wfkams`vqisgq;=ud foõrï fjfyr Wfoid muKla mkia y;r fldaáhl Okh

jeh lf<a h' Èkm;d f;jrla nqÿrcdKka jykafia Wmia:dkhg hhs' hk úg l=vd
idufKar ysñjrekag l=uk fyda ri leú,a,la f.k hhs' f.or Èkm;d mkaishhlg
odkh iQodkï j ;sfí' fufia mskaoyñka u .; jQ isgq;=udf.a Okh l%ufhka msßyS
.sfha h' .Kqfokqlrejka .;a Kh muKla wgf<dia fldaáhla úh' .x bjqf¾ ksoka
fldg ;snQ wgf<dia fldaáhla Okh uqyqog .idf.k .sfha h' fufia Okh msßyS
;sìh§;a isgq;=ud È.g u ix>hdg oka§u lf<a h' tfy;a m%KS;j fkdfõ' fï nj
±k.;a nqÿrcdKka jykafia .Dym;sh" Tn ;ju;a oka fokafka± hs weiQy' tfia h
iajdóks" tfy;a ±ka ñysß f,i oka §ug fkdyels h' ksjqvq ydf,a n; ldä fydÈ
iu. b;d reCI f,i okafokakg isÿù we;ehs lSh' túg Wkajykafia .Dym;sh" th
reCI m%;Hhlehs fkdis;kak' odhlhdf.a is; m%ikak kï nqoaOd§ W;=ukag Tyqf.a
odkh l=ula jqj;a reCI fkdfõ' ud fõ,du n%dyauKj isá ld,fha uy oka ÿka
kuq;a f;rejka irK .sh m%;s.%dylfhla j;a fidhd.; fkdyels úh' Tng ta ÿ¾,N
m%;s.%dyl ,dNh ,eî we;' tksid odkfhA rECI nj fkdis;kake hs lshd fõ,du
iQ;%h foaYkd l<y'
fï w;r t;=udf.a ueÿre fodrgqfjys wê.Dys; foõÿjla isáhd h' ks;r

nqÿrÿka yd ry;kajykafia,d jevu ùu .ek weh isáfha fkd i;=áks' tksid
isgq;=ud fï lghq;=j,ska j,lajkakg wjia:dj fuh hehs is;+ weh Èkla isgq;=udg
wjjdo lrñka uy isgq;=uks" Tn ;udf.a wjidk ld,h .ek fkd is;d f.!;u
Ydikh úIfhys uy Okhla lem lf<a h' ±ka Tn Okfhka msßyS we;' ;jÿrg;a
Tjqkag Okh jeh lrkafka wehs@ jeämqr lrk mß;Hd. kj;d ;u mjq, /ln,d
.kakeZhs lSjd h' thska ixfõ.hg m;a isgqjrhd kqU jeks flfkla ud jekafkl=f.a
ksjfiys isàu kqiqÿiq hehs lshd jyd u ueÿfrka m<jd yeßfha h'
hktk ux ke;s jQ weh ;udg jQ úm; .ek k.rdrCIl foúmq;=g;a t;ekska

i;rjrï foújrekag;a lSh' m,la fkdjQ ;ek ila rcqg u ie,lr isáhd h' túg
weh l< wmrdOh l=ula± hs úuiQ ilafoú÷ ugj;a Tn fjkqfjka isgq;=udg lreKq
lshkakg fkdyels he hs lshd Wmdhla lSh' tkï whleñfhl=f.a fjiska f.dia
.Kqfokqlrejkaf.ka wgf<dia fldaáhl Kh /ialr §u;a" ;u wdkqNdjfhka uy
uqyqog .sh Okh;a f.kjq;a isgq;=udf.a wgqfldgq msrùu;a h' weh ta ish¨ foa
bgqfldg isgq;=ud fj; f.dia ;ud l< wmrdOhg iudj wheo isáhd h' weh iudj
lrjd.; hq;af;a ;ud fkdj nqÿrÿka hehs is;+ isgq;=ud weh Wkajykafia fj;
le|jdf.k .sfha h' tys§ foõÿj nqÿrÿka iud lrjd f.k isgq;=ud o iud lrjd
.;af;daa h' wk;=rej nqÿrcdKka jykafia l< l=i,a ms<sn| j isgq;=udg;a l< jro
ms<sn| foõÿjg;a wjjdo lrñka fï .d:dj foaYkd l< fial'
179
zzmdfmdms mii;S Nøx - hdj mdmx k mpp ;s
hod p mpp;s mdmx - w: mdfmd mdmdks mii;sZZ
zzNfødms mii;s mdmx - hdj Nøx k mpp;s

hod p mpp;s Nøx - w: Nfød Nødks mii;sZZ
mod¾:h(-
hdj mdmx k mpp;s" mdmh fkdmeijk ;=re¦ mdfmd wms" mõ lrkakd o¦
Nøx mii;s" ;ud iqÅ;fhlehs olS¦ hdod p" hï lf,l jkdys¦ mdmx mpp;s" mdmh
meijhs o¦ w:" túg¦ mdfmd" mõ lrkakd¦ mdmdks mii;s" ;ud l< mõlfï ;ru olS'
mod¾:h(-
Nfødms" l=i,fhys ksh;= hym;a mqoa.,hd o¦ hdj Nøx k mii;s" tu l=i,h
fkdmeijk ;=re¦ mdmx mii;s" ;ud ÿlaÅ;fhlehs olS¦ hdod p" hï lf,l jkdys¦
Nøx mpp;s" l=i,h meijhs o¦ w:" túg¦ Nfød" mskaj;d¦ Nødks mii;s" ;ud l<
l=i,fha ;ru olS'
újrKh(-
k mpp;s" hkq mj fyda msk úmdl fkdfok ;=re hk woyihs' zzNøx mii;sZZ
hkq fmr l< msfkka Ôj;a fjñka mõ lrk mqoa.,hd mdmh úmdl fok;=re
is;kafka ;udf.a iem; ke;s lrkakg lsisfjl=g neß h' ;udg jrÈkafka ke;
lshd h' wo;a mõlï lrk fndfyda fokd tfia is;d isá;s' Tjqka l< mdmfha ;ru
Tjqkag fmfkkafka th úmdl fok úg h' zzNfødms mii;s mdmxZZ hkq mska oyï
lrk ÿ.S ÿmam;a wh iuyr úg is;kafka wm fldhs;rï mskaoyï l<;a fï ÿl kï
bjrhla ke; lshd h' Tjqka ;ud l< msfka uysuh olskafka ;ud l< mska m,fok
úg h'
5'5'2'5 wl=i,h iq¿h úmdl fkd foa hehs wjuka fkdl< hq;= h'
foõrï fjfyfrys isjqre msßlr ms<sn| wrmßiaiula ke;s NslaIQka jykafia
kula úiqfõ h' Wkajykafia jef,a ±uQ isjqre fõ¿Kq miq kud ;ekam;a lrkafka
ke;' Èk .Kka i;s .Kka jef,a u ;sî jeà úkdY ù hhs' mßyrKh i|yd neyerg
.kakd we| mqgq wd§ NdKav lsisúfgl ksis;ek ;ekam;a fldg ;nkafka ke;'
tajd o wõfõ fõ,S jeiaig f;ó fõhka ld úkdY ù hhs' fiiq NsCIqka jykafia,d"
weje;aks" fï WmlrK m%fõYï lr ;eìh hq;= fkdfõ± hs lshk úg th uy f,dl=
fohla o@ tajdg is;ams;a ke;e hs lshd tf,i u lghq;= lrhs' NsCIQka jykafia,d fï
nj nqÿrÿkag ±kajQy' tu NsCIqj le|jQ nqÿrcdKka jykafia th ienE±hs úuiQ úg ta
180
NsCIqj tys§ iajdóks" uu f,dl= jrola lf<a ke;' tajdg ys;ams;a kE fkdfõ±hs lshd
;ud l< jro ,>q fldg l;d lf<a h' túg nqÿrcdKka jykafia uyK mdmh iq¿
hehs fkdi,ld fkdyeßh hq;= he hs jodrd fï .d:dj foaYkd lr jod< fial'
zzudmmuf[[: mdmii
k ux ;x wd.ñii;s
WoìJÿ ksmdf;k
Wol=fuNdms mQr;s
mQr;s ndf,d mdmii
f:dl f:dlums wdÑkxZZ
mod¾:h(-
k ux ;x wd.ñii;s" ûd l< jro iq¿h& th ug úmdl fkdfokq we;ehs¦
mdmii" mdmhg¦ ud wmmuf[[:" iq¿hehs i,ld wjuka fkdl< hq;= h¦ Wÿìxÿ
ksmdf;k" Èh ìxÿj ne.ska jeàfuka¦ Wol=fuNdmss" Èh l<hla jqj o¦ mQr;s" msf¾¦
mdmii" mdmhdf.a¦ f:dl f:dlums wdÑkx" ál ál jqj;a /ia lsÍfuka jqj o¦ ndf,d"
nd,hd¦ mQr;s" múka msÍ hkafka h¦
újrKh(-
zzudmmuf[[: mdmiiZZ mdmh iq¿he hs fkd;lkak hkqhs' fndfyda
fokd jerÈ iq¿he hs lshd fkdi,ld yeÍu isß;ls' tfy;a nqÿrcdKka jykafia"
zzwkquf;;iq jfcciq NhoiidúZZ b;d l=vd jrfoa jqj;a Nh olakd iq¨ úh hq;= h'
zzk p Lqooxiudpfr ls[ÑZZ l=vd jrolaj;a fkdl< hq;= h' hkd§ foaYkdj,ska
jodrd we;af;a iq¿ jrolaj;a fkdl< hq;= nj h' iq¿ jrog ìh ke;s mqoa.,hd tjeks
jerÈ ks;r lrhs' túg Tyq l%ufhka jrÈka msreKq flfkla fjhs' Tyq úmdl ,nk
úg ks;r iq¿ iq¿fjka fyda ÿla f.k foa' lsisÈfkl iqjfia isáh fkdyel' Èh
l<hla fia Tyq mdmfhka msÍ h;ehs lSfõ tksid h'
181
5'5'2'6 mqxÑ jQ fohla ÿkak;a úmdl mqxÑ ke;'
tla iuhl ieje;a kqjr jeisfhda lKavdhï .eiS nqoaO m%uqL ix>hdg oka
fo;s' tla ojila nqÿrcdKkajykafia oka j<od wjidkfha mska wkqfudoka lrk
fiala fufia jod<y' zzWmdiljreks fuf,dj flfkla ;uka oka fohs' wkqka
iyNd.S lr fkd .ks hs' fyf;u Wmkqmka ;ek Njfnda. iïm;a ,nhs' msßjr
iïm;a fkd ,nhs' flfkla ;ud oka fkd fohs' wkqka ,jd oka fojhs' fyf;u
Wmkqmka ;ek msßjr iïm;a ,nhs' Njfnda. iïm;a fkd,nhs' flfkla ;ud o oka
fkd fohs' wkqka ,jd o oka fkd fojhs' fyf;u Wmkqmka ;ek Njfnda. iïm;a
fyda msßjr iïm;a fyda fkd ,nhs' ;j;a flfkla ;ud;a oka fohs' wkqka o iyNd.S
lr .kshs' fyf;u Wmkqmka ;ek Njfnda. iïm;a fuka u msßjr iïm;a o ,nhsZZ
hkqfjks'
tla;rd kqjKe;s mqreIfhla ta wkqfudaokd foiqu wid fï iïm;a fol u

,nd .ekSug mska lula lrñZhs is;d nqoaO m%uqL ix>hdg miqod okg wdrdOkd
lf<a h' nqÿrcdKka jykafia;a tu wdrdOkdj ms<s.;ay' ta mqreIhd o .u mqrd
weúÈñka ;ud miqod okg nqoaO m%uqL ix>hdg werhqï l< nj;a leu;s leu;s wh
;u ;uka leu;s muKska odkhg wjYH yd,a" uqx" ;, f;,a wdÈh fo;ajdZhs ta ta
whg oka mjrñka .sfha h'
tla;rd isgqjrfhla fï ;eke;a;d ;udg yels muKska oka fkd § .u mqrd

oka i,dl fnoñka weúÈkafka hehs lsmS Tyq w; ;snQ Ndckh f.k iy,a uqx wdÈh
we`.s,s ;=vq ;=fkka f.k ±ó h' meKs wdÈh fok úg lr`äh ie,shg oud kej;
Wvg f.k thska ief,k ìkaÿ muKla ÿkafka h' tu mqreIhd o fiiq wh ÿka
øjH fjku;a isgqjrhd ÿka foa fjku;a f.k .sfha h' ta ÿgq isgqjrhd fudyq l=ula
lrkafka ±hs ne,Sug Tyq miqmiq ñksfil= heù h' tmuKla fkdj Tyq msßia ueo
;udf.a ku lshd wmydi lf<d;a urkafkñ heZhs o is;S h'
tu Wmdil ;ek o ish¨ fokd ÿka øjH tl;=fldg .ï jeishkaf.a iydfhka
oka msisk w;r isgqjrhd ÿka øjH ta wdldrfhka u ì÷j ne.ska ta ta msisk wdydrj,g
tla lf<a h' miq od nqoaOm%uqL ix>hdg oka ms<s.eka jQ Wmdil ;ek iajdóks" zzud fï
odkh ÿkafka .fï yeu fokdf.a u Woõfjks" Wmldrfhks" fndfyda iy,a wdÈh
ÿka whg fuka u iaj,amh ne.ska ÿka whg;a tl fia u uy;aM, uydksixi ,efí
jdZ hsZZ mejiSh' ;udg wmydihla l<fyd;a fudyq urñZhs lshd wúhla o f.k tys
meñK isá isgqjrhd th wid uy;a lïmdjg m;a úh' ud fï wmrdOh lrkakg
is;=fõ fun`ÿ i;a mqreIfhl=g h' ±ka ud fudyq lud fkd l<fyd;a foúhka ug
ovqjï fokq we;ehs ìhgm;a isgqjrhd' ta Wmdilhd <`.g f.dia oKska jeà iudj
b,a,S h'
fï isoaêh ÿgq nqÿrcdKka jykafia ta mqj; wid Wmdilhd yd isgqjrhd
we;=¿ ish¨ fokd wu;d Wmdiljreks" msk kï iq¿hehs lshd wjuka fkdl< hq;=
hehs wjjdo lrk fiala fï .d:dj jod< fial'
182
zzudmmuf[[: mq[[ii - k ux ;x wd.ñii;s
WoìJÿ ksmdf;k - Wol=fuNdms mQr;s
mQr;s ëfrd mq[[ii - f:dl f:dlums wdÑkx ZZ
mod¾:h(-
k ux ;x wd.ñii;s" ûd l< msk iq¿h& th ug úmdl fok ;rï tlla
fkdfõ hehs" mq[[ii" mskg¦ udmmuf[[:" wjuka fkdl< hq;= h' WoìJÿ
ksmdf;k" Èh ì÷j ne.ska jegqk;a¦ Wol=fuNdms mQr;s" Èh l,hla jqj o msfrhs"
mq[[ii" msk¦ f:dl f:dlums wdÑkx" ál ál jqj;a /ialrk¦ ëfrd" {dkjka;hd¦
mQr;s" msfkka msÍhkafka h'
újrKh(-
fï wkqj fok foa iq¿hehs lshd thska ,efnk msk ,>q fldg fkd ie,lsh
hq;= h' nqÿka i`.=ka jeks W;=ukag lrk mQcdj iq¿ jqj;a wdksYxi wm%udK fõ'
j¾;udkfha fndfyda fokd ;ud ÿ.S ÿmam;a ksid oka §ug bÈßm;a fkd fj;s' thska
isÿjkafka Tjqka kej; kej;;a ÿmam;a ùu h' tneúka Tjqkag fï oyu lshd § yd,a
ñgla fmd,a f.ähla ne.ska fyda oka §ug fm<U úh hq;= h' tfia u Tjqka fok ta
iq¿ foh i;=áka Ndr f.k Tjqkaf.a is;a mskd hk wdldrfhka wkqfudaoka lsÍug o
ix>hd jYfhka wmg yels úh hq;= h'
5'5'2'6'7 mj kï y,dy, úIla n`ÿ h'
ieje;akqjr uyd Ok kï fjf<kafola úh' mkaiShla fidre Tyqf.a ksji
fld,a,lEug wia:djla n,n,d isáfhda h' fï w;r Èkhla ta fjf<ò ;ek mkaiShla
.e,a mqrejd f.k fj<odu iòyd msg;a úh' hkakg fmr pdßldfõ jäk NslaIQka
jykafia,d yuqù' iajdóks" leue;s kï ud iu`. jäKq uekú' uu wdydr mdkfhka
Wmia:dk lrkafkñheZhs wdrdOkd lf<a h'
tu wdrdOkh ms<s.;a mkaiShla NslaIQkajykafia,d o Tyq iu`. jeäh y' ta
w;r by; lS fidre o u.§ fudyqf.a Okh fld,a,luqZhs lshd w;r u`. le,Ejl
/lf.k isáfhda h'
uyOk fj<ò ;ek o jk .; ud¾.hg msúiSug fmr ta wi, .fuys kej;S

NslaIQka jykafia,dg ix.%y lrñka Èk lSmhla .; lf<a h' kej; msg;aùug
iQodkï fjoa§ ta w;r u`. fidreka /l isák nj wdrxÑ úh' wk;=rej fyf;u
.uk kj;d wdmiq yerefKa h' tan j ±k.;a fydre o tu ud¾.fha;a /l f.k
isáfhda h' ta nj ±k.;a fj<o ;ek .uka kj;d ál ojla t;ek u úiSug ;SrKh
lf<a h' wk;=rej NslaIQka jykafia,d yuqjQ fyf;u zziajdóks fidr Wjÿr ksid
.uk ál l,lg kj;sñ' Tn jykafia,d leu;s flfkla ud iu`. kj;skq uekú'
leu;s flfkla ßis fia jäkq uekjehsZZ lSfõ h'
183
ish¨ NslaIQka jykafia,d pdßldj kj;d fmr<d foõrï fjyrg jeäfhda h'
nqÿrÿka yuqjQ fõf,ys .uk kj;d wdmiq jeäfha uka±hs' Wkajykafia úpd<y'
iajdóks" uyOk fjf<kaod ux myrK fidreka ksid .uk kj;d ta .fuys u
/ÿfka h' ta ksid wms wdfõuqZhs' NslaIQka jykafia,d ms<s;=re ÿkay' tu isÿùu
wruqKq lrf.k thu Wmudjg f.k NslaIQka jykafia,dg O¾udjjdohla foñka
nqÿrcdKka jykafia fï .d:dj jod< fial' foaYkdjidkfhys NsCIQka jykafia,d
isõ ms<sisôhdm;a ry;a njg m;ajQy'
zzjdKsfcdj Nhx u..x - wmmiifF:d uyoOfkd

úix Ôú;=ldfud j - mdmdks mßjccfh ZZ
mod¾:h(-
wmmiifF:d" l=vd fj<ò lKavdhula we;s¦ uyoOfkd" uyd Okhla we;s"
jdKsfcd" fjf<kafola¦ Nhx u..x bj" ìhlre u.la u.yßkakdla fuka o¦
Ôú;= ldfud" Ôj;ajkq leue;af;la¦ úix bj" ji úIla ÿre lrkakdla fuka o"
mdmdks mßjccfh" mjg ìfhka mj ÿre l< hq;af;a h'
újrKh(-
zz;f;dkx ÿlL ufkj;s - Pllx j jyf;d moxZZ hkqfjka jod< mßÈ mdmfha
úmdlh oreKq h' f.dkqg ÿla foñka miqmi l/lefjk r: frdaoh fuka ÿqneò
tkafka h' .e,ùu myiq ke;' tfyhska w;a;dkqjdo Nh ^;udg ;ud u fodia lshdú
hk ìh& mrkqjdo Nh ôlsk wik wka wh fodia lshdú hk ìh& oKav Nh ôvqjug
we;s ìh& ÿ.a.;s Nh ^wmd.; ùug we;s ìh& hk fï ljr fyda ìhla fmr±ß
lrf.k ^wKquf;;iq jfcciq Nh oiidú& - b;d l=vd jrfoysuq;a ìh olakd iq¨j
zziín mdmiai wlrKxZZ lS wdldrfhka mdmfhka je<lsh hq;= h'
foaYkdj wjidkfha NslaIQkajykafia,d isõms<sisôhd ,;a ry;=ka njg m;ajQy'
184
5'5'2'8 l¾uh hkq l%shdj fkdj fÉ;kdjhs'
ieje;a kqjr tla;rd isgq ÿjla ysáhd h' <ud úfha §u nqÿrÿkaf.ka nK wid
fidajdkaj isá weh foudmshka úiska u;=uy,a ;,fhys ròjd /l .kq ,enqjd h'
fï w;r Èk m;d ÿKq uÿje,a wdÈh f.k ovhfï hk l=lal=g ñ;a; kï ovhla
lrefjl= iS ue`ÿre ljq¿fjka olsk wehg Tyq ms<snò is;la we;s úh' odishlf.a
fjia f.k ueÿfrka m,d .sh weh l=lal=g ñ;a;f.a Nd¾hdj njg m;a jQjd h' Tjqkg
mq;a;= y;a fofkla u ,eìK' Tjqka ksis jhfia § lrldr nkaojk ,È' ±ka l=lal=g
ñ;a;f.a mjqf,a msßi fidf<dia fofkls'
Èkla f,dj n,d jodrK nqÿrcdKka jykafiag fï ish¨ fokdg ksjka

olskakg jikdj we;s nj fmksK' ta ksid Wkajykafia l=lal=g ñ;a; hk tk
u. msh igyka isák fia uo ÿrla .uka fldg wi, .ila uq, jev yqkay' tod
l=lal=g ñ;a;f.a u<mq`vq lsisfjl=g lsisÿ if;la yiqù ;snqfKa ke;' ta .ek
fldamfhka fmr<d tk Tyqg nqÿrÿkaf.a msh igyka olakg ,eìK' ljqre fyda
;udf.a u<mqvqj,ska i;=ka uqod yer we;ehs Wmka ielfhka ta mshjr Tiafia .sh
Tyqg nqÿrÿka olakg ,eìK' fuh lrkakg we;af;a fudyq ;ud hehs lshd nqÿrÿkag
ú§ug ÿkq Èh weoafoa h' laIKhlska fyf;u th úo .ekSug fyda weo .ekSug
fkdyelsj .,a .eiqkdla fuka úh' fiiq wh;a tk ;=re nqÿrcdKkajykafia Tyqg
tfiau bkakg yeßhy'
mshd fkd meñKSu ksid Tyq fidhd wd mq;a;= o nqÿrÿkag úÈkakg ieriqK y'
túg Tjqyq o .,a jQy' wk;=rej ta ish,a,ka fidhd kekaoksh;a f,a,sjreka i;a
fokd;a meñKsfhda h' fudjqka ÿkq udkdf.k bkafka ldg ±hs neÆ Tjqkag nqÿrÿka
olakg ,eìK' ta jk úg;a fidajdkaj isá kekaoksh jQ isgq ÈhKsh Wmka Y%oaOdj;a
ìh;a ksid wfka udf.a mshd urkak tmd hehs lE.eiqjd h' l=lal=g ñ;a; we;=¨ ish¨
fokd u is;=fõ nqÿrÿka wehf.a mshdh lshd h' ;uka uy nrm;, jrola flf<a hehs
ìhg m;a Tjqyq wú mfil ,d nqÿrÿka je| iud lrjd .;ay' tys§ nqÿka foiQ nK wid
fiiq myf<dia fokdu fidajdka M,hgm;a jQy' fï isÿùu .ek oï iNd uKavmfha
§ l:dny lrk NslaIQkaykafia,dg f,dl= u .eg¨j jQfha fidajdkaj isá l=lal=g
ñ;af.a ìßo Tyqf.a m%dK>d;hg yjq,a jQfha flfia o lshd h' Wkajykafia,df.a tu
woyi ±k.;a nqÿrcdKka jykafia uyfKks" fidajdka jQ wh m%dK>d; fkdlr;s'
ueh lr we;af;a ish ieñhdf.a Wjukdjka bgq lsÍu h' fuh /f.k f.dia i;=ka
urj hs woyila wehg ke;' mdm fÉ;kdjla fkdue;s kï ieñhdg fiajh l<
muKska weh mjla l<d fkdjkafka hehs jodrd fuu .d:dj foaikd l<y'
zzmdKsuys fp jfKd kdii - yfrhH mdKskd úix

kdnnKx úiufkj;S - kFÓ mdmx wl=nnf;d ZZ
185
mod¾:h(-
fp" bÈka¦ mdKsuys" ^flfkl=f.a& w;af,ys¦ jfKd kdii" ;=jd,hla
ke;akï¦ mdKskd úix yfrhH" w;a,g úila .;a; o¦ wnnKx" ;=jd,hla ke;s
w;lska" k úix wfkj;s" úi isrer ;=<g fkdjÈhs tfiau¦ wl=nnf;d" mdmhla
lsÍfï fÉ;kdjla fkdue;s flfkl=g¦ kFÓ mdmx" ^lsishï ls%hdjla l< muKska&
mdmhla isÿ fkdfjhs'
újrKh(-
zzfp;kdyx NslLfõ luux jodñZZ hehs jod< mßÈ mskla fyda mjla l¾uhla
njg m;a jkafka fÉ;kdfjka fyj;a is;d u;d lf<d;a h' ufkd mqnnx.ud Ouud
- l=i,d l=i, O¾uhkag uq, is; hehs lSfõ o ta ksid h' ovhlalref.a ìßhg tn`ÿ
mdm fp;kdjlska f;drj ovhlaldr ieñhdg fiajh l< yelsj ;snqfKa weh ksh;
jYfhka u wmd.;jk flf,ia is;ska ÿre l< ^wúksmd; Oïu& flfkl= jQ ksid h'
nqÿrcdKka jykafia wehf.a is; .ek wem jQfha o ta ksid h' mD:.ack flfkl=f.a
kï fujeks wjia:djl rd. oafõI jeks múgq woyia we;s fkdfõ hehs tl fy,d
wem úh fkdyels h'
l=lal=g ñ;a; we;=¨ fï fidf<dia fokdg tl jr ksjka ±lSug yels jQfha

fmr ish¨ fokd tlaj ks;r l=i,a oï mqrd ;snqKq ksid h' úfYaIfhka ldYHm
nqÿrcdKka jykafia msßksjka mE iufha fudyq .eñ isgqjrfhla úh' nqÿrÿka
fjkqfjka iEhla bÈ lsÍfï § m%Odk odhl;ajh fjkqfjka kd.ßl uyd Okj;a
isgqjrfhl= iu`. ;r. fldg uqo,ska wg fldaáhla jeh fldg b;sß uqo,g uq¿ mjq,
u iEhg odi njg m;ajQy' isgq l=ußhg ;udg lsisfia;a fkd .e,fmk l=lal=g ñ;a;
ms<snò is;la we;s jQfha fï iir mqreoao ksid h'
zzmqfnnj ikksjdfik mppqmmk ysf;k jd

tjx ;x cdhf; fmux Wmm,x j hf:dofl ZZ
fk¿ï uyfk,a u,a Èh .eUqfrys jeã ovqÈla ù Èh u;=msgg meñK msfmkakd

fia fmr tlg úiSu ksid fyda wo we;s jQ ys;j;a lula ksid fyda Wkqka w;r fï
fm%auh yg.kafka h'
186
5'5'2'9 wkqkag l< foa ;ukag m, foa'
ieje;a kqjr fldal kï iqkl jeoafola isáfha h' Tyq lf<a n,a,ka
msßjrdf.k f.dia Wka Wis .kajd i;=ka ÿq neò w,a,d f.k ovhï lsÍuhs' Èkla
Tyq ovhug u.g nisk úg u yuqjqfKa msvq msKsi jäk ysñ kuls' bka Tyq fldamhg
m;a úh wo Wfoa u ysi uqvq l< ld,lKaKsfhl= ÿgqfõh hehs l<lsreKq is;ska u
fya msg;aj .sfha h' tod uq¿ le,fha u weúoao;a ovhula imhd .ekSug fkdyels
úh' fjfyi ù ysia w;ska wdmiq tk Tyqg fmr lS ysñhka u h,s;a yuq úh' fldamh
byjyd .sh fyf;u Wkajykafia foig n,a,ka WiS.ekaù h' f;rekajykafia wi,
jQ .ilg ke. .;ay' n,af,da .i jg lr .;ay' jeoaod .i uq, issg B;, ;=äka
Wkajykafiaf.a hám;=,aj,g wkskakg úh' f;reka bka fnÍug mhska mh udre lr
o`.,oa§ Wkajykafiaf.a isjqr .e,ù jeoaod u;g weo jegqKs' Tyq isjqfrka jeiS .sfha
h' .i u; isá f;reka jegqfKahe hs is;+ n,af,da úhrefjka isjqr ;=<g je§ jeoaod
lS;= lS;= fldg ld ±uQy'
f;reka jykafia o ovq lene,a,la f.k n,a,ka t,jd oud isjqr;a

fmdrjdf.k foõrï fjyrg jeähy' jyd nqÿrÿka fj; .sh Wkajykafia tu mqj;
ie< fldg iajdóks" uf.a isjqr ksid tu jeoaod keiqfKa h' uf.a iS,hg ydkshla
isÿù o' uf.a uyK lu ;ju ;sfí±hs weiQy' túg nqÿrcdKkajykafia uyK" Tfí
iS,gh ydkshla ke;' uyKlu o ksremøs; h' lsisfjl=g oafõI fkdlrk wysxil
flfkl=g ysxid fldg ta jeoaod fï úkdihg m;ajQfha hehs jodrd fï .d:dfjka oï
foiQ fial'
zzfhd wmmÿgGii krii ÿii;s - iqoOii fmdiii wkX.Kii

;fuj nd,x mfpp;s mdmx - iqLqfud rfcd májd;xj Åf;;d ZZ
mod¾:h(-
fhd" hfula¦ wmm ÿgGii" lsisfjl=g oafõI fkdlrk¦ krii" mqoa.,fhl=g¦
iqoOii" ksrmrdë¦ wkx.kii" kslaf,aYS" fmdiii" mqoa,fhl=g¦ ÿii;s" foajI lrhs
kï" mSvdlrhs kï¦ mdmx" ta mdm l¾uh¦ májd;x Åf;;d" Wvqiq<.g ±uQ" iqLqfud
rfcd bj" ishqï ¥ú,a,la fuka¦ ;x tj nd,x" tu wkqjKhd fj; u¦ mfpÉ;s" fmr,d
tkafka h¦
újrKh(-
iqoOii fmdiii wkX.Kii - fuys iqoaOiai hkafkka" is;ska fyda wkqkag
mSvdjla ke;s ksrmrdë mqoa.,hd .efKhs' wkå.kiai hkafkka flf,ia ÿre l<
u`. m, ,enQfjda .efk;s' wysxilhkag flfrk ysxidj ;udgu m, fok nj fuhska
lshfõ' fidajdka wd§ W;=fuda mru wúysxilfhda h' meúÈ W;=fuda iajNdjfhka u
wysxilfhda h' Tjqyq wkqkag ysxid fkdlr;s' zk ys mnnðf;d mrEm>d;s - k ys
iufKd fyd;s mrx úfyGhfk;dZ hehs jodf<a ta ksid h'
187
5'5'2'10 ;uka l< foa wkqj úmdl ,efí'
ieje;a kqjr ;siai kï f;r kula úiS h' Wkajykafiaf.a lem lre odhl
jQfha ueKslaldr mjq,ls' wjqreÿ fod<yla mqrd Wkajykafia msKavdydr ,enqfõ ta
ksjisks' ta fouy,af,da o foudmshka fuka f.org u jevujd j<òjñka Wkajykafia
/l n,d .;ay' ta ksid u ta ysñfhda uKsldrl=Æm. ;siai kñka m%lg jQy' Èkla
f;reka ksjig jevujd isáoa§ f.ysñhd uialmñka yqkafka h' fï w;r fldfid,a
rc;=ud Tmoud úo fok f,i lshd Tyqg ueKslla tjd ;snqfKa h' fyf;u f,a jels
w;ska u ueKsl f.k n,d fmÜg.u u; ;nd oE;a fidaodf.k taug f.a msgqmig
.sfha h' fï w;r f.hs we;s lrk fldiajd ,sysKsfhla f,a iqjog uia leáfhlehs
is;d ueKsl .s, ±ïfï h' ueKslalre meñK n,k úg ueKsl ke;' f.or whf.ka
weiq kuq;a Tjqka o f.k ke;' wka;sfï § ueKsla lre iel lf<a f;rekajykafia
ueKsl .kakg we;s njg h' Tyqf.a ìßh tfia iskakgj;a tmdhehs lSj;a ueKslalre
th fkd ms<s.;af;a ueKsl ke;s jqjfyd;a ;ud rdc oKavkhg ,lajk ksid h'
ueKsl .;af;a ±hs weiQ úg f;rKqfjda ke;ehs lSy' th ,sysKshd .s, ±uQ
nj Wkajykafia ÿgq kuq;a ta ldka;fhka u W! urK nj okakd ksid Wkajykafia
th fy<s fkd l<y' jO § we;a; wid .ksñ hs is;+ ueKslalre Nd¾hdjf.a n,j;a
úfrdaO;dj ueo Wkajykafiaf.a ysi jgd lUhla ojgd ,S oKavlska weUrefõ h'
Wkajykafiaf.a lka kdidj,ska f,a je.sfrkakg úh' túg ìu jegqKq f,a fndkakg
,sysKshd t;kg wdfõ h' úhre jeà isá ueKsla lre ÿka md myßka W! ùis ù f.dia
weo jeà uf<a h'
Wmdilh" uf.a ysi fj¿u w; yer wr i;d uf<a o keoa±hs n,kakehs

f;rKqfjda lSy' W! uf<a h' we;a; fkd lSfjd;a Tng jkafka;a th u hehs
ueKslalre ;¾ckh lf<a h' túg f;rKqfjda Wmdilh ueKsl .s, ±uqfha ta
i;d h' W! fkduereKd kï ud uerej;a fï nj lshkafka ke;ehs mejiQy'
,sysKshdf.a l=i m,d neÆúg ueKsl yuq úh' uy;a ixfõ.h m;a ueKsla
lre fjõ,ñka f;reka mduq, jeà iudj wh§ h' túg Wkajykafia Wmdilh fuh
Tfí fyda uf.a fyda fodaIhla fkd fjhs ixidr fodaihlehs lshd Tyqg iudj ÿkay'
bÈßhg;a wfma f.oßka u oka ms<s.kquekje hs Tyq lSúg f;rekajykafia Wmdilh
ñka u;= lsis od uu f.rl mshiafika we;=¿ fkd jkafkñ' fï tfia f.j,aj,g
msúiSfuka isÿ jQ wksis úmdlhlehs lshd wdmiq jeäh y'
f;rekajykafia tu wdndOfhka fkdfnda Èklska msßKsjka mEy' fldiajd

<sysKshd ueKslalref.a ìßòf.a l=fia ms<sisò .;af;a h' ueKslalre ñhe§ wmd .;
úh' Tyqf.a ìßò f;reka flfrys ±lajQ Y%oaOdj yd f.!rj ksid foõf,dj Wmkakd h'
188
oïiNd uKavmfha § NslaIQka w;r fï ms<snòj we;s jQ l;d ny ksñ;s
lrf.k nqÿrcdKka jykafia fï .d:dj foaYkd l< fial'
zz.nNfufl Wmmcck;s - ksrhx mdmluñfkd

i..x iq.;sfkd hk;s - mßksnnk;s wkdijd ZZ
mod¾:h(-
we;fula .nNx Wmmcck;s" ñksia l=i WmÈ;s¦ mdm luñfkd" mõldrfhda"
ksrhx Wmmcck;s" ksrfha WmÈ;s¦ iq.;sfkd" l=i,a fldg iq.;shg hkafkda¦ i..x
hk;s" foõ f,dj h;s¦ wkdijd" flf,ia keiQ ry;ka jykafia,d¦ mßksnnk;s"
msßksjka md;s¦
újrKh(-
fuys l=i,d l=i, l¾u wkqj i;ajhkaf.a l¾u iy l¾u .;s y;rla olajd
;sfí' uÊ¯u ksldfha l=lal=rj;sh iQ;%fha § fï l¾u y;r iy úmdl úia;r
lrkafka fufia h' l¿ l¾u l< wh l¿ úmdl ,n;s' l¿ l¾uh kï mdmhhs'
l¿ úmdl kï i;r wmdhhs' tajdfha yeuodu ÿlh' iqÿ l¾u l< wh iqÿ úmdl
,n;s' iqÿ l¾u kï l=i,a h' iqÿ úmdl kï ÈjH f,dal n%yau f,dalhka h' tajdfha
ieu odu iem h' iqÿl¿ ñY% l¾u ksid iqÿ l¿ ñY% úmdl úÈkakg isÿ fõ' iqÿ l¿
ñY% l¾u hkq mskalï lrk .uka tajd flf<ik wl=i,a is;a we;s lr .ekSu h'
iqÿ l¿ ñY% úmdlh kï ñksia f,dj bm§uhs' tys ÿl iem fol ñY%j ,efnhs'
iqÿ;a fkdjk l¿;a fkdjk l¾u lrkafka ry;ka jykafia,d h' Wkajykafia,d
msßksjka md;s'
5'5'2'11 ñÈh yels ;ekla ke; l< wl=if,ka fuod'
Èkla nqÿka olskakg hk NslaIQka jykafia,d tla .ulg ms`vq msKsi jeäfhda h'
Wkajykafia,dg oka ms<sfh, lrñka isá ldka;djlf.a f;,a n÷klska ke.=Kq
.skakla jy,g je§ tys jQ msÿre frdolg weú,S wyig ke.=fka h' ta fudfydf;a u
t;kska .sh lmqfgla ta .sks±,a,g yiq ù ms<siaiS ñh .sfha h' fï úiauh ÿgq ta
NslaIQka jykafia,d ta ms<sn| nqÿrÿkaf.ka úpdrkakg is;df.k msg;aj .shy'
fï w;r ;j;a nqÿrÿka olskakg tk NslaIQka jykafia,d isá kejla uqyqo

ueo § k;r úh' fuh ldf.a fyda wjdikdjla hehs is;+ Tjqyq th fiùug ;=Kavq
±uQy' ;=kajrlau iSÜgqj jegqfKa keõm;shdf.a ìß|f.a kug h' tla ia;%shla ksid
ish¨fokd úkdY fkd úh hq;=he hs ;SrKh l< keõm;s ;ek ;udg kej; fkd
fmfkk f,i weh Èfha .s,ajkakehs kshu lf<a h' w;jeisfhda je,s msrjQ l<hla
f.f,a ne| weh uqyqfoa .s,aÆy' fï ìysiqKq isÿùu ÿgq NsCIQka jykafia,d tys mdm
l¾uh nqÿrÿkaf.ka úuiuq hs is;df.k meñKshy'
189
ta wjêfha u ;j;a NsCIQka jykafia,d i;akula nqÿka olskakg tk w;r tla
fjfyrl .,af,kl kjd;eka .;ay' tod ? uyd .,a l=<la wjq;a f,kafodr jeiS
.sfha h' miqod .ï jeishka iefjdu tlaj fld;rï fjr ±rej;a .,al=< bj;al<
fkdyels úh' y;aojila u f.jqKs' NslaIQka jykafia,d ksrdydrj jeyeÍ .sfhda h'
y;ajk od .,al=< bfíu bj;aj .sfha h' b;d wmyiqfjka msg;g wd NslaIQka
jykafia,d wyr j<|d iqjm;a jQ miq fï ljr l¾uhla±hs nqÿkaf.ka úuiuqhs lshd
nqÿrÿka neye±lSug meñKsfha h'
fï ish¨ NsCIQka jykafia,d tljr yuqù nqÿrÿka fj; f.dia fï ish¿ mqj;a
ie,fldg fï wreu mqÿu isÿùïj,g fya;=j úuid isáfhda h' túg nqÿrcdKka
jykafia" uyfKks lmqgd" fmr l, f.dúfhla j isáfha h' iS iEï wdÈhg .jhka
mqyqKq lrkakg .sh Tyqg tu ldßh lr.; fkdyels úh' fld;rï mqyqKq l<;a
Tjqyq uo ÿrla f.dia weojefg;s ìu ,e. .ks;s' fld;rï ;e¿j;a ke.sgjd .;
fkdyels úh' fldamhg m;a f.dúhd' ìu ,e..;a .jhka u; msÿre oud .sks ,d Wka
mq¿iaid ±óh' t;eka isg fldf;l=;a ksrdÿla wdÈh úkao Tyq wo;a fï lmqfgl=j
wyfiys§ u ms<siaiS .sfha h'
uyfKks" uqyqfoa .s,ajk ,o ta ia;%sh fmr l, .Dym;skshlaj isáh§ wehg

b;d we¿ï l< ks;r u wE miqmi hk n,af,la isáfha h' ta óg ;=ka Njhlg fmr
wef.a iajdñhd jQfjls' weh hk hk ;ek n,a,d o hhs' ta ksid weh ñksiqkaf.a
Wmydihg o ,la úh' fldf;l=;a ;rjgq l<;a W! j<lajd .; fkdyels jQ ;ek
Èkla Èhj,g .sh weh je,a lene,a,la f.k n,a,d wdorfhka le|jd je,a fldfKka
Wf.a f., ne| wfkla fldfKka j;=r l,h .eg.id n,a,d .s,ajd ±uqjd h' wo;a
weh .s,ajd ouk ,oafoa ta mdm l¾uh ksid h'
uyfKks" .,af,fkys ysr jQ Tn;a fmr l< l¾uhla we;' tla lf,l
f.dm¿ fld,a,ka j isá Tn i;afokd úfkdaohg ;,f.dfhl= miqmi mkakoa§
W! ;=Uilg jeÿfKa h' ;=Ufia ish¨ isÿre jid ±uQ Tng t;ekska hkakg fmr
th újD; lsÍug wu;l úh kej; Tn ta m<d;g wdfõ i;aÈklg miqj h' tod
;,f.dhd .ek isysm;a ù Tn ;=Ui újD; l< úg Èk i;la ksrdydrj isá ta i;d
wudrefjka we§ .sfha h' Tng wkqlïmd is;S ta i;dg hkakg ÿkayq h' tfyhska Tn
ksrd.; jQfha ke;' tfy;a tng fufia i;a Èk ne.ska ksrdydrj isákakg isÿjQ
oyy;rfjks j;dj fuh hs'
fï ksid uyfKks" fï ñysu; fld;ekl isáh;a mdml¾ufhka ñ§ula kï

ke;ehs jodrd fï .d:dj foaYkd l< fial'
190
zzk wk;,sflL k iuqooufc® - k mnn;dkx újrx múii
k úcc;s fid c.;smmfofid - hF:gÀf;d uqf[phH mdmluud ZZ
mod¾:h(-
hF:Àf;d" hï;ekl isg¦ mdmluux uqfpphH" mdm l¾ufhka ñÈh yels fõo¦
tn÷ ;ekla" k wk;,sflL" wyfiys;a ke;¦ k iuqooufc®" uqyqo ueoj;a ke;¦ k
mnn;dkx újrx múii" m¾j; l=yrhlg msúiqk;a ke;¦ fid c.;smmfofid" f,dj
tn÷ ;ekla¦ k úcc;ss" lsis ;ekl olakg ke;¦
foaYkdj wjidkfhys ta NsCIQka jykafia,d fidajdka wd§ u.m, ,enQy'
5'5'2'12 urKfhka ñ§ ie.fjkq yels ;ekla ke;S'
nqÿrcdKka jykafia jrla YdlH rg lsUq,aj;a mqr ksf.%daOdrdufha jevfjfik

fial' iqmamnqoaO flda,sh rcq hfYdaOrd foaúhf.a iy foõo;a f;rekaf.a mshd h'
hfYdaOrdjka w;rux lf<a hhs o" foõo;a f;rekag ;ekla fkd ÿkafka hhs o lshd
Tyq isáfha nqÿrÿka iu. ffjrfhks' Èkla fyf;u nqÿrÿka ms`vq msKsi jäk u.
wjqrd ùÈh ueo u;ameka ìî isáfhah' nqÿrÿkag jäkakg bv fokakehs b,a,d isáh;a
Tyq bj;a jQfõ ke;' nqÿrcdKka jykafia ududf.ka bvla fkd ,enqK neúka
t;kska wdmiq yereKy' yefrk w;r Wkajykafia isky my< l<y' wk| f;reka
Bg fya;=j úuiQúg wdkkaoh¦ ud jeks nqÿ flfkl=f.a u. weysÍfuka iqmam nqoaO
lr.;af;a uy nerEreï mdmhls' fudyqg Èk y;lg jvd wdhqI ke;' i;ajk Èk
uy fmf<djg wäh ;enq ú.i fmdf<dj m,df.k hkafka hehs mejiqy'
îu;ska isá iqmamnqoaO rcq prmqreIhka w;ska ta mqj; wid nqÿrÿkaf.a ni

fndre lrñ hs ;SrKh fldg ueÿrg .sfha h' ish¨ myiqlï ,xlrjdf.k ueÿf¾
i;afjks uy,g ke.=Kq rcq i;a ojila kslafuk ;=re ;uka my,g niskakg wdj;a
lsisfia;a bv fkdfo;ajdh hs lshd iEu uy,lu msh.eg fm, mduq, fhdaOhka
fhdod /lj,a ,d u;= uy,g ù isáfha h'
i;ajk oji Wodúh' rc;=ud isáfha lsisfia;a fkdnisk ±ä wêIaGdkfhks'

yÈisfha u tÈk ux., wYajhd l=,mamq úh' W! ì;a;sj,g mjd myr foñka fyaIdrj
lrñka uy l,ne.Ekshla we;s lf<a h' tjeks wjia:djl rc;=udg yer lsisfjl=g
W! fu,a, l< fkd yels úh' fï f>dIdfjka rcq l,n, ù fkd bjis,a,l=;a uy
wdfõ.hl=;a we;s úh' ish¨ /lj¨ka fmr<df.k rcq my;g Èj wdfõ h' meñK
uy fmd<jg mh ;nkjd;a iu. u fmd<j m,df.k f.dia ksrfha Wmkafka h'
NsCIQka jykafia,df.ka fï mqj; weiQ nqÿrcdKka jykafia fï .d:dj foaYkd
l< fial'
191
zzk wk;,sflL k iuqooufc® - k mnn;dkx újrx múii
k úcc;s fid c.;smmfofid - hF:gÀ;x kmmify: uppq ZZ
mod¾:h(-
hF: Àf;d" hï ;ekl isg¦ kmmify: uppq" udrhd uev meje;aùug
yels fjhs o@¦ fid c.d;smmfofid" f,dj tnÿ ;ekla¦ k úcc;s" olakg ke;¦
k wk;,sfl" wyfiys o ke;¦ k iuqooufcCO" uqyqo ueo o ke;¦ k mnn;dkx
újrx múii" m¾j; l=yrhlg msúi isáh o bka .e,ùula ke;'
újrKh(-
zzk miify: uppqZZ udrhd fyj;a urKh i;ajhd ì,s.kafkau h' ta ì,s
.ekSu je<elaúh fkdyel hkq fuys woyihs'
wNHdi
01' fuys l;dmqj;aj, Tn is;a.;a f;dr;=re f.dkqjla ms<sfh, lrkak'
02' mdm j.a.h weiqßka O¾u foaYkdjla mj;ajkafka flfia±hs ksoiqka iys;j
meyeÈ,s lrkak'
03' fld;ekl isáh;a mdmfhka .e,ùula ke;' hkakg Tn okakd ksoiqka folla
mka;shg bÈßm;a lrkak'
192
Tn o`vqjug ìh kï wkqka o tfia u h
ôKv j..h&
oKav hkq o`vqju fyda o`vq uq.=re .,auq,a wdÈfhka ysxid lsÍuhs' oKav j¾.fha
m%Odk f;audj ù we;af;a thhs' wms ish,af,da u tn`ÿ oKavkh bÈßfha ;e;s .ksuq"
ìh fjuq' wm;a tfia oKavkhg ìh kï wm wkqkag oKavk ysxik lrkafka
flfia o@ idudkHfhka jrog o`vqjï §u wmrdOhla fkdfõ' tfy;a tu o`vqju
ldhsl ysxidjla ùu iqÿiq ke;'
tn`ÿ oKavk ysxik j, § is,aj;=ka .=Kj;=ka jeks wysxilhkag lrk

ysxidj b;d nrm;, h' fnfyda úg tajd ÈÜGOïufõokSh jYfhka tfõf,a u m,
fokafka h' oKav j¾.fha § o`vqju ms<snò j fï lreKq f.k yer olajk w;r
wd;au oukh fyj;a ;u is; oukh lr.ekSu ms<snò lreKq /ila o we;=<;a fõ'
ta w;r flf,ia fidaod yeÍu iòyd ksIaM, j%; /lSu' .sysfhl= jqj;a ish¨ flf,ia
fidaodyf<a kï NsCIqjla hhs lSug yelsh jeks úfYaI lreKq o fuys we;=<;a j
;sfí' fuys .d:d ixLHdj ody;ls' wgqjdfõ we;=<;a ksodkl;d tfld<yls'
5'5'3'1 ;ud fuka u wka wh;a oKavkhg ìh fj;shs is;kq'
nqÿrÿka oji Pín.a.sh ^yh fokdf.a lKaavdhu& iy i;a;rij.a.sh ôdy;a

fokdf.a lKavdhu& kñka wlghq;= lï l< NsCIq lKavdhï folla úh' Èkla ima;
ri j.a.sh NsCIQka jykafia,d" ;ukag fikiqka ms<sfh, lrñkaisáh§ t;ekg
meñKs Pín.a.sh NsCIQka jykafia,d" wm jeäysáfhda fjuq fï fikiqka uq,ska u
,eìh hq;af;a wmghhs lSy' túg i;a; ri j.a.sh NsCIQyq" l,a we;sj meñK fïjd
ms<sfh, lr.;af;a wm h tneúka" lsisfjl=g fkd fokafkuqhs lSy' thska lsmqKq
Pín.a.sh NsCIQka Tjqkag myr ÿkay' thska ìhm;a jQ i;a;ri j.a.Sh NsCIQyq uy
y`äka lE.iQy'
ta mqj; weiQ nqÿrcdKka jykafia fomsßi u leòjd uyfKks" NsCIQka fujeks

foa fkdl< hq;=hhs wjjdo fldg zzfhd mk NsCLq NsCLqii l=msf;d wk;;ufkd
mydrx ofohH mdÑ;;shxZZ hkqfjka myr§u ;ykï fldg YsCId mohla o mkjd fï
.d:dfjka oyï foiQy'
193
zzifnn ;ik;s oKvii
ifnn Ndhk;s uppqfkd
w;;dkx Wmux lFjd
k yfkhH" k >d;fh ZZ
mod¾:h(-
oKvii" o`vqjñka fyda myr §fuka¦ ifnn ;ik;s" ish¨ fokd ;e;s .ks;s'
uppqfkd" urKhg" ifnn Ndhk;s" ish¨ fokd ìh fj;s¦ w;;dkx Wmux lFjd"
;ud Wmud lrf.k¦ k yfkhH wkqkag myr§fuka je<lsh hq;= h" k >d;fh"
myr foùfuka o je<lsh hq;= h'
újrKh(-
w;;dkx Wmux lFjd' ish¨ fokd oKavkhg fyj;a myr §ï j,g ìhfj;s'
uu;a Bg ìh fjñ' fjk;a flfkl= ug myr fokjdg ud ìh kï ud myr
fokjdg wkqkq;a ìhfjkq we;' hkqfjka ;ud u Wmud lrf.k wkqkag myr§fuka
je<lsh hq;= nj ñka lsh fõ' ixhq;a; ksldfha fj¿oajdfrhH iq;%fha§ fuu O¾u
kHdh olajd we;af;a w;a;+mkdhsl O¾uh kñks' Wmkdhsl hkq Wmud lsÍu fkdj
;ud bÈßhgf.k ne,Su h' wkqkag ysxid lrkakg fmr th ;udg jQfjd;a flfia±hs
is;Suhs'
5'5'3'2 ish,af,da u Ôú;hg ms%h fj;s'
Pín.a.sh NsCIQka jykafia,d iy i;a;ri j.a.sh NsCIQka jykafia,d w;r

kej; jrla .egqula we;s úh' nqÿrcdKka jykafia úiska NsCIqjla lsisfjl=g myr
fkdÈh hq;= hhs isl mohla mkjd ;snQ ksid tjr Pín.a.sh NsCIQka myr ÿkafka
ke;' ta fjkqjg i;a;ri j.a.Sh NsCIQkag w; W¿la fldg fyda o`vq uq.=re W¿la
fldg myr fok f,ila fmkajQy' thska ìhm;a i;a;rij.a.sh NsCIQyq lE.eiQy'
túg o ta NsCIQka leòjd wjjdo l< nqÿrcdKka jykafia myr §ug fuka w; W¿la
lsÍu o ;ykï lrñka zzfhd mk NsCLq NsCLqii l=msf;d wk;;ufkd ;, i;;slx
W..sfrhH mdÑ;;shxZZ hkqfjka ;,i;a;sl hkqfjka w; W¿la lsÍu ms<snò mÑ;s
wej;la mkjd fï .d:dfjka oyï foiQy'
zzifnn ;ik;s oKvii

ifnnix Ôú;x mshx
w;;dkx Wmux lFjd
k yfkhH k >d;fh ZZ
194
mod¾:h(-
ifnn" ish,af,da¦ oKvii" oKavkhg ysxidjg¦ ;ik;s" ìhfj;s¦ ifnnix"
ish,a,kag¦ Ôú;x" Ôú;h" mshx" ms%h h" w;;dkx Wmux lFjd" uu;a uf.a Ôú;hg
ms%h fkdfõ±hs ;ud u Wmudfldg¦ k yfkhH" myr fkdÈh hq;af;a h' k >d;fh
wkqka ,jd fyda myr §u fkdl< hq;af;a h'
újrKh(-
k yfkhH" yk ^ysxid lsÍfuys& Od;=fjka ksmka ima;ó wdLHd;fhls' yk
hkak ysxid lsÍug fukau keiSug o fhfoa' fï .d:d foflys u th fh§ we;af;a
ysxid lsÍu myr §u iòydh' >d;fha hkq o yk Od;=fjka u yefok m%fhdacH
ls%hdjls'
5'5'3'3 ;u iqj m;d wkqka fkdfm<kq'
Èkla nqÿrcdKka jykafia ieje;a kqjr ms`vq msKsi yeisfroa§ w;r u. <uhska
msßila .er`äfhl= jglr f.k myr fokq ÿgy' orefjks" Tn fï l=ula lrkakyq
±hs Wkajykafia weiQy' i¾mfhl=g oKafvka myr fouqhs orefjda lSy' tfia myr
fokafka uka±hs nqÿrÿka úuiQ úg iajdóks" wmg oIag lrdúhhs ìfhka myr fouqhs
lSy' túg Wkajykafia orefjks" wo ;udf.a iqjh ;ld fufia fï i;dg myr fok
Tng Wmkqmka ;ek iemhla kï ,efnkafka ke;ehs wjjdo lrñka fï .d:d fol
foaYkd l<y'
zziqL ludks N+;dks

fhd ofKvk úysxi;s
w;;fkd iqLfuidfkd
fmpp fid k ,Nf; iqLx ZZ
mod¾:h(-
fhd" hfula¦ w;;fkd iqLx tidfkd" ;udf.a iqjh n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjka¦
iqL ldudks N+;dks" iem leu;s fjk;a i;ajhkag ofKvk úysxi;s" o`vq wd§fhka
ysxid flfr;a kï¦ fid" fyf;u¦ fmpp" mrf<dj§" iqLx k ,Nf;" iemhla kï
fkd,nkafka h'
zziqL ldudks N+;dks

fhd ofKvk k ysxi;s
w;;fkd iqLfuidfkd
fmpp fid ,Nf; iqLx ZZ
195
mod¾:(-
fhd" hfula¦ w;;fkd iqLx tidfkd" ;udf.a iem n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjka¦ iqL ldudks
N+;dks" iem leu;s i;ajhkag¦ ofKvk k ysxi;s" o`vq wdÈfhka myr fkdfohs kï¦
fid" fyf;u fmpp" mrf<dj §¦ iqLx ,Nf;" iem ,nkafka h'
újrKh(-
w;;fkd iqLfuidfkd" ;udf.a iqjh m;d wkqkag ysxid lsÍu widOdrK h ukao
iqL ldudks N+;dks" i;ajfhda ljqre;a ;ud jf.a u iem leue;af;d fj;s' wo iemh
.ek is;d tfia l<;a mrf<dj § kï th iemhla fkdjkafka h' thska Tyqg ,eìh
hq;= ksjka iqjh muKla fkdj foõ iemh fyda ñksia iemhj;a fkd ,nd wmdÿla
ú`Èkakg isÿ jkafka h'
5'5'3'4 l< l< foa m, m, foa'
l=KavOdk f;reka jykafia fmr l< mdml¾uh lska b;d wfYdaNk

úmdlhla ú`È flfkls' Wkajykafia meúÈ Wmiïmod jQ ojfia mgka hk hk ;ek
miqmiska .eyeKshla hkq wka whg fmfka' ta nj Wkajykafiag fkdfmfka thska
Wka jykafia ñksiqkaf.a fkdfhl=;a Wiq¿ úiq¿j,g ,lafj;s' msKavmd;h fok
odhlfhda Tn jykafiaf.a iydhsldjg hhs lshd jeämqr oka fldgila fok wjia:d
o ;sìK' we;eï NsCIqka jykafia,d fuh ±l Wkajykafia foõrï fjfyfrka msgux
lrk f,i wfka ms`vq isgq;=udg lSy' tfia u ;u fjfyrg jeoao fkd.kakehs úYdLd
Wmdisldjg o ±kqï ÿkay' túg th nqÿrcdKka jykafia úiska úiòkq we;ehs lshd
Tjqyq ksy`v jQy' wka;sfï § Wkajykafia,d fuh fldfid,a rc;=udg o ±kqï ÿkay'
rc;=ud Wkajykafiaf.a wdjdih jgd /lj,a ,d mßCId lrù h' ÿr§ Wkajykafia
msgqmi .eyeKshla isákq fmkqK;a l=áh mqrd mÍCId lr neÆ rc ;=udg tjeks
flfkl= yuq fkdù h' wka;sfï§ rc;=ud fuh lsishï udhdldÍ fohla nj;a
f;rekajykafia w; jrola ke;snj;a jgyd f.k iajdóks" fï ldrKh ksid Tn
jykafiag odk udkÈfhka ysßyerhla jqjfyd;a rcf.org jäkq uekejehs lshd
hkakg .sfha h'
ish¨ meñKs<s wid¾:l jQ úg mD:.ack NsCIQka jykafia,d we;efula f>dId

lrkakg jQy' fu;=jla fï ms<snòj ,eÊcdj ksid lrndf.k isá l=KavOdk ysñfhda
rc;=udf.a úksYapfhka miq ;udg ÿiaiS,fhlehs fodia lshk NsCIqkag ÿiaiS,hd uu
fkdj Tn,d hhs fmr,d fodia lshkakg mgka .;af;a h'
ta NsCIQka jykafia,d ta nj nqÿrcdKka jykafiag meñKs<s l<y' l=KavOdk

f;reka leòjd Tn fï we;a;kag ÿiaiS,hhs fpdaokd lf<a wehs±hs úuiQ úg ;udg o
tfia fpdaokd l< ksid hhs mejiQy' tfia fpdaokd lf<a uka±hs NsCIQkaf.ka weiQ úg
uqka jykafia msgqmi .eyeKsfhl= yeisfrkq ÿgq ksidhhs Wkajykafia,d lSy' túg
l=KavOdk f;rekaf.ka úuik nqÿrcdKka jykafia fudjqka fpdaokd lr we;af;a
196
tjekakla ÿgq ksid h' Tn Tjqkag fpdaokd lr we;af;a tn`ÿ fya;=jla ke;sj h' Tn
fï wmydi ú`Èkafka fmr l< l¾uhla ksid h' kej;;a tn`ÿ l¾uhla u lrkakg
ierfikafka±hs wid Wkajykafia g wjjdo l<y' túg Wkajykafia fmr l< mdm
l¾uh l=ula±hs NsCIQyq úuid isáfhda h'
nqÿrcdKka jykafia uyfKks" ldYHm nqÿka oji NsCIQka jykafia,d

fokula tl ujlf. orejka fia iu.sfhka úiQy' tla foaj;dúhlg ;u fkdmk;a
lu ksid Wkajykafia,df.a úiajdih ìò n,kakg is;sK'
Èkla fï fofokd jykafia fmdfydh lrkq msKsi ix>hd /iajk iSudj

lrd hñka isáhy' w;r u.§ tla kula le,hg f.dia isrere lsi lr tk úg fï
foõÿj ñksia .eyeKshl fjiska we`Èj; ilia lrñka Wkajykafia miqmi tk f,i
fmkajQjd h' fuh ÿgq wfkla NsCIQka jykafiag th tljru woyd.; fkdyels jqj;a
kej; kej; Wjukdfjkau n,k úg;a weh tfia u fmKqkq ksid ienEjla f,i
ye`.S .sfha h' Tn jykafia is,a ìò.;a;d fkdfõ±hs weiQ úg tjekakla lsisfia;a
u isÿ fkdjQ nj ta NsCIqj lSh' ;ud oEiska u ÿgq foa ke;ehs lshkafka flfia±hs
lshd wfkla NsCIQka jykafia yer oud ;ksj u hkakg .sfha h' fmdah iSudfõ § o
Wkajykafia fï NsCIqj iu. fmdfydh lrkakg wlue;s úh'
foõÿjg ;u l< ls%hdfõ nrm;, lu jegyqfKa túg h' jyd u ix>hd

bÈßmsg fmkS isg weh' Wkajykafiaf.a jrola ke;s nj;a ;ud kslug l< fohla
lshd mdfmdÉpdrKh l<d h' th ms<s.;a NsCIQka jykafia,d fmdfydh l¾u l<y'
ta mdm l¾ufhka weh nqoaOdka;rhla u ksrdÿla úkaod h' ful< ieje;a

kqjr fufia bmso meúÈ jQ Wkajykafia msgqmi .eyeKq rejla fmfkkafka ta mdm
l¾uh ksid nj jod< nqÿrcdKka jykafia ñkau;= Wkajykafiag lsisjla fkdlshk
f,i NsCIQkag;a jodrd tfia lSj;a tlg tl fkdlshk f,i l=KavOdk f;rekag;a
wjjdo fldg fï .d:dj foaYkd l< fial'
zzud fjdp Mreix l[Ñ

jq;;d májfohHq ;x
ÿlLd ys idruN l:d
máoKvd MqfihHq ;x ZZ
mod¾: (-
l[Ñ¦ lsisfjl=g¦ Mreix" mreI jpk¦ ud wfjdp" fkdlshkak" ukao¦
jq;;d" tfia Tn mreI jpk lS úg Tjqka Tng o mreI jpk lshkq we;¦ idruy
l:d" tlg tl lshd .ekSu¦ ÿlLd ys" ÿllau h" máoKvd ;x MqfihHqx" Tn wkqkag
myr§ï wdÈh lf<d;a fmr,d Tng o myr lEug isÿ jkafka h'
197
zzifp fkfris w;;dkx
lxfid Wmyf;d h:d
ti mf;;dZis ksnndkx
idrfuyd f; k úcc;s ZZ
mod¾:(-
ifp" bÈka¦ Wmyf;d" leã msmsÍ y`vfkdyef.k¦ lxfid h:d" f,day ;,shla
fuka¦ w;;dkx" ;ud fkfris" wmjdo bÈßfha ksy`v lr .kafkys kï" tfld" ta
Tn¦ ksnndkx mf;;d is" ksùug m;a jQfõ fjys¦ ^túg& f;" Tng¦ idrfuyd" tlg
tl lshqï fyda flreï¦ k úcc;s" we;s fkdjkafkah'
újrKh(-
idruN l:d" hkq tlg tl lshd .ekSuhs' nekafkd;a nekSu" .eyqfjd;a
.eySu" idudkH ckhdf.a isß;hs' th nrm;, ÿlaj,g" we;eï úg ñkS urd .ekSug
mjd fya;= fõ' f,day ;,shlg ;Ügq l< úg y`vla kef.a" ì`ÿKq ;,shl y`vla
ke;' tfiau jpkj,ska myr fok úg ksy`vj isàug yelskï Tn ksjqkq flfkls'
tajdhska iyuq,skau je<lsh yelskï" Tn tu.ska ksjkg u hkafkysh' ixhq;;
ksldfha fõmÑ;a;s iQ;%fha § l=o,df.k wd fõmÑ;a;s wiqf¾Jøhd ila foú`ÿg wiNH
jpkfhka neKje§ ila foúÿ ksy`v h' Tn ksy`v jkafka ìhg±hs ud;,S wihs
túg ilafoú`ÿ mjikafka l<yldÍ wjia:djl wfkld fldam ù we;s nj ±l tla
wfhla ikaiqka jkafka kï thska fofokdg u hym;la isÿjk nj;a tfia bjikakd
ch.%yKh lsÍug wudre u hqoaOhla ch.kafkl= nj;ah'
5'5'3'5 ìysiqKq úm;a ±l ±l tys u wef,kafkda'
tla fmdfyda Èkl ieje;a kqjr mQ¾jdrdufha mkaiShla muK ia;S%yq fmfyjia
iudokaj isáhd h' úYdLd uyd Wmdisldj Tjqka fj; f.dia uEKsjreKs" Tn fmfyjia
iudoka jQfha l=ula m;df.k ±hs úuiqjd h' ;ud fmfyjia rlskafka mrf<dj
foõiem m;df.k nj uy¿ ldka;dfjda lSy' iifr§j;a ìßhka lsysmfofkl=
we;s ieñfhl= ,`. im;akshl ùfuka j<lskakg fmfyjia rlsk nj ueÈúfha
wh mejiQy" ;reKshka mejiqfõ l=¿ÿf,a u mqf;l= ,nkakg m;k nj h' ;reK
úfha§ u m;sl=,hg hkakg m;k nj l=vd l=ußfhda lSy' úYdLd uyd Wmdisldj
Tjqka iu`. nqÿrÿka fj; f.dia Tjqkaf.a fï wmQre me;=ï Wkajykafiag ie,l<d h'
túg nqÿrcdKka jykafia úYdLdfjks" fï i;ajhka cd;s crd urKd§ fu;rï
ìysiqKq úm;a ±l ±l;a iir u m;kjd ñi iifrka ñ§ula m;kafkda kï ÿ¾,Nhhs
198
zzh:d ofKvk f.dmdf,d
.dfjd mdfp;s f.dprx
tjx crd p uppQ p
wdhqx mdfpk;s mdKskx ZZ

mod¾:(-
h:d" hï fia¦ f.dmdf,d" f.dfmd,af,la¦ ofKvk" flúfgka ;,ñka¦
.dfjd" .jhka¦ f.dprx" ;Kìu lrd¦ mdfp;s ^mdfÊ;s& olalkafka o¦ tjx" tfia u¦
crdpuppQ p" uy¿ nj iy urKh o mdKSkx¦ i;ajhka f.a wdhqI¦ mdfpd;s" meijd
CIh fldg ou;s'
újrKh(-
cd;s crd fol f.dfmd,a,d jeksh' Ôú;h .jhd jeksh' urKh ;Kìï
jekshhs fuys tla w;lska Wmudj ieifòa' ;j f,ilska ±lajqjfyd;a cd;sh
bm§u i;ajhdf.a Ôú;s‡sh h' l%ufhka crd jHdê fol urKh lrd hjhs urKh
fmdfrdfjka lemqjd fia Ôú;h isò ouhs' iirg Wreu jQ fï ienEj fkdolshs'
i;ajfhda iir u iem fidh;s'
5'5'3'6 ;ud bÈl< úydrh ±ùu .ek i;=gq jQ iqux., isgq;=ud'
Èkla ,laLK f;reka iu. .scql=¿ mõfjka nisk uq.,ka uy f;rekag

fhdÿka úis myla ;rï È. wc.r fyj;a msUqre fm%a;fhl= Èjeiska ±l iskd my<
úh' Tyq uy .sks cd,djlska ±fjñka isáfha h' ,laLK f;reka tfia iskdiSug
fya;=j úuiQ úg nqÿrÿka yuqfjys § lshkafkñhs lshd msg;a jQy' nqÿrÿka yuqfõ §
uq.,ka f;reka ;ud ÿgq foa fy<s l< úg nqÿrcdKkajykafia uyfKks" nqÿ ù fnda
uev isáh§ u fï fma%;hd uu ÿgqfjñ' fuf;la fkdlSfõ lsisfjl= fkd woy;shs
lshdhs jod<y' ±ka uq.,ka f;reka idCIs orK ksid mjiñhs lshd tu fm%a;hdf.a
w;S; l;dj f.k yer ±lajqy'
ldYHm nqÿka iufha iqux., kï isgqjrfhla úh' fyf;u rka .fvd,ska

uyd úydrhla bÈ lrjd nqÿrÿkag mQcd lf<ah' Èkla WoEiku nqÿka ±lSug hk
Tyqg kqjr fodrgqj wi, wïn,ul ysfia isg fmdrjd ksok fomfha uv ;ejreKq
fidfrl= olakg ,eìKs' Tyq ±l ? ;siafia weúo oj,a ksokafkls hs lshñka t;=ud
hkakg .sfhah' ta joka wid lsmqKq fydrd ta jpkhg isgqjrhd iu. ffjr neò
y;ajrla u isgqjrhdf.a l=Uqre .sks ;eî h' y;ajrla u .df,a f.dKqkaf.a md iskafoah'
i;ajrla isgq ueÿr ±ùh' ta lsisjlska isgqjrhd lïmd fkdù h' thskq;a fidrdf.a
ffjrh fkd ikais`ÿKq w;r Tyq ;j;a oreKq úh' isgqjrhd b;du ms%h lrk
foh l=ula±hs fidhd ta nqÿkaf.a .ò ls<sh nj ±kf.k nqÿrÿka ms`vq msKsi jeä
fudfyd;l tys we;=¿ ù mekal< wdÈh ìò oud .ò ls<sh .sks;eî h' th .sks .kak
199
nj weiQ isgq jrhd w;afmd<ika § iskdfikakg úh' ta uka±hs weiQ úg fu;rï
ÿ¾,N iiqkl fu;rï Okhla jeh fldg fojk jrg;a tn`ÿ úydrhla bÈlrkakg
jdikdj ,eîu fl;rï i;=gla ±hs lshd fyf;u kej; ta wdldrfhka u nqÿueÿr
bÈ lf<a h'
isgq;=ud úydrh bÈlrjd nqoaO m%uqL úisoyila uy i`.kg i;a ojila uy

oka mj;ajñka úydr mQcdj isÿ lf<a h' fidrd o fudyqg okjkakg fudyq urd
±óu yer fjk l%uhla ke;ehs ;SrKh fldg lsKsiaila f.k isgqjrhd ueÍug ta
i;a ojiu úydrh wi, .ejiqKq kuq;a bvla fkd,oafoa h' i;ajk od oka j<òd
wjidkfha mska wkqfudaoka lrk fõ,dfjys nqÿka jeò iajdóks" tla;rd mqreIfhla
ug fï wdldrfha úm;a isÿ lf<a h' wjidkfha ud b;d wdYdfjka bÈl< .òls<sh
o jekiS h' flfia jqj;a ug wo fï uy`.= mQcdj lrkakg ,enqfKa Tyq ksid h' uu
m<uqfldg Tyqg fï msk mjrñhs lSh' fï wid isá fidrd uy;afia lïmdjg m;aùh'
ud fï ;rï wmrdOhla lr ;sìh§;a ì`ÿjlaj;a fldamhla ke;sj fudyq ug mskafohs'
ud uyd fødaysfhls' fu;=udf.ka iudj fkd.;af;d;a foúfhda ug o`vqjï lrkq
we;ehs lshd isgq;=udf.a fomd uq, jeòjeà iudj b,a,S h' fuf;la úm;a ;udg lf<a
wehs ±hs weiQ úg isgq;=ud tod lS jpkh isys lf<a h' tnkaòla lSu .ek fidrdf.ka
iudj .;a isgq;=ud Tyqg o iudj ÿkafka h'
ta fidrd wdhq fl<jr wùÑfhys bm§ tys meiS ±ka fm%a;fhl=j fufia
.scql=¿ mõfõ mefikafka hhs jodrd fï .d:dfjka oyï foiQ fial'
zzw: mdmdks luudks

lrx ndf,d k nqc®;s
fiys lfuuys ÿfuufOd
w..sofvVdZj ;mm;s ZZ
mod¾:(-
mdmdks luudks lrx" mõlï lrk¦ ndf,d" wkqjKhd¦ w:" tfy;a¦ k nqc®;s"
fï mjg fun`ÿ úmdlhla ,efíhhs wjfndaO lr fkd .kS¦ fiys lfuuys" ^úmdl
fok l,& ;ud u l< mõlñka¦ ÿfuufOd" ta wkqjKhd¦ w..sofvVd bj" .skafkka
ojk ,oafola fuka¦ ;mm;s" ;efjkafka h'
újrKh(-
ffjrfhka oafõIfhka wksfll= kikakdg fmfkkafka ;u ffjrh msßuid
.kafka flfia o hkak muKs' fidrlï lrkakdg fmfkkafka ;u wdYdj msßuid
.kafka flfia o hkak muKs' Tjqyq túg oafõIfhka f,daNfhka wkaO jQfjda h'
jrola lrk ´kEu flfkl=g ;ud l< ls%hdfõ ;ru jegfykafka miqjh'
200
5'5'3'7 ry;a jQj;a l<lï m, fok mõlï'
uq.,ka uyry;ka jykafia foõf,djg jev foúhka ùug fya;= jQ l¾u;a"

ksrhg jevufldg ksrdÿla ú`Èkakka l< l¾u;a wid ±f.k wjq;a uyckhdg
lshd§fï isß;la úh' fuhska ñksiaiq fndfyda fokd nqÿ oyu fj; wefo;s' fuh
;ukag ,dN i;aldr wvq ùug fya;=jla f,i ÿgq wkH ;S¾:lfhda Wkajykafia
>d;kh lrjkakg Wml%uhla fh¥y' ñksiqka urK wmrdO lrejkag uqo,a § uq.,ka
f;reka urkakg hjk ,§' Tjqyq f.dia f;rekaf.a l=áh jegÆy' th Èjeiska ÿgq
f;rKqfjda iDoaê n,fhka h;=re isÿßka kslaó .shy' i;=rkaf.a jEhu wid¾:l
úh' fufia jegÆ yeu Èkl u f;rKqfjda iDoaê n,fhka msg ù .e,jqky' fufia
udi fol ;=klau i;=rkaf.ka .e,ú .e,ù isá uq.,ka uy f;rKqfjda fuh ;ud
miq mi tk fmr l< l¾uhla nj ±k wjidkfha msgg fkdf.dia l=áfha u /`§
isáfhah' tod tys jeÿKq wmrdO lrefjda Wkajykafiaf.a weglgq l=vq fjk ;rug
;<d fm<d uerefKa hhs is;d msgj .sfhda h'
f;reka jykafia o ±ka ug msßksjka mdkakg isÿ ù we;' tfy;a nqÿrÿka fj;
f.dia jeò wjir f.k msßksjka mdñhs is;d OHdk n,fhka YÍrh ke.sgqjdf.k
nqÿrÿka yuq ù jeò wjir f.k nqÿ rÿkaf.a wdrdOkdj mßÈ wyig mek ke.S oyï
foid iDoaê m%d;syd¾h md ld,is,d jkhg f.dia msßksjka mEy'
fuu isoaêh ±k.;a wcdi;a; rc;=ud prmqreIhka fhdojd îu;a fidrekaf.a

uqúka u ryi ±kf.k Tjqka f.kajd tfia lrkakg wK lf<a ljq±hs úuiS h'
ta ks.KaGhka nj fidre lSy' rcq ta fidrekag;a kshu l< ks.KaGhskag;a urK
oKavkh meKùh' fï ìysiqKq isÿùu ms<snò ixfõ.hg m;a NsCIQka jykafia,dg
uq.,ka f;rekag m,ÿka fï l¾uh l=ula o hkak ms<snò .eg¿jla we;s úh' ta
ms<snò nqÿrÿkaf.ka úuiQ l, Wkajykafia w;S; mqj; fufia f.kyer ±lajQy'
fmr nrKeia kqjr tla l=, mq;%fhla ;u wò uõmshka wdorfhka /ln,d
f.k isáfha h' ;ksj u ish¨ lghq;= lsÍug wmyiq ksid Tyqg ìßhla leòjdf.k
tkakehs uõ mshka fldf;la lSj;a Tyq wlue;s úh' wka;sfï§ uõmshkaf.a fm/;a;h
ksid u l=ußhla lekaodf.k wdfõ h' uq,§ weh b;du;a uekúka wò uõ mshkag
i;aldr l< kuq;a l,la hk úg Tjqka fmkakkakg neß ;rï úh' weh fkdfhl=;a
Wml%u fldg flfia fyda ieñhdf.a is; uõmshka flfrys ìòjQjd h' wef.a nia
woyd fldamhg m;a mq;%hd uõ mshka urjkakg ;SrKh lf<a h'
ÿr neyer kEoE f.orlg leòjdf.k hk nj w`.jd wò uõmshka le,hla

ueog leòjdf.k .sh Tyq uxfld,a,ldr fidrekag yiq jQ nj w`.jd uyd f>daIdjla
fldg uõmshka ;<dfm<d urd lef,a u oud fmr,d wdfõ h' Tyq l< fï l¾uh
ksid wjqreÿ ,CI .Kka ksrfha meiS fï wjidk wd;au Ndjfha § w.%Y%djlj uyd
iDoaê n, we;sj isáh§;a fufia ;e¿ï fm¿ï ,nd urKhg m;a úh' fidreka
201
mkaiSh;a wkH ;S¾:lfhda;a Tjqka lsisfjl=g oafõIhla ysxidjla fkdl< ud mq;=
uq.,kag mSvdfldg Bg wkql+, urK o`vqju ,enqy' fufia wysixilhskag ysxid
lrk wh oi wdldrhlska úkdY jkakdyhs jodrd fï .d:d foaYkd l< fial'
zzfhd ofKvk wofKviq

wmmÿfgGiq ÿii;s
oikku[[;rx Gdkx
Åmmfuj ks.pP;s ZZ
mod¾: (-
fhd" hfula¦ wofKviq" lsisfia;a ysxidjla o`vqjula lsÍug kqiqÿiq"
wmmÿfgGiq" lsisfjl=g oafõI fkdlrk ksrmrd§ meúÈ W;=uka jeks we;a;kag¦
ofKvk" o`vquq.=re wú wdÈfhka¦ ÿii;s" wmrdO lrhso¦ ^fyf;u& oikkx" u;=
lshk ÿla úmdl oyfhka¦ w[[;rx Gdkx" tla úmdlhlg fyda¦ Åmmx tj" jyd u
ks.pP;s" meñfKkafka h'
zzfjokx Mreix cdksx

iÍrii p fNokx
.relx jdms wdndOx
Ñ;;flLm[p mdmqfKZZ
mod¾:(-
tajd kï" Mreix fjokx" oreKq YdÍßl fõokdjlg fyda cdksx" Ok ydksh
lg fyda¦ wms" ;j o¦ .relx wdndOx jd" n,j;a frda.hlg fyda¦ Ñ;;flLmx jd" is;
Wu;= ùulg fyda¦ mdmqfK" meñfKkafka h'
zzrdcf;d jd Wmii..x
wLNlLdkx j odreKx
mßlLhx j [d;Skx
fNd.dkx j mNX.=rxZZ
mod¾:(-
rdcf;d" rcqkaf.ka jk¦ Wmii..x jd" oKavkhlg mSvkhlg fyda¦ odreKx"
oreKq¦ wnnlLdkx jd" wmrdO fpdaokdj,g fyda¦ [d;Skx" [;Ska¦ mßlLhx jd"
wysñ ùulg fyda¦ fNd.dkx jd" NjfNda. iïm;aj,¦ mNX.=rx" úkdYhlg fyda
meñfKkafka h'
202
zzw: jdii w.drdks
w..s vy;s mdjfld
ldhii fNod ÿmmf[[d
ksrhx fid Wmmcc;s ZZ
mod¾:(-
w: jd" tfia ke;fyd;a¦ wii" Tyqf.a¦ w.drdks" f.j,a¦ mdjfld w..s" reÿre
.skak¦ vy;s" ojhs" wjidkfha¦ fid ÿmmf[[d" ta wkqjKhd¦ ldhiifNod" urKska
u;=¦ ksrhx Wmmcc;s" ksrfhys Wm§'
újrKh(-
ish,a, fmrl< l¾ufhka u isÿ fõ hhs b.ekaùula nqÿoyfï ke;' wmg
isÿfjk úm;a W;= kshdu" îc kshdu" Ñ;; kshdu" luu kshdu" Ouu kshdu" hk
kshdu O¾u mylg wkqj isÿúh yels h' l¾uh ta mfyka tlla muKs' fuhska
nyq,j ÿla ú`Èkakg isÿfjkafka l¾u kshduh;a" wdfõ.YS,S ùï" wdÈfhka is;wjq,a
ùfï Ñ;a; kshduh;a ksid h'
ienE wysxilhkag ysxid lsÍu ksid flfkl=g ,eìh yels úmdl oyhla
fuys ±lafõ' ta wkqj wm Ôú;fha ú`Èk ÿla lïlfgd¿ j,ska iEfyk m%udKhla
fun`ÿ fmr l< l¾u ksid isÿfjk nj is;Sug isÿfõ' th yßhgu ks.ukh l<
yelafla pq;+mmd; fyj;a ÈníplaLq [dKh we;s W;=ukag h' tfy;a úòjk wdldrh
wkqj wmg o hï;dla ÿrlg is;d.; yels h'
5'5'3'8 isjqre yeò fmrjQ muKlska NsCIqjla fkdfõ'
ieje;a kqjrjeis tla flf<ôfhla ish ìßh l¿ßh l< l,ays meúÈ úh' Tyq
meúÈ jk úg ;u wdjdihg uq¿;ekaf.g wjYH nvq ndysrdÈh fukau Whk msyk
WmlrK wdydr øjHh mjd /ia lr ;nd odihka ,jd wyr msijd j<òñka jdih
lrkakg úh' isjqre msßlro ojig lSmjrla u .sys f.or § fuka udre lrñka y`Èhs
fmdrjhs' tksid Èkm;d fidaod fõ,k isjqre weò we;sß,s wdÈh fndfyda h'
Èkla úydr pdßldfõ jäk NsCIQka jykafia fufia fidaod fõf,kakg oud
;snQ isjqre msßlr ±l fu;rï isjqre msßlr ldf.a ±hs úuiQ úg ish,a, u fï tl u
NsCIqjlf.a nj ±k ta nj nqÿrcdKka jykafiag okajk ,§' ta NsCIqj leòjd fï
mqj; ienEjla ±hs úuiQy' th ienEhhs lS l,ays ud fu;rï w,afmaÉP;dj ms<snò
oyï foioa§ fufia nyq NdKaäl jqfha uka±hs weiQy' thska lsmqKq ta NsCIQka jykafia
tfia kï ug bkakg lshkafka fufia±hs lshñka nqÿrÿka bÈßfha u fmdrjd isá
isjqr ìu fy<S h' ta NsCIqj l< ls%hdj fy,d ÿgq nqÿrcdKka jykafia wo fï nqÿ
iiqfka meúÈj isõmsßi ueo isjqr ìu fy,d ú<sìh ke;sj yeisfrk Tn fmroji
203
Èh rl=fil= ù jir fod<yla u foaj O¾uh fyj;a ,eÊcd Nh fol okakd flfkl=
fidhñka isáhd fkdfõ±hs lshd foaj O¾u cd;lh jod<y'
wk;=rej Tn w,afmaÉP hhs lshd isõ msßi ueo lf<a whq;= ls%hdjls' ye`§ï
fmrùïj,ska f;dr Y%uKfhd;a isá;s' tfy;a tmuKlska Y%uKfhl= fkdjkafka
hhs jodrd mq¾jdmr ikaê .<md fï .d:dfjka oyï foiq fial'
zzk k..pßhd k cgd k m`Xld

kd kdild :Kä, idhsld jd
rfcdp c,,x Wll=álmmOdkx
fidfOk;s uppx wú;sKK l`XLx ZZ
mod¾:(-
k..pßhd" ksjk fyda mdßY=oaêh leue;af;ka k.akj fyj;a ks.KaG
;mialï l<;a¦ k cgd" cgdOr ;jqfila jqj;a¦ k m`Xld" o;a fkdueo we`. uv ;jrd
;mia lï l<;a¦ k wkdild" wyr fkdj<òd ;mia lï l<;a¦ :Kä,idhsld ìu
,.sk ;mia lï l<;a¦ Wll=álmmOdkx" Wlal=álj ys`Èñka fjr jvk ;mialï
l<;a fï lsisjlska¦ wú;sKKlXLx" fidajdka ud¾.fhka ielhj;a fkdkeiq¦ uppx"
ñksid¦ k fidfOk;s" mdßY=oaêhg m;a fkdjkafkah'
újrKh(-
fuys tod iudcfha mej;s ;mia p¾hd y;la lshfõ' fï ish,a, ksire h'
wú;sKKlXLx hkq ielh ÿre fkdl< hk woyihs' úÑlsÉPdj ÿrejkafka fidajdka
ud¾.fhks' ta wkqj fï lsisjlska fidajdka ud¾.fhka j;a ,efnk mdßY=oaê
fkd,efí hk woyihs'
5'5'3'9 wyfia § msßksjka mE ry;ka jykafia'

ika;;s weu;sjrhd fldfid,a rc;=udf.a n, iïmkak wdud;H jrfhls'
jrla mi,a okõjl we;s jQ le/,a,la ika is`ÿùu ksid w;sYhska i;=gg m;a rc;=ud
Tyqg i;a ojilg rdcHh o mjrd Tyqg úfkdao ùug b;d oCI ks<shlao ÿkafka h'
i;a ojila u iqrdfjka u;aj úfkdaofhka .; l< Tyq i;ajk Èk we;=msáka kdk
f;dgg hk w;r uy u. ms`vq msKsi jäk nqÿ rÿka ±l iqrd u;ska we;=msg ysò
f.ku nqÿrÿkag ysi kud .sfha h' nqÿrcdKka jykafia iskd my< l<y' ta uka±hs
wk| f;reka weiQ úg wdkkaoh fï weu;sjrhd wo Th i¿ wNrK msáka u ud fj;
meñK i;r mo .d:djlska nK wid ry;aj wyfia ysò u msßksjkamdkafka hhs
jod<y'
nqÿrÿkaf.a fï m%ldYh wi, jQ ñksiqkag weiqKs' th weiQ ñ:Hd oDIaálfhda
fï f.!;uhka jykafia lgg wdjla lsh;s' iqrdu;ska isák fï weu;sjrhd
204
i¾jdNrKfhka ieriS isáh § ry;a jkafka flfia o@ wo Wkajykafiaf.a m%ldYh
fndre jk yeá n,uqhs is;+y' iuHla oDIaálfhda wo nqÿrÿkaf.a uydkqNdj n,h
fld;rï ±hs n,uqhs is;+y'
ika;;s weu;s jrhd o tod Wfoajrej u c, lS%vd fldg Whkg f.dia

u;ameka yf,ys yqkafka h' Tyqf.a ks<sh o msßia ueo kD;H .S;dÈh olajkakg jQjd
h' YÍrfha rx.,S,dj ±laùfï myiqj iòyd i;a ojila u w,amdydrj isá weh tod
kegqfuka wêlj fjfyiùu ksid l=i .skak ±ä ù yDoh jia;=j wlS%h ù oEia uqj
újrj weojeà t;eku u<d h' ta ÿgq ika;;s weu;shdg uy;a fYdalhla we;s úh'
iqrdu; is`§ .sfha h' fidalh ord.; fkdyelsjQ fyf;u ijia jrefõ nqÿrÿka fj;
f.dia jeò iajdóks" uu uy;a fYdalhg m;aj isáñ' ug ms<sirK jkq uekejehs
lSh' túg nqÿrcdKka jykafia wud;Hh" Tn fï ia;s%hf.a urKh ksid u ye`vQ
l`ÿ¿ isõ uyd ihqrg;a jvd jeä hhs jod<y' tu foaYkdj wjidkfha ika;;s uyd
ud;Hjrhd ry;a njg m;a úh' wk;=rej ;udf.a wdhqI m%udKh ne¨ t;=udg Ôj;a
ùug jeä ld,hla ke;s nj ±l nqÿrÿka jeò msßksjka mEug wjir me;+y' ñ:Hd
oDIaálhkaf.a ÿ¾u; ÿreùug;a iuHla oDIaálhkaf.a Y%oaOdj jeä ùug;a fuh
wjia:djla jk nj ÿgq nqÿrcdKka jykafia wyfia isg Tn fmr l< l¾uh úia;r
lrkakehs jod<y' tieKska wyig mek ke`.=Kq ika;;s ry;ka jykafia tys§ u
nqÿka jeò wyfia m,la neòf.k ;ud fmr l< ta uyd mqKH l¾uh úia;r lf<a h'
t;=ud Bg l,am wkq tllg fmr úmiaiS nqÿrÿka iufha nkaOqu;S kqjr bmso
isáfha h' lsisfjl=g ysxidjla mSvdjla ke;s /lshdjla fijQ Tyqg O¾u f>daIl l¾uh
fyj;a ñksiqka O¾uhg fhduq lsÍfï ls%hdj mgka .;af;a h' ±ka Tyq uyckhd ueog
f.dia uu fmdfydh Èkj, fmfyjia iudoka fjñ' oka foñ nK wiñ Tn;a tfia
lrkak nqÿka oyï i`.=ka yer fjk;a r;akhla ke;' ;=Kqrejkag i;aldr lrkakehs
f>daId lrñka hhs'
Tyq fï lrk ls%hdj .ek weiQ ukaOqu;S rcq meye§ Tng fuh md.ukska
f.dia l< fkdyels h' wiq msáka hkakhs lshd wYajhl=;a m<`Èkakg u,a oula
ÿkafka h' fufia ld,hla .sh úg rc;=ud wYajhka isõ fofkl= fhÿ r:hla o ;j;a
l,l§ tla wef;la o ÿkafka h' fufia fyf;u we;=msáka hñka wjqreÿ wiQoyila
Ou– f>dIl lu lf<a h'
fï úia;rh l< wud;Hjrhd tod isg fï olajd uf.a lfhka i`ÿka iqjò
yuhs uqfjka uyfk,a u,a iqjò yuhs fï ud fmr l< uyd msxlï hhs lshd wyfia
ysòf.k u f;afcda Od;= iudm;a;shg iuje§ msßksjka mEfõ h' Tyqf.a isrer
wyfia§ u ±ù Od;= muKla b;sß úh' nqÿrcdKka jykafia tu Od;= iqÿ jia;%hlg
f.k ia:Qmhla lrjQy'
205
oï iNdjg /ia jQ NsCIQka jykafia,d w;r .eg¿jla we;súh' ika;;s
wud;Hjrhd i¾jdNrKfhka ieriS isáh§ u ry;aj msßksjka mEfõh' t;=udg lsh
hq;af;a Y%uKfhla lshdo n%dyauKfhla lshd o hkak tu .eg¿jhs' th ±k.;a nqÿ
rcdKka jykafia uf.a mq;= .sys jqj;a meúÈ jqj;a Y%uKfhl= hhs lSug jà hhs jodrd
fï .d:dfjka oyï foiQy'
zzw,Xlf;d fpZms iux pfrhH

ifk;d ofk;d kshf;d n%yupdÍ
ifnniq N+f;iq ksOdh oKvx
fid n%dyufKd fid iufKd i NslLqZZ
mod¾:(-
w,Xlf;d wms" .sys jia;%dNrK wdÈfhka ieriqKq flfkla jqj o¦ fp" bÈka"
iuxpfrhH" úIu ldh ÿYapß; jd.a ÿYapß;dÈfhka f;drj iufia yeisfrkafka
fõo¦ ifk;d" rd.d§ flf,ia ikais`ÿùfuka hqla; fõo¦ ofk;d" bkaøsh oukfhka
hqla; fõ o¦ kshf;d" i;r u. m,hkag meñK ks¾jdKdjfndaOh ksh; jQfõ
fõo¦ n%yupdÍ" lduhkaf.aka fjka jQ fYa%IaG p¾hdfjka hqla; fõo¦ ifnniq N+f;iq
ksOdh oKvx" ish¨ i;ajhka flfrys ysxidfjka f;drj o`vq mfil Æ¦ fid" tn`ÿ
mqoa.,hdg mdmh neyer l< fyhska n%dyuK hhs o" mdmhka iukh l< fyhska
Y%uKhhs o flf<ia ìò ±uQ fyhska NsCIqj hhs lsj hq;= h'
újrKh(-
fuu O¾u foaYkdj nqoaO O¾ufha tk iqùfYaIS ;ekls' .sysfhl=g
Y%uKfhla h' NsCIqjlahhs lsj yels o hkak to;a .eg¿jla úh' tys§ nqÿrcdKka
jykafia jodrkafka ry;ka jykafia flfkla iïnkaOj l;d lsÍfï§ Tyq fudk
we`ÿñka ieriS isáh;a ta ish,a, wNsnjd ish¨ kqiqÿiq lï wNsnjd NsCIqjla fyda
Y%uKfhl= ùug tlu m%ñ;sh kï ry;a nj j.hs' odreÖßh ;jqid ry;aj msßksjka
mEfõ o ßámÜgdj,ska ;ekQ jia;%hla weòf.k h' fï fofokdf.a u Od;= mQcd nqÿrÿka
úiska u isÿ lrk ,oafoa h' fuys iòyka jk ifk;d" ofk;d" kshf;d n%yaupdÍ hk
.=K mo j,ska ye`Èkafjkafka ry;ka jykafia h'
5'5'3'10 ,eÊcdfjka mdmh ÿr,kakd'
Èkla wko f;rKqfjda frÈlvla yeò ln,la w;skaf.k is`.ufka hk

orefjl= ±l Tng fufia Ôj;a jkjdg jvd meúÈ jqfkd;a fydò fka±hs weiQy'
iajdóks" ud meúÈ lrkafka ljq±hs orejd weiQ úg uu Tn meúÈ lrkafkñhs lshd
wko ysñfhda Tyq leòjdf.k f.dia kdjd lugyka § meúÈ lrjQy' tfy;a fyf;u
;ud weòf.k wd frÈlv;a ln,;a bj; ±uqfõ ke;' th .ia fon,l ròjd ;eî h'
206
meúÈ Wmiïmodj ,enQ Wkajykafia ±ka nqÿrÿkag ,efnk ,dN i;aldr
N+la;s ú`§" w.kd isjqre y`§" fmdrjhs" YÍrh;a mqIaáu;a h' fufia ys`Èk Wkajykafiag
meúÈ Ôú;h .ek l<lsÍula o we;s ù ud flfia ñksiqka Y%oaOdfjka fok foa
yeò fmdrjdf.k weúÈkafka o kej;;a iqmqreÿ mßÈ frÈlv u weòf.k is`.uka
hÈñka Ôj;a fjñ hs is;d frÈlv yd ln, ;sfhk ;ekg .sfha h' th w;gf.k
l,amkdjg jegqKq Wkajykafia" ,eÊcd" Nh ke;s ;eke;a;" Tn fu;rï W;=ï
jia;%hla yeòfmdrjd isák Ôú;h yeroud h,s;a ln,la f.k is`.ufka hkakg
ierfikafka±hs ;udg ;ud u fodia lshd.;af;a h' thska Wkajykafiaf.a is;
kej;;a ikaiqka úh' frÈlv;a ln,;a ;snqKq ;ek u ;nd wdmiq wdfõ h'
Èk lSmhlska kej;;a ta l<lsÍu u;=úh' frÈlv;a ln,;a ;sfnk ;ekg

.shúg fmrfia u ;udg ;ud u fodia k.d .ksñka wdmiq wdfõ h' ±ka fuh fufia
ks;r ks;r isÿfõ' tfia hk tk úg Tn fldys .sfha±hs NsCIQyq úui;s' túg uu
.=rejrhd fj; .sfhñhs Wkajykafia ms<s;=re fohs' fufia hñka tñka isg wka;sfï§
ta frÈlv u wruqKq lrf.k ldu ixl,am uev,d úoiqka jvd fkdfnda Èklska
ry;anjg m;a jQy' t;eka isg Wkajykafia msf,da;sl f;r kñka m%lg úh' ±ka
Wkajykafia .i ,`.g .sh .uk kej;S we;' weje;aks .=re;=ud yuqùug hkafk
keoa±hs NsCIQyq úui;s' weje;aks .=rejrhd iu`. we¿ï lï ;snqKq ld,fha .sfhñ' ±ka
ta ish¨ ne`§ï is`§ f.dia h' ±ka ug tys .ukla ke;ehs lSy' NsCIQka jykafia,d fï
msf,da;sl f;rKqfjda ;ud ry;a hhs lshd .ks;shs nqÿrÿkag ±kajQy' túg Wkajyfia
ud mq;= .=rejrhd iu. we¿ï ;snqKq ld,fha tys .sfha h' ±ka ish¨ ne`§ï ÿre lr
we;' ;ukaf.a wl=i, ú;¾l ;ud u ,eÊcdfjka uevf.k ry;a njg m;ajQfha hhs
zzysÍ ksfifOd mqßfid

fldÑ f,dliñx úcc;s
fhd kskaox wmfndO;s
wfiid Nfød lidñ jZZ
mod¾:(-
lid" limyßka¦ ^,eÊcd jk& Nfød wfiid bj" jeo.;a wYajfhl= fuka¦
fhd" hfula¦ kskaox" kskaodj fyj;a kskaokSh wl=i, woyia¦ wmfndO;s" ish is;ska
u. yrjd ,hso ke;fyd;a tn`ÿ wl=i, woyiaj, fodia olS o¦ ysÍ ksfifOd¦ tfia
,eÊcdfjka wl=i,a ÿre lrk¦ mqßfid" mqreIfhla¦ f,dliñx" f,dalfhys ^ñksiqka
w;r& fldÑ úcc;s" my<jkafka l,d;=rlska flfkls'
207
zzwfiid h:d Nfød lidksúfgGd
wd;dmsfkd ixfj.sfkd Njd:
ioOdh iSf,k p úßfhk p
iudêkd Ouu úkspPfhk p
iumkk úccdprKd m;sii;d
myii: ÿlLñox wkmmlxZZ
mod¾:(-
lid" lifhka¦ kssúfgGd" myr,;a¦ Nfød wfiid h:d jeo.;a wYajfhl=
fuka¦ wd;dmsfkd Nj:" flf,ia ;jk úßh we;af;da jkak¦ ixfõ.sfkd Nj:"
iir l<lsrefkda jkak¦ ioOdh" Y%oaOdfjkao¦ iSf,k p" iS,fhka o¦ iudêkd"
iudêfhka o¦ Ouu úkspPfhk p" O¾u úksYaph lrk úo¾Ykd [dKfhka o hqla;j¦
iumkkúccdprKd" wIagúoHd yd mif<diaprKfhka iïmQ¾Kj¦ m;sii;d" isys
we;sj¦ wkmmlx" iq¿ mgq fkdjk¦ box ÿlLx" fï iir ÿl¦ mNii:" ÿrelrkafkah'
újrKh(-
ioaOd" l=i,a is;l ;ud yd fhfok fiiq ffp;isl fyj;a is;=ú,s" myojk
m%Odk;u l=i, ffp;islhls' th fohdldr h' ;=Kqrejka flfrys is; meye§fï
isg f,!lsl l=i, is;aj, my, jkafka f,!lsl Y%oaOdjhs' ud¾. M, is;aj, fhfok
Y%oaOdj taldka;fhka lSj;a wruqfKys u is; myojk fyhska f,daflda;a;r Y%oaOdjhs'
iS, hkq m%d;sfudCI ixjr¦ bkaøh ixjr¦ m%;H ixksYs%;¦ wdÔj mdßY=oaë hk
i;r ixjr YS,hhs'
úßh hkq l=i, is; ffO¾hu;a lrñka my, jk úßh ffp;islhhs'
iudê hkq rEmdjpr OHdk i;r;a wrEmdjpr OHdk i;r;a hk wIag

iudm;a;sfhka is; iudê .; lsÍuhs'
Oïu úksÉPh hkq fuh l=i,a h wl=i,a h jro h ksjrÈ o l< hq;= h'
fkdl< hq;= h hkd§ jYfhka we;sjk l=i,d l=i, úksYaph;a wks;H ÿlaL wkd;au
jYfhka úo¾Ykdfjka ixialdr O¾uhka ms<snò j lrk úksYaph;a h' ta wkqj
úo¾Ykd {dkh O¾u úksYaph kï fõ'
úoHd" hkq úo¾Ykd [dK" ufkduh boê [dK boê úO [dK" Ènnfid;
[dK" mrÑ;a; úcdkk [dK" mqfnn ksjdidkqii;s [dK" Ènn plLq [dK"
wdijlaLhd [dK hk wIagúO [dKhhs'
fuhska mqífí ksjdi" Èín plLq" wdijlLh hk ;=k ;s%úoHd kï fõ' tajd
f,daflda;a;rh'
208
5'5'3'11 i;a yeúßÈ úfha§ u ry;a jQ iqL idufKarhka jykafia'
ieje;a kqjr ießhq;a uy ry;ka jykafiaf.a Wmia:dhl l,hl uõ l=i

tla;rd mskaj;a l=udrfhla ms<sisò .;af;a h' ujg wmQre fod<ÿlla we;s úh' tkï
ießhq;a f;reka m%uqL mkaiShla NsCIQkag i;ri fyj;a ishela ri fNdack mQcdjla
msßkud ;ukq;a lidj;la yeòf.k wdik fl<jr ysò ta NsCIqkajykafia,df.ka
b;sßjk b`ÿ,a n;a wkqNj lsÍuhs' tu fod<ÿl tfia ikais`ÿjk ,§' bkamiq orejdf.a
ish¨ jeo.;a ux., wjia:dj, oka mqod" kï ;nk ojfia orejdg YsCIdmo iudoka
lrjk f,i o uj b,a,d isáhd h' ta orejd ms<sisò .;a ;eka mgka f.or fodr lsis`ÿ
ÿlla kï we;s fkdù h' ta ksidu Tyqg iqL l=udrhd hhs kï ;nk ,§'
i;a yeúßÈ úfha§ iqL l=udrhdg meúÈ ùfï wdYdjla we;s úh' ießhq;a uy
f;reka jykafiaf.a u wkaf;ajdislfhl= f,i l=urejd meúÈ lrjk ,§' meúÈ ù
wgfjks ojfia§ u uy f;reka iu`. ms`vq msKsi hk iqLidufKarhkag w;ru.§
c,jdylhka we, fõ,sj,ska Èh f.k hk wdldrh;a" B jvqjka B;, weoyßk ieá"
jvqjka ,S jl .id ßhila yok yeá ±l Tjqkag tfia l< yelskï ug uf.a is;
md,kh lr .; fkdyels±hs is;sú,a,la we;s úh' ta fudfydf;a u ;ud w; ;snQ uy
f;rekaf.a md isjqre Wkajykafiag u Ndr § wdmiq l=áhg jev is; oukh lsÍfuys
fhÿky' ießhq;a f;rKqfjda Wkajykafia fjkqfjka msKavmd;h /f.k wdy' ta
w;r by; lS lugyk u fufkys lrñka iqL idufKarhka jykafia ry;a njg
m;a jqy' fï wjia:d fõ ila foú`ÿ i;rjrï foújre iu`. wdrCIdjg meñKSu
idufKarhka ry;ajk ;=re br yò .uka kej;Su jeks m%d;syd¾h /ila isÿúh'
mKaä; j¾.fha mKaä; idufKarhka ry;a ùuo isÿ jQfha fï wdldrhg h' tod
foiq tu .d:dfjka u fuys§ o nqÿrcdKka jykafia idufKarfhka jykafiaf.a
lugyk w.h lrñka O¾u foaYkd l< fial'
zzWolx ys khk;s fk;;sld

Wiqldrd kuhk;s f;ckx
odrex kuhk;s ;pPld
w;;dkx ouhk;s iqnn;dZZ
mod¾:(-
fk;;sld" Èhd¿fjda fyj;a jdßlï lrefjd¦ Wolx" c,h¦ khk;s" we,
ud¾.fhka leu;s ;ekg f.k h;s¦ Wiqldrd" yS jvqfjda¦ f;ckx" B o`vq¦ kuhk;s"
wjYH mßÈ ku;s¦ ;pPld" jvqfjda¦ odrex kuhk;s" ±j ku;s¦ iqnn;d iqjpfhda
w;;dkx ouhk;s" ;ud oukh lr;s¦
209
újrK(-
jdßlï lrejka l`ÿ.eg lmd j,j,a mqrjd fõ,s neò ,S lòka wdÈfhka
wuqKq ;kd c,h ßis mßÈ ßis;ekg f.k hk fyhska Tjqka fk;a;sld kñka
y`ÿkajkq ,efí' f;ckx hkq ±j h' Wiqldrd hkq B;, yok jvqfjda h' Tjqyq ,S ;jd
B ;, iDcq lr;s weoyß;s' lpPld hkq jvqfjda h' Tjqyq ±j iDcq l<hq;= ;ek iDcq
lr;s' keúh hq;= ;ek kj;s' fï ish,a, iq¿ jev h' wudre u foh kï ;u is;
rd.d§ weoyer mdmfhka j<ld oukh lr .ekSu hs' th lrkafka iqjphka fyj;a
nqÿrÿkaf.a wjjdo wkqYdikd ms<sm`Èk fhda.Ska nj fuys iqnn;d hkafkka lshe fõ'
wNHdi
01' Oïu moh hkq l=uk whqrlska O¾uh myodfok .%ka:hla oehs WodyrK iys;j
meyeÈ,s lrkak'
02' fuys fh§ we;s Wmud tl;=jlska fmd;a msxpla ks¾udKh lrkak'
03' oKav j.a.fhka lshfjk O¾u ldrKd WodyrK iys;j meyeÈ,s lrkak'
04' oKav j.a.h weiqßka O¾u foaYkdjla ks¾udKh lrkak'
210
fn!oaO o¾Ykh fyj;a úo¾Ykdj
ksjk wjfndaO lr.ekSfï w;HdjYH m%;smodj nqÿ oyu ;=< oelafjkafka

wkqmQ¾j YslaIdj fyj;a ;s%YslaIdj kñka h' tu ;%sYslAIdj iïmQ¾K lr .ekSfï§
Ndjkdjg ysñjkafka iqúfYaIs ia:dkhls' nqoaO foaYkdjg wkqj Ndjkdj ms<snòj
uQ,sl m%fNao folla olajd we;' iu: Ndjkdj yd úmiaikd Ndjkdj f,i tajd
kï flf¾' isf;a úisreKq iajNdjh fjkqjg is; ;=< iudêu;a njla we;s lsÍug
iu: Ndjkdj jeäh hq;= h' isf;a mj;akd wúoHdj ÿrelr m%{dj j¾Okh lsÍug
úmiaikd Ndjkdj jeäh hq;= h'
nqÿ rcdKkajykafia ksjk wjfndaO lr.ekSug foaYkd l< wkqmQ¾j YslaIK

l%ufha uQ,sl mshjr ;=kla oelafõ' iS," iudê" m%{d f,i tajd kï flf¾' m<uq
mshjr iS,hjk w;r" zzldh jdpdkx ifudOdkx iS,xZZ hk mdGhg wkqj lh" jpk
fofla ixjrNdjh iS,h nj tys ir, w¾:hhs' ta iòyd ldhslj yd jdpislj isÿ
lrk wl=i,aj,ska je,lS isàu;a wkq.ukh l<hq;= ldhsl yd jdpisl l=i,fha
fh§u;a wjYH fõ' th jdß;% iS,h yd pdß;% iS,h f,i ye`Èkafõ' fï iS,h
wd¾h ldka; iS,hla olajd j¾Okh lr .ekSu ksjk wfmalaId lrkafkl= úiska
l<hq;= fõ'
fojeks mshjr iudêh fõ' zzl=i, Ñ;;ii tl..;d iudêZZ hk mdGhg wkqj
l=i,a isf;a tl`. nj" ;ekam;a nj" wruqfKysu mj;akd nj iudêh f,i oelafõ'
pß;dkql+,j ,nd.kakd iui;<sia l¾uia:dk w;ßka ;udg WÑ; l¾uia:dkh
fyj;a Ndjkd wruqK wkqj jeäl,la is; tl wruqKl ;nd .ekSfuka fï iudêh
we;s lr.; yels h' th iu: Ndjkdj ;=<ska ilia lr.; hq;= h' iu: Ndjkdj
ms<snòj m%udKj;a wjfndaOhla 4 jir ;%smsgl O¾uh fm< fmdf;a we;=<;a iu:
Ndjkdj mdvfuka Tn fï jk úg;a ,ndf.k we;' tu ksid fuu mdvfuka
úmiaikd Ndjkdj ms<snò m%udKj;a wjfndaOhla Tng ,nd.; yelsjkq we;'
wkqmQ¾j YslaIK l%ufha f;jeks mshjr m%{djhs' zzl=i, Ñ;; iumhq;;

úmiikd [dKx m[[dZZ hk mdGfhka meyeÈ,s lrkafka l=i,a is; yd fhÿKq
úmiaikd [dKh m%{dj nj h' fuu mdGfha tk úmiaikd hkq l=ula o@
zzwksppdÈjfik úúfOys wdldfrys mii;S;s úmiikdZZ hk mdGhg wkqj wks;HdÈ
jYfhka úfYaIfldg" úúOdldrfhka oelSu úmiaikdjhs' wks;H" ÿlaL" wkd;au
jYfhka úfYaIfhka n,kafka l=ula o hkak B<`.g we;s m%Yakhhs' rEm" fõokd"
ix{d" ixldr" ú[a[dK hk mxpialkaO f,dalh tfia wksÉpd§ jYfhka ne,Su
fuhska w¾: .ekafjhs'
211
zzbuiñx fhj LHduuf;; lf<nfr f,dlx p m[[fmñZZ hk mdGhg
wkqj by; oela jQ mxpialkaOhu f,dalh f,i nqÿ rcdKkajykafia mKjd
jod<y' fï ms<snò wks;H f,i ÿlaL f,i yd wkd;au f,i úoiqka kqjKska
oelSu úmiaikdjhs' fï ksid wúÊcdj ÿre ù m%{dj my< fõ' wkqmQ¾j YslaIK
l%ufhA wjika mshjr jQ m%{dj - úo¾Ykd Ndjkdj ;=<ska j¾Okh l<hq;= nj bka
meyeÈ,s fõ'
nqÿrcdKkajykafia my< jQ Ndr;Sh iudch ;=< iS,h yd iudêh ms<snòj;a"

iS, m%;smodj yd iu: Ndjkdj ms<snòj;a m%udKd;aul fukau m%dfhda.sl wjfndaOhla
iys; od¾Ykslhska wd.ñl mQcljreka isá njg idlaIs iQ;% msglh ;=< we;=<;aj
we;' isÿy;a fndai;dKkajykafiaf.a wdpd¾hjreka jQ wd<drld,u iy Woaoldrdu
ta iòyd WodyrK folla muKs' Tjqka iu: Ndjkdfõ Wiiau m%;sM, ,nd ;sìKs'
iu: Ndjkdj nqÿ oyug iqúfYaIS fkdjk w;r th iuld,Sk Ndr;Sh iudcfha
meje;s nqÿ rcdKkajykafia o ms<s.;a l%uhls'
úmiaikd Ndjkdj nqÿ oyug iqúfYaIs jQjls' mxpialkaO ms<snòj ;%s,laIKh

wkqj .,mñka wks;H ÿlaL wkd;au f,i olsñka uu fkdfõ" uf.a fkdfõ" uf.a
wd;auh fkdfõ hk oelaula f.dv k`.d .ekSug th bjy,a fõ' ;ud ms<snòj;a"
mxpialkaO f,dalh ms<snòj;a iuia; f,dalh ms<snòj;a h:d[dK o¾Ykhla
f.dvke.Su ksjka wjfndaOhg w;HjYH fõ' f,!lsl m%{dfjka Tíng .sh
f,daflda;a;r m%{djla f.dvke.Su ;=<ska muKla ksjk wjfndaOjk w;r ta iòyd
we;s tlu u`. úmiaikd Ndjkdj f,i nqÿ oyu wjOdrKh lrhs' iu: Ndjkdj
iïuq;s i;H ;=< mj;akdfoa Ndjkd wruqKq jYfhka ;nd .ksñka ;djld,slj
flf,iqka m%ySK lsÍfï l%shdj,shls' úmiaikd Njkdj iïuq;s i;H yd mrud¾:
i;Hh hk folu ;=< mj;akd foa Ndjkd wruqKq jYfhka f.k iaÒrj u flf,ia
m%ySK lsrSfï l%shdj,shls'
nqÿ oyug wkqj f,dalfha mj;akd Ôj" wÔj" îú[a[dKl" wú[a[dKl&

ish,a, mrud¾: jYfhka i;r wdldr f,i olajhs' tajd y`ÿkajkafka Ñ;a; mrud¾:"
ffp;isl mrud¾:" rEm mrud¾: yd ks¾jdKh f,isks' fï i;r wdldr jQ mrud¾:
w;ßka Ñ;a; ffp;isl yd rEm hk ;=k ixL; O¾u f,i j¾. flf¾' ks¾jdKh
tlu wixL; O¾uhs' ixL; O¾u y`ÿkajkafka fya;= m%;H iujdhfhka yg.;a foa
hkqfjks'
wixL; jQ ksjk thg we;=<;a ke;' fya;= m%;H iujdhfhka yg.;a ixL;
O¾uj,g fmdÿ O¾u;d ;=kla fõ' zz;SKsudks NslLfj ixL;ii ixL; ,lLKdks
l;udks ;SKs' Wmmdfod m[[dh;s" jfhd m[[dh;s" À;ii w[[:;;x
m[[dh;sZZ hkqfjka oelafjk mdGh ;=< tu O¾u;d ;=k we;=<;a h' we;sùu"
ke;sùu yd fjkia fjñka mej;Su f,i ir,j th oelaúh yels h' idudkH
jHjydrfha mj;akd Wm; - Ôj;aùu - yd urKh f,i o woyia lrkafka fï
212
ixl,amh u fõ' ;%s,laIKh ixL; O¾uhkag fmdÿ jQ O¾u;djla f,i fmkajd
Èh yels h' fï ,laIK wkqj mxpialkaOh" f,dalh" úfYaI f,i oelSu úmiaikd
Ndjkdjhs' my; iòyka igyk fï ixl,am w;r mj;akd iïnkaO;dj uekúka
meyeÈ,s lrhs'
ixL; mrud¾: mxpialkaOh mxpialkaOfha úo¾Ykdj

O¾u m%Odk fn§u
rEm mrud¾:h rEmialkaOh rEmialkaOh wks;H
ÿlaL
ffp;isl fõokdialkaOh wkd;au f,i
mrud¾:h ix{dialkaOh úoiqka kqjKska
ixLdrialkaOh kduialkaOh oelSu
Ñ;a; mrud¾:h ú[a[dKialkaOh
flf,iaj,ska nr mqyqÿka f,dalhd mxpialkaOh we;=¿ f,dalh olskafka

h:d iajrEmfhka fkdfõ' wfhdaksfida ukisldrfhka hq;=j u[a[kdfjka fyj;a
úmrS; f,isks' túg ix{d úm,a,di we;s fõ' ix{d úm,a,di isjq jeoEreï h'
01' wksfpp ksppk;s i[[dúm,,dfid

02' wiqfN iqNk;s i[[dúm,,dfid
03' ÿfLL iqLk;s i[[dúm,,dfid
04' wkf;; wk;dks i[[dúm,,dfid
fï úmß; oelau ksid wks;H" wiqNh" ÿl iy wkd;au nj lsis Èkl jgyd

fkd.kakd mqyqÿka mqoa.,hd ish,a, ks;H f,i olS' iqN f,i olS' iem f,i olS'
iodl,a mj;sk fia olS' fï ksidu uu h' udf.a h' udf.a wd;auhh hk i;aldh
iu`. ne`ÿKq ;Kayd udk ÈÜÀ hk wl=i,a iys; o¾Ykhla we;s fõ' thska is; ;=<
mj;akd wúÊcdj ;j ;j;a fmdaIKh fõ' mxpkSjrK O¾u ;j ;j;a is; ;=< m%n,
fõ' wl=i, ils%h fõ' fuys m%;sM,h jkafka wmq[a[dNs ixLdr /ia lrñka ÿ.;shg
m;aùu h' ñÉPd ÈÜÀ.; ùu h' Njfhka Njhg .uka lsÍuhs'

úmiaikd Njkdj wks;H" ÿlaL" wkd;au ixl,am Tiafia mxpialkaO f,dalh
olskakg i,iajhs' wks;H wks;H f,ig o" ÿl ÿlla u f,ig o" wiqNh wiqNh
f,ig o" wkd;auh wkd;auh f,ig o h:dN+; [dK o¾Ykhla we;s lsÍug WmldÍ
fõ' tys m%;sM,h jkafka f,dj mj;akd ish,a, u mrud¾: O¾u iuQyhla muKla
nj;a" ta ksid u uu h" udf.a h" uf.a wd;auh fõ hkqfjka .;yels lsisjla fkdjk
213
nj ms<snò oelaula we;sùuhs' th ÈhqKq lr .ekSu ;=<ska wúÊcdj m%ySKh lrñka
m%{dj j¾Okh l< yels fõ' flf<ia ;=kSlr ksflf,ia ùug tu.ska bv ie,efia'

mqyqÿka mqoa.,fhl=f.a is; ;=< flf,ia l%shd;auljk wdldr ;=kla mj;S'
wkqih" mßhqÜGdk" ù;slalu f,i tu wjia:d kï flf¾' fuys Wmßu yd iudcuh
il%Sh wjia:dj ù;slalu f,i ye¢kafõ' ksodisà ^wkqih& wl=i,hka wjÈù is; ;=<
muKla l%shd;aul fjñka ^mßhqÜGdk& mj;S' thska o fkdkej;S' tu wl=i, is;=ú,s
YdÍßlj yd jdpislj l%shd;aul ùug mgka .kS' lhska iy jpkfhka wl=i,
isÿjkafka túg h' th mqoa.,hdg;a iudchg;a ydkslrhs' fï ù;slalu wjia:dj
hgm;a l< yelafla iS,fhks' iS,h ksid u;= ù il%Sh jQ flf,ia fyj;a wl=i,
ffp;isl ;ox. jYfhka ;djld,slj hgm;a fõ' mqoa.,hd ikaiqka fõ' tfy;a
is; ;=< muKla ;ju;a l%shd;aul fjñka mj;S' tu mßhqÜGdk wjia:dfõ mj;sk
;;a;ajh md,kh l<yelafla iu: Ndjkdfjka muKs' is; ;=< wl=i,a l%shd;aulj
mj;akd mßhqÜGdk wjia:dfõ uki ;=< wmuK wl=i, Ñ;a;ùÓ yg.kS' tajdhska
iir mqrd úmdl ,ndfok wl=i, l¾u fyj;a wmq[a[dNsixLdr /ia flf¾' iu:
Ndjkdjg is; iudê.; lsÍfï Yla;shla we;s neúka th iudê Ndjkdj f,i o
ye`Èka fõ'

ù;slalu yd mßhqÜGdk f,i l%shd;aul fkdjk flf,ia is; ;=,u ksod
isà' tfia isákafka wjÈ ùug wjia:dj meñfKk ;=re muKs' ta ksid iS,fhka
flfrk ;ox. m%ydKh yd iu:fhka flfrk úIalïNk m%ydKh ;djld,sl jQ
hgm;a lsÍula muKs' is; ;=< ksod isák wl=i,hka flf,ia uq,skqmqgd oeñh yels
kï kej; lsis Èkl mßhqÜGdk - ù;slalu fkdjkq we;' th l< yelafla m%{dj
ÈhqKq lsÍfuka muKs' f,daflda;a;r m%{dj ÈhqKq lsÍug úmiaikd Ndjkd bjy,a fõ'
fuh nqÿ rcdKkajykafia wkqoek jod< nqÿ oyug iqúfYaIS jQjls' wúÊcdj mj;sk
;=re wkqih jYfhka mj;sk flf<ia hgm;a l< fkdyels h' úmiaikd Ndjkdj
wks;Hd§ jYfhka f,dalh oelSu ksid h:d¾:h oelSug h:dN+; [dK o¾Ykhg iy
fhdaksfida ukisldrhg bv i,ihs' úmiaikd Ndjkdfjka m%{dj ÈhqKq lsÍfuka
wkqmQ¾j YslaIdfõ f;jeks mshjr iïmQ¾K fõ' ish¨ flf,ia iuqÉfþo jYfhka
m%ydKh fõ' ta wkqj ks¾jdK.dó m%;smodj iS,fhka yd iu:fhka muKla lsis
Èkl imqrd .; fkdyels h' iS,h u; msysgd iudêh;a" iudêh ;=<ska úmiaikdj;a
jeãfuka muKla ;%súO YslaIdj fyj;a ksjka u`. imqrd.; yels h' ta wkqj úmiaikd
Ndjkdj w;HjYH u mshjrla f,i ye`Èkaúh yels h' by; oelajQ iuia; woyi
my; oelafjk igykska Tng meyeÈ,s lr.; yelsjkq we;'
214
flf,ia ;%sYslaIdj flf,ia ms<smeÈh fuf,dj iir m%;sM,
mj;sk m%ySKhjk hq;= ud¾.h ,efnk
wjia:dj wdldrh m%;sM,
wkqih m%{d iuqÉfþo úmiaikd ud¾. M, ks¾jdKdfndaOh

Ndjkd wjfndaOh
mßhqÜGdk iudê úIalïNk iu: Wmpdr - rEm - wrEm
Ndjkdj w¾mkd iudê m%;sikaê
ù;slalu iS, ;ox. iS,h uyd l=i,a ldu iq.;s
is;a we;s fõ m%;sikaê
úmiaikd Ndjkdj ;=<ska iuqÉfþojYfhka ish¨ flf,ia m%ySKh lr

wry;aNdjhg m;a W;=fuda foj¾.hla fj;s' iu:hdksl" úmiaikdhdksl f,i
tu W;=fuda kï flfr;s' iu: Ndjkdj ;=<ska kSjrK O¾u hgm;a fldg
is; iudê.;lr .ekSfuka yd úmiaikd Ndjkdfjka flf,ia iuqÉfþo f,i
m%ySKh lrñka wúÊcdj kid f,daflda;r m%{dj jeãfuka wry;a Ndjhg m;a
jQ W;=ud iu:hdksl kï fõ' isõms<sisôhd ,eîu" wNs{d,dNSùu jeks w;sf¾l
[dKhka ÈhqKqlr .ekSug o iu:hdksl ry;ka jykafiag wjia:dj ie,fia'
úmiaikhdkslhd hkq iu:fhka f;drj úo¾Ykdfjka muKla iudêh yd m%{dj
ÈhqKqlr flf<ia ;jk ,o ry;kajykafia h' wjfndaO l< ksjk tlu jQj o
w;sf¾l [dK ,eîug úmiaidkdhdkslhka jykafiag wjia:djla fkd,efí'
Wkajykafia Y=Ial úo¾Yl ry;kajykafia f,i o y`ÿkajhs' plaLqmd, uyry;ka
jykafia ta iòyd WodyrKhls' ixialdr O¾uhka jyd jyd we;sj ke;sjk neúka
wks;H fõ' kej; kej; is; fm<k neúka ÿla fõ' ;ukag leu;s fia u ji`.
fha fkdmj;sk neúka wkd;au fõ hk uQ,sl is;=ú,s u; úmiaikd Ndjkdj jeäh
hq;= h'
úmiaikd Ndjkdfõ Wiiau M,h jkafka ksremêfiai ks¾jdKhhs' thg
fmrd;=j fidamêfYaI ks¾jdK Od;=j;a¦ f,daflda;r m%{dj;a ,nd .ekSug yels h'
úmiaikd Ndjkdfjka f,!lsl jYfhka ,eìh yels m%;sM, lsysmhla my; m< fõ'
² crdjg m;aùu iajNdúl nj wjfndaO lr.; yelsùu'

² urKhg m;aùu iajNdúl nj wjfndaO lr.; yelsùu'
² Ôú;h ieuod tlf,i is;k m;k wdldrfhka fkdmj;sk nj'
² fN!;sl iïm;a ish,a, o ksrka;rj úmßKdu O¾u;djg hg;a nj'
² wgf,da oyug uqyqK §ug isÿjk nj'
² fï ;;a;ajhka wjfndaOfldgf.k ffoksl Ôú;h l<ukdlrKh lr.ksñka
l=i,hg fhduqjqKq Ôú;hla f.dvk.d .ekSu'
215
wNHdi
01' úmiaikd Ndjkdfjka ,efnk Wiiau M,h l=ula o@
02' úmiaikd Ndjkdj mq[a[Ndjkd f,i o ye¢ka fõ' thg fya;= ljf¾ o@
03' mßhqÜGdk wjia:dfõ flf,iaj, iajNdjh l=ula o@
04' úmiaikd Ndjkdfhka ffoksl Ôú;hg ,o yels wdo¾Y ljf¾ o@
05' ;%sYslaIdj yd úmiaikd Ndjkdj w;r we;s inò;dj fmkajdfokak'
06' ixL; mrud¾: O¾u yd mxpialkaOh w;r we;s inò;dj fmkajdfokak'
07' iu: Ndjkdj yd úo¾Ykd Ndjkdj w;r uQ,sl fjkialu fmkajdfokak'
216
isysfha isjqfldK
î;smÜGdkh&
uyd i;smÜGdk iQ;%h §> ksldfha oykj jeks iQ;%h f,ig;a i;smÜGdk
iQ;%h uÊ¯u ksldfha uQ, mKaKdilfha oijeks iQ;%h f,ig;a iQ;% folla olakg
we;' óg wu;rj ixhqla; ksldfha uydj.a.fha i;smÜGdk ixhqla;fha tk iQ;%h
oyhl u i;r i;smÜGdkh ms<sn| j i|yka fõ' ixhq;a; ksldfha ;j;a iQ;%
.Kkdjl o i;r i;smÜGdkh ms<sn| j lreKq we;=<;a fõ'
uyd i;smÜGdk iQ;%h b;d §¾> foaYkdjla neúka th §> ksldhg

we;=<;aj we;' uÊ¯u ksldfha we;af;a uOHu m%udKfha iQ;%hls' Oïudkq miaikd
i;smÜGdkfha iÉpmính hgf;a we;=<;a jk p;=rd¾h i;H ms<sn| fldgi b;d
§¾> f,i¦ iúia;rd;aulj iy m%fNao iys;j §> ksldhg we;=<;a j we;' uÊ¯u
ksldfha tu fldgi b;d ixlafIamfhka" ye¢kaùula f,ig we;=<;a j we;' tA yer
wfkl=;a ishü lreKq iQ;% fofla§ u iudkj mj;S'
nqÿoyu fuys m%Odk Ndjkdl%u folla f,i iu:Ndjkdj iy úmiaikd

Ndjkdj olajd ;sfí' fï Ndjkd l%u folu i|yd Wmfhda.Sjk iQ;%hla f,i
i;smÜGdk iQ;%h ye¢kaúh yelsh' Ndjkdjg wÞ< jeo.;au iQ;%hla f,ig;a¦
fn!oaOhkaf.a f.!rjhg md;% jQ iQ;%hla f,ig;a fuh wfkl=;a iQ;% w;r b;d
jeo.;a ;ekla ysñlr .kS' f,dalfha we;eï fn!oaO rgj, fï iQ;%h weiqfrka
f.dvk.d .;a Ndjkd iïm%Þhka o olakg ,efí' nqreu rfÜ uyIs ihdfvda ysñhkaf.a
Ndjkd l%uh tA i|yd tla WÞyrKhla mu‚'
nqÿrcdKka jykafia fï i;smÜGdk iQ;%h foaYkd lsÍfuka wfmalaId lf<a

l=ula o hkak wm m<uqj jgyd .; hq;=h' l=rerg lïudiaioïu kï kshï .fï§
l< fï foaYkdfõ we;=<;a my; ±lafjk mdGh tu wfmalaIdjka meyeÈ,s lrkakls'
zztldhfkd whx NslLfj uf..d i;;dkx úiqoêhd fidlmßoojdkx

iu;slLudh¦ ÿlLfodukiidkx wF:.udh Øhii wê.udh¦ ksnndkii
ipýlsßhdh hÈox p;;dfrd i;smgGdkdZZ
i;a;ajhkaf.a msßisÿ nj ms‚i;a¦ fidal mßfoajhkaf.a blauùu ms‚i;a¦ ÿla

fÞïkia ikais÷ùu ms‚i;a¦ wd¾h wIagdx.sl ud¾.fha wê.uh ms‚i;a¦ jdKixLHd;
;DIaKdfjka kslaóu ms‚i;a tlu uÕ fï i;r i;smÜGdk Ndjkd f,i oelafõ'
ks¾jdKdjfndaOh i|yd tu uÕ yer fjk;a u.la ke;' ta ksid i;r i;smÜGdk
Ndjkd ms<sn| j m%udKj;a wjfndaOhla .sys meúÈ iEu flfkl=u ,ndf.k ;sìh
hq;= h' th fn!oaOhdf.a W;=ï mrud¾:h jQ ksjk wjfndaOhg fya;=jk neúks' i;r
217
i;smÜGdkh hkq ljrlao@ hk m%Yakhg o< ms<s;=r my; ±lafjk iQ;% mdGfha
wka;¾.; fõ'
1' bO NslLfj NslLq ldfh ldhdkqmiis úyr;s w;dms iumcdfkd i;sud úfkHh
f,dfl wNsc®d fodukiix'
2' fjokdiq fjokdkqmiis úyr;s wd;dms iumcdfkd i;sud úfkhH f,dfl
wNsc®d fodukiix'
3' Ñf;; Ñ;;dkqmiis úyr;s' wd;dms iumcdfkd i;sud úfkhH f,dfl
wNsc®d fodukiix'
4' Ofuuiq Ouudkqmiis úyr;s wd;dms iumcdfkd i;sud úfkhH f,dfl
wNsc®d fodukiix'
tu mdGh wkqj ldhdkqmiaikd" fõokdkqmiaikd" Ñ;a;dkqmiaikd"

Oïudkqmiaikd hkqfjka i;r i;smÜGdkh kï flf¾' —i;s˜ hkq isyshhs' —
mÜGdk˜ hkq ukdfldg msysgqùuhs' wkqmiaikd hkq zzwkqj iqúfYaIs f,i ne,SuhsZZ'
lfhys isysh ukdfldg msysgqjd lh wkqj iqúfYaISj iy i;sfhka hqla;j ne,Su
f,i th ±laúh yels h' tfia isysh msysgqúh hq;= ia:dk y;r i;smÜGdk iQ;%fha
±lafjkafka fufia h'
1' lh fyj;a isrer ^rEmldh& ms<sn| j isysh msysgqjd fufkys lsÍu'

2' úkaok fyj;a fõokd ms<sn| j isysh msysgqjd fufkys lsÍu'
3' isf;a we;sjk úúO is;=ú,s ms<sn| j isysh msysgqjd fufkys lsÍu'
4' is;g kef.k úúO O¾u;d ms<sn| j isysh msysgqjd fufkys lsÍu'
fï i;r ms<sn| j fufkys lsÍfï fhfok fhda.djprhd ;=< ;sìh hq;=

,laIK ;=kla by; lS mdGfha w;=<;a h' wd;dms fyj;a flf,ia ;jk ±ä ù¾h¦
thska m<uqjekakhs' iïud jdhdu hkqfjka ±lafjkafka o fï flf,ia ;jk
ù¾hfha wdldr i;rls' tu mdGfhau tk iïmcdfkda hkq kqj‚ka hqla; njhs'
th fojeks ,laIKhhs' i;sud hkq isysh we;a;dhs' î;s ud& fï ,laIK ;=k i;r
i;smÜGdkfha is; msysgqùug wjYH u wx.fõ' tys B<Õ M,h jkafka uu h udf.a
h hk wd;au oDIaá.;sl;ajh ksid mqoa.,hd ;=< we;sjkwNsÊ®d j fyj;a ±ä
f,daNh iy fodaukiai iajNdjh m%ySk ùuhs'
i;r i;smÜGdk Ndjkdj jeãu ksid mqoa.,hd ;=< f.dv kef.k ±lau
jkafka —hula wks;H o th ÿla iy.; h¦ hula ÿla iy.; o th wkd;au h¦ hula
wkd;au o th uu fkdfõ" uf.a fkdfõ" uf.a wd;auh fkfõ¦ hkakhs' ^hoksÉpx
;x ÿlaLx hx ÿlaLx ;ok;a;d hok;a;d fk;x uu¦ fkfidayuiañ¦ fkfidafï
w;a;d&ZZ fï o¾Ykh f,daflda;a;r m%×j ,nd .ekSug w;HjYHfõ' tA i|yd i;r
i;smÜGdkh úo¾Ykd Ndjkd jYfhka jeäh hq;= h'
218
i;r i;smÜGdkfha Ndjkd wruqKq ^l¾uia:dk& ixLHdj ms<sn| igyk'
i;smÜGdkh Ndjkd lugyka ixLHdj
ldhdkqmiaikdj 1' wdkdmdk mính
^Ndjkd wruqKq 14& 2' bßhdm: mính
3' p;=iïmc[a[ mính
4' málal+, ukisldr mính
5' Od;= ukisldr mính
6' kjiSjÓl mính ^kjiSjÓl mínfha Ndjkd wruqKq - ^6-14&
kjhls'
fõokdkqmiaikdj 15' iqL" ÿlaL WfmalaLd" idñi iqL" idñi ÿlaL" idñi WfmalaLd¦
^Ndjkd wruqKq 01& ksrdñi ÿlaL" ksrdñi iqL" ksrdñi WfmalaLd
Ñ;a;dkqmiaikdj 16' ird.-úrd.¦ ifÞi-ù;fÞi¦ ifuday-ù;fuday ixÅ;a;-úlaÅ;a;¦

^Ndjkd wruqKq 01& uy.a.;-wuy.a.;¦ iW;a;r-wkq;a;r¦ idudys;-widudys;¦
úuqla;-wúuqla;
Oïudkqmiaikdj 17' kSjrK mính 18' LkaO mính 19' wdh;k mính
^Ndjkd wruqKq 05& 20' fndÊ®x. mính 21' p;=iÉp mính
tu igykg wkqj ldhdkqmiaikd i;smÜGdkhg wÞ< jkakdjQ l¾uia:dk

;=ÿils' ldh f,i i,lk rEm iuQyh i;aj mqoa., wd;au hehs f.k wfhdaksfida
ukisldrfhka fyj;a kqkqjKska ne,Sfuka ks;H iqn iqL wd;au jYfhka ±lSfuka
uki ;=< flf,ia ke.S isà' fhdksfida ukisldrfhka wks;H wiqN ÿlaL wkd;au
jYfhka ±lSfuka th j,lajd .; hq;= h' tA i|yd by; ±lajQ ;=ÿia wdldr jQ Ndjkd
wruqKq Wmfhda.s lr .ksñka iu: úmiaikd Ndjkd jeãu l< hq;= h'
fõokdkq miaikdj o tla Ndjkd weruqKls' tu wruqK kqjKska fufkys

lsÍfï § uQ,sl jYfhka we;sjk ;=ka jeoEreï fõokdj yd kej; oi wdldrhlska
wks;HdÈ jYfhka n,kakdjQ úmiaikd ØKfhka hqla; jQ isysh fõokdkqmiaikd
i;smÜGdkhhs'
Ñ;a;dkqmiaikdj ;j;a Ndjkd wruqKls' ird. Ñ;a;dÈ jYfhka fidf<dia
wdldrhlska isf;a iajNdjh kqjKska i,ld n,kakd jQ [dKfhka hqla; jQ isysh
Ñ;a;dkqmiaikd i;smÜGdkhhs'
Oïudkqmiaikdj Ndjkd wruqKq mylska hqla; h' kSjrK" LJO" wdh;k
O¾u iaj¾. fudaCIhg ndOl jk wdldrh;a fndÊ®x. iy iÉp hk O¾uhka
ksjkg Wmldr jk wdldrh;a i,ld n,ñka isysh msysgqjd .ekSu Oïudkqmiaikd
i;smÜGdkhhs'
219
i;r i;smÜGdk Ndjkdjg wh;a l¾uia:dk fyj;a Ndjkd wruqK tlaúiai
iu: Ndjkd yd úmiaikd Ndjkd hk j¾. fol i|yd u fhdÞ.; yels h' tu
wruqK iïuq;s i;H ;=< muKla olsñka tAjdfha mj;akd iajNdjhka ms<sn|j
muKla is; fhduqlrñka is; iudê.; lsÍu iu:hg wh;a fõ' tu l¾uia:dkj,
we;sùu ke;sùu n,ñka" wks;H ÿlaL wkd;au f,i olsñka¦ WmdÞk fkdlr .ksñka
tu O¾u;d mrud¾: O¾u muKla f,i jgyd .eksu ;=<ska ØKh j¾Okh lsÍu
úmiaikdjg wh;afõ'
ldhdkqmiaikd i;smÜGdkh
ldh kï YÍrhhs' ms<sl=,a iy.; jQ flia" f,dï" ksh" o;a wdÈ fldÜGdihka
o plaLq frda." fida; frda. wd§ ish.Kka frda.hkag o W;am;a;s ia:dkjk neúka fï
YÍrh ldh kï fõ' tu lh wkqj kqjKska ne,Su ldhdkqmiaikdjhs' lfha iajNdjh
yd l%shdldß;ajh úmiaikd ØKfhka n,kafka flfia o hkak i;smÜGdk iQ;%fhka
meyeÈ,s flf¾' tA i|yd ldhdkqmiaikdj fldgia yhla f,ig;a" l¾uia:dk ;=ÿila
f,ig;a olajd we;' fuys zmínZ hkq mqrel hk woyi fohs'
01' wdkdmdk mính

mshjr y;rlska hqla;j yqiau by<g .ekSu yd my<g fy<Su ms<sn| j
Ndjkd wruqKla jYfhka fufkys lsÍu'
02' bßhdm: mính

mqoa.,hd úiska ks;r isÿlrk úúO bßhõ ms<sn| j Ndjkd wruqKla jYfhka
fufkys lsßu'
03' iïmc[a[mính
ish¨ lghq;=j,§ id;a:l iïmc[a[h¦ ^tajd w¾:j;a o& imamdh
iïmc[a[h¦ ^tajd ;udg .e,fma o& f.dapr iïmÊ[a[h¦ ^;ukaf.a lugyk fyda
uyKlug wod< o& wiïfuday iïmc[a[h¦ ûq,djlska f;drj flfrkafka o& hk
i;rdldr kqjKska fufkys lsÍu'
04' málal+,ukisldr mính

YÍrh ;=< we;s fo;sia l=Km fldÜGdihka f.a ms<sl=,a nj kqj‚ka fufkys
lsÍu'
05' Od;= ukisldr mính
YÍrh ;=< we;s úis jeoEreï mGúOd;=ka o fÞf<dia jeoEreï wdfmdaOd;=ka o"
i;r jeoEreï f;afcda Od;=ka o" ih jeoEreï jdfhda Od;=ka o ms<sn| j kqj‚ka
fufkys lsÍu'
06' kjiSjÓl mính
u< fudfydf;a isg wjia:d kjhl § uD; YÍrfha we;sjk ms<sl=,a iy.;
nj fufkys lsÍu ms<sn| l¾uia:dk kjh'
220
fï ;=ÿia wdldr jQ l¾uia:dk úmiaikd Ndjkdjlg fhdÞ .ekSfï § mshjr
kjhla wkqj kqj‚ka fufkys l< hq;= h'
1' b;s wc®;;x jd ldfh ldhdkqmiiS úyr;s'

2' nysoOd jd ldfh ldhdkqmiiS úyr;s'
3' wc®;; nysoOd jd ldfh ldhdkqmiis úyr;s'
4' iuqohOuudkqmiiS jd ldhiñx úyr;s'
5' jhOuudkqmiiS jd ldhiñx úyr;s'
6' iuqohjhOuudkqmiiS jd ldhiñx úyr;s'
7' wFÓ ldfhd;s jd mkii i;s mppqmgÀ;d fyd;s hdjfoj ØKu;;dh
m;sii;su;;dh'
8' wksiisfkd p úyr;s'
9' k p lsxÑ f,dfl WmdÈh;s'
fuu mshjr kjh úis tla jeoEreï l¾uia:dkhka iu. u fmdÿfõ

fhdod.efka' tu ksid tu Ndjkd wruqKq úmiaikd jYfhka fufkys lsÍfï § fï
kj jeoEreï kHdh wkqj .<md .; hq;= h' fuys ir, isxy, w¾:h fufia ±laúh
yels h'
1' ;udf.a lh" lh f,i fufkys lrñka jdih lrhs'

2' wkqkaf.a lh" lh f,i fufkys lrñka jdih lrhs'
3' ;ukaf.a iy wkqkaf.a lh" lh f,i fufkys lrñka jdih lrhs'
4' lfhys we;sùfï iajNdjh fufkys lrñka jdih lrhs'
5' lfhys ke;sùfï iajNdjh fufkys lrñka jdih lrhs'
6' jfrl lfhys we;sùfï iajNdjh o jfrl ke;sùfï iajNdjh o fufkys lrñka
jdih lrhs'
7' ;udg wdYajdi m%Yajdi lh we;af;a h" i;a;aj mqoa., wd§ lsisjla ke;af;a hehs
isys we;sj isà' ta isysh [dKfha yd i;sfha j¾Okh msKsi mj;S'
8' ;Kayd udk ÈÜÀ jYfhka lsisjla fkdf.k fkdwe,S jdih lrhs'
9' i;a;aj f,dalfhys rEmdÈ lsisjla wd;audÈ jYfhka .ekSula fkdlrhs'
fõokdkqmiaikd i;smÜGdkh
fõokd fyj;a úkaokhka f;jeoEreï f,i i;smÜGdk iQ;%fha ±lafõ'
i;=g okjk úkaok iqL fõokd jYfhka o¦ wi;=g okjk úkaok ÿlaLfõokd
jYfhka o uOHia: úkaok WfmalaLd fõokd jYfhka o tajd kï flf¾' fuu uQ,sl
fõokd ;=k yqÿ fõokd jYfhka o fN!;sl jia;+ka yd iïm;a uq,a ùfuka we;sjk
;Kaydj wkqj .sh fõokdj wdñi fõokd jYfhka o wOHd;añl lghq;= uq,a ùfuka
ksrdñi fõokd jYfhka o fufkys flf¾' tA wkqj fõokd i;smÜGdkh kj
jeoEreï fõ' tu fõokd kjh fufia ±lafõ'
221
1' iqL fjokd - iqj myiq ldhsl udkisl fõokd
2' ÿlL fjokd - ÿla iy.; ldhsl udkisl fõokd
3' WfmlLd fjokd - úfYaI iqjhla fyda ÿlla ke;s ueoy;a fõokd
4' idñi iqL fjokd - mialï .=K weiqfrka jk iqL fõokd
5' idñi ÿlL fjokd - mialï .=K weiqfrka jk ÿlaL fõokd
6' idñi WfmlLd fjokd - mialï .=K weiqfrka jk uOHia: fõokd
7' ksrdñi iqL fjokd - lduhkaf.ka fjkaùfuka jk iqL fõokd
8' ksrdñi ÿlL fjokd - lduhkaf.ka fjkaùu iu. jk ÿlaL fõokd
9' ksrdñi WfmlLd fjokd - lduhkaf.ka fjkaùu iu. jk ueoy;a fõokd
fuu fõokd wjia:d iy tajdfha iajNdjh wkqj fufkys lsÍfuka idudêh

jefâ' ldhdkq miaikd i;smÜGdkhg wÞ<j ±la jQ kj jeoEreï úmiaikd Ndjkd
l%uh wkqj fõokdj kqjKska fufkys lsÍfuka f,daflda;a;r m%×j lrd <Õdúh
yels h'
Ñ;a;dkqmiaikd i;smÜGdkh
Wm;ska m%Ndiajr jQ ^msßisÿ& is; iudch iuÕ lghq;= lsÍfï § ;Kayd udk
ÈÜÀ jYfhka flf,ia we;=¨ ùu ksid ls<sá fõ' isf;a we;sjk tu iajNdjhka yd
l%shdldß;ajhka ms<sn| j kqj‚ka wkqmiaikd lsÍu fyj;a fufkys lsÍu Ñ;a;dkq
miaikdjhs' is; tfia wkqmiaikd l< hq;= wdldr oyihla i;smÜGdk iQ;%fha
we;=<;a j we;'
1' ird.x jd Ñ;;x ird.x Ñ;;k;s mcdkd;s

rd. iys; jQ is; rd. iys; jQ is; hhs ±k.kS'
2' ù;rd.x jd Ñ;;x ù;rd.x Ñ;;k;ss mcdkd;s
rd.fhka f;dr jQ is; rd.fhka f;dr jQ is; hhs ±k.kS'
3' ifÞix jd Ñ;;x ifÞix Ñ;;k;ss mcdkd;s
oafõY iys; jQ is; oafõY iys; jQ is; hhs ±k.kS'
4' ù;fÞix jd Ñ;;x ù;fÞix Ñ;;k;s mcdkd;s
oafõY rys; jQ is; oafõY rys; jQ is; hhs ±k.kS'
5' ifudyx jd Ñ;;x ifudyx Ñ;;k;s mcdkd;s
fuday iys; jQ is; fuday iys; jQ is; hhs ±k.kS'
6' ù;fudyx jd Ñ;;x ù;fudyx Ñ;;k;s mcdkd;s
fuday rys; jQ is; fuday rys; jQ is; hhs ±k.kS'
7' ixÅ;;x jd Ñ;;x ixÅ;;x Ñ;;k;s mcdkd;s
ÒkñoaOfhka yel=¿Kd jQ is; yel=¿Kq is; hhs ±k.kS'
8' úlÅ;;x jd Ñ;;x úlÅ;;x Ñ;;k;s mcdkd;s
WoaOÉpfhka úlaIsma; ^úiqreKq& is; úiqreKq is; hhs ±k.kS'
222
9' uy..;x jd Ñ;;x uy..;x Ñ;;k;s mcdkd;s
rEmdZrEmdjpr uy.a.; is; uy.a.; is; hhs ±k.kS'
10' wuy..;x jd Ñ;;x wuy..;x Ñ;;k;s mcdkd;s
ldudjpr jQ wuy.a.; is; wuy.a.; is; hhs ±k.kS'
11' iW;;rx jd Ñ;;x iW;;r Ñ;;k;s mcdkd;s
iW;a;r fyj;a ldudjpr is; iW;a;r is; hhs ±k.kS'
12' wkq;;rx jd Ñ;;x wkq;;r Ñ;;k;s mcdkd;s
wkq;a;r fyj;a rEmdZrEmdjpr is; wkq;a;r is; hhs ±k.kS'
13' iudys;x jd Ñ;;x iudys; Ñ;;k;s mcdkd;s
Wmpdr w¾mKd iudëkaf.ka hq;a is; iudys; is; hhs ±k.kS'
14' wiudys;x jd Ñ;;x wiudys; Ñ;;k;s mcdkd;s
Wmpdr w¾mKd iudê rys; is; wiudys; is; hhs ±k.kS'
15' úuq;;x jd Ñ;;x úuq;;x Ñ;;k;s mcdkd;s
;oå. úIalïNk jYfhka úuqla; is; úuqla; is; hhs ±k.kS'
16' wúuq;;x jd Ñ;;x wúuq;;x Ñ;;k;s mcdkd;s
;oå. úIalïNk úuqla;sfhka f;dr is; wúuqla; is; hhs ±k.kS'
fï is;aj, mj;akd iajNdjh tA whqßka u kqj‚ka fufkys lrñka iu:

Ndjkdj jeäh yels h' ldhdkqmiaikd i;smÜGdkfha ±lajQ kj jeoEreï úmiaikd
l%uh wkqj fï isf;a wjia:d oyih kqjKska fufkys lsÍu úmiaikd ØKhg
fya;= fõ'
Oïudkqmiaikd i;smÜGdkh
Oïudkqmiaikd i;smÜGdkh m%Odk fldgia mylg fnfoa' tkï"
01' kSjrK mß..y

02' LJO mß..y
03' wdh;k mß..y
04' fndc®X. mß..y
05' ipp mß..y hkqfjks'
fuys§ Oïu hk jpkfhka iajNdjh yeÕfõ' ksjrKhkaf.a iajNdjh úuid

n,d ±k.ekSu kSjrK mß.a.y kï fõ' ialJOhkaf.a iajNdjh úuid n,d ±k
.ekSu LJO mß.a.y kï fõ' wdh;khkaf.a iajNdjh úuid n,d ±k.ekSu wdh;k
mß.a.y kñ' fndOHX.hkaf.a iajNdjh úuid n,d ±k .ekSu fndÊ®å. mß.a.y
kñ' wd¾h i;Hhkaf.a iajNdjh úuid n,d ±k.ekSu iÉp mß.a.y kï fõ'
223
kSjrK mß.a.yh ^kSjrK úu¾IKh&
iaj¾. fudalaIhg ndOl O¾ufhda kSjrK kï fj;s' lduÉPkao" jHdmdo"

ÒkñoaO" WoaOÉpl=lal=Ép" úÑlsÉPd hhs tn÷ ksjrK mfils'
th jeãfï l%u mfils'
01' isf;ys kSjrKhla we;s jQ úg ;udf.a isf;ys fï kSjrKh we;ehs ±k .ekSu'

02' isf;ys hï kSjrKhla ke;s l,ays udf.a isf;ys fï kSjrKh ke;ehs ±k .ekSu'
03' kQmkakd jQ hï kSjrKhla WmÈkafka fufia hhs ±k .ekSu'
04' Wmkakd jQ hï kSjrKhl m%ydKh isÿ jkafka fufia hhs ±k .ekSu'
05' ke;s jQ hï kSjrKhla fõ kï th kej; kQmÈkafka flfia±hs ±k .ekSu'
LJO mß.a.yh îalJO úu¾IKh&
1' rEmialJOh
2' fõokdialJOh
3' ix{dialJOh
4' ixialdrialJOh
5' ú{dkialJOh
hk fïjd m[apialJO kï fõ'
YÍrh yd iïnkaO jQ iS; wd§ fya;= ksid fjkia njg m;ajk ish,a,
rEmialJO hhs lshkq ,efí' fõokd" i[a[d" ixLdr hk ialJO ;=k ffp;islhs'
hula ú| .ekSfï ,laIKh we;s ish¨ ffp;isl fõokdialJO kñ' hula y÷kd
.eksfï ,laIK we;s ish¨ ffp;isl ix{dialJO kñ' hula wNsixialrKh
jk ^/iajk& iajNdj we;s ^mq[a[ - wmq[a[ - wdfk[ac - wNsixldr jYfhka
jQ& ish¨ ffp;isl ixialdrialJO kñ' hula ±k.ekSfï ,laIKh we;s Ñ;a;h
ú[a[dKialJOhhs' Ñ;a;h jQ ú[a[dKialJOh y÷kd.;a l,ays ffp;isl jQ
fõokd wdÈ ialJO ;=k myiqfjka ±k.; yels h' Ñ;a; yd ffp;isl tlg u
WmÈk tljr ksreoaO jk tl u wruqKla .kakd tl u plaLq wd§ jia;=jl u
mj;sk O¾u;djka jk neúks'
fuys§ ldhdkqmiaikdfjka rEmialkaOh lshk ,È' fõokdkqmiaikdfjka

fõokd ialJOh lshk ,È' Ñ;a;dkqmiaikdfjka ú[a[dKialkaOh lshk ,È'
Oïudkqmiaikdfjka ix{d" ixialdr" ialkaO lshk ,È' fufia ialkaOhka ms<sn|
iajNdjh úuid ne,Su Oïudkqmiaikdfõ LkaOmính fyj;a ialJO mßÉfþohhs'
224
wdh;k mß.a.yh ^wdh;k úu¾IKh&
iajlSh iajlSh ld¾hhkays wdh;kh - m%h;akh lrkafkda fyj;a fhfokafkda

wdh;kfhda h' ta wkqj hula lrK fldg f.k Ñ;a; ffp;isl O¾uhka iajlSh
ld¾hhkays fh§u flf¾ o tajd wdh;k kñ'
wdh;k fod<ils'
01' wdOHd;añl wdh;k 06
plaLdh;k ^wei&" fid;dh;k ^lK&" >dKdh;k ^kdih&" Ôõydh;k ^Èj&"

ldhdh;k ^lh&" ukdh;k îs;& hkqfjks' fuys§ plaIqm%ido wdÈ m%ido rEm wdh;k
jYfhka .efkk nj ie,lsh hq;= h'
02' ndysr wdh;k 06
rEmdh;k ^rEmh&" ioaodh;k ^Yíoh&" .JOdh;k ^.JOh&" ridh;k ^ri&"

fMdÜGíndh;k îam%YagjH&" Oïudh;k Ô¾u& fuys Oïudh;k hkqfjka woyia
lrk ,oafoa ffp;isl mkia fol;a" iqLqurEm oyih;a" ks¾jdKh;a hk fï O¾u
yeg kjh ^69& hs' fufia wdh;k ms<sn| iajNdjh úuid ne,Su Oïudkqmiaikdfõ
wdh;k mínhhs'
fndc®X. mß.a.yh ^fndaOHdx. úu¾IKh&
i;HdjfndaOh lrk i;a;ajhka ;=< we;súhhq;= wx. fndÊ®x. kï fõ'

tn÷ jQ i;HdjfndaOhg Wmldrl O¾u i;ls'
1' i;s iïfndÊ®x.h

2' Oïuúph iïfndÊ®x.h
3' úßh iïfndÊ®x.h
4' mS;s iïfndÊ®x.h
5' miaioaê iïfndÊ®x.h
6' iudê iïfndÊ®x.h
7' WfmlaLd iïfndÊ®x.h
fuys i;sh kï fyd| isysh hs' tu isysfhka O¾uh wO¾uh fï hehs

fjkafldg ±k.ekSu O¾u úphhs' tfia fjka jYfhka ±k.;a O¾uh jvd .ekSug;a"
wO¾uh neyer lr .ekSug;a is;ays we;s fkdmiqniakd W;aidyh ù¾hhs' ta ù¾hh
fya;=fjka isf;ys wO¾uh msßyS O¾uh jefvk úg we;sjk fidïki m%S;shhs' ta
m%S;sh fya;=fldg f.k is; lh foflys u we;sjk fkd.s,ka ieye,a¨ miaioaêhhs'
tfia lh-is; foflys ieye,a¨ nj fya;=fldg f.k hym;a l=i,a wruqKl is;
225
tlÕj kej;Su iudêhhs' ta iudêh ÈhqKqj jQ l,ays fõokdjkaf.a ksire nj jegyS
iem-ÿla foflys lïmd fkdjk ueoy;a .;sh WfmalaIdjhs' fufia fï fndÊ®x.
i; tllg tlla iïnkaOj we;s whqre ie,lsh hq;= h' fufia fndaOHx. O¾u
ks¾jdKdjfndaOhg Wmldrl O¾u nj jgyd f.k mqreÿ lsÍu Oïudkqiai;sfha
fndÊ®x. mínfhka wfmalaId flf¾'
p;=iÉp mính ^p;=iai;H úu¾IKh&
1' ÿlaL i;Hh 2' iuqoh i;Hh 3' ksfrdO i;Hh 4' ud¾. i;Hh
hkqfjka p;=rd¾h i;Hh ±lafõ'
ÿlaL(- zÿZ hkq l=Éý;hg fyj;a ms<sl=,a lghq;= kskaÈ; fohg kuls' zLZ hkq ysia
foh ^wyi& g kuls' fufia fkdfhla Wjÿre iys; neúka l=Éý; fyj;a kskaÈ;
kqhs zÿZ kï o" nd, ckhd Oqj-iqN-iqLhhs is;=j;a tfia fkdjk thska ysiajQjla
neúka zLZ fõ kqhs zÿlaLZ kï fõ' kskaÈ; jQ widr ±h ÿlaL hhs thska meyeÈ,s fõ'
iuqoh(- iuqoh hkakys zixZ zWZ zwhZ hkqfjka jpk ;=kls' zixZ hkqfjka ixfhda.h
o zWZ hkqfjka W;am;a;sh o" zwhZ hkqfjka ldrKh fyj;a fya;=j o lshefõ'
^;DIaKd& ixfhda.h we;s l,ays ÿlaLiuqoh kï jQ m[apialkaOfha Wm;g

th fya;= fõ' th ÿlaLiuqoh kï fõ'
ksfrdO(- ksfrdO hkafkys zksZ zfrdOZ hkqfjka jpk folls' zksZ hkafkka wNdjh
^ke;snj& lshefõ' zfrdO hkafkka pdrl fyj;a fidrf.h îsrf.h& lshfõ'
tneúka zksfrdOZ hkq iir yeisÍu keue;s ldrd.drhdf.a îsrf.ys& je,elau hhs
o; hq;=hs'
u.a.(- zuZ hkafkka ueÍu o z.Z hkafkka .uk o lshefõ' tneúka flf,iqka
urñka ^ke;s lrñka& fhakqhs u.a. kï fõ' tkï wd¾h wIagdx.sl ud¾.hhs'
fufia ks¾jdKh p;=iai;Hh kqjKska úuid ±k th wjfndaO lsÍfï

isysfhka l%shd lsÍu Oïudkqmiaikdfõ p;=iÉp mínfhka lshefõ'
wNHdi
01' nqÿrcdKka jykafka i;r i;smÜGdkh foaYkd lsÍfuka wfmalaIdl, wruqKq
my olajkak'
02' i;r i;smÜGdkh úmiaikd Ndjkdjla ùug iïu¾Ykh l< hq;= kj jeoEreï
kHdh kï lrkak' tu kj wdldrh fjka fjkaj y÷kajkak'
226
nqÿ oyfï fya;=M,jdoh
máÉp iuqmamdoh hkq nqÿoyfï b.ekafjk uQ,sl b.ekaùuls' nqÿrcdKka

jykafia nqoaO;ajfhka miq m<uq i;sfha fnda uev jev isáñka máÉp iuqmamdo
O¾uh uq, isg w.g;a ^wkqf,dau jYfhka& w. isg uq,g;a ^máf,dau jYfhka&
fufkys l<y' fuu máÉp iuqmamdo fyj;a fya;=M, oyu nqÿrÿkaf.a kj fidhd
.ekSula fkdj f,dj ieuod mj;sk O¾u;djls' tu O¾u;dj nqÿka jykafia f,djg
meyeÈ,s l<y'
f,dalfha m%Odk wd.ï ^f,dal wd.ï& f,i i,lkq ,nk hqfoõ wd.u"
l%sia;shdks wd.u" bia,dï wd.u" yskaÿ wd.u iy nqoaOd.u hk wd.ï uQ,sl jYfhka
foajjdoS wd.ï iy wfoajjdoS wd.ï jYfhka fldgia follg fnod fjka l< yels h'
ta wkqj nqÿoyu yer wfkl=;a wd.ï foajjdoS wd.ï f,i ie,fla' foajjd§ b.ekaùï
u.ska i;a;ajhd yd f,dal ks¾udKh i¾j{ îsh,a, okakdjQ& i¾j n,OdÍ ^´kEu
fohla lsÍfï Yla;sh we;s& i¾jf;da Nø ^yeu w;ska u hym;a& foúfhl=g Ndr
l<y' wdÈ bka§hhka fuu foúhd —n%yau˜ fyda —BYajr˜ kñka o hqfoõ yd l%sia;shdks
wd.ñlhka —fhdfydjd˜ kñka o bia,dï wd.ñlhska —w,a,d˜ kñka o y÷kajkq ,eî h'
fuu.ska W;aidyf.k we;af;a i;a;ajhd yd f,dalfha ks¾udKh uejqïldr" i¾j
n,OdÍ foúfhl= i;= jQjla nj fmkaùug h' máÉp iuqmamdoh u.ska fuu foajjdoS
wd.ïys b.ekaùï imqrd neyer l<y' fufia fn!oaO fkdjk isoaOdka; milska ;nd
fn!oaO isoaOdka; újrKh lr ;yjqre lsÍu máÉp iuqmamdoh u.ska isÿj we;'
l¾uh" úmdlh" ixidrh" mqk¾Njh wdÈh ksoiqka f,i oelaúh yels h' nqÿoyfï
uQ,sl b.ekaùï ish,a, f.dvk.d we;af;a máÉp iuqmamdo moku u; h'
hfula máÉp iuqmamdoh ols o

fya O¾uh olS
hfula O¾uh ols o
fya máÉp iuqmamdoh olS
fuu.ska meyeÈ,s jkafka O¾udjfndaOh yd mÜÉp iuqmamdo wjfndaOh

folla fkdj tlla u nj hs'
Wm;siai" flda,s; msßjeðhka i;Hh fidhd hk .ufka oS ixch msßjeðhd .=re

fldg i;Hh fijQuq;a Tyqf.ka th ,nd .ekSug fkdyels jQ úg Tyq w;yer fou.l
.shy' Wm;siai msßjeðhdg wiaið uyry;ka jykafia yuq jQ úg Tn jykafiaf.a
Ydia;Djrhd foiQ oyu l=ulaoehs úuiS h' wiaið uy ry;ka jykafiaf.a ms<s;=r
jQfha máÉpiuqmamdoh njhs¡ th fufia h¡
227
fh Ouud fy;=mmNjd f;ix fy;=x ;:d.f;d wdy
f;ix p fhd ksfrdfOd tjx jdÈ uyd iufKd'
hï fya;=jlska WmÈk hï O¾uhla fj;a o

ta fya;=j ;:d.;hka jykafia foaYkd l<y'
tajdfha hï ksfrdaOhla fõ o th o jod<y'
uyd Y%uK f;fï fun÷ jdo we;af;a h'
i;a;ajhd iir ieÍug fya;=j fï fya;=M, oyu fkdoekSfuka wjqf,ka

wjq,g m;ajk neúka nj nqÿrcdKka jykafia foaYkd l<y' ôS'ks' uyd ksodk iQ;%h&
máÉp iuqmamdo hkak f;areï .ekSfï oS tys jpkd¾:h f;areï .ekSu jà'
zzmáÉp ZZ hkq m%;H fldg f.k" fya;=fldg f.k hkq hs' iuqmamdo îx¬Wmamdo& hkq
yg .ekSu hs' úYajfha iajNdjh ms<sn| fn!oaO wjfndaOh jkafka wod< fya;+kaf.a yd
m%;Hhkaf.a iujdfhka Bg WÑ; jQ M,hka yg.kakd nj hs' f,dalfha l%shdldÍ;ajh
yd meje;au isÿjkafka fuu l%shdoduh ;=<ska nj ta wkqj m%ldY fõ'
máÉp iuqmamdo foaYkdfjka m%;slafIam jk lreKq y;rla ixhq;a; ksldfha

wfÉ, liaim iQ;%fhys oelafõ' wfÉ, liaim nqÿrÿkaf.ka my; iòyka m%Yak
wihs'
1' ÿl ;ud úiska lrk ,o o@ îhxl;x ÿlaLx&

2' ÿl wkqka úiska lrk ,o o@ ^mrl;x ÿlaLx&
3' ÿl ;ud iy wkqka hk wdh;k fol u úiska lrk ,o o@ îhxl;x p mrl;x p
ÿlaLx&
4' ÿl ;ud iy wkqka hk wdh;k fol úiska fkdlrk ,o o@ ^wihxldrx wmrxldrx
wêÉpiuqmamkakx ÿlaLx&
fuu m%Yak y;rg u tfia fkdfõ hkak nqÿrÿkaf.a ms<s;=r úh' thska
lKiai,a,g m;a wfÉ, liaim ÿl fkdmj;afka o ^k;aÓ ÿlaLx& hkqfjka wihs'
fuh o m%;slafIAm lrk nqÿyq ÿl i;Hh jYfhka mj;akd nj m%ldY lr;s' wjika
m%Yakhg ,efnk we; hk w¾:fhka wfÉ, liaim jvd;a úCIsma; jkafka Tyqf.a
uQ,sl m%Yak msgqmi mj;akd udkisl;ajhg wkqj tlaflda hula ;ud úiska l< hq;= h'
ke;akï ;udf.ka mßndysr wdh;khla u.ska l< hq;= h' ta fol u fkdjkafka kï
úh hq;af;a wfya;=lj hula isÿùu hs' wfya;=lj hula isÿ fkdfõkï ;;a;ajh úh
hq;af;a tu jia;=fõ wNdjh hs¡ by; i|yka lreKq y;rg we;=<;a fkd ù mj;akd
O¾u;djla .ek flfia l;d l< yels o@ wfÉ, liaimf.a fuu .eg¨jg nqÿrÿka
fok ms<s;=re kï ÿl máÉp iuqmamkakj isÿjk njhs'
228
fuu ms<s;=frys od¾Yksl w¾:h kï wka;j,g fkdjeàu hs' tkï uOHfhka
i;a;ajhdf.a ÿl ms<sn| meyeÈ,s lsÍu hs' ÿflys l¾;D fyj;a lrkakd f,i ;ud
fyda wkqka fyda y÷kd .ekSfuys msgqmi we;af;a Ydiaj;jdoh yd WÉfþojdoh hk
wka; folhs' fuys m<uq jekafkka iodld,sl wd;auhla fyj;a l%shdldrslfhla
ms<s.kq ,nk w;r" fojekafkka tn`ÿ wd;auhla fyj;a l%shdldßlfhl=f.a meje;au
ksfIaOkh lrkq ,eî h' fuu Ydiaj;jdoh yd WÉfþojdoh hk wka; fol u
m%;sfCIam l< nqÿrcdKka jykafia uOHfhka O¾uh foaYkd lf<a máÉp iuqmamdoh
ms<sn| b.ekaùu mokï fldgf.k h'
^tf; f; WfNd wfk; wkqm.uu ufcCOk ;:d.f;d Ouux fofi;s hÈox

wúccd mpphd ixLdrd&
máÉp iuqmamdo l%shdldÍ;ajh f,dj ieuod mj;S' nqÿjreka f,dj my< jqj
o ke; o f,dj mj;S' tfy;a nqÿrcdKka jykafia uekúka tu O¾u;dj wjfndaO
fldg i;a;ajhdg foaYkd l<y' tu máÉp iuqmamdo kHdh ir, iQ;%hla u.ska
fufia fmkajd oS we;'
wiñx i;s box fyd;s - fuh we;s l,ays fuh fõ'

buii Wmmdod box Wmmcc;s - fuh yg .ekSfuka fuh yg .kS
wiñx wi;s box k fyd;s - fuh ke;s l,ays fuh we;s fkdfõ'
buii ksfrdOd box ksrec®;s - fuh ke;s ùfuka fuh ke;s fõ'
tfia u my; i|yka m%ldYh ie,ls,af,ka úuid n,k l, máÉpiuqmamdofha

iajNdjh ;jÿrg;a uekúka wjfndaO lr.; yels h¡
A we;s úg B fjhs'
A bm§fuka B WmÈhs'
A ke;s úg B fkdfõ'
A ke;súSfuka B ke;sfjhs'
fuh ;jÿrg;a myiqfjka f;areï
.ekSu i|yd fufia oelaúh yels h'
îch we;s l,ays me,h we;s fõ'

îch ke;skï me,hla we;s fkdfõ'
máÉp iuqmamdoh .iaje,a iys; i;a;aj f,dalfhys o ñksia ukfiys o

tlfia l%shd;aul fõ' kshdu O¾u myla jYfhka nqÿoyfï i|yka jkqfha iuia;
f,dalfhys l%shd;aul jk fuu iajNdjh hs' nqÿoyfï oelafjk kshdu O¾u fufia h'
229
1' W;= kshduh - f,dalfhys ld,.=Ksl fjkialï
fya;=-M, wkqrEmj isÿùu'
2' îc kshdu - îchg wkqj me,h yg .ekSu
3' lïu kshdu - fyd| krl l¾uj,g fyd| krl
úmdl ,eîu fya;=-M, wkqrEmj isÿùu'
4' Oïu kshdu - f,dal O¾u;d kñka ie,flk iajNdj O¾ufha isÿùu'
5' Ñ;a; kshdu - isf;ys l%shdldß;ajh fya;=-M, wkqrEmj isÿùu'
fuu kshdu O¾u ish,a, iuia; f,dalfhys ldhsl yd udkisl l%shd újrKh
lsÍug fmdÿ jQ O¾u;djka h' fya;=M, oyug wkqrEm fkdjk lsisjla iuia;
f,dalfhys olakg fkd,efí'
máÉp iuqmamdo isoaOdka;h u.ska nqÿoyu wmyg ÿl we;sjkafka flfia
o hkak yd tu ÿl ke;sjkafka flfia o hkak ú.%y lrhs' i;a;ajhdf.a ÿl
we;sùu máÉp iuqmamdo b.ekaùfuka meyeÈ,s flfrkqfha tlsfkl yd neÿKq wx.
fod<ylska ^12& isÿjkakla f,i h' tu wx. fod<y kï wúÊcd" ixLdr" ú[a[dK"
kdurEm" i<dh;k" Miai" fõokd" ;Kayd" Wmdodk" Nj" cd;s" crd" urK" hk
fïjd h'
fuu wx. fodf<diska wkqf,dau jYfhka iir ÿla we;sjk wdldrh fmkajd
§ we;' tu fya;= m%;H O¾uhka ke;s lsÍfuka iir ÿla ke;sjk wdldrh máf,dau
máÉp iuqmamdofhka meyeÈ,s flf¾' fufia fya;= m%;H O¾u;d we;s l< iir
ÿla we;sjk ieá;a fya;= m%;H O¾u ke;s l< iir ÿla ke;sjk ieá;a máÉp
iuqmamdofhka meyeÈ,s flf¾'
ÿl ms<sno máÉp iuqmamdo isoaOdka;hg wh;a wx. fodf<di fláfhka

fufia h'
wúÊcd - wúoHdj ^fkdoekSu" wkjfndaOh& p;=rd¾h i;Hh ms<sn| fkdoekSu'

ixLdr - ixialdr fyj;a ;sfodßka /ia lrk l=i,a yd wl=i,a'
ú[a[dK - bJøsh yd wruqKq fya;= fldg f.k we;sjk is;'
kdu rEm - YÍrh yd uki hk wx. fofla tl;=j ^rEm" fõokd" ix{d"
ixLdr" ú[a[dK&'
i,dh;k - Ivdh;k ^wei" lk" kdih" Èj" YÍrh" uki&'
Miai - iam¾Yh ^bJøsh" wruqKq" ú[a[dKh hk ;=k tlg tla ùu&'
fõokd - ú|Su ^ iam¾Yh fya;=fjka we;sjk iem" ÿla" WfmalaLd" fõokd&'
;Kayd - ;DIaKdj ^fõokdj fya;=fjka we;sjk we,Su&'
Wmdodk - w,a,d .ekSu ^Wmdodk fya;=fjka oeäj w,a,d .ekSu&'
Nj - Njh ^Wmdodk fya;=fjka Wm; ,eîug lsishï Njhla we;sùu&'
230
cd;s - Wm; ^Njh we;sùu fya;=fjka tu Njfha Wm; ,eîu&'
crd-urK - uy¨ùu" urKh ^Wm; ,eîu fya;=fjka uy¨ùu yd f,vùu"
urKh wd§ ÿla we;sùu&'
fya;=M, isoaOdka;hg wkqj i;a;ajhdf.a wNHka;rfhys ÿla we;sjk yd

ke;sjk wdldrh fuu wx. fodf<diska oelafõ' fuu mqoa., ÿlg wu;rj iudc.;
ÿl hhs yeòskaúh yels wx.hla o mj;S' nqÿrcdKka jykafia iudc .; ÿl we;sjk
yd ke;sjk wdldrh fndfyda iQ;% u.ska fmkajd jod<y' uÊCêu ksldfha i,af,aL
iQ;%fha iudc ÿla we;sjk wdldrh fmkajkafka fufia h'
;Kaydj fya;=fjka fiùu fõ' fiùu fya;=fjka ,eîu fõ' ,eîu fya;=fjka
fyd| krl ;SrKh lsÍu fõ' tfia ;SrKh lsÍu fya;=fjka we,Su fõ' we,Su
fya;=fjka whs;sh ms<sn| yeÕSSu fõ' whs;sh ms<sn| yeÕSfuka whs;s lr .ekSu fõ'
whs;s lr .ekSfuka uiqrenj ^wka whg ysñlr fkd§fï iajNdjh& fõ' uiqre nj
fya;=fjka wdhqO .ekSï" l<y" .egqï" wmydi" fla,dï lSu" fndrelSu" jeks wl=i,
l%shd rdYshla we;s fõ'
fuys oelafjk ÿl jQ l,S bmoSu" jhig hEu" f,vùu" urKh wdoS ÿl

fkdj ;DIaKdj fya;=fjka ñksiqka tlsfkld yd igka lsÍug fm<öfuka we;sjk
ÿl h'
máÉp iuqmamdo isoaOdka;h wmg jeo.;a jkafka ÿl we;s lrjk wdldrh

yd ÿl ke;sjk wdldrh f;areï .ekSug h' ÿl we;sjk wdldrh f;areï .;a úg
th we;sùug fya;= jQ idOl ke;s lsÍfuka ÿl ke;s l< yels h' máÉp iuqmamdo
isoaOdka;fha uQ,sl mrud¾:h jkqfha mqoa., yd iudc ÿl ke;s lsÍu h' ta nj my;
O¾u mdGfhka meyeÈ,s fõ'
fy;=x mápp iuN+;x - fy;= Nx.d ksrecCO;s'
fya;=jlska yg.;a hula fõ kï tu fya;=j ke;sùfuka wjika fõ'
wNHdi
01' máÉp iuqmamdo hkafkys w¾:h meyeÈ,s lrkak'

02' máÉp iuqmamdofha wx. fodf<di ms<sfj<ska ,shkak'
03' fha Oïud fya;=mamNjd hk .d:dj iïmQ¾K lr w¾:h ,shkak'
04' iudc.; ÿl fláfhka meyeÈ,s lrkak'
231
lf<d;a l¾uh Njh t;ek h
fndai;dKka jykafia idrdixLH l,am ,laIhla mdró oï mqrd wjik ;=is;

foõf,dj Wm; ,oy' ;=is; foõf,dj ÈjH iem ú| mxp úf,dalk msßlaid fï
ukqIH f,dalfh ys iqoafOdaok uyrc;=ud yd uyudhd foaúh uõmshka fldg Wm;
,oafoa fya;=M, oyug wkqrEmj ÿl we;sùfï u. yd ÿl ke;s lsÍfï u. f,djg
t<sfmfy,s lsÍug h' ÿflys we;sùu yd ke;sùu wjfndaO fkdlrk ;=re i;a;ajhd
iir ießirhs' i;a;ajhd iir ießirkafka ixLdr /ia lsÍfuks' ixialdr hkq
l=i,d l=i, l¾u /ia lsÍu hs'
i;a;ajhd kej; kej; Wm; ,nk ksid wm úiska isÿlrk l=i,d l=i,
l¾u ms<snoj o úuid ne,sh hq;= h' fuu mdvfuka wm idlÉPd lrkafka l¾uh
yd mqk¾Njh ms<snoj hs' fuu ñksia iudch ;=< kdkdúO úIu;djka olakg we;'
flfkla fmdfydi;aj o ;j flfkla ÿmam;aj o WmÈ;s' flfkla §¾>dhqIalj
;j flfkla w,amdhqIal fõ' flfkl= frda.S jk w;r ;j flfkla ksfrda.S fõ'
flfkl= kqjKe;s jk w;r ;jflfkla wkqjK fõ' flfkl= rEmS jk w;r
;jflfkla úrEmS fõ'

fuf,i f,dalfha mj;akd úúO;ajhg n,mdk úúO fya;= idOl we;ehs
nqÿrcdKka jykafia foaYkd l<y' l¾uh o bka tlls' mqoa., Ôú;hg n,mdk
lreKqj,ska tlla jk l¾uh ms<sno ksrjq,a wjfndaOhla wm ;=< ;sìh hq;= h' m<uqj
l¾u hkafkys ir, w¾:h f;areï.; hq;= h' lr ^lsÍfï& Od;=fjka ksmka md,s
lïu îx#l¾u& Yíoh lsÍu" l%shdj hk w¾:h fohs' tfy;a iEu l%shdjla u l¾u
kdufhka fkd.efkk nj jgyd.; hq;= h' nqÿ oyfï l¾u kñka ye|skafjkafka
is;du;d îfÉ;ksl& lrk l%shd muKs' fyd| fyda krl fyda is;du;d ^wfÉ;ksl&
fkdlrk l%shd l¾u .Khg fkdjefÜ'
nqÿoyug wkqj lïu fyj;a l%shd isÿjk fodrgq ;=kls' tkï is;
ûfkdaoajdrh& lh ^ldhoajdrh& jpkh ^jd.aoajdrh& hkqfjks' hï l%shdjla l¾uhla
ùug is;du;d isÿ úh hq;= h' fÉ;kd mQ¾jdx.j u isÿúh hq;= h' tneúka nqÿrcdKka
jykafia fÉ;kdj u l¾uh jYfhka ye|skajQy'
fp;kdyx NslLfj luux jodñ

fp;hs;jd luux lfrd;s ldfhk jdpdh ukid'
zzuyfKks" uu fÉ;kdj u l¾uh hhs lshñ' is;ska is;d lhska fyda jpkfhka
fyda is;ska fyda l¾u flfrhs'ZZ
^wx.=;;r ksldh" ksfníêl iQ;%h&
232
nqÿ oyug wkqj l¾uh fohdldr fõ' tkï l=i, l¾u yd wl=i, l¾u hs'
l=i, l¾u yd wl=i, l¾u fjka fjkaj y÷kd .ekSfï l%ufõohla o nqÿoyfï
olakg ,efí' lsishï l=i, l¾uhla lsÍfï § fÉ;kdj wf,daN" wfodaY" wfuday
hk l=i, uQ,hlska msú;=rej mej;sfha kï tu ldhsl jdpisl yd udkisl l%shdj
l=i, l¾uhla fõ' fÉ;kdj f,daN" fodai" fuday hk wl=i, uQ,hlska ¥Is;j
meje;sfha kï tu ldhsl" jdpisl yd udkisl l%shdj wl=i,hla fõ'
hï l%shdjla wl=i,hla o l=i,hla oehs ;SrKh lsÍfï oS thska ,efnk

m%;sM, .ek o i,ld ne,Su jeo.;a fõ'
;ukag fyda wkqkag fyda ;ukag;a wkqkag;a hk fomCIhg u ydkshla fõ kï

th wl=i,hls' ;ukag fyda wkqkag fyda ;ukag wkqkag hk fomCIhg u
ydkshla fkdfõkï th l=i,hls'
ûcCêu ksldh - wun,gÀl rdyqf,djdoiQ;%h&
nqÿ oyu wkqj l=i,a lrkakd l=i, úmdl;a wl=i,a lrkakd wl=i, úmdl;a
,nhs' fï wkqj O¾uh yd wO¾uh hk fol tl yd iudk úmdl fkdfohs' wO¾uh
ÿ.;shg;a O¾uh iq.;shg;a hdug fya;= fõ'
¥Is; fÉ;kdfjka lrk ,o wl=i, l¾ufhys úmdl

.jhd miq mi tk ßhil fuka ÿla foñka ÿqne|
ths' myka fÉ;kdfjka lrk ,o l=i, l¾ufhys
úmdlh w;afkdyer isák fijke,a, fuka ÿqneò
ths¡
Ôuu moh - hul j..h 1-2 .d:d&
l¾uhg wkqj úmdl ,efnk wdldrh úia;r lrk

nqÿrcdKka jykafia i;a;ajhka w;r úúO Wiañálï"
úIu;d mj;akd nj foaYkd l<y'
luuiild udkj i;;d" luu odhod" luu fhdks"

luu nJOQ" luu máirKd luux if;; úNc;s hÈox
ySkmmKS;;dhd;S
ûcCêu ksldh - pq,,luu úNx. iQ;%h&
zzudKjlh" i;a;ajfhda l¾uh iajlSh fldg we;a;dy' l¾uh Wreu fldg

we;a;dy¡ l¾ufhka yg.;a;dyq h' l¾uh [d;s fldg we;a;dyq h¡ l¾uh ms<sirK
fldg we;a;dyq h' l¾uh i;a;ajhd Wia my;a jYfhka fnokafka h'ZZ
233
i;a;ajhdg isÿjk ish,a, w;S; l¾uhkays úmdl fkdfõ' îínx mqífn l;
fya;=& hful= tfia is;kafka kï th nqÿ oyug mgyeks h' i;a;ajhdg isÿjk úúO
foa úúO idOl u; isÿjk w;r l¾uh bka tlla muKs' O¾uhg wkqj f,dalfha
isÿjk foa kshdu mylg wkqj isÿ fõ'
W;= kshduh
f,dalfha fyauka;" .sïydk" jiaidk jYfhka iD;= ;=kla olakg ,efí'
fuu iD;=kag wkqj ta ta ld,j, § iajNdj O¾uh úúO fjkialïj,g Ndck fõ'
tu fjkialï Ôùkag o n,mdhs' fuf,i ld,.=Kh fjkia ùfuka isÿjk n,mEu
W;= kshdu hs'
îc kshduh
.iaje,a fuka u i;a;ajfhda o îc ksid úúO jQ iajrEm .ks;s' fouõmshkaf.a
wdrfhka ysñ jQ ,CIK orejkag we;' we;eï úg orefjda ujg mshdg iudk fj;s'
ta ta îchkag wdfõKsl ,CIK .iaje,aj, olakg we;' fufia îchg wkqrEmj
f,dalfha isÿjk ish,a, îc kshduh f,i oelaúh yels h'
Ñ;a; kshdu
is; is;ska u oelsh hq;= h' fjk;a lsisÿ l%uhlska oelsh fkdyels h' uekSu
fyda md,kh lsÍu l< fkdyels h' rEm wd§ wruqKq bJøsh yd .egqKq l,ays is;a
mrïmrdj l%udkql+,j we;sfõ' ke;sfõ' fuh Ñ;a; kshduh hs'
Oïu kshdu
iajNdj O¾ufha isÿjk isÿùï f,dal O¾u;d kñka ye|skafõ' wdf,dalh
,efnk úg w÷r myùu" yeuúg u c,h my;a ;ekska .,dhEu nqÿjreka jeks
fY%aIaGhkaf.a Wmf;a § yd úmf;a § isÿjk úfYaI isÿùï wdÈh Oïu kshdu fõ'
lïu kshdu
ta ta l=i,d l=i, l¾uhkag wkqrEmj úmdl ,eîu lïu kshdu kï fõ'
by; olakd ,o kshdu O¾uhkag wkqj ish,a, l¾udkqrEmj isÿ fkdjk nj

wmg wjfndaO lr.; yels h'
w;S; l¾uhkays ,efnk úmdlh fjkia lsÍu i;a;ajhdg l< yels nj o

O¾ufhys b.ekafõ' idudkHfhka l=i, fyda wl=i, l¾uhkays úmdl §u úh yels
yd je,elaúh yels wjia:d y;rla mj;S' .;s" ld," Wmê" mfhda. hkq tu y;rhs'
fïjd hym;a wdldrhg fuka u whym;a wdldrhg n,mE yels h' hym;a kï
iïm;a;s f,i o whym;a kï úm;a;s f,i o y÷kajhs'
234
úmdl §ug ;snqKuq;a iqÿiq Wm;la fkd,eîfuka th je,lsh yels h' th
.;s úm;a;sh fõ' iqÿiq Wm;la ,eîfuka úmdl ,efíkï th .;s iïm;a;sh fõ'
lsishï mqoa.,fhl= mskal< uq;a hïlsis ld,Sk fya;=jla ksid tys úmdlh
ú|skakg fkdyels jqjfyd;a th ld, úm;a;sh hs' oka § ;snqKuq;a ÿ¾NsCI ld,hl
WmÈhs' túg tys úmdlh ú|Sug i;a;ajhdg wjldY fkd,efí' l< msfkys úmdlh
iqÿiq ld,hl Wm;la ù kï ,o yels h' th ld, iïm;a;sh hs'
mska l<uq;a YdÍßl ÿn,;d wdÈh ksid tys úmdlh fkd,efí kï th Wmê
úm;a;sh hs' nyqY%e;fhl= ùug mska we;suq;a ìysßj bmoSfuka th je,lsh yels h'
iqÿiq Wm;la ,nd l< mskalïys úmdlh ,nkafka kï th Wmê iïm;a;sh hs'
W;aidyfhka jEhfuka" ù¾hfhka l=i,hkays M, fkd,nkafka kï th

mfhd. úm;a;s fõ' W;aidyfhka" jEhfuka" ù¾hfhka l=i,hkays M, ,nkafka kï
th mfhda. iïm;a;sh hs'
l¾u hkak idxidßl meje;afï m%n, idOlhls' ta ksid mqk¾Njhg m%Odk
jkafka o l¾uh hs' l¾uh ks;r mj;afka is; weiqre fldgf.k h' lsishï Njhl
urKdikak wjia:dfõ mj;afka pq;s is;hs' ta jkúg i;a;ajhd l< ish,q l¾u
mj;afka o pq;s is; weiqre fldg h' l¾ufha úmdlfhda fohdldr fj;a' tajd fufia h¡
01' m%;sikaê úmdl

02' m%jD;a;s úmdl
m%;sikaê úmdl hkafkka i|yka lrkafka Wm;la ,nd oSug iu;a l¾u hs'
Wmka miq Ôú;h mj;ajd .ekSug Wmldrjk úmdl m%jD;a;s úmdl kñka yeÈkafõ'
lsishï l%shdjla is;ska is;=j;a lhska" jpkfhka l%shd;aul fkdjqfka kï th yqÿ
l¾uhls' tfy;a th lhska jpkfhka l%shd;aul jQfha kï l¾u m:hls' tfy;a
is;ska flfrk wNsOHd jHdmdo ñ:Hd oDIaá hk wl=i,;a tys l=i,a mCIh;a lhska
jpkfhka l%shd;aul fkdjQj o l¾um: njg m;a fõ' m%;sikaê úmdl ,nd fokafka
l¾um: njg m;a jQ l¾u muKs' wfkla tajd m%jD;a;s úmdl ,nd fohs' fufia
m%;sikaê úmdl ,nd fok l¾u pq;s is; iïnkaO fldg mj;S' ñh hEfï oS B<.
Njfha m%;sikaê is; my< ùug n,mdkafka o fuu l¾u fõ'
i;a;ajhdf.a kej; Wm; fyj;a mqk¾Njhg idOl ;=kla iïmQ¾K úh hq;=
nj uyd ;KaydixLh iQ;%fha i|yka fõ' tajd fufia h¡
² uõmsh ixjdih
² uj iD;=ùu
² .kaOínhdf.a ^Wm; ,nkakdf.a& meñKSu
fuu idOl ms<sfj,ska iïmQ¾K ùu u.ska mqk¾Njh isÿjk nj oelafõ'
235
l¾uh iy úmdlh ms<sn| j o lreKq wjfndaO lr .ekSu jeo.;a fõ'
i;a;ajhd idxidßl i;a;ajfhls' i;a;ajhdg n,mdk l¾uh isÿ lrk lD;H
jYfhka o ^,nd fokakdjQ úmdl wkqj& úmdl fok ms<sfj< jYfhka o úmdl fok
ld, jYfhka o p;=Ial ;=klska iukaú; fõ'
l¾u úmdl §fï § ,ndfokakd jQ úmdl ^lD;H& wkqj i;rdldr h'
ckl l¾uh
Wm; ,nd§u¡ lsishï m%;sikaêhla ,nd §ug bÈßm;ajk l¾u fukñka
ye|skafõ' fuh l=i, yd wl=i, jYfhka fohdldr fõ'
Wm;a:ïNl l¾uh
l¾u úmdl jeä lsÍu' fuu l¾uhkag Wm;la ,nd Èh fkdyels h' ckl
l¾ufhka Wmka l,ays Bg Wmldr fjhs' th l=i, cklhla kï iem úmdl §fï
§ m%jD;a;s úmdl f.k foñka ta iemh jeä lrk w;r" wl=i, cklhla kï ÿla
úmdl §fï § ÿl jeä lsÍug Wmldr fõ'
WmmS<l l¾uh
l¾u úmdl wvq lsÍu" ckl l¾ufhka Wmka iem jQ fyda ÿla jQ fyda m%jD;a;s
úmdl tlÈ.g ú¢kakg fkd§ ndOd lsÍu WmmS<l l¾u kï fõ'
Wm>d;l l¾uh
l¾u úmdlh ke;slsÍu' l¾u úmdl ú|Sug wjia:djla fkd,nk l¾u
fukñka ye¢kafõ'
l¾uh úmdl §fï § úmdl fok wdldrh wkqj o i;rdldr h'

.rel l¾uh
.rel hkq nrm;," uyd idjoH l¾u hs' fojk Njfha oS fuu l¾uhkays
úmdlh wksjd¾fhka ,nd fohs' tys úmdlh fjk;a l¾uhlska je<elaùug
fkdyels h' wIagiudm;a;s ,nd .ekSu .rel l=i, l¾u hs' wdkka;ßh mdm l¾u
.rel wl=i, l¾u hs'
wdikak l¾uh
urKdikak fudfydf;a § lrk ,o fyda isysm;a lrk ,o l¾u hs' .rel
l¾uhla fkdue;sùg B<. Njh ;SrKh jkafka fuu l¾uhkag wkql+,j hs'
wdÑKaK l¾uh
Ôú;fha § ks;r mqreÿ mqyqKq lrk ,o l¾u hs' tla jrla fldg kej; kej;
isysm;a lsÍu u.ska jkafka o fï l¾u hs' wdikak l¾uhla bÈßm;a fkdjQfyd;a
úmdl §fï m%uqL;ajh ,nkafka fï l¾u hs'
236
lg;a;d l¾u
n,j;a fÉ;kdjlska f;drj lrk l¾u hs' tfy;a .rel" wdikak" wdÑKaK
l¾u fkdue;s úg m%;sikaê úmdl jqj o ,nd oSug iu;a fõ'
l¾uh úmdl §fï § úmdl fok ld, jYfhka o i;rdldr h'
ÈÜGOïu fõokSh l¾uh

l< Ôú;fha § u úmdl fok l¾u ÈÜGOïu fõokSh l¾u fõ'
WmmÊcfõokSh l¾uh
B<. Ôú;fha úmdl fok l¾u WmmÊcfõokSh l¾u fõ'
wmrdmßh fõokSh l¾u

yels ´kEu úfgl úmdl fok l¾u wmrdmßh fõokSh l¾u fõ'
wfydais l¾u
úmdl §ug wjia:djla fkdfhfok l¾u wfydais l¾u fõ'
l¾uh ms<sn| nqÿoyu úia;r lr we;af;a fuf,isks' l=i,d l=i, l¾u

mqk¾Njhg fya;= fõ' l=i,d l=i, l¾u CIh lsÍu u.ska mqk¾Njh fyj;a
mqkremam;a;sh ke;s l< yels h' fidajdka M,hg m;aùu;a iu. ÿ.;s m%;sikaê
,ndfok l¾u imqrd wfydais fõ' bkamiq i;a;ajhd wmd.; fkdfjhs' wkd.dó
ùfuka lduiq.;sfhys m%;sikaêh ,ndfok l¾u o wfydais fjhs' ry;a ùfuka ish,q
l¾u wfydais fjhs' ry;a ù Ôú;h mj;akd ;=re muKla wmrdmßh fõokSh l¾u
m%jD;a;s úmdl ,ndfohs' tfy;a lsisúfgl kej; m%;sikaêhla ,nd fkdfohs'
úY=oaê ud¾.fha mqk¾Njh ms<sn| bÈßm;a lrk jeo.;a idrdxYhla fufia oelaúh
yels h'
zzluud úmdld j;;k;s - úmdfld luu iuNfjd
;iud mqknNfjd fyd;s - tjx f,dfld mj;;;s'ZZ
^l¾ufhka úmdl we;s fõ' úmdlh l¾u ìys lrhs'

thska mqk¾Njh isÿ fõ' f,dalh mj;afka fufia h'&
wNHdi
01' lïu hkak fláfhka meyeÈ,s lrkak'
02' l¾ufhys m%fNao fjka fjkaj ,shd olajkak'
03' mxp kshdu O¾u kï fldg bka tlla meyeÈ,s lrkak'
04' m%;sikaê úmdl yd m%jD;a;s úmdl fláfhka úia;r lrkak¡
237
nqÿ oyfï prKh
nqÿoyfï uQ,sl yrh p;=rd¾h i;Hh nj wms oksuq' isÿy;a rc;=ud

wNsksIal%uKh lf<a i;a;ajhdf.a bm§u" uy¨ùu" f,vùu" urKh ms<sn| i;H
.fõIKhl ksh,Sug h' ^lsx l=i, .fõiS& l=i,h l=ula o@ ^lsx iÉp .fõiS& i;H
l=ula o@ hkak t;=udf.a uQ,sl mÍCIKh úh' t;=ud fuu wd¾h m¾fhaIKfha § m<uq
j wd,drld,du" Woaolrdu mq;a; jeks ;jqika lrd .sfha h' Tjqkaf.a oyu uekúka
m%.=K lf<a h' kuq;a Tyq fidhk i;H tu.ska t;=udg fkd,eìKs' wk;=rej
tjlg m%p,s; fndfyda mqoa.,hka úuqla;sh idOkh l< yels hehs úYajdi l<
lduiqL,a,sldkq fhda.h;a ^YÍrhg oeä iem §u& w;a;ls,u:dkq fhda.h;a ^YÍrhg
oeä ÿla §u& m%.=K lf<a h' tu.ska o ;u wfmaCIdjka bgq fkdjk nj Tyq wjfndaO
lr .;af;a h' flfia jqj o fuu wka;oajfha ksiaidr;ajh o;a fndai;dfKda tu
wka; neyer l<y' uOHu m%;smodj kï jQ wd¾h wIagdx.sl ud¾.h wkq.ukh l<y'
fjila mqka fmdfyda Èk uOHu rd;%sfha oS fnda uev oS mqífíksjdidkqiai;s [dKh"
pq;+mmd; [dKh" wdijlaLh [dKh hk ;%súoHd mila fldg nqoaO;ajhg m;a jQy'
nqÿrcdKka jykafia foaYkd lrk ,o m<uq O¾u foaYkdj Oïuplalmamj;a;k
iQ;%h hs¡ tu.ska p;=rd¾h i;H foaYkdj f,dalhg f.kyer oelajQy¡ tu p;=rd¾h
i;H fufia h¡
01' ÿlaLd¾h i;Hh

02' ÿlaL iuqohd¾h i;Hh
03' ÿlaL ksfrdaOd¾h i;Hh
04' ÿlaL ksfrdaO .dñKs mámod¾h i;Hh
fuu.ska b.ekafjkafka ÿl;a" ÿlg fya;=j;a" ÿl ke;s lsÍu;a" ÿl ke;s

lsÍfï ud¾.h;a h¡ fuys uQ,sl mrud¾:h jkafka ÿl ke;s lsÍfï ud¾.h fyj;a
wd¾h wIagdx.sl ud¾. m%;smodj ms<snò mQ¾K wjfndaOhla ,nd.ekSu hs¡
uOHu m%;smodj hkafkys w¾:h ySk" .%duH" mD:.ackhkag wh;a" wkd¾h"

wkd¾:ldÍ lduiqL,a,sldkq fhda.h fyj;a lduhkays we,S .e,S úiSu;a" ÿla iys;
wkd¾h" wk¾:ldÍ w;a;ls,u:dkqfhda.h fyj;a úúO lgql j%;j,ska lhg ÿla oSu;a
hk wka; fol neyer lsÍu h' nqÿrcdKka jykafia oïila mej;=ï iQ;%fha fuu
uOHu m%;smodj foaYkd lrkafka fk;a mdojk ^plaLq lrKS& [dKh f.kfok
^[dK lrKS& Wmiuhg;a" wNs{djg;a" iïfndaêhg;a" ks¾jdKhg;a ^Wmiudh"
wNs[a[dh" iïfndaOdh" ksíndKdh'& fya;=jk oyula nj hs¡
238
wd¾h wIagdx.sl ud¾.h ks¾jdK wjfndaOh msKsi wkq.ukh l<hq;=
ms<sfj; hs' i;a;sia fndaêmdCIsl O¾u w;=ßka fldgia wgla u fuys we;=<;a fõ'
wd¾h wIagdx.sl ud¾.h jvk ;eke;a;d i;r i;smÜGdkh" i;r iuHlam%Odk"
i;r iDoaêmdo" mxfÉJøsh" mxp n," i;a; fndþ®x. hk fiiq O¾u jvk nj
nqÿrcdKka jykafia foaYkd l< nj uÊ¯u ksldfha i<dh;k iQ;%fha i|yka fõ'
nqÿrcdKka jykafia msßksjka mEug iQodkï jQ fudfydf;a Wkajykafia

iómhg jevu l< iqNø NsCIqjg foaYkd lrkafka hï Ydikhl wd¾h wIagdx.sl
ud¾.h we;akï tu Ydikfha fidajdka" ilDod.dó" wkd.dó" w¾y;a hk mqoa.,hka
isõ fokd u isák nj hs'
,dNhka w;r ksfrda.slu Wiia nj;a iem w;r ksjk fY%aIaG nj;a wd¾h
wIagdx.sl ud¾.h ksjkg <`.dúh yels fY%aIaG;u ud¾.h nj;a nqÿrcdKka jykafia
ud.kaÈh kï msßjeðhdg foaYkd l< nj uÊ¯u ksldfha ud.kaÈh iQ;%fha
i|yka fõ'
oïila mej;=ï iQ;% foaYkdfõ oelafjk wd¾h wIagdx.sl ud¾.h fyj;a

uOHu m%;smodj fufia h'
• iïud ÈÜÀ - ksje/È oDIaáh

• iïud ixlmam - ksje/È l,amkdj
• iïud jdpd - ksje/È jpkh
• iïud lïuka; - ksje/È l%shdj
• iïud wdÔj - ksje/È Èú meje;au
• iïud jdhdu - ksje/È W;aidyh
• iïud i;s - ksje/È isysh
• iïud iudê - ksje/È iudêh
zzbox fLd mk NslLfõ ÿlL ksfrdO.dñKs mámod wßhippx whfuj wßfhd

wgGx.sfld uf..d fihHÒox iuud ÈgÀ" iuud ixlfmmd" iuud jdpd" iuud
luufk;d" iuud wdÔfjd" iuud jdhdfud' iuud i;s" iuud iudê'ZZ
zzuyfKks" fï ÿlaL ksfrdaO .dñKs mámod¾h i;H hs' tkï wd¾h wIagdx.sl
ud¾.h hs' ta flfia o h;a iïud ÈÜÀ" iïud ixlmam" iïud jdpd" iïud
lïuka;" iïud wdÔj" iïud jdhdu' iïud i;s" iïud iudê h hs'ZZ
fuf,i oïila meje;=ï iQ;%fha oelafjk wd¾h wIagdx.sl ud¾.h iïud

hk Wm mofhka úfYaI fldg oelafjkafka nqÿoyfï b.ekafjk l=i,a ud¾.h
wkq.ukh lrñka bÈßhg hd hq;= nj fmkaùug h' fjk;a o¾Ykjdohkaf.ka
fjka fldg oelaùu tys wruqK fõ' wd¾h wIagdx.sl ud¾.h kñka ye|skafjk
239
fuu m%;smodj nqÿrcdKka jykafia m<uqj foaYkd lf<a miaj. uyKqkag h' tu.ska
wfmalaId lf<a Tjqka ;=< meje;s je/È úYajdi yd oDIaàka bj;a fldg wd¾h O¾u
ud¾.hg Tjqka fhduq lsÍu h'
ñ:Hd oDIaáfhka fjkaùu fyj;a iïud osÜÀh m<uq mshjr jYfhka w;HjYH
nj tu.ska wjOdrKh flf¾' hym;a oelSfuka f;drj w÷f¾ hEu úuqla;s ud¾.fha
.uka lsÍu fkdfõ' ÿflys ke;sùu we;s lrkqfha wd¾h wIagdx.sl ud¾.h
wkq.ukh lsÍfuks' th fufia oelafõ'
iïud ÈÜÀ
ksje/È oDIaáh" oelau fyj;a wjfndaOh hs' ÿl" ÿlg fya;=j" ÿl ke;s lsÍu"
ÿl ke;s lsÍfï ud¾.h hk p;=rd¾h i;Hh ms<sn| [dKh iïud osÜÀh f,i
oelafõ' oidldr jQ ñ:Hd oDIaáfhka neyerj ;ud" i;a;ajhd" f,dalh" fuf,dj"
mrf,dj wd¾h ud¾.h jeks lreKq ms<sn| ksje/È wjfndaOh fuu.ska woyia flf¾'
iïud ÈÜÀh fkdue;s j wd¾h ud¾.fhys .uka l< fkdyels h¡ wd¾h ud¾.fhys
wfkl=;a wx.hkag fmrgqj iïud ÈÜÀh .uka lrkq ,efí¡ iïud ÈÜGsh we;sùug
n,mdk idOl folla O¾ufhys b.ekafõ¡ mrf;daf>daIh fyj;a wkqkaf.ka lreKq
wid oek .ekSu iy fhdaksfidaukisldrh fyj;a ta wid oek.;a O¾uh ksje/È
l,amkd fldg ne,Su hkq ta idOl fol hs¡
iïud ixlmam
ksje/È ixl,amkdj hs¡ fklaLïu ixlmam ^lduhkaf.ka f;drùu& wjHdmdo
ixlmam ^fl%daOfhka f;drùu& wúysxid ixlmamh ^ysxidfjka f;drùu& hk ksje/È
ixl,amkd fyj;a is;=ú,sj,ska hqla;ùu iïud ixlmam hkafkka woyia flf¾'
fuu ixl,am yg.kafka wf,daN" wfodai" wfuday hk ;s%úO wl=i, uQ, fya;=
fldgf.k h¡ ldu ixl,am" jHdmdo ixl,am" úysxid ixl,am hkq fuys ñ:Hd
ixl,amfhda h¡ fuu ñ:Hd ixl,amhkaf.ka neyerùu iïud ixl,amfhda fj;s¡
iïud jdpd
ksje/È jpk Ndú;h hs' fndre lSfuka je<elS i;Hh lSu" fla,dï lSfuka
je<elS wkqka iu.s lrk jpk lSu" r¿ jpk lSfuka je<elS uDÿ jpk lSu" ysia
jpk lSfuka je<elS w¾:j;a jpk lSu iïud jdpd kï fõ' iïud jdpd hkafkka
mq¿,a w¾:hla fohs¡ NdIdj Ndú; l< hq;af;a flfia o hkak fuhska úia;r flf¾¡
we;fula w;a;=lalxikh ^;ud yqjd oelaùu& mrjïNkh ^wkqka fy<d oelSu& hk
fol iòyd NdIdj fhdod .kakd nj mOdk iQ;%fha iòyka fõ¡ iudch ;=< .egqï
we;sùug;a .egqï iukh lsÍug;a NdIdj Wmfhda.S jk nj wrK úNx. iQ;%fha
iòyka fõ¡ jpk fyj;a NdIdj uekúka yeisrùu iïud jdpd f,i ;jÿrg;a
ye`Èkaúh yels h¡
240
iïud lïuka;
ksje/È l%shdfjka hqla; ùuhs' mrmK keiSfuka je<lS ish,q i;a;ajhkg
ohdj oelaùu" wkai;= foa .ekSfuka je<lS wkHhka i;= foa wdrCId lsÍu" ldufhys
jrojd yeisÍfuka je<lS iodpdrj;a Èúhla .; lsÍu iïud lïuka; kï fõ'
iïud lïuka;fhka hqla;ùu u.ska mqoa., hq;=lï yd whs;sjdislï ys ;yjqre ùula
o olakg ,efí¡ tu.ska id¾:l iudc iïnkaO;d f.dvke.Sula o isÿ fõ¡ ìfhka
ielfhka f;drj mqoa.,hdg Ôj;aùfï miqìu o fuu iïud lïuka;h ;=<ska
ks¾udKh fõ¡
iïud wdÔj
ksje/È Èú meje;au hs' i;=ka fj<odu" wdhqO fj<odu" jiúI fj<odu" uia
fj<odu" u;ameka fj<odu jeks je/È oE fkdfldg ksje/È ud¾.j,ska Èúmeje;au
iïud wdÔj kï fõ' fuu.ska ñ:Hd wdÔjfhka neyerùu woyia flf¾¡ is.d,"
jH.a>mÊc" m;a;lïu" wKk" ldufNda.S jeks iQ;%hkays oS iïud wdÔjh ms<snò
lreKq olajd we;¡ idyisl ls%hdjkayS fkdfhfoñka Od¾ñlj Okh bmhSu jeo.;a
nj nqÿoyfï b.ekaùu hs¡ mkais,a wdrlaId lrñka fjfyi ù Okh bmhSu nqÿoyu
wkqu; lrhs¡ mkais,a iqrlsk ls%hd Od¾ñl ls%hd fõ¡
iïud jdhdu
ksje/È W;aidyh hs' Wmka l=i,a Wmojd .ekSug;a kQmka l=i,a jeäÈhqKq lr
.ekSug;a" kQmka wl=i,a kQmoùug;a" Wmka wl=i,a ke;s lr oeóug;a orK W;aidyh
iïud jdhdu kï fõ' i;r iuH.am%Odk f,i o fïjd oelafõ¡ fuu lreKq úia;r
lrk ;ekl iïud jdhdufha ,laIK f,i îxjrmamOdk& ixjrùug W;aidy
lsÍu" ^mydkdmamOdk& Wmka ldu is;=ú,s" jHdmdo is;=ú,s" úysxid is;=ú,s w;ayeÍug
W;aidy lsÍu" ^NdjkmamOdk& is; ÈhqKq lsÍug W;aidy lsÍu" ^wkqrlaLkdmamOdk&
Wmojd .;a hym;a iudê ksñ;a; wdrlaId lsÍug W;aidy lsÍu hk lreKq i;r
olajd we;¡
iïud i;s
ksje/È isysh hs' ldhdkqmiaikdj" fõokdkqmiaikdj" Ñ;a;dkqmiaikdj"
Oïudkqmiaikdj hk lreKq úIhfhys msysgqjk isysh iïud i;sh kï fõ'
iïud i;sh Wmojd .ekSu msKsi l,HdK ñ;% fiajkh yd fhdaksfidaukisldrh
îsysnqoaêfhka fufkys lsÍu& l<hq;= fõ¡ isysfhka lghq;= lrk f,i nqÿrcdKka
jykafia ks;r Wmfoia ÿka nj fndfyda iQ;% foaYkd u.ska meyeÈ,s fõ¡
iïud iudê
ksje/È iudêh hs' is; tl. lsÍug fya;=jk rEm yd wrEm OHdkhka jeãu
iïud iudê kï fõ' l=i,a isf;ys tl. nj iudê f,i oelafõ' is; tl. jkafka
m%:u OHdkh" oaú;sh OHdkh" ;D;sh OHdkh" p;=¾: OHdkh hk OHdk i;r
jeãfuks¡ fuu OHdk u.ska flfrKqfha lduÉPkao" jHdmdo" ÒkñoaO" WoaOÉp
241
l=lal=Ép" úÑlsÉPd hk kSjrK O¾u mi hgm;a ùuhs¡ fuu.ska mxp kSjrK O¾u
iïmQ¾K jYfhka hgm;a fkdfõ¡ OHdk mj;sk ;dla kSjrK O¾u hgm;a fõ¡
OHdkfhka is; fjka jQ ú.i keje; tu kSjrK O¾u is;g meñfKa¡ kSjrK O¾u
iïmQ¾K jYfhka hgm;a jkqfha ud¾. M, ,eîfuka miqj hs¡
fuu wd¾h wIagdx.sl ud¾.fhys wx. iS," iudê" m[a[d hkqfjka ;%súO
YslaIdjl g wka;¾.; fõ' th fufia h'
iïud ÈÜÀ
m[a[d
iïud ixlmam
iïud jdpd
iïud lïuka; iS,
iïud wdÔj
iïud jdhdu
iïud i;s iudê
iïud iudê
nqÿoyfï b.ekafjk ;%súO YsCIdj úuqla;s ud¾.hg wkqmQ¾j YsCIdjls' tkï

ir, yd myiq wdrïNhl isg l%ufhka .eUqrg .uka lrkakls' ta wkqj wd¾h
ud¾.h mgka .kafka iS,fhks' iS,h iïmQ¾K jQ miq iS,fhka hq;=j iudêh jeäh
hq;= h' iS,h;a iudêh;a iïmQ¾K jQ miq tu folska u hq;=j m%{dj jeäh hq;= h'
fuys § mek k.sk .eg¨jla kï ksjka ud¾.h iS," iudê" m%{d hk

wdldrfhka .eUqrg hkafka kï wd¾h wIagdx.sl ud¾.fha iïud ÈÜÀfhka wdrïN
jkafka ljr fyhska o hkak hs' m%{djg wdod< wx. m<uqj oelaùug fya;=j jkafka
ksje/È wjfndaOh yd ksje/È wdl,am fkdue;súg nqÿka foaYs; O¾u ud¾.fha .uka
lsÍug wmyiq neúks' ^m[a[djka;iaidhx Oïfud&
fuu ;%súO YsCIdj tlsfkl fjka fjkaj fkdj tljr ÈhqKq l< hq;=
O¾u;d nj;a tu.ska i;a;ajhdg iir ÿlg fya;=j yd ;DIaKdj;a tu ;DIaKdj ke;s
lsÍu kï jQ ks¾jdKdjfndaOh;a idlaId;a l< yels h'
242
wNHdi
01¡ ÿrel< hq;= wka; ljf¾ oe hs ,shkak¡

02¡ wd¾h wIagdx.sl ud¾.h ;%sYslaIdjg fnod olajkak¡
03¡ iïud lïuka;fhka hq;=j lghq;= lsrSfuka Tng ,efnk m%fhdack myla
,shkak¡
mejreu
01' wd¾h wIagdx.sl ud¾.h ksr;=rej ÈhqKq lsrSfuka hym;a mqoa.,fhl=
ks¾udKh fõ¡ uefhka Tn msßfjfkys jd¾Isl i`.rdjg ,smshla ilia
lrkak¡
Ndú;hg
u..dkgGx.sfld fifgGd - ippdkx p;=frd mod

úrdf.d fifgGd Ouudkx - oúmodkx p plLqud
îsh¨ ud¾. w;=frka wd¾h wIagdx.sl ud¾.h fY%aIaG h¡ ish,q i;H

w;=frka ÿlaL" iuqoh" ksfrdaO" ud¾. hk p;=rd¾h i;H fY%aIaG h¡ ish¨
O¾u w;=frka ksjk fY%aIaG h¡ oaúmdo i;a;ajhka w;=frka nqÿrcdKka
jykafia fY%aIaG h¡&
Ôuu moh - u.. j..h&

243
ñyska;,djhs oyï wudjhs
nqÿ oyu ,laÈjg meñKsfha l%s'mQ' 3jk Y;j¾Ifha§ h' ta jk úg ,xldfõ

uq,a nei.;a wd.ula fkdù h' tjlg ;snQ weoys,s úYajdi w;r hlaIhka ms§u m%Odk
úh' mKavqldNh rcq Ñ;a;rdc" ld,fõ, hk hlaIhka fofokdg foajd, lrjQ nj
uydjxYfha i|yka fõ' wfkla w;g Tjqka rcqf.a u ys;j;=ka f,i isg ñh.sh
jqka neúka th u<jqka ms§fï isß;la f,ig ie,lsh yels h' fï wjêfha oUÈj
;snQ úúO wd.ïj, mQclhka o ,xldjg ixl%uKh ù isá njg idOl yuqfõ' ta
w;r n%dyauKfhda o jQy' mKavqldNh l=ureg Ys,am b.ekajQfha o n%dyauKfhls' ;j
o mKavqldNh rcq fcda;sh" .sß yd l=ïNKav hk ks.KaGhkag wdrdu lrjQ njg
i|yka ùfuka ffckhka fyj;a ks.kaGhka o fuys jdih l< nj fmkS hhs'
miqlf,l j<.ïnd rcq wNh.sßh bÈlrjQfha ta .sß ks.kaGhdf.a wimqj ;snqKq
;ek h' óg wu;rj mßn%dclhka wdÔjlhka jeks Y%uKhka o ,laÈj .ejiS ;sfí'
mKavqjdifoaj" NoaolÉpdhkd jeks wh oUÈúka furgg meñK we;af;a mßn%dcl
jeks ;jqia fjia f.k h' thska fmfkkafka Tjqka furgg ckhdg yqremqreÿ wh jQ
njhs'
nqÿrcdKka jykafia f;jrla u ,laÈjg jevu l<y' thska kd.§mhg yd

le<Kshg jevu l< wjia:dj, § uqyqÿlrfha Ôj;ajQ kd. f.da;%slfhda nqÿka irK
.shy' uyshx.khg jeä m<uq .ufka § l÷lrfha úiQ iquk ÈjHrdchd nqÿrÿka irK
.sfha h' Tyqf.a wdrdOkh mßÈ iuk< lkaog jevu l< Wkajykafia tys isßmd
igyka ;enQy' tfia u ta wjia:dfõ fidf<diauia:dk msysá ;ekaj, Wkajykafia
iaj,am fõ,dj ne.ska jevyqka nj i|yka fõ' tfy;a fï lsisjla ksidj;a lsisu
wd.ula ,xldfõ n,j;a wd.ula f,i ms<s.ekS ;snqfKa ke;'
wfYdal rc;=udf.a O¾um%pdrh

wfYdal rc;=ud oUÈj tlafiai;a fldg È.aúch kj;ajd ta fjkqjg O¾uúch
wdrïN lf<a h' ta wkqj m<uqfldg t;=ud wjg rgj,a iu. ñ;% iïnkaO;d we;slr
.;af;a h' ,xldfõ ;siai rc;=ud o t;=udf.a ch.%yKhg iqNm;d ¥;hka w; m`vqre
heù h' t;eka isg fofokd fkdÿgq ñ;=frda jQy' wfYdal rc;=ud ;siai rc;=udg
rcflfkl=g wjYH rdclSh NdKav ;E.s lr tjd kej; wNsfIal lrk f,i b,a,d
isáfha h' ;ukq;a f;rejka irK .sh neúka ;siai rcqg;a f;rejka irK hk f,i
o okajd tù h' ta wkqj ;siai rcq f;rejka irK f.dia kej; wNsfIal lf<a h'
,la rcq flfrys wfYdal rc;=udf.a ie,ls,a, fl;rï ùo h;a ;u f.!rj kduh jQ
zfoajdkïmshZ hkak o ;siai rcqg m%odkh lr tù h' t;eka isg ,larcq foajdkïmsh
;siai kï úh'
244
uyskaod.ukh
ñys÷ ud ysñhka ,laÈjg jevu lf<a ls%'mQ' ;=kajk Y;j¾Yfha ueo Nd.fha
fmdfidka fmdfydh Èkl h' tl, fmdfidka fmdfydh Èkh kele;a fl<s Èkhls'
fojkmE;sia rc;=ud o tÈk ñyska;,fha ov fl<sfha fh§ isáfha h' ta uia msKsi
fkdj l%Svd msKsi;a" Ys,am ±laùu msKsi;a h' wïnia:,hg jevujd isá ñys÷ udysñhka
we;=¿ ¥; msßi ,larcqg uqK .eiqfKa Tyq uqfjl= miqmi ÿqn¢oa§ h' zz;siaiZZ hehs
;uka wu;kq weiS kej;S neÆ rc;=udg ñys÷ ud ysñhka jykafia
iuKd uhx uydrdc - Ouurdcii idjld

;fjj wkqlumdh - cunq§md bOd.;d
hkqfjka ;uka ljqreo l=ula i|yd meñKsfha±hs meyeÈ,s l<y' fï ;u

fkdÿgq ñ;=rdf.a mq;Kqjka nj y÷kd.;a rcq Wkajykafia m%Odk msßi idorfhka
ms<sf.k wU fijKl jvd ys÷ù h' tys§ wU m%Yakh iy {d;s m%Yakh wid rc;=udf.a
kqjK uÜgu f;areï.;a ñys÷ ysñfhda rcqg pQ,y;aÓmfodamu iQ;%fhka oyï foiQy'
th ;=kqrejka fln÷ o hkak;a ry;a nj yd p;=rd¾h i;H jeks m%Odk b.ekaùï
ms<sn|j;a lreKq we;=<;a w.kd iQ;%hls' thska rc;=udg nqÿ oyu;a nqÿrÿka iy
uyiÕrejk;a ms<sn| uQ,sl ±kqula we;súh' rc;=ud nqÿoyu je<|.;af;a h' tod
uyskao ud ysñhka iu. bÜÀh" W;a;sh" iïn," Noaoid, hk ry;ka jyykafia,d;a
iquk idufKarhka iy NKavql Wmdilhkq;a hk ih fofkla meñKsfhda h'
thska iquk idufKarfhda ix>ñ;a;djf.a mq;Kqfjda h' NKavql Wmdilhd ñys÷ ud
ysñhkaf.a iq¿ ujf.a ÈhKshf.a mq;kqjKka h'
tod iE.sßfha u úiQ ¥; msßia miqod rcqf.a werhqï mßÈ wkqrmqr w.kqjrg
jevu l<y' rc;=ud oka ms<s.eka jQ w;r uyf;rKqfjda /iaj isá msßig fma;j;a:q
iy úudkj;a:q l;dmqj;aj,ska wkqfudaokd l<y' tajdfha we;=<;a jkafka l<lï m,
§ fma%;f,dj iy foõf,dj Wmka whf.a l;dmqj;a h' t;ekaisg È.g u O¾ufoaYkd
meje;aúK' ta foaYkd w;r ksrd ÿl .ek lshefjk foaj¥; iQ;%h;a" ÈhqKqjkakka
yd msßfykakka .ek lshefjk nd,mKaä; iQ;%h;a m%Odk fõ' tu.ska iqjfia
úiSug flfkl=g iodpdrfha we;s jeo.;alu myod ÿka w;r wdOHd;añl ixj¾Okh
ms<sn| j w¨;a wruqKla we;s kj o¾Ykhla Y%djl ckhd ;=< my< úh'
uq,ska u ¥; msßi jev isáfha uyfuõkd Whfka msysá rcud,s.fha h' ta;a
rc;=udf.a n,j;a wejá,a, ksid h' wk;=rej fojkmE;sia rc;=ud uyfuõkd Whk
o Wkajykafia,dg w;meka j;afldg ms§ h'
uyfuõkd Whk iÕi;= lsÍfuka miq ñys÷ ysñfhda tu N+ñfha nqoaO

idikfha uQ,ia:dkh jQ uydúydrh ms<sfh, lrkakg lghq;= l<y' ta i|yd N+ñh
uekSfï§ rc;=ud ;ukaf.a ud,s.dj;a ta N+ñhg u we;=<;a fldg uksk f,i b,a,d
isáfha h' tfia lf<a ;ukag;a idiksl kS;shg wkqj lghq;= l< yels h lshd h'
fuh ,xldfõ rc;=ud idikhg wjk; flfkla úh hq;= h hk iïm%odh we;sùug
m%Odk ldrKh úh'
245
wk;=rej ñys÷ ysñhkaf.a leue;a; mßÈ fjk u wdjdi f.hla blaukska
;kjk ,È' th ueáfhka ;kd fld< w;= oud ms<siaiSu ksid l¨ meye .;af;a h'
tksid th ld,mdido kñka m%lg úh' tu wdrduh ;siaidrduh kï úh'
fkdfndaojilska fojkmE;sia rcq ±ka nqÿiiqk furg msysáfha ±hs f;reka

jykafiaf.ka úpdf<a h' Wkajykafiaf.a ms<s;=r jQfha ,xldfõ fouõmshkaf.ka
,xldfõ u Wmka mqf;l= ,xldfjys§ u meúÈ ù ,xldfjys§ u úkh yodrd ,xldfjys§ u
úkh ix.dhkd l< úg iiqk uq,anei .;a;d jkafka h hkq h' fuhska m%lg jkafka
nqÿiiqk ,xldjg mjrd§ug ñys÷ ysñhkag fld;rï Wjudkjla ;snqfKa o hkakhs'
fï wruqK fkdfnda l,lska wßÜG f;rKqfjda bgq l<y'
uyskao f;reka we;=¨ ¥; msßi úisyh ojila wkqrdOmqrfha jev úiQy'

jevlghq;= iS>%fhka flÍf.k .sfha h' w¨;a O¾ufhys w.h jeishkag myod fokq
jia Wkajykafia w.a.slaLkafodamu" Oïuplalmj;ajk wdÈ iQ;% foaYkd rdYshla
l<y' úisy;afjks ojfia Wkajykafia,d wkqrdOmqrfhka kslau jiajikq msKsi
ñyska;,hg jevu l<y' tod u rc;=udf.a nEKkq jQ uyd wßÜG wud;Hhd ;j;a
mkiamiafofkl= iu. meúÈ úh' fï jk úg jiaúiSug NslaIQka yegfokula jQy'
Tjqkag tys wdjdi fkd;snQ neúka fojkmE;sia rc;=ud j¾;udk lKaGl ffp;Hh
wjg msysá .,af,ka yeg wgla iqoaO mú;% lrjd wdjdi yeáhg ilia lrù h'
fï w;r uyd kd. hqjrcqf.a fufyish jQ wkq,d foaúh yd msßjr ia;%Syq

meúÈ ùug leue;a; m< lf<da h' ia;%Ska meúÈ lsÍu ;udg l< fkdyels neúka ta
nj oUÈj w.rcqg okajd ;u ke.Ksh jQ ix>ñ;a;d ry;a f;rKsh jevujd .kakd
f,i f;rKqfjda ±kajQy' ta wkqj fojkmE;sia rc;=ud ix>ñ;a;d f;rKsh jevujd
f.k tk f,i;a ta iu.u Y%S uyd fndaêfha YdLdjla o jevu lrjk f,i;a b,a,d
wfYdal rcq fj; ¥; msßila heù h' ix>ñ;a;djka meñfKk f;la wkq,d foaúh
we;=¨ msßi oiis,a rlsñka k.rfhys tla mfil Tjqka i|yd lrjk ,o Wmdisld
úydrfha jdih l<y'
jia ld,fhka miq ñys÷ udyshkag ,laÈj i¾j{ Od;= ksoka fldg iEhla
bÈlrùug wjYH úh' ta wkqj ta i|yd Od;+ka jykafia jevujd f.k taug wfYdal
rcq fj; ¥;fhl= f,i iquk idufKarhka jykafia msg;a lrk ,È' Wkajykafia
wfYdal rc;=udf.ka nqÿrÿkaf.a ol=Kq wl=odj o" nqÿrÿkaf.a md;%d Od;=j o we;=¨
fjk;a Od;= /ila o ,ndf.k wdy' tu Od;+ka jykafia,d uo l,la ñyska;,fhaysu
l÷u; ;ekam;a lrk ,o w;r tys mqomQcd isÿjQ neúka t;ekamgka th fÉ;sh.sß
îE.sß& kï úh' ol=Kq wl=Od;=j ;ekam;a fldg :Qmdrduh od.en ;kk ,oafoa h'
th ,xldfõ bÈlrk ,o m%:u ia;+mhhs'
fufyK iiak iy Y%S uyd fndaêh

W÷jma udi mqka fmdfydaod ix>ñ;a;d f;rKsh Y%S uyd fndaê YdLdj o
/f.k jevu l<d h' wkq,d foaúh we;=¨ msßjr ia;%Syq fufyKs iiafkys meúÈ jQy'
Tjqka jevisá Wmdisld úydrh t;eka mgka y;a:d<ayl kñka fufyKs wdrduhla
njg m;aúh' iÕñ;a f;rKsfhda o tys jevjdih lf<da h'
246
fndaêfrdamKh uy;a W;aijY%Sfhka lrk ,È' tu Wf<,g ,xldfõ isõfoiska
úúO rdclSh ksfhdað;fhda meñK isáhy' Y%S uyd fndaêhg Wmia:dk msKsi wfYdal
wêrdchd úiska u oywg l=,hl ckhd tjkq ,enQy' Tjqka ,xldfõ úúO l,d Ys,am
ìys lsÍug odhl jQ nj i|yka fõ' Y%S uyd fndaêfhka yg.;a wxl=r ,xldfõ úúO
;ekaj, frdamKh lrk ,È' tfia frdamKh lrk ,o ;eka ;sia folls'
Y%S uyd fndaêh;a" md;%d Od;=j;a furg nqÿ oyu ixfla;j;a lrjk m%Odk
ixfla; folla úh' fn!oaO ixialD;sh fuys msysàug m%n, idOl folla o úh'
md;%d Od;=j fuys jev isàu ie,l=fKa nqÿrÿka jeviSàu f,i h' th ;ekam;a
lrk ,oafoa rc f.oru h' th rdcH ixfla;hla f,i o i,lk ,È' j<.ïnd rcq
oji rcueÿr jegÆ øúvhka md;%d Od;=j meyerf.k .sfha kej; th /f.k wjq;a
,xldfõ rclug Wreulï lSug h' miqlf,l tu ;ek ,enqfKa oka; Od;=jghs'
,xldjg jäk úg ñys÷ f;rKqfjda fo;sia úfha miq jQy' Wkajykafia mqrd
wiQ jila wdhq j<|d fojkmE;sia rcq wejEfuka rc meñKs W;a;sh rcqf.a ^l%s'mQ' 200&
wgjeks j¾Ifha § iE.sßfha§ u msßksjka mEy' Wkajykafiaf.a Od;= ksoka fldg
iE.sßfha ia;+mhla lrjk ,È' B<Õ wjqreoafoa § ix>ñ;a;d f;rKsfhda o wkqrdOmqr
y;a:d<ayl fufyKjrfha§ msßksjka mEy'
ñys÷ udysñhkaf.a ,xld.ukh isxy, ixialD;sfha wdrïNh f,i ie,lsh

yels h' Wkajykafia ,xldjg w¨;a wd.ula muKla fkdj tjlg lS¾;sfhka
w.;ekam;a uq¿ iNH;ajhla u furgg f.kd fial' ix>drdu iy ffp;H bÈlsÍu;a
ta iu.u furgg l,dj yd .Dyks¾udK Ys,amh weíneys lsÍu;a Wkajykaf.ka isÿjQ
fufyjrls' ñys÷ udysñhka jykafia isxy, idys;Hfha wdÈ l;Djrhd f,io ie,lsh
yels h' Wkajykafia ;%smsgl wgqjd ,laÈjg f.kjq;a §mjdiSkaf.a hym; i|yd
fy<nig fmr<d ;enQ nj nqoaOf>daI udysñfhda i|yka lr;s' fufia Wkajykafia
isxy, NdIdj idys;H NdIdjla njg m;afldg tys idys;HdrïNh o isÿ l<y'
Wkajykafia wfYdal fydaäh o furgg weíneys lrkakg we;ehs is;sh yels h'
tmuKla fkdj isxy, ia;%Skaf.a Ôú;h yd pß;h yev.eiaùu i|yd ix>ñ;a;d
f;rKsh o tn÷ u fufyhla isÿ l<d h' uyskaod.ukh jkdys ,xld ixialD;sfha
wdrïNh jQjd fiau bkaÈhdj yd ,xldj w;r mej;s idudðl" ixialD;sl yd rdc
iïnkaO;d rdYshl l=¿.ekaùuleZhs j,afmd, rdyq, ysñfhda ,laÈj nqÿiufha
b;sydifha § i|yka lr;s'
wNHdi
01. uyskaod.ukhg fmr ,lajeishka nqÿoyu .ek ±k isá njg idOl ;=kla
bÈßm;a lrkak'
02. wfYdal rc;=ud O¾u¥;hka hejQ rgj,a w;ßka ,xldjg úfYaI ie,ls,a,la
±lajQ njg Tng fmfkk idOl fudkjdo@
03' uyskaod.ukfhka ,xldfõ isÿjQ mßj¾;kh iy ixialD;sl m%fndaOh ms<sn| j
flá igykla ,shkak'
247
uyf;r iiqfkka ì£.sh jdoh
ûydhdkh&
uydhdkfha m%Njh
j¾;udk f,dalh ;=< nqÿ oyfï m%Odk iïm%odhhka folla il%Shj mj;S'
tu iïm%odhhka fol y÷kajkafka f:rjdoh iy uydhdkh hkqfjks' Y%S ,xldj"
nqreuh" ;dhs,ka;h" ñhekaudrh jeks rgj, f:rjd§ iïm%odh l%shd;aul jk w;r
Ökh" ánegh" cmdkh jeks rgj, uydhdk iïm%odh l%shd;aul fõ'
f:rjd§ka úúO ksldhkag fn§hdu ksid;a" O¾u kHdhhka i|yd úúO

w¾:l:k u;=lsÍu ksid;a uydhdk jdoh we;s jQ njg Ydik b;sydih idCIs
orhs' uq,a nqÿ iuh kj w¾:l:khkag n÷ka lsÍu uydhdkfha úfYaI ,CIKhla
fia fmfka' ta wkqj f:rjd§ka uq,a nqÿ joka ta wdldrfhka u wdrCId lr.ekSug
fjroerE w;r i¾jdia;sjd§ka m%uqL m%;sixialrKjd§yq ksrka;rfhka nqÿjoka ilia
lsÍug fjr oerEy' tys m%;sM,h jQfha uydhdkfha iïNjh hs'
Ydik b;sydifha oelafjk lreKq wkqj nqÿrÿkaf.a Y%djl NsCIq msßi

mGudNsiïfndaê hq.fhys iuÕs iïmkakj yd úkh.relj úiQ y' tfia jqj o
nqÿrÿka Ôjudk iufhys u NsCIQka w;r hï hï u;fNao we;s jQ nj meyeÈ,sj u
oelsh yels ,CIKhls' NsCIQka jykafia,d w;r meyeÈ,s ksldh fNaohla ms<sn|j
f;dr;=re yuqjkafka fojeks O¾u ix.dhkdfjka miqj jqj o ksldh fNaofhys
uQ, îc nqÿrÿka Orudk ld,fha §u olakg ,enqKs' foajo;a;" id;s" Pín.a.sh wd§
NsCIQkaf.a ls%hd l,dmhka ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfï § fuh jgyd .ekau myiq h'
Wkajykafia,d f.ka yg.;a tlS uQ,îc wkql%ufhka ixj¾Okh ù úldYhg m;aùug
Y;j¾I .Kkla .;úh' ta wkqj mYapd;a ld,Skj uydhdkh ìysùug n,mE uQ,sl
isoaOdka; nqÿrÿka Orudk wjêfha § u frdamKh jkakg jQ neõ is;Su idOdrK h'
ta wkqj fn!oaO ix> iudch uQ,sl jYfhka fldgia follg fnÿKs' NsCIq iudcfha
jeä msßila ksfhdackh lf<a w¨f;ka ìys jQ uyd idx>sl iïm%odhhhs'
uQ,sl ix>

ia:úrjd§ uyd ix>sl
248
fojeks O¾u ix.dhkdj meje;s wjia:dfõ § jÊðmq;a;l NsCIQkaf.a oi
wlem jia;=j ms<s.;a úYd, NsCIq msßila isáhy' Wkajykafia,d ix.S;sldrl NsCIq
msßfika fjkaj fjku O¾u ix.dhkdjla meje;a jQ nj o tneúka tu msßi uyd
ix>sl hk kñka ye¢ka jqKq nj o Ydik b;sydih msßlaiSfï § meyeÈ,s fjhs'
uydhdkh iïm%odhla jYfhka iaÓrj ;yjqre jQfha isõjk O¾u ix.dhkdfjka
wk;=rej h' iïnqoaO mßks¾jdKfhka jir ishhlg miq l=IdK jxYsl lKsIal
rcqf.a m%Odk odhl;ajfhka ldYaórfha l=Kav,jk úydrfha § md¾Yaj f;rekaf.a
m%Odk;ajfhka isõjila mqrd fuu ix.S;sh meje;ajqKs' jiqñ;%" wYajf>daI yd mQ¾K
hiia jeks f;rjreka óg iyNd.s ù we;' tys udOHh jQfha ixialD; NdIdjhs'
uydhdkfha uQ,sl b.ekaùï
úNdId kï jQ wgqjd.%J:
uQ,sl iQ;% oyh
oi N+ñ ixl,amh
mdrñ;d ixl,amh
;%sldh ixl,amh
fndaê i;;aj ixl,amh
fndaê Ñ;a; ixl,amh
úNdId kï jQ wgqjd.%J:
isõjk O¾u ix.dhkdfõ tla m%;sM,hla jQfha ;s%msglhg úNdId kñka
wgqjd .%J: rpkd lsÍuhs'
01' úkh msglh - úkh úNdId

02' iQ;% msglh - WmfoaYl Ydia;%
03' wNsO¾u msglh - uyd úNdId
fuu úNdId .%J: rpkfhys m%;sM,hla f,i uydhdk jdoh l%udkql+,

mokula Tiafia ilia jqKs' fuf;la f.dvkef.ñka meje;s uydhdk woyia jvd;a
ixúOdkd;aul mokulska fuu ix.dhkdj Tiafia talrdYS jqKs' uydhdkfha
iïNjh iïnJOj isõjeks ix>dhkdj b;d jeo.;a jkafka tu ksid h' fuu
ix.S;sfhka miqj f:rjdofhka neyer jQ ish¨ u iïm%odhhka uydhdk kñka iaÓr
mokula Tiafia ;yjqrej wkql%ufhka j¾Okh jkakg úh' tneúka m%:u uydhdk
O¾u ix.dhkdj fuu isõjeks ix.dhkdj f,i oelaúh yels h' fuhska miq lKsIal
rcqf.a wkq.%dyl;ajfhka uydhdk nqÿ iuh uOH wdishdfõ o Ökh jeks rdcHj,
o jHdma; ù .sfha h' f:rjdohg idfmaCIj uydhdkh blaukska ckm%sh jQfha tys
meje;s ,sys,a m%;sm;a;s ksid fia u fmdÿck Ôú;hg wod<j wdñi mQcdjkag o m%uqL
;ekla ,enqKq fyhsks'
249
uQ,sl iQ;% oyh
fuu uydhdk O¾ufha b.ekafjk O¾u iQ;% 10 la fõ' tajd fufia h'
01' wIag idyY%sl m%{dmdrñ;d iQ;%h

02' ioaO¾u mqKavßl iQ;%h'
03' ,,s; úia;r iQ;%h
04' ,xldj;dr iQ;%h
05' iqj¾K m%Ndi iQ;%h'
06' .KaVjHQy iQ;%h
07' ;:d.; .=yHl iQ;%h
08' iudêrdc iQ;%h'
09' oY N+ñYajr iQ;%h'
10' úu,lS¾;s iQ;%h'
oi N+ñ ixl,amh
uydhdkfha tk b.ekaùï w;r oYN+ñj,g iqúfYaIS ;ekla ysñfjhs' f:rjd§

nqÿiufhys fidajka wd§ f,i b.ekafjk ud¾.M, is;aj,g wkqrEmS jk f,i fuu
oYN+ñ f.dvk.d we;snj fmfka' oYN+ñj,g we;=<;a jkafka fïjd h'
01' m%uqÈ;d - m%S;su;a

02' úu,d - ks¾u,
03' m%NdlÍ - nn<k
04' w¾Ñiau;S - Tmakef.k
05' iqÿ¾chd - w;alr.ekSug ÿIalr
06' wNsuqÇ - uqyqKg uqyqK,d isák
07' ¥rx.ud - wE; .uka lrk
08' wp,d - ksYap,
09' idOqu;S - hym;a woyia we;s'
10' O¾u fï>d - oyï j<dl=,la jeks
mdrñ;d ixl,amh
f:rjdofha nqoaOldrl O¾u oi mrñ;d f,i ±lafõ' uydhdkfha uq,a hq.fha

mdrñ;d 6la jQ w;r miqld,Skj th o oyhla njg m;ajqKs' tys uQ,sl Iâ mdrñ;d
fufia h'
01' odk mdrñ;d 02' YS, mdrñ;d 03' CIdka;s mdrñ;d
04' ù¾h mdrñ;d 05' OHdk mdrñ;d 06' m%{d mdrñ;d
250
miqj tl;= jQ mdrñ;d i;r fufia h'
01' Wmdê fl!Y,H mdrñ;d 02' m%KsOdk mdrñ;d

03' n, mdrñ;d 04' {dk mdrñ;d
ñka m%Odk;ajfhys,d i,lkqfha m%{d mdrñ;dj hs' tys fY%aIaG;ajh úoyd

oelaùu i|yd rpkd l< m%{d mdrñ;d kue;s úYd, O¾u .%J:hla o fjhs'
;%sldh ixl,amh
uydhdkhg wh;a ;j;a iqúfYaIS b.ekaúula kï ;s%ldh ixl,amh hs' iEu

nqÿjrfhl=g u ldh ;=kla we;snj tu.ska b.eka fõ' tajd kï"
01' O¾u ldh

02' iïfNda. ldh
03' ks¾udK ldh hs'
fuys O¾uldh hkq fndaêmdlaIsl O¾u yd fjk;a Wiia oyïj,ska msßisÿ

l< isrerhs' nqÿrÿkag wh;a ksh u isrer fuhhs' fuh YÍrhla fkdfõ' th Y+kH;d
O¾uhhs' iïfNda. ldh jkdys nqÿrÿkaf.a iQCIu YÍrh hs' nqoaO;ajfha wkQmu iqjh
o .=K O¾u yd {dk n,fhka ,efnk iqjh o ú|.kafka fuu YÍrfhks' fuu
YÍrfha isg nqÿrÿka mrud¾: O¾u fndai;ajrekag foaYkd lr;s' ks¾udKldh hkq
nqÿrÿkaf.a ukqIH YÍrh hs' fï YÍrh Wmfhda.S lrf.k Wkajykafia f,daljdiSkag
fiajh lr;s' O¾u ldh jYfhka we;af;a tlls' tfy;a ks¾udKldh yd iïfNda.
ldh lsysmhla ;sìh yels h' f:rjd§yq nqoaO" Oïu" ix> hk f;rejka kuÈk
whqßka uydhdkslfhda fuu ;s%ldh kuÈ;s'
fndaê i;a;aj ixl,amh
fmdÿfõ iEu fn!oaO iïm%odhl u fndaêi;a;aj ixl,amh oelafjhs' nqÿ nj

m;d .=Koï mqrkakd jQ mqoa.,hd nqoaOdxl=r yd fndaêi;a;aj kï fõ' uydhdkfha
fuu fndaêi;a;aj ixl,amh b;d oeäj wjOdrKh fldg b.eka fõ' nqoaOhdkfhka
ks¾jdK mom%dma;sh uydhdkfha m%Odk b.ekaùuhs' ish¨ fokd u nqÿjn ,nk
nj;a" tneúka fuf,dj Ôj;ajk ish¨ fokd u nqoaOdxl=rhska nj;a uydhdkfha
b.ekafjhs' tfia u ck;djf.a hym; Wfoid mrudo¾YS pß;hla jQ fndaêi;a;ajjrhka
fufia Tmakxjd we;af;a Wkajykafia,d ÿflys .e,S jik fmdÿ uyck;dj
ta ÿlska uqojd .ekSug W;aiqlùu ksihs' fuu fndaêi;a;aj ixl,amh ms<s.;a
uydhdkslfhda ry;ka jykafiaf.a ks¾jdKdjfndaOh fY%AIaG hehs" fkdms<s.;ay'
Tjqyq nqÿrÿkaf.a uQ,sl foaYkdj, wkq;a;r iïud iïfndaêh ms<sn|j ñi wry;a
fndaêhla .ek i|yka fkdfj;shs m%ldY l< y' mfia nqÿjreka o p;=rd¾h i;Hh
251
wjfndaO lr.;a; o ÿflys .e,S jik fmdÿ i;a;ajhd ta ÿlska uqojd .ekSug
W;aiql fkdjk nj uydhdk u;h hs' fï wkqj uydhdkslfhda nqoaOY%djlhkaf.a
yd ry;ka jykafia,df.a fuka u mfia nqÿjrhka jykafia,df.a o wdOHd;añl
wd;aud¾:ldñ;ajh fy<d ÿgqfjda h' tlS W;=ukaf.a ks¾jdKdjfndaOh fY%aIaG hehs
uydhdkslfhda fkdms<s.;ay' fufia uydhdkh ;=<ska u;=fldg we;s fndaêi;a;aj
ixl,amfha § Bg wh;a jQ fndaêi;a;ajjreka rdYshla olajd we;' Wkajykafia,d
m%udKd;aulj oelaúh fkd yels h' tfy;a kñka olajd we;s fndaêi;a;aj ixLHdj
wg kuls' tu fndai;ajrekaf.a kï fufia h'
01' wjf,dalsf;aYajr 02' wdldY .¾N 03' jc% .¾N

04' laIs;s .¾N 05' i¾j ks¾jdK úIalïNS 06' ffuf;%h'
07' iuka; Nø 08' uxcq Y%S
fndai;ajreka f,!lsl yd f,daflda;a;r jYfhka fojeoEreï fldg olajd we;'

iyi% ixLHd; f,!lsl fndaêi;a;ajjre isá;s' Wkajykafia,d idudkH ukqIHhkaa
yd iudk jk w;r mrd¾: p¾hdfjys ksr; fj;s' mQ¾K fmreï we;s m%{d wdvH
jQfjda f,daflda;a;r fndai;ajre h' wmßñ; fndai;ajreka w;r wjf,dalsf;aIajr yd
uxcq Y%S m%uqL hy'
fndaê Ñ;a; ixl,amh
uydhdk nqÿoyfï fndaê i;a;aj ixl,amh yd ne÷Kq zzfndaê Ñ;a;ZZ ixl,amh o

úfYaIfjhs' fndaê Ñ;a;h Wmojd .ekSfï leue;a;la we;s fndai;ajrfhl= wkq.
ukh l< hq;= ima; úO jQ mQcdj y÷kajkafka zzwkq;a;r mQcdZZ hkqfjks' jkaok¦
mQck¦ mdmfoaik¦ mqKHdkqfudaok¦ nqoaOdfOHCIK¦ nqoaOhdpk iy fndaê mßKduk
hkqfjka tu i;aúO jQ wkq;a;r mQcd kï flf¾' fï weiqfrka idudkH ck;dj
;=< Y%oaOdj ckkh lsÍu i|yd úúO mqomQcd l%u rdYshla ìysúh' tu mqomQcd ;udf.a
wdrlaIdjg" nqÿrcdKka jykafiag .relsÍug" fndai;=kaf.ka b,a,Sï lsÍug" ;ukaf.a
fndaêi;a;aj Ñ;a;h ixj¾Okh lsÍug yd Nla;sh ixj¾Okhg bjy,a lr .eksKs'
j¾;udk f:rjdÈ iïm%odh ;=< ls%hd;aul jk mqo mQcd l%u yd ckldka;" w,xldr
W;aij fndfyduhla fï uydhdk mqomQcdj, wNdifhka fmdaIKh ù we;s nj
wu;l fkdl< hq;= h' ukao we;eï f:rjdÈ ckldka; mQcdl%u uydhdk iïm%odh
weiqfrka fmdaIKh jQ nj wu;l jk ;rug tajd f:rjd§ iïm%odh ;=<g neif.k
we;s fyhsks'
252
uydhdkh ixj¾Okh l< m`äjre
uydhdkh ms<sn| lreKq bf.kSfï § uydhdk m`äjreka ms<sn| kdñlj fyda
oek isáu b;d jeo.;a h' uydhdkfha wgqjdpdÍka yd m`äjreka 23 fofkl=f.a kï
i|ykaj we;'
01' kd.d¾cqk 02' wd¾h foaj 03' wYajf>daI
04' md¾Yaj 05' jiqñ;% 06' ud;DfõG
07' wix. 08' jiqnJOq 09' ufkdar:
10' l=udr ,íO 11' O¾umd, 12' Yd,sNø
13' m%Ndlr ñ;% 14' pJøf.daó 15' Èkakd.
16' iaÓru;S 17' Ydka;sfoaj 18' wd¾h Y+rmdo
19' O¾ulS¾;s 20' Ydka; rCIs; 21' moau iïNj
22' lu,YS, 23' foafjJøfndaê
Ndr;Sh ck iudcfhys foaj Nla;sh u; uq,anei.;a foaj jkaokdjg tfrysj
fndaêi;a;aj jdoh kue;s kj;u ixl,amh wdfoaY lf<da fuu uydhdksl m`äjrfhda h'
th w¾: iïmkak jQ;a f.!rjdkaú; jQ;a W;aidyhls' fuu m`äjreka úiska ixj¾Okh
l< uydhdk o¾Ykh b;d fõ.fhka ckm%sh;ajhg m;aúK' l,ahdfï § th Ökh"
fldßhdj" cmdkh wd§ rgj,g o me;sr .sfha h' fn!oaO o¾Ykhg" fn!oaO idys;Hhg
iy fn!oaO l,d Ys,am ÈhqKqjg uydhdkslhka f.ka bgqjQfha uyd¾> fiajdjls' ta
flfrys f:rjd§kaf.a lD;{;d mQ¾jl iïNdjkdj Tjqka fj; mqol< hq;= fõ'
f:rjd§ iïm%odh yd uydhdk iïm%odhfha mj;akd iudk wiudk;d
uydhdk iïm%odh f:rjdÈ iïm%odh

yh wdldr jQ mdrñ;d ixl,amh oimdrñ;d ixl,amh
oiN+ñ ixl,amh N+ñ ixl,amh
iïnqoaO;ajfhka muKla ksjk wjfndaOh nqÿ" mfianqÿ" wry;a hk ;=kajeoEreï
l%ufhka ksjk wjfndaOh
nqÿjre ukqIH f,dalfha my< fkdfõ' nqÿjre ñksiqka w;r ñksfil= ;=<ska u
my< fjhs'
fndai;dKkajykafia uyd lreKdfjka fndai;dKka jykafia lreKq wglska
iukaú; úh hq;= h' iukaú; úh hq;= h'
Nla;s ud¾.h yd [dK ud¾.h jeo.;a [dK ud¾.h jeo.;a fldg i,lhs
fldg i,lhs'
laf,aYdjrK - f[hdjrK CIh lsÍu lïudjrK" laf,aYdjrK" ÈÜGdjrK
CIh lsÍu
OdrKS kï jQ wdrlaIl uka;% msß;a foaYkdj - p;=NdKjdr md<s
ixialD; NdIdj udOHh jYfhka fhdod md,s NdIdj udOHh jYfhka fhdod
.ekSu .ekSu
253
oyu;a ±k foiqu;a ±k oyï foiuq
;sf,da.=re nqÿrcdKka jykafia tf;la lsisfjl=g fkdfmkS hgm;a ù ;snqKq

f,dal i;Hh fyj;a p;=rd¾h i;Hh wjfndaO lrf.k W;=ï jQ nqoaO;ajhg m;a
jQ fial' t;ekaisg Wkajykafia tu O¾uh f,djg foid jod<y' tu foaYkd wid
wjfndaO lrf.k uyry;a iÕ msßi ìysúh' msßi yeg kula jQ ieKska nqÿrcdKka
jykafia zpr: NslaLfõ pdßlxZ hkdÈ jYfhka Wkajykafia,d .ïokõj, ießirñka
oyï foikakg fhojQy' ta wkqj O¾u foaYkd lsÍu t;ekaisg NslaIQka jykafiag
mejreKq j.lSula úh'
tu O¾uh foaYkd fkdl<fyd;a w;=reoka úh yels nj wx.=;a;rfha m[apl

ksmd;fha ioaOïu iïfudai iQ;%j, i|yka fõ' ;jo yeuw;ska u msßmqka NslaIQka
kula ùug kï Wkajykafia O¾u lÓlfhl=ùu;a wjYH nj wx.=;a;r wÜGl
ksmd;fha iuka;mdidÈl iQ;%fha§ jodrd ;sfí'
tfia jqj;a O¾u lÓl;ajh yeug u ,eìh yels Yla;shla fkdfõ' O¾u
foaYlfhda ÿ¾,N h' zz;:d.;mamfõÈ;iai Oïuúkhiai fofi;d mq.a.f,d ÿ,a,fNd
f,daliañxZZ hkqfjka ta nj wx.=;a;r ;sl ksmd;fha i|yka fõ' tfia u ldyg fyda
O¾u lÓl;ajh msysgd ;sfí kï th Tyqg ,enqKq W;=ï ,dNhla nj zzwoaOñox
NslaLfõ ,dNdkx hÈox Oïu lÓl;a;xZZ hkqfjka jodrd ;sfí'
tfy;a wo O¾u lÓlfhda wmuK isá;s' tfia kï O¾u lÓlhka ÿ¾,N

jkafka flfia±hs isf;kq we;' nK hehs lshd fudkjd fyda foaYkd l< muKska
flfkla O¾u lÓlfhla jkafka ke;' ta nj wx.=;a;r p;=lal ksmd;fha OïulÓl
iQ;%fha ú.%y lrkafka fufia h' O¾u lÓlfhda y;r fofkls'
) fuf,dj tla;rd O¾u lÓlfhla lshkafka ál h' th o yrhla ke;s m%,dm h'
th wik msßi o idrj;a foa fyda ksire foa f;dard .kakg iu;a;= fkdfj;s'
tn÷ msßila ueo ta lÓlhd O¾u lÓlfhl= jkafka h'
) ;j;a O¾u lÓlfhla o lshkafka álls' tfy;a th yrj;a h' wik msßi o
ire foa ksire foa f;dard.kakg iu;a h' tn÷ msßila ueo ta lÓlhd O¾u
lÓlfhls'
) ;j;a O¾u lÓlfhla È.ska È.g fndfyda foa lshhs' ta ish,a, ksire h' wik
msßi o ire foa fyda ksire foa f;dard.kakg wiu;a h' tn÷ msßi ueo ta lÓlhd
o O¾u lÓlfhla fõ'
254
) ;j;a O¾u lÓlfhla fndfyda foa foihs' tajd yrj;a h' wik msßi o ire foa
ksire foa f;dard .kakg iu;a h' tn÷ msßila ueo tu lÓlhd O¾u lÓlfhla
fjhs'
fï w;=ßka m<uqjk yd fojk lÓlhka O¾u lÓlhka jkafka wikakka

ire foa ksire foa ;SrKh lrkakg ;rï nqoaêhla ke;s msßila ùu ksid h' Tjqyq
ienE O¾u lÓlfhda fkdfj;s' ienE O¾u lÓlhkahehs ms<s.efkkafka fojk
i;rjk O¾u lÓlfhda h'
O¾u f.!rjh
O¾uh foaYkd lsÍu b;d f.!rjfhka l< hq;= lghq;a;ls' ukao" nqÿrcdKka
jykafia mjd O¾uh .=rejrhd f,i ie,l+ ksid h' nqoaO;ajfhka miajk i;sfha
wcmd, kq.rel uq, jev isá nqÿrcdKka jykafiag ;udg .=rejrfhl= isáfha kï
uekjehs is;sK' tfy;a ta i|yd iqÿiafil= ;=kaf,dj u fkdjQ fyhska ;ud wjfndaO
lr.;a O¾uh u .=re ;kays ;nd.;a nj wx.=;a;r ksldfha p;=lal ksmd;fha Wrefõ,
iQ;%fha i|yka fõ'
tfiau nqÿrÿkaf.ka miqj Ydikfha Ydia;DDjrhd f,i Y%djlhkag wkqu;

lrk ,oafoa o O¾u úkhhs' zzfhd fjd wdkkao uhd Oïfud p úkfhd p foisf;d
m[a[;af;da fid fjd uuÉpfhk iF:dZZ hkqfjka ta nj uyd mßksíndK iQ;%fha
i|yka fõ'
iliaj oyï foiSu
nqÿrcdKka jykafia mjd ld yg oyï foiQj;a th ms<sfj,lg u foik

nj wx.=;a;r m[apl ksmd;fha iSy iQ;%fha i|yka fõ' iliaj oyï foiSu kï
iQodkï ù foiSuhs' tys§ foaYlhd O¾uh;a md,sNdIdj;a fyd¢ka bf.kf.k ilia
úh hq;= h' lrk foaYkh l%uj;a j ixúOdkh lrf.k Y%djlhdf.a uÜgu .ek
i,ld n,d foish hq;= h' tys§ ,dNdfmalaIdfjka f;drj ;ukq;a wdOHd;añlj ilia
ù ie§meye§ oyï foish hq;= h'
O¾u foaYl .=Kdx.
nqÿrcdKka jykafia úiska wkqu; lrk ,o O¾u foaYl .=Kdx. fuka u

O¾u foaYkd ms<sfj;la o ;sfí' Èkla Wodhs f;rKqfjda uyd .sys msßila msßjrdf.k
oyï foiñka Wkay' ta nj wk| f;reka nqÿrÿkag fmkajQ úg Wkajykafia fufia
jod<y' zzwdkkaofhks" wkqkag oyï foiSu myiq lreKla fkdfõ' tfia oyï
foikakd ;ud lreKq mylska iukaú;j oyï foish hq;= h'ZZ th fufia h'
255
1' wdkqmqíî l:d
wkqms<sfj, l;djg wkqj oyï foiñhs is;d foish hq;= h' wdkqmqíî l:d
kï odk l:d - mß;Hd.YS,sNdjh .ek lSu" iS, l:d - yslaóu úkh .ek lSu'
i.a. l:d - foõ ñksia iaj¾.hg u. lSu' ldudkx wd§kjx - m[apldufha fodia
±laùu' ´ldrx - m[apialkaOfha <dul ksire nj lSu' ixlsf,aix- flf,iqkaf.ka
ls,sájk ieá lSu' fklaLïfï wdksixix- lduhkaf.ka fjkaùfï wkqiia lsu'
foaYlhd ;udf.a foaYkdj fï ldrKd wvx.= lrf.k wdrïN lsÍu;a fïjd meyeÈ,s
lsÍfï woyiska foisu;a jeo.;a h'
2' mßhdh oiaidú
yd;amiska lreKq f.kyermdñka foiñhs is;d oyï foish hq;= h' ta wkqj
foaYlhd ;ud foik ud;Dldj ms<sn| j fya;= ldrKd idOl ±laùu" Bg mokï jk
O¾u kHdh f.kyer ±laùu" O¾u - w¾: mo ms<sn| wgqjd weiqßka újrK iemhSu"
Wmud WodyrK wdÈh ±laùu" tu O¾uhkaf.a úúO m%fNao ±laùu" wjYH jQ úg
O¾uhg neyeßka fjk;a lreKq f.k ixikaokh fldg ±laùu l< hq;= h'
3' wkqoaoh;x máÉp
wkqlïmd fmr±ß lrf.k oyï foiSu l< hq;= h' ta nj liaim ixhq;a;fha
pka¥mu iQ;%fha fufia i|yka fõ' zzuyfKks wkqkag oyï foik NslaIQka jykafia
kula Nd.Hj;=ka jykafiaf.a O¾uh" iajdlaLd;h" ixÈÜÀlh hkd§ jYfhka
tys .=K fufkys lrñka" zzud foik fï O¾uh wfka" uyckhd wi;a kï" wid
jgyd .ks;a kï" jgyd f.k ±yeñ ùu msKsi ms<smÈ;a kï uekjZZhs lshd O¾ufha
hym;aNdjh fmkakqï lrkq msKsi oyï foish hq;= h' tfia lreKdj fmr±ß
lrf.k" ohdj wkqlïmdj fmr±ß lrf.k oyï foihs kï tn÷ NslaIqjf.a oyï
foiSu msßisÿ foiqula fõ'
4' k wdñika;frda
uyfKks" hï NslaIqjla zzwfka" uyckhd uf.a O¾u foaYkdj wi;ajd" wid

meyefo;ajd" meye§ meyeÿKq nj mqomQcd wdÈfhka fmkakqï flfr;ajd ZZ hs hk
is;ska wkqkag oyï foihs kï ta NslaIqjf.a O¾u foaYkdj wmsßisÿhhs tu iQ;%fha
i|yka fõ' tuksid ,dN wfmalaIdfjka lsisúfgl;a oyï fkdfoish hq;= h'
5' w;a;dkx p mrx p wkqmyÉp
;ukq;a wkqkq;a foaYkdjg .djdf.k oyï fkdfoish hq;= h' tfiau ;ud
yqjd olajñka ^w;a;=lalxik& wkqka fy<d olsñka ^mrjïNk& oyï foiSu o fkdl<
hq;= h'
256
² w;a;=lalxik
O¾u foaYkfha§ ;ud yqjd ±laùu ;ud j¾Kkd lr .ekSu fkdl< hq;a;ls'
zzuyfKks fï iiqfka NslaIqjla uyckhd ud fyd¢ka ms<sf.k we;ehs ;ud .ek
by<ska is;d f.k f.j,aj,g hhs kï" tfia is;df.k jevys£ kï" by<ska is;df.k
oyï foihs kï ta ksid u u, uQ;% fõ. mjd ordf.k meh .Kka jevys£ kï th
meúoafol=f.a frda.hleZZhs wx.=;a;r p;=lal ksmd;fha frda. iQ;%fha i|yka fõ'
² mrjïNk
wkqka fy<d ±lSu" wkqkag myr .eiSu" foaYlfhl= úiska oyï foiSfï§
fkdl< hq;a;ls' O¾uh hkq wkqkag myr fok wúhla fkdfõ' myr,;a ñksiqkaf.a
is;a iqjm;a lrk Tiqjls' tneúka Y%djlhd fy<d fkd±lSug foaYlhd m%fõYï úh
hq;= h' uyckhd fudav h' wkqjK h hkd§ jYfhka Tjqkaf.a fmfkk ÿ¾j,lï
jqjo ,eÊcd we;sjk" is;a ßfok wdldrfhka fkdlsj hq;= h' wkqlïmdfjka u
lshdÈh hq;= h'
jia úiSu lÀkh yd lÀkdksixi foaYkd
nqÿ iiqk weröfuka miqj nqÿrcdKka jykafia NsCIQka jykafiag jia úiSu
wkqo;a fial' ta yd iïnkaO úkh kS;s mekùï isÿúh' jia úiQ NsCIQka jykafiag
lÀkhla ms<s.ekSu' wkq±k jod< ksid WmdilWmdisld msßia tlaj lÀk mQcd
isÿ l<y' uy;a M, wdksixi ,efnk mskalula jQ neúka rdc rdc uydud;Hd§ka
mjd uy;a f.!rj fmr±Íj lÀk mskalï isÿ l<y' lÀkdksixi O¾u foaYkdj
mj;ajkafka tys wkqyia f.k yer ±laùu iòyd h' tu foaYkdj isÿlrk NsCIqka
jykafia uy;a f.!rjfhka hq;=j fun`ÿ lreKq we;=<;a fldg wdksixi foaYkd l<
hq;= h'
lÀkh hkq l=ulao@
oeä nj" ;o nj" Wiia lsÍu" iaÓr lsÍu hkqfjka zzlÀkhZZ keue;s jpkh
iòyd Yío fldaIhka úúO mo.;d¾:hka imhd we;' kuq;a nqÿiuh ;=< fuu
jpkh Ndú; lrkqfha Wla; wre;ska fkdj Bg yd;amiska u fjkia jQ fn!oaO
úkh l¾uhla ye`Èkaùu iòyd h' lsishï Wmimka NslaIqjla jia iuh t<UqKq
miq zzbuiañx úydf¾ bux f;udix jiaix Wfmañ' bO jiaix Wfmañ'ZZ fuu jia
f;udifhys fuu wdrdufhys jia t<fUñ hkqfjka wêIaGdk fldg lsishï ksYaÑ;
jdiia:dkhla iSudjka jYfhka kshu lr .ekSfuka miq tu jia f;ui mqrdjgu
t<ô isysfhka hq;=j úkhdkql+,j jia wdrlaId lrñka lghq;= lr uyd mjdrKfhka
jia mjdrKh isÿ lsÍfuka wk;=rej tu NslaIqjg jia ld,hg miqj t<fUk Öjr
udifha§ odhlhka úiska msßkukq ,nk Öjrh fyda jia;%h ye`Èkaùug nqÿiufha zz
257
lÀkh ZZ hk jpkh Ndú; flf¾' tfiau fn!oaO wdrdñl ixia:dj ;=< oelsh yels
iqúfYaIS ,laIKh kï lÀk mQcdj isÿ lsÍfï§ .sys meúÈ fomd¾Yajfha wfkHdakH
iïnkaOfhka l%shd lsÍuh'
zzlÀkx kdu lsx flk - ksodfkk ufyisld

wkq[[;x lsuF:dh - liud lÀkk;s jqpp;s
flys lii p lxf;k - od;nnx lF: jd lod
bfppjudÈ [d;nnd - lÀkii úfiif;dZZ
01' lÀk mQcdj hkq l=ula o@

02' ta lÀkhg ljr ksodkhla o@
03' l=ula msKsi wkqoek jodrk ,oafoa o@
04' Bg ljr fyhlska lÀkh hehs lshkqfha o@
05' th ljqreka úiska@
06' ldyg@
07' ljr l,l@
08' fld;ek§ Èh hq;= o@ hk wd§ lreKq iïnkaOj wjOdkh fhduql< hq;= h'
nqÿka jykafia Wmimka NslaIqjg lÀkh ,nd .ekSug wjir ,nd fokakg
jQfha NslaIq Ôú;fha úkhdkql+, meje;au yd .sys ck;djg ta ;=<ska ,efnk hym;
i,ld .ksñks' tkï lÀkh hkq lÀkh we;sÍu iòyd fokq ,nk jia;%hhs' th
nqÿkajykafia oelSu msKsi meñKs mdfjhHl NslaIQka ;sia kula ksodk fldg wkqoek
jodrk ,È' l=uk fya;=jla ksid o lÀk,dNS NslaIqjg m[ap wdksixihla ,efnk
ksidfjks' tfiau odhl msßig hym; Wfoidfjks' fuh uy;aM, uydksixi
msxlula jk w;r lsisÿ úfgl fkdief,k neúka foú ñksiqka wd§ ieoeyej;=ka
úiska isÿ l<hq;= jkafka h' fuf,i mqok ,o lÀk Öjrh ljrl= ,nkafka o
jia YslaIdmo wdrlaId l< NslaIqjhs' th l=uk whqrlska Èh hq;= o kï ;=ka isjqre
w;=ßka jia;%hla Èh hq;af;a u h' fuh l=uk ld, jljdkqjl Èh hq;=jkafka o
kï jmaui wjmE,úfhys mgka b,a mqrmif<diajl olajd mQcd l< yels w;r" th
jiaidjdisl iSudj ;=< §u o úfYaIhls' th wkHia:dkhl jia úiQ NslaIqjlg mQcd
l< fkdyels h'
jia t<öu'
nqoaO foaYkdj wkqj NslaIQka jykafia,d R;= ;=fkys§ u .ïokõ isidrd
pdßldfjys ießirkakg jQy' fï foi n,d isá fndfyda ñksiqka ;K me<Eá yd l=vd
m%dKSka md.ñka jeiaig f;fuñka fuf,i NslaIQka l%shd lsÍu ksid kskaod lrkakg"
wmydi lrkakg" fodia k.kakg jQ nj úkh msglfha pq,a,j.a. md,sfha oelafõ'
258
zzukqiid WcCOdhk;s" Çhk;s" úmdfpk;s - l:x ys kdu iuKd ilHmq;;shd
fyuk;ums" .suyums" jiiums pdßlx pßiik;s' yß;dks ;SKdks iuuook;d"
tlsJøshx Ôjx úfyfGk;d'''ZZ
^úkh msglh" uydj.. md,s" jiiQmkdhslh&
fuu mqj; ie<jq miq nqÿkajykafia ;u Y%djl NslaIq ix>hdg
zzwkqcdkdñ NslLfõ jiix Wm.k;=x'ZZ

hkqfjka jeis idrudih ;=< jia jikakg wkq±k jod<y'
fmrjia fyda miqjia t<öu
fmrjia kï wei< ui wjmE<úh Èk jia úiSuhs' miq jia úiSu hkq kslsKs
ui wjmE<úh Èk jia úiSuhs' Wmimka NslaIQka jykafia,dg jia úiSu l%u folla
hgf;a nqÿkajykafia y`ÿkajd fokakg jQfha m<uq wjia:dj ;=< jia úiSug fkdyels
jQ NslaIqjg miqjia t<ôh hq;= nj wjOdrKh lrñks' Wmimka NslaIqjla fmrjia
fyda miqjia iudoka úh hq;= u h' wdrdOkd l<;a fkdl<;a th lsÍu wksjd¾h fõ'
zzfoj fu NslLfj jiiQmkdhsld mqßñld p mpýñld p wmrccq.;dh

wdid<yshd mqßñld Wm.k;nnx udi.;dh wid<yshd mpýñld Wm.k;nnd
bfu fLd NslLfj foj jiiQmkdhsld'ZZ
hkqfjka Wmimka NslaIqj wei< fmdfydh Èkg miqÈk fmrjia úiSu o"
wei< fmdfydfhka uila .;jQ ;ek miqjia úiSu o l<hq;= nj uydj.a. md,sfha
fmkajd § we;'
i;slrKh yd i;a;dylrKh hkq l=ulao@
jia iudoka jk Wmimka NslaIqj jia ld,iSudj ;=< úkh YslaId rdYshla
wdrlaId lrñka ffoksl Ôú;h .; lsÍug ne`§ isáhs' jia iudoka jQ miq Bg m%:u
mej;s" tkï jia t<öug m%:u .; l< ffoksl NslaIq Ôú;h yd;amiska u fjkilg
Ndckh l< hq;= jkafka h' thg fya;=j kï jia úiQ miq fiakdikfhka hï úfgl
neyer jkafka kï th iqúfYaIS u lreKla ksid u muKs' tfia fkdue;sj ;udg
wjYH ´kE u úfgl jia wdjdifhka neyer úh fkdyels h' jia iudoka jQ Èk isg
mjdrKh olajd ld, iSudj ukd wjfndaOfhka .; l< hq;= h' lsishï úfgl jia
wdjdifhka neyer jkafka kï úkh YslaId folla hgf;a neyer úh hq;= h'
259
lsishï wdrdOkdjla fyda fmdfydh lsÍu wd§ úkh l¾uhlg fyda fmrjia
yd miqjia jik Wmimka NslaIqj tÈk u meñfKk njg wêIaGdk lrñka jia
wdjdifhka neyer jkafka kï i;slrKh kï fõ' kuq;a fuys§ miq Èk wrefKdaoh
WodjQfha kï jia fþokh isÿ fõ' Èk i;la we;=<; meñfKk nj wêIaGdk lrf.k
wdjdifhka neyerj jikafka kï th i;a;dylrKh kï fõ' Wkajykafia ih
Èklska meñKsh hq;= h' i;ajk Èk wreK Wodjkakg fmr fkdmeñKsfha kï jia
fþokh isÿ fõ' tf,i hï úfgl fkdjQfha kï jia úiQ Wmimka NslaIqjg jia
mjdrKh lsÍu" lÀkh Ndr .ekSu yd lÀk wdksixi ,nd .ekSug yels jk nj
jiaiQmkdhsl LkaOlfha olajd we;'fuys§ úfYaIfhka u i;a fofkl= fjkqfjka
neyerj hEug wkqoek jodrd we;' tkï" NslaIqj" NslaIqKsh" islaLdudkd j" idufKar
ku" idufKaßh" Wmdil yd Wmdisld hkqfjks'
lÀkh isÿ lrk l%ufõoh'
by; iòyka lrk ,o iqÿiqlï uekúka imqrk Wmimka jiaidjdisl NslaIq

ix>hd Wfoid .sys fyda meúÈ fyda lsishï ieoeyejf;l= úiska zz bux lÀk ÿiix
NslLq ix>ii fouZZ hk l¾u jdlH f;jrla lshd jia;%h i`.i;= fldg mQcd l<
miq uyi`. rejk tu lÀk jia;%h /f.k fmdfydh iSudjg /iaj lÀk jia;%h
§ug iqÿiq NslaIqjla f;dard
zz iqKd;= fu Nfk; ifX>d box ix>ii lÀkÿiix Wmmkkx hÈ

ix>ii m;;l,,x" ixf>d bux lÀk ÿiix bF:xkduii NslLqfkd ofohH"
lÀkx wF:ß;=x tid [;;s'ZZ
hkd§ jYfhka kshñ; l¾u jdlHhka mejiSfuka miq lÀk jia;%h iqÿiq
mßÈ wòkhla fyda isjqrla jYfhka tÈk u ilid m`vq fmdjd lma ìxÿj ;nd lÀkh
we;sÍug tu NslaIqjg ,nd Èh hq;= h' lÀk jia;%h ms<sn| j fia§u" kQ,a .id lv
fjka lsÍu" lemSu" fndre kQ,a oud lv tl;= lsÍu" ueiSu" m`vq fmùu" lma ìxÿj
;eîu hkqfjka l< hq;= mQ¾j lD;H y;la lÀkhla jYfhka msßkeñh yels jia;%
;=kla ms<snòj o úkfhys iòyka fõ' ta fufiah'
01' iqÿ meye;s j¾K .ekaúh yels w¨;a jia;%hla §u'

02' iqÿiq mßÈ j¾K .kajk ,o w¨;a fomg fyda ;ksmg isjqrla §u'
03' iqÿiq mßÈ j¾K .kajk ,o w¨;a w|khla §u'
tn`ÿ lÀkhla ,o NslaIqj Bg kshñ; úkh ms<sfj;a ksujd zzbñkd Öjf¾k

lÀkx w;a:rdñ'ZZ fï isjqfrka lÀkh w;=rñ hkqfjka lÀkh we;sßh hq;= h'
bkslaì;sj jia f;ui ;=< jia YslaId moh wdrlaId lrñka tlg jei jia mjdrKh
lrk ,o wfkl=;a NslaIQkag o msx wkqfudaoka l< hq;= jkafka h' tfia u lÀk Öjr
mQcdjla isÿ lrk wjia:djl § odhlhka úiska wjfYaI msßlr o mqcd lrkq ,nhs'
260
tu ish¨ mQcdjka lÀkdksixi mßlaLdr .Kfhys ,d ie<fla' tfuka u lÀk Öjr
mQcdj wg uyd l=i,a .Kfhys ,d ie<fla' tkï zzlÀkgGmßlLdrx jdiodkxp
W;;uxZZ hkqfjka olajkq ,nkafka lÀk Öjr mqcdj wguyd l=i,a w;r m%:u
.Kfhys ,d i,ld we;s nj h'
lÀkhla ,nk NslaIqjg ,efnk m[apúO wdksixi
úkh msglfha lÀklaLkaOlh újrKh lrk wdldrhg lÀkhla we;srE

NslaIqjg m[apúO wdksixihla ,efnk nj fmkajd § we;' tu wdksixi mi kï
fufia h'
zz wkqcdkdñ NslLfj jiix jqF:dkx NslLQkx lÀkx wF:ß;=x' wF:;lÀkdkx

fLd NslLfj m[p lmmsiik;s' wkduk;pdfrd" wiudodkpdfrd" .KfNdckx"
hdjoF: Öjrx fhdp ;F: Öjremmdfod" fid fkix Núii;s' wF:;lÀkdkx fjd
NslLfj budks m[p lmmsiik;s'ZZ

^úkh msglh" uydj.. md,s lÀklLJOlh&
fuys § nqÿkajykafia wjOdrKh lrkq ,nkafka fmrjia ukdj wdrlaId

lrk ,o NslaIqjg lÀk Öjrh ,eîu;a iu. u fuu wdksixi mi ,efnk nj h'
tkï"
01' NslaIQkaf.ka fkdúuid .u ;=< pdßldfjys yeisÍug yels ùu'

02' ;=ka isjqr fkdf.k pdßld l< yels ùu'
03' wdrdOkd ,en fyda oekqï § ,nd.;a wdydr je<`§u'
04' leu;s mßÈ isjqre ,eìh yels ùu'
05' ;ud jik wdrdufha ix>hdg ,efnk isjqre ;udg ms<s.; yelsùu'
nqÿka jykafia lÀkh wkqoek jodrkakg jQfha fya;= idOl rdYshla

mokï fldg .ksñks' úfYaIfhkau nqÿka jykafia ieje;a kqjr fÊ;jkdrdufhys
jev jdih lrk ld,h ;=<§ Wkajykafia neyeoelSug meñKs mdjd kqjr jeis
NslaIQka jiaidk ld,h ;=< § fkdfhla wmyiq;djkag m;ajkakg fhÿKs' tu fya;=
ldrKd o mokï fldg .ksñka Wmimka NslaIQka jykafiag fuf,i m[apjrhla
,nd fokakg we;'
fuf,i by; olajk ,o lreKq wkqj meyeÈ,s jkafka Wmimka NslaIQka

jykfiag jiaidjdisl YslaId moh ukdj wdrlaId fldg j;ams<sfj;a mqrd uyd
mjdrKfhka mjdrKh ù fmdfydh iSudj ;=< lÀk Öjrh ,nd .ekSfuka muKla
u fuu wdksixi mi ,efnk nj h'
261
lÀk Öjrh mQcd lsÍfuka odhl msxj;=ka ,nk lÀkdksixi
lÀk Öjr mQcdj jQ l,S wguyd l=i,a w;r m<uq jekak ksidfjka tu mQcdj
lsÍug ieoeye;s odhl msxj;=ka ;=< uy;a jQ wNs,dIhla we;' tu ksid lÀk Öjr
odhl;ajh ,nd .ekSfï§ úydria:dk odhl msßif.a fmdÿ wkque;sh ;sîu wksjd¾h
h fõ' tfia odhl;ajh ,nd.;a odhl msßi ysñÈß WoEik .re iïudk iys; ukyr
fmryerlska lÀk jia;%h jevujd f.k wjq;a ix>hd Wfoid mQcd lsÍu w;S;fha
isgu mej; tk isß;ls' tfia u fuys iqúfYaIS ,laIKh jkafka lÀk Öjrh mQcd
lsÍfï wdksixi iEu fokdg u w;am;a ùu h' tu wjia:dj Wodlr .ekSu iòyd
lÀk Öjrh idx>sl jYfhka mQcd lsÍug fn!oaOfhda ieuod leu;s jQy' idxidßl
Ôú;h ;=< iem úmdl ,nd.ekSug yd úuqla;s ud¾.h ilid .ekSug lÀk msxlu
uy;a jQ Y%oaOdfjka isÿ lsÍug fndfyda fokd m%h;ak or;s' jiald,h ;=< yd lÀk
Öjrh mQcd lrk Èkfha§ lÀkdksixi oek .ekSug fn!oaOfhda leu;s fj;s'
lÀk Öjr mQcdj uyd ix>r;akhg mQcd lsÍfuka ,efnk wdksixi ms<snò j
meyeÈ,s újrKhla we;=<;a jkafka kd.s;dmodkfhys h' lsishï odhl msßila lÀk
Öjrhla mQcd lrkafka kï lÀkdksixi fumuKlehs lsj fkdyels h' kd.s;
ysñhka ;uka isÿl< lÀk mQcdjkaf.ka ,enQ lÀkdksixi fuf,i fmkajd § we;'
01' ÿ.;s.dó fkdùu'

02' foõf,dj ÈjHuh iïm;a ,eîu'
03' ilaú;s rdcH iïm;a ,eîu'
04' Wmkqmka ;ekays ish¨ iem ,eîu'
05' mqreIhka w;r W;=ï mqreIhl= ùu'
06' ÈjH f,dalfhys yd ukqIH f,dalfhys muKla bm§u'
07' my;a l=,j, fkd bm§u'
08' ñksiqkag m%Odksfhl= ùu'
09' ilafoõ rc moúh ,eîu'
10' ksjkg o m;aùu'
kd.s;dmodkfha oelafjk lÀkdksixY
zzwfyd nqfoOd wfyd Ofuud - wfyd ix>ii iumox

mß;;odkx oFjdk - ,oOd fu úmq,x iqLxZZ
nqoaO" Oïu" ix> hk ;=kqrejka flfrys Y%oaOdfjka lÀk odkh isÿlrkakg

jQ nj fuys§ meyeÈ,s fõ' tfia u úmq, jQ iemhla ^úmq,x iqLx& fuf,dj yd mrf,dj
hk foflys§ u ,enQ nj i|yka lr we;'
262
Öjr msKavmd;h yd u,a myka fldä l=v wd§ tÈk lrk ish¨ mQcdj,ska lÀk
wdksixi ,efí' tfia u lÀkh ueiSu fl;rï wdksixiodhl o h;a bÈlgq" myrla
mdid ilaú;s rc iïm;a ,eîug fya;= jknj zzwdrmf: wdrmf: - plalj;a;sisßx
,fN ZZhkqfjka olajd ;sfí' fuu lreKq ie<ls,a,g .ksñka lÀkfha jeo.;alu
meyeÈ<sjk mßÈ ldf,daÑ; O¾u foaYkdjla lsÍug mqyqKqjkak'
u;l O¾u foaYkdj

y;aojfia u;l O¾ufoaYkdj,§ urKh ms<sn| meyeÈ,s lsÍula iys;
foaYkdjla meje;aùu uQ,sl iïm%odh h' tys§ my; ud;Dld o Ndú; l< yels h'
zzWmkSh;s f,dfld woOQfjd;s'''' w;;dfKd f,dfld wkNsiifrd;s'''' wiifld

f,dfld innx mdydh .ukShk;s'''' W!fkd f,dfld w;sf;;d ;Kydodfid;s''''ZZ
ûcCêuksldh" 02" rdc j..h" rgGmd, iQ;%h&
crdj úiska f,dalh urKh lrd muqKqjkq ,efí tneúka wiaÒr h' f,dalh
/ljrKfhka f;dr h' tneúka wêm;s;ajhla ke;' f,dalh iajlSh;ajfhka f;drh
ish,a, yeroud hd hq;= h' f,dalh W!kh w;Dma;slr h' ;Kaydjg odifhls'
zzWmkSh;s Ôú;ummudhq - crEmkS;ii k ik;s ;dKd
t;x Nhx urfK fmlLudfkd - mq[[dks lhsrd: iqLdjydksZZ
^wx.=;;r ksldh" n%dyuK j..h" mGufojn%dyuK iQ;%h&
fï Ôú;fha wdhqI jyd f.ù hhs' crdj lrd t<fò' fuf,i urKfha Nh
olskq ,nkafka mska l< hq;= h' th iem f.kfoa'
zzkFÓ fLd uydrdc cd;ii w[[;% crdurKd' fhms f; uydrdc L;;shuydid,d

wvVd uyoOkd uydfNd.d myQ;cd;rEmrc;d myQ;ú;;+mlrKd myQ;OkO[[d
f;iums cd;dkx kFÓ w[[;% crdurKd''''ZZ

îxhq;; ksldh" fldi, ixhq;;h" rdc iQ;%h&
uyrc" Wmka mQoa.,hdg crdurK yer fjk lsisjla ke;' wdVH jQ uy;a
Okh we;s uy;a fNda. we;s fndfyda rka ß§ we;s fndfyda jia;= WmlrK we;s
fndfyda OdkH we;s CI;%sh uydid,hka fj;a o@ Wmkakd jQ Tjqkag o urKh yer
fjk lsisjla ke;''''
263
wkqfudaokd foaYkd
ta ta ksldhsl iïm%odhhkag wkq.; fjñka wjia:djg .e,fmk mßÈ

ldf,daÑ;j ksjerÈj oyï lreKq myod foñka foaYkdjka meje;aùu ms<sn| ksis
mqyqKqjla ,nd.ekSu WÑ; h' ;=kaudifha mskalula iy jd¾Isl mskalula isÿlrk
wjia:djl § fn!oaO m%;smodjg wkql+,j oeyeñ Èú fmfj;la .;lrñka ksjka
u. idod.ekSug WmldÍ jk ud¾. o¾Ykh meyeÈ,s lrk foaYkdjla meje;aùu
flfrys wjOdkh fhduqlrkak' tys§ my; foaYkd mdG weiqre lr.kakd w;r
fjk;a wjia:dfjdaÑ; foaYkd mdG weiqre lsÍu o b;d jeo.;a h'
zz;sKKx NslLfj" iuuqÖNdjd ifoOd l=,mqf;;d nyqx mq[[x mij;s'

l:fuix ;sKKx@ ioOdh NslLfj iuuqÖNdjd ifoOd l=,mqf;;d nyqx mq[[x
mij;s' fohHOuuii NslLfj'''' olÅfKhHdkx NslLfj''''ZZ
^wx.=;;r ksldh" ;sl ksmd;h" pQ,j..h" iuuqÇNdj iQ;%h&
uyfKks lreKq ;=kla tl;=ùu ksid Y%oaOdjka; l=,mq;%hd fndfyda mska

/ia lrhs' ljr lreKq ;=kla o Y%oaOdj" fohHO¾uh" oCIsKd¾y mqoa.,hka hkqfjks'
zzin%yuldks NslLfj" ;dks l=,dks fhix mq;;dkx u;dms;frd wcCOd.dfr mQð;d

fydk;s' imqnndpßhldks NslLfj ;dks l=,dks fhix mq;;dkx ud;dms;frd
wcCOd.dfr mQð;d fydk;s' idyqfkhHdks NslLfj"'''' n%yud;s NslLfj ud;d
ms;=kkx t;x wêjpkx mqnndpßhd;s NslLfj'''' ;x lsii fy;= nyqldrd NslLfj
ud;dms;frd mq;;dkx wdmdold fmdild buii f,dlii ofii;dfrd;s'ZZ
^wx.=;;r ksldh" ;sl ksmd;h" foj¥; j..h" in%yul iQ;%h&
uyfKks hï l=,mq;%fhl=f.a f.or uõmshka mqok ,oafoa fõo tu f.or

n%yauhd iys; h' mQ¾jdpd¾hka iys; h" idyqfkhHl h' uyfKks n%yau hkak"
mq¾jdpd¾h hkak uõmshkag úfYaI kduhka h' thg fya;= lsu uyfKks uõmsfhda
orejka ljd fmdjd fmdIKh fldg fï f,dalh fmkajkafkda h'
zzksySh;s mqßfid ksySkfiú - k p ydfh: lodÑ ;=,Hfiú

figG uqmkux Wfo;s Åmmx - ;iud w;;dfkd W;;ßx Nfc:d;sZZ
^wx.=;;r ksldh" mq.., j..h" ð.=pý;nn iQ;%h&
ksySk mqoa.,hka weiqre lrkakd msßfya' iudkhka weiqre lrkakd lsisÈkl;a

fkdmsßfya' fY%aIaG mqoa.,hd weiqre lrkakd jyd fY%aIaG;ajhg m;afõ' ta ksid ;udg
jvd fY%aIaG wfhl= weiqre lrkak'
264
i;;sudks NslLfj Okdks l;udks i;;@ ioOdOkx" iS,Okx" ysßOkx"
T;;mmOkx" iq;Okx" pd.Okx" m[[dOkx'
^wx.=;;r ksldh" Ok j..h" úF:;Ok iQ;%h&
uyfKks" Ok y;ls' ta ljr y;la o@' Y%oaOd Okh" YS, Okh" ysß Okh"
T;a;mam Okh" iq; Okh" pd. Okh" m%{d Okh hkqfjks'
jH.a>mÊc iQ;%h" is.df,dajdo iQ;%h" uyd ux., iQ;%h" m;a;lïu iQ;%h"

pq,a, lïu úNx. iQ;%h" mrdNj iQ;%h" ji, iQ;%h wd§ .sys Ôú;h id¾:l
lr.ekSug wod< iQ;% foaYkd weiqre lr.ksñka úÑ;% O¾u lÓlhdKka jykafia
kula úh yels h' O¾u foaYkdjla meje;aùfï§ Y%djlhd ;=< tu oyu ;yjqre
lrùu foaYlhka jykafiaf.a m%Odk wfmalaIdjla úh hq;= h' iÉpúNx. iQ;%fha§ ta
nj fufia meyeÈ,s lr we;'
wdÑlLkd - lreKq jYfhka ixCIsma;j kdñlj lrk y`ÿkajd §u'

foikd - lreKq úia;rd;aulj meyeÈ,s lsÍu
m[[mkd - oyï lreKq y`ÿkd .ekSug wjldY ie,iSu
mgGmkd - y`ÿkd.;a lreKq ;yjqre lsÍu
újrK - ;yjqre jQ lreKq újD;a; ;r ±laùu
úNckd - újrKh l< oyfuys m%fNao ±laùu
W;;ksluu - yeu w;skau wkdjrKh jQ lreKla fldg ±laùu'
fufia yeu w;ska u iqmsßisÿ oyula foaYkdlrk úg Y%djlhdg

fof,djdNsjDoaêh i,id .; yels h'
wNHdi
01' idïm%odhsl O¾u foaYkdjl we;=<;a úh hq;= wx. ms<sn| j .=rejrhd iu.
idlÉPd lr O¾u foaYkd mqyqKq jevigykla isÿ lrkak'
02' lÀkh yd iïnkaO fm!rdKsl isß;a yd úkhdkql+, ms<sfj;a ms<sn| jd¾;djla

ilia lrkak'
265
rcq ±yeñ fõ kï rg ±yeñ fõ u h
nqÿrcdKka jykafia mqoa.,hdf.a f,!lsl yd f,dflda;a;r ÈhqKqjg bjy,ajk

iEu úIhhla ms<snòj u oyï foiQy' tys,d Wkajykafiaf.a úfYaI wjOdkhg ,la
jQ f;audjls" rdcH md,kh' Bg fya;=j hym;a foaYmd,k jd;djrKhla fkdue;s
rgl" m%foaYhl fjfik mqoa.,hdg ;ud wfmalaId lrk f,d!lsl fyda f,daflda;a;r
ÈhqKqjla ,nd .ekSug fkdyels ùu hs'
nqÿrcdKka jykafia my< jQ iufha Wkajykafiag olakg ,enqKq rdcH

md,kh yqfola mqoa.,hdf.a hym;g ndOd muqKqjk tlla úh' ixhq;a; ksldfha
udr ixhq;a;fha rÊc iQ;%fha iòyka lreKlska th meyeÈ,s fjhs' Èkla nqÿrcdKka
jykafia fldfid,a rg ysuj;a fmfofiys jkhl úfõl iqjfhka jevisák úg
my< jQ is;sú,a,la jQfha"
—fkdkiñka fkdkiajñka fkdÈkñka fkdÈkjñka fYdal fkdlrñka

fYdal fkdlrjñka ±yeñka rdcHh lrjkakg yels o@˜ hkakhs'
^—illd kq fLd rccx ldfr;=x wykx w>d;hx wð;x wcdmhx wfidpx

wfidphx Ofuukd;s˜&
rdcH md,kh iïnkaOj mej;s fujka miqìul nqÿka jykafia rdcH

md,khg wod< j ish foaYkd mj;ajñka bÈßm;a lrkakg jQfha rglg" m%foaYhlg
±yeñ md,lhl=f.a wjYH;dj wksjdhH– úhhq;= nj hs'
rgl m<uq jeishd md,lhd h' Tyq wkq.ukh lsÍu rgjeishdf.a iajNdjh hs'
ta ksid u rgjeishdf.a hym; fyda whym; ;SrKh jkafka md,lhdf.a ke;fyd;a
rcqf.a wej;=ï mej;=ï u; h' md,lhd ±yeñ wfhl= jqjfyd;a iuia; jeisfhda u
iemj;a fj;s' fuu mdGfhka th meyeÈ,s fõ'
innx rgGx iqLx fi;s

rdcd fp fyd;s Ouñfld
266
hï .j /<l kdhl .jhd ksjerÈ j iDcq j .uka lrk ;dla fiiq .jfhda
o ksjerÈ j iDcq j .uka lr;s' tfia u .j kdhlhd jerÈ j weo j .uka lrkafka
kï fiiq .jfhda o tfia .uka lr;s'
.jx fp ;rudkdkx
Wcqx .pP;s mqx.fjd
innd ;d Wcqx .pPk;s
fkf;; Wcq .f; i;s
fuu kso¾Ykh wdo¾Yh lr .kakd nqÿrcdKka jykafia md,lhd iïnkaO j

mqk mqkd bÈßm;a l< tlu woyi jQfha Od¾ñl;ajh uQ,O¾uh jYfhka ;nd ish
md,kh mj;ajdf.k hd hq;= nj hs' md,lhl=f.a Od¾ñl;ajh hkq l=ula o hkak
nqÿrcdKka jykafia §> ksldh plalj;a;s iSykdo iQ;%fha § fmkajd § we;' ta
wkqj md,lhd O¾uhg .re lrkafkls' Ôïux .re lfrdkaf;d& O¾uhg i;aldr
lrkafkls Ôïux ilalfrdkaf;d& O¾uhg wjk;j ls%hd lrkafkls Ôïux
udfkkaf;d& O¾uhg mqo i;aldr lrkafkls' Ôïux mQfckaf;d& O¾uhg wkql+,j
ls%hd lrkafkls' Ôïux wmpdh udfkd& O¾uh Och f,i i,lkafkls' ÔïuOfcd&
O¾uh wêm;sfldg i,lkafkls' Ôïudêmf;fhHd&
óg wu;r j ±yeñ ms<sfj;a weiqfrka rgjeishd /l n,d .; hq;= h' hï

úgl md,lhd wOd¾ñl jkafka kï Tyqf.ka miq j isák weu;s uKav,h wdÈ
ish¨ fokd;a l%ufhka th iajdNdúl mßirhg mjd n,md kej; th rg jeishdg u
whym;a whqßka ls%hd;aul jk nj o nqÿrcdKka jykafia wx.=;a;r ksldh p;=lal
ksmd;fha wOïñl iQ;%fha § meyeÈ,s l<y'
rgl md,lhd Od¾ñl j;a ms<sfj;a rlsñka isàfuka muKla trg Od¾ñl
jkafka ke;' rgla wOd¾ñl ùug n,mdk m%Odk idOlhls" wd¾Ól wiu;=,s;;dj'
ta nj plalj;a;s iSykdo iQ;%fha § wmqrejg meyeÈ,s lr we;' tu ksid rfÜ
Od¾ñl;ajh iqrlskakg kï md,lhd rg ;=< iajhx fmdaIs; wd¾Ólhla ilia lr
.ekSug wod< miqìu ielish hq;= h' §> ksldh l+goka; iQ;%fha § ta nj meyeÈ,s
lr we;' ta wkqj md,lhd"
01' uq, Okh ^m%d.aOkh&" fj<òfmd< wdÈh ,nd foñka fj<òdu

Yla;su;a lsÍu;a
02' ì;a;r ù" f.dúfmd<" fmdfydr wdÈh ,nd § lDIsl¾udka;h Yla;su;a
lsÍu;a
03' yelshd u; /lshd ,nd § Bg iß,k jegqma wdÈh iemhSfuka rdcH
fiajh Yla;su;a lsÍu;a l< hq;= h'
267
fï wdldr ±yeñ md,khla Wfoid nqÿrcdKka jykafia úiska ks¾foaYs;
m%;sm;a;suh b.ekAùï rdYshla we;' tkï"
01' oi ilaú;s j;a

02' oi rdc O¾u
03' ima; wmß ydksh O¾u
04' i;r ix.%y jia;= wdÈh hs'
1' oi ilaú;s j;a'
§> ksldfha plalj;a;s iSykdo iQ;%fhka wjOdrKh flfrk Od¾ñl md,k

m%;sm;a;shla f,i fuh ±laúh yels h' rdcH md,kh iòyd mrudo¾YS md,lhd
f,i nqÿiuh fmkajd fokafka ilaú;s ^pl%j¾;s& rcq h' Tyqf.a md,kfha we;s
úfYaI;d lSmhls'
01' ±yeñka rg md,kh lsÍu'

02' ñksia j¾.hdf.a muKla fkdj isõmd mCISkaf.a mjd Ôú; iqrCIs; lsÍu'
03' wd¾Ólh iqrCIs; lsÍu'
04' úYdrohkaf.ka Wmfoia ,nd .ekSu'
fuu lreKq ish,a, wka;¾.; jk ilaú;s j;a 10 fufia h'
01' rcqf.a mq;% odrd§kaf.a Od¾ñl /ljrKh ixúOdkh lsÍu'

02' n, fika ms<sn| Od¾ñl /ljrKh ie,iSu'
03' rdcHfhys wkqhqla; CI;%shhka ms<sn| j Od¾ñl /ljrKh ie,iSu'
04' n%dyauK .Dym;shka ms<sn| Od¾ñl /ljrKh ie,iSu'
05' kshï.ï ckmojdiSka ms<sn| Od¾ñl /ljrKh ie,iSu'
06' rfÜ iodpdr kshuhka jk uyK nuqKka ms<sn| Od¾ñl /ljrKh ie,iSu'
07' isõmd mlaISka ms<sn| Od¾ñl /ljrKh ie,iSu'
08' rdcHfha wO¾u l%shd keje;aùug l%shd lsÍu'
09' ks¾Okhkag ;ud wNsu; l¾udka; i|yd Okh mß;Hd. lsÍu'
10' wd;au oukfhys kshqla; uyK nuqKka fj; jßka jr t<U l=i,h wl=i,h"
hym; whym; ms<sn| úpdrd ±k l%shd lsÍu'
268
2' oirdc O¾u
oi rdc O¾ufhka o ±lafjkafka md,lfhl= i;= úh hq;= Wiia jQ o Wodr jQ

o wdpdr O¾u moaO;shls' tajd kï
odkx iS,x mßppd.x

wccjx uoojx ;mx
wfllfOd wúysxid p
Lk;S p wúfrdO;d
odk hkq §u hs' ck;djf.a wd¾Ól Yla;shg wod< uQ, Okh §u;a" wdydr
mdk ksjdi wdÈ wfkl=;a myiqlï i,id §u;a fuhska woia flf¾' rg ;=< iodpdrh
iqrlskq msKsi kS;sh wdÈh o weiqfrka wjYH lghq;= lsÍu iS,hhs' mßÉpd. hkq
rgjeishd fjkqfjka ish ld,h" Y%uh" Okh" iqjmyiqlï wdÈ ish,a, lem lrñka
lghq;= lsÍuhs' wÊc j kï iDcq fyj;a wjxl" idOdrK ;SrK .ksñka w.;s.dñ
fkdù iaÓr m%;sm;a;s u; msysgd lghq;= lsÍuhs' uoaoj kï wd{dodhl ,CIKj,ska
ñ§ uyckhd flfrys wkqlïmdfjka uDÿ f,i ls%hd lsÍuhs' ;m hkq ;mihs' bJøsh
oukh iys; j ye`.Sïj,g jy,a fkdù lghq;= lsÍu hs' ck;dj orejka fia i,ld
Tjqka iu. ñ;%YS,Sj lghq;= lsÍu wfl%daO kï fõ' ck;dj úIfhys ish¨ ldhsl
udkisl ysxik ls%hdj,ska ñ§ lghq;= lsÍu wúysxid kï fõ' Lka;s kï bjiSu hs'
blauka ;SrKj,g fkdhd l,ah,a n,d lghq;= lsÍu hs' wúfrdaOh kï ck;dj iu.
.egqï we;s fkdlr .ksñka ck;d woyiaj,g weyqïlka § lghq;= lsÍu hs' fuu
m%;sm;a;s ksid ´kEu rgl iduh;a iuDoaêh;a we;s fõ'
3' ima; wmßydksh O¾u
fuu ms<sfj; §>ksldfha uyd mßksíndK iq;%fha —fmdardK jÊð Oïu˜ h

f,i iòyka j we;' jÊð foaYfha ,sÉPù rdcjxYslhka úiska wkq.ukh lrk ,±hs
ie,flk fuu m%;sm;a;s Od¾ñl rdcHhl ieleiaug fya;= úh' hï rdcHhl fuu
ms<sfj;a wdrCId lrkafka kï th fkdmsß yS mj;sk nj nqÿka jykafia foaYkd
fldg we;' tu wmßydks m%;sm;a;s y; kï"
269
01' ks;r ks;r /iaùu'
02' iu.sfhka /ia j iu.sfhka ls%hd fldg iu.sfhka úisr hdu'
03' fkdmekjQ kS;s fkd mekùu yd mkjk ,o kS;s wdrlaId lsÍu'
04' jeäysáhkaf.a Wmfoia .re lsÍu'
05' l=, ldka;djkaf.a wdrlaIdj ie,iSu'
06' ft;sydisl ia:dk /ln,d .ekSu'
07' jßkajr uyK nuqKkag /ljrKh .reire j ie,lSu yd Wmfoia
,nd .eksu'
4' i;r ix.%y jia;=
§> ksldfha is.df,dajdo iq;%fha § ;=ÿia ,dul O¾u hgf;a olajd we;s fuu
i;r ix.%y jia;=j ±yeñ rdcH md,khg wod< ;j;a m%;sm;a;shla f,i iòyka l<
yels h' ±yeñ md,lhd fuys i|yka lreKq i;r uyckhd fjkqfjka jQ ix.%y
jia;= y;rla f,i i,ld lghq;= l< hq;= h' tajd kï"
01' odkh
02' m%sh jpkh
03' w¾: pßhdj
04' iudkd;au;dj hkq hs'
fuys odkh hkq oirdc O¾uj, ±la jQ odkh u h' rfÜ uyck Y=N isoaêh
Wfoid wjYH lghq;= iïmdokhhs' rfÜ iajhxfmdaIs; wd¾Ól miqìula w;sùug
wjYH moku md,lhd úiska we;s l< hq;= h' ta iòyd úúOdldrfhka flfrk rdcH
ueÈy;a ùu ;jÿrg;a odkh hkakg w¾: jYfhka ±laúh yels h'
md,lhd flfrys uyckhdf.a úYajdih we;sjkafka Tyq ;=< mj;sk i;HjdÈ

nj mokï lrf.k h' md,lhdf.a ´kEu m%ldYhla uyckhdg ms<s.ekSug isÿfõ'
md,lhdf.a tu m%ldY fndrefjka" uqidfjka hqla; kï uyckhd bka uq<d fj;s'
th md,k fm!reIhg ydkslrh' tu ksid md,lhd i;Hjd§ yd i;H .rel j
lghq;= lsÍu w;HjYH h' md,lhdf.a jpk ms%h jpk njg m;ajkafka túg h'
i;r ix.%y jia;=fõ ±lafjk w¾:pßhd hkak w¾: lsmhla we;s ixl,amhls'
md,lhd ;udf.a hym; Wfoid fkdj uyck iqNisoaêh Wfoid lghq;= l< hq;=
nj w¾:pßhd hkafka uQ,sl woyihs' ks;ru ckhdf.a iqnfi; .eku is;sh hq;= h'
270
w¾: pßhd hkakg ;sfnk ;j;a w¾:hla kï rg ;=< wd¾Ól Yla;sh we;s lsÍu
hkak hs' l+goka; wdÈ iQ;%j, ±lajQ lreKq weiqfrka md,lhdg th rg ;=< isÿl<
yels h'
rgl md,lhd ksrka;rfhkau lghq;= l< hq;af;a iuia; uyckhd flfrys

jQ iuis;ska h' l=," u," cd;s" wd.ï" mCI" mdg Tyqg ;sìh fkdyels h' rfÜ ish¨
fokdu ;u orejka fia i,ld wmCI md;S j lghq;= lsÍu md,lhdf.a iudkd;au;d
.=Kh hs' tfuka u Tyq ish md,k lghq;=j,§ wgf,da oyñka lïmd fkdù WfmaCId
iy.;j iuis;ska isàu o iudkd;au;d .=Kh f,i ±lafõ'
fï wdldr jQ nqÿ oyñka ks¾foaYs; ±yeñ rdcH md,k m%;sm;a;s Tiafia rgla"
m%foaYhla md,kh lsÍu ;=<ska uyckhdg ish¨ wruqKq bgq lr.ksñka hym;a Ôú;
f.jkakg yelshdj ,efnk nj úYajdih hs'
wNHdi
my; iòyka rpkduh m%Yakj,g m%udKd;aul úia;r ms<s;=re imhkak'
01' rglg ±yeñ md,khl we;s wjYH;dj meyeÈ,s lrkak'

02' nqoaO foaYs; md,k m%;sm;a;sj, we;s úfYaI;dj myokak'
03' iajhxfmdaIs; wd¾Ól rgdjla rg ;=< we;slr,Su úfYaI jkafka wehs ±hs myokak'
04' rgl uyckhdf.a ish¨ ldrKd úIfhys j.lsjhq;a;d md,lhdh' myokak'
05' oi ilaú;sj;a ys wka;¾.;h ms<snò úuiSula lrkak'
06' oirdc O¾ufhka rdcH md,k YsCIKh ;yjqre lrhs' úuikak'
271
oyu rlskakd oyñka /fla
—od<soÈhums NslLfj ÿlLx f,dliñx

.sySfkd ldufNd.sfkd˜
- wx.=;;r ksldh bK iq;%h -
fuu nqÿ jokg wkqj ldufNda.s .sys ckhdg È<s`ÿlu hkq ÿlls' È<s`ÿlfï
ÿlg yiq jQ .syshdf.a fuf,dj Ôú;h wid¾:l h' Bg fya;=j .syslu yqfola
ldufNda.S;ajh u; u mokï ùu hs' ÿmam;alñka fj¿Kq fuf,djla we;s .syshdf.a
mrf,dj o wid¾:l h' ÿmam;alfï w.ys.lñka yd mSvkfhka Èúf.jkakdg
úuqla;shla ms<snòj is;kakg mjd bvla ke;' fï f;dr;=rej,ska meyeÈ,s jkafka
mqoa., Ôú;hl ish¨ wNsu;d¾:hka È<s`ÿlu ksid ke;s jk nj hs'
fufia wd¾Ól wmyiqlu u; we;sjk È<s`ÿlu mqoa., Ôú;hg iDcqj u

n,md úkdY uqLhg weo ouoa§ th Tyqf.a iudc Ôú;hg o ydks muqKqjhs' ta È<s`ÿlu
iudc ¥Is; m%Odk idOlh jk ksi hs' È<s`ÿlu we;s iudchl fjfik mqoa.,hd
È<s`ÿlu ksid u úúOdldr iudcdmpdr rdYshl ysñlrefjla fjhs' bka isÿjkafka
mqoa.,hd muKla fkdj iuia; iudch u w.dOhg hduhs' fuh fya;=M,jd§ j
isÿjk wdldrh ms<snoj wmQre úia;rhla §> ksldh plalj;a;s iSykdo iQ;%fha
iòyka fõ' tys ±lafjkafka rgl md,lhd ueÈy;a ù È<s`ÿlñka ñ§ug lghq;=
iïmdokh fkdl<fyd;a rgg w;ajk Nhdkl brKuhs' ta wkqj È<s`ÿlu jeä ù
f.dia ms<sfj<ska fidrlu" wdhqO .ekSu" m%dK>d;h" fndrelSu wdÈh wjidkfha
uyd úkdYhlska miq j Tjqfkdjqka ms<snò uD. ix{dj îsjqmd wdÈ i;=ka ;=<
we;sjk is;sú,s we;s ù" wúj,ska wek fldgd f.k jekfik nj;a ±lafõ'
fï whqßka mqoa., mßydkshg;a iudc mßydkshg;a uQ, fya;=j È<s`ÿlu nj

meyeÈ,s h' nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;shg wod< b.ekAùï bÈßm;a ù
we;af;a tu È<s`ÿlñka ñ§ wd¾Ól Yla;sh we;slr .ekSu iòyd h' ta ;=<ska fuf,dj
Ôú;h w¾:odhs j f.jkakg;a ^ÈÜGOïu iqL& w¾:odhs mrf,dj Ôú;h ms<snò
n,dfmdfrd;a;= ;nkakg;a îïmrdhsl iqL& mru úuqla;sh ms<snò wfmaCIdfjka
lghq;= lrkakg;a ^mru† iqL& yelsjk nj foaYs; h'
wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s iïnkaO j fn!oaO b.ekaùu m%Odk f;aud ;=kla hgf;a

±lafõ'
272
01' Ofkdamd¾ckh fyj;a Okh bmhSu'
02' Ok iqrlaIKh fyj;a wdrlaId lsÍu'
03' Ok úi¾ckh fyj;a mßyrKh' hkq tajd h'
1' Ofkdamd¾ckh fyj;a Okh bmhSu
wx.=;a;r ksldh wKk iQ;%fha ±lafjk wdldrhg Okh bmhsh hq;af;a

±yeñka Wmhk ,o Okhla we;s j th ;ukag we;ehs i;=gq úh yels kï muKs'
—wFÓ fu fNd. iqLx wê.pP;s fidukiix˜
ñka ;yjqre jkafka l=uk fyda wdldrhlska Okh Wmhd i;=gq úh fkdyels
njhs' wx.=;a;r ksldh jH.a>mÊc iQ;%fha § olajd we;af;a Wmhk ,o Okh Od¾ñl
úh hq;= f,ig hs' Bg wod< l%ufõoh o tys iòyka j we;' ta wkqj
01' WÜGdk úßhdê.f;ys - WÜGdk ù¾hfhka

02' ndydn, mßÑf;ays - oE; fomfha uykaisfhka
03' fiaod jlaÅ;af;ys - oyäh j.=rejd
04' Oïñflys Oïu ,oafOys - Od¾ñl j
Okh bmhsh hq;= h' fuu uQ,sl mokfï msysgd"
) fj<òdu
) lDIsl¾udka;h
) rdcH fiajh yd
) fjk;a Ys,am l¾udka;
weiqfrka ;u /lshdj ilid .; yels h' tys § o
01' uxi jdKsÊcd - uia fj<òdu

02' i;a; jdKsÊcd - i;a;aj fj<òdu
03' i;a: jdKsÊcd - wdhqO fj<òdu
04' uÊc jdKsÊcd - u;ameka fj<òdu
05' úi jdKsÊcd - jiúI fj<òdu
hk jerÈ fj<òdï mfyka yd
01' ;=,d l+g - fydr ;rdÈ
273
02' udk l+g - fydr ñkqï l%u
03' lxi l+g - jHdc NdKav
jYfhka flfrk jerÈj,ska o ñ§ fj<òdu l< hq;= w;r fmdÿfõ" ish

/lshdj lsÍfï §
01' Wlafldagk - w,a,ia .ekSu

02' jxpk - /jàu
03' úmrdfudi - ysxik
04' .=ïnúmrdfudi - ux meyeÍu
jeks úiudpdrj,g yiq fkdù lghq;= lsÍug o j.n,d .; hq;= h'
fï wdldrj l=uk fyda Od¾ñl udOHhlska Wmhk ,o Okh l%udkql+, j

—fifuka˜ Wmhk ,oaola úh hq;= h' th nure meKs /ialrkakd fia h ^Nuriafiaj
bÍhf;d& fõhka ;=Uia n`Èkakd fia h ^jïñfld pQmÖh;s& tfuka u th ish wjYH;d
msßuid ,sh yels —m%udKj;a˜ Okhla o úh hq;= h' tfia fkd ù Okhu Ôú;h hehs
is;d tys .e;sj" uq<dj" ksu.a.j ^tÍ& Okh Wmhkakg bvla nqÿiufhka fkd,efí'
2' Ok iqrlaIKh fyj;a wdrlaId lsÍu'
by; l%ufõoh Tiafia Okh Wmhd B<`.g isÿl< hq;=j we;af;a úhoï lsÍu
hs' tfy;a úhoï lsÍug wjYH kï th m<uq j iqrlaIKh úh hq;= h' Bg fya;=j
úhoug fmr Okh úkdYjk l%u lSmhla we;s neúks' §> ksldh is.df,dajdo iQ;%fha
—fNd. úkdi uqL˜ ^wmdh uqL& hkqfjka Okh úkdY jk l%u yhla fmkajd § we;'
tkï
01' u;ameka îqrd& mdkfh ys fh§u

02' fkdl,ays ùÓ ixpdrh lsÍu
03' W;aij o¾YkdÈfhys f,d,a ùu
04' ¥ fl<sfhys fh§u îQÿj&
05' mdmS ñ;=rka wdY%h lsÍu
06' w,ilu
tfuka u
01' fidrekaf.ka
274
02' i;=rkaf.ka
03' .skafkka
04' c,fhka
05' rcqf.ka o fõhka" óhka jeks i;=ka yd fjk;a Wjÿrej,ska o Wmhk
Okh úkdY ù hd yels hs' by;ska ±la jQ ish¨ l%uj,ska Okh /l .ekSug
j.n,d .; hq;= h' ta nqoaêu;a j is;d n,d ie,ls,su;aj lghq;= lsÍfuks'
3' Ok úi¾ckh fyj;a úhoï lsÍu
wx.=;a;r ksldh jH.a>mÊc iQ;%fha È W;aidyfhka hqla; j Okh bmhSu

—WÜGdk iïmod˜ hkqfjkq;a ukd ie,ls,af,ka Okh wdrlaId lr .ekSu —wdrlaL
iïmod˜ hkqfjkq;a olajd we;' tysu —iuÔúl;d˜ hkqfjka ixl,amhla olajd we;'
ta nqoaêu;a Ok mßyrKhhs'
W;aidyfhka Okh Wmhd iqrlaIs; jQ Okhla iys; j isák mqoa.,hd

wka;.dñ mßfNdackhlg fkdhd hq;= h' jH.a>mÊc iq;%fha § tjeks wka; folla
fmkajd § we;'
01' w;= fid,jd lvd oud Èjq,a ^ÈUq,a& m, lkafkl= fia Wmhk ,o Okh
iïmQ¾Kfhka úhoï lsÍfï wka;h - Wÿïnr LdÈl'
02' fkdld fkdî wld,fha ñhefokakg W;aidy .kafkl= fia Wmhk ,o

Okh iïmQ¾Kfhka b;sß lr .ekSfï wka;h - wcoaOq udßl'
fï wka;.dñ Ok mßyrKh m%;slafIam lrk nqÿiuh ta iòyd uOHia:

l%uhla y`ÿkajd § we;' ta fnod mßyrKh lsÍu hs' is.df,dajdo iq;%fhka ;yjqre
lrk tu l%uh hgf;a Wmhk ,o Okh fldgia y;rlg fnod bka tl fldgila
ffoksl mßfNdackhg;a" fldgia folla ;sfnk Okh jeälr .ekSu iòyd
wdfhdackhg;a" i;rfjks fldgi wdmod wjia:djl § .ekSu iòyd ;ekam;a ^ksOka&
lr ;eîu;a l< hq;= h'
zztflk fNdf. N=f[chH

oùys luux mfhdcfh
p;=F:xp ksOdfmhH
wdmodiq Núii;sZZ
275
fuu uQ,sl Ok mßyrK ixl,amhg wu;r j nqÿiuh ks¾foaY lrk ;j;a
ixl,amhla we;' ta"
—oFjd p N=Fjd p h:dkqNdjx˜
hk foaYkdjg wkqj iqÿiq mßÈ wd;aud¾:hg;a mrd¾:hg;a .e<fmk

fia fjka fldg mßyrKh lsÍu hs' ta wkqj m<uqj ;uka wjYH mßÈ l%uj;a j
mßfNdackh fldg i;=gq úh hq;= h' ^fNd. iqLh&
zzw;;dkx iqfL;s mSfK;s iuud iqLx mßyr;sZZ
wk;=rej fouõmshkag o [d;s ñ;%d§kag o ±is oia lïlrejkag o iqÿiq mßÈ

Okfhka fldgia fjka fldg § Tjqka iqjm;a fldg ;uka i;=g ,eìh hq;= h' fï
nj wx.=;a;r ksldh m;a;lïu iQ;%fha f;dr;=re iòyka fõ'
óg wu;r j wx.=;a;r ksldh m;a;lïu iQ;%fha § Wmhk Okh fmdÿ

mßyrKhg fjka l< hq;= ;j;a wdldrhla olajd we;' ta mxp n,s ixl,amh hs' ñka
woyia lrkafka ta ta wjia:d iòyd ;u Okh fjka l< hq;= nj hs' ta wjia:d kï"
01' [d;s n,s - [d;s ñ;%d§ka fjkqfjka

02' w;sÓ n,s - wd.ka;=lhska fjkqfjka
03' mqínfm; n,s - ñh .sh [d;Ska fjkqfjka
04' foaj;d n,s - wd.ñl lghq;= iòyd
05' rdc n,s - rdcHh fjkqfjka
fï wdldrhg W;aidyfhka Okh Wmhd th úkdY ùug fkd§ wdrlaId

lr .ksñka wd;aud¾:h yd mrd¾:h bgqjk fia fmdÿ jia;=jla fldg i,ld Okh
mßyrKh l< hq;= nj nqÿ iufhka ks¾foaY ù we;'
fuu l%uhg wd¾Ól Yla;sh we;slr.;a mqoa.,hd fuf,dj jYfhka id¾:l

ù meiiqug ,lajk w;r mrf,dj iqjm;a Ndjh o <`.d lr .kS'
bfOj kx mixik;s
fmpp if.. mfudo;s
276
wNHdi
my; iòyka m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re imhkak myokak'
01' È<s`ÿlu iudc ¥IKhg bjy,a jkafka flfia±hs myokak'

02' mqoa., yd iudc wd¾Ól Yla;sh nqÿiufhka w.hkafka ljr fya;= ksid±hs
olajkak'
03' wOd¾ñl Ofkdamd¾ckh úúO w¾nqO yd .eg¨j,g mdol jk whqre ksoiqka
iys;j meyeÈ,s lrkak'
04' idudkH wd¾Ól úoHdfõ § wh iy jeh ms<snò muKla olajk w;r fn!oaO
wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;sfha § Ok iqrCIKhla ms<snò olajd we;' úuikak'
05' nqÿiufhka meyeÈ,s lrk wdldrhg mqoa.,hd i;= úh hq;af;a Okh bmhSu"
wdrCIKh" yd mßyrKh iïnkaO YslaIKhls' úuikak'
277
278

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;%smsgl O¾uh

wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j

ish¨ ysñlï weúßKs'

wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska

Y%S ,xld ud;d

tneúks wms fjuq fidhqre fidhqßfhda

ieug u fu;a lreKd .=fKkS

msßfjka u.ska .sys meúÈ fomlaIhg u NdId" wd.ñl yd idrO¾u

úfoaYSh wdl%uK yuqfõ - úfYaIfhka u mD;=.Sis" ,kafoais yd bx.%Sis

tfy;a 1753 § YS% ,xldfõ uyK Wmiïmodj h<s msyg s ù

wfkl=;a wOHdmk lafIa;%j,g fuka u msßfjka wOHdmkhg o

wls, úrdÊ ldßhjiï

iïNdjH wOHdmkfha iqúfYaIS i,l=K msßfjka wOHdmkhhs' f:rjdÈ iïm%odh

ksmqK;d mdol úIhud,d m%;sixialrKh wkqj fuu fm< fmd; o iïmdokh

;s%úO Ydikfha .eUqr yd tys wfkalúO jákdlï ms<sn`o ,nk wjfndaOh

ví,sõ' tï' chka; úl%ukdhl

ví,sõ' tï' chka; úl%ukdhl - wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ckrd,a

úð; fj,f.or - wOHdmk wOHlaI ^msßfjka&

ví,sõ'ta' ks¾u,d mshiS,s - wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ^ixj¾Ok&

uydpdhH_ mQcH lk;af;af.dv - ufydamdOHdh ^je'n&

mQcH r;au,úg pkaodkkao ysñ - úIh WmfoaYl ^msßfjka&

ã'tï'fÊ' mqIaml=udr - ksfhdacH flduidßia ^md,k&

mQcH Wvq.ïfmd< .=Kdkkao ysñ - fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h

mQcH udfodaúg jðrnqoaê ysñ - iyldr wOHdmk wOHlaI ^msßfjka&

mß.Kl.; lsÍu" msgq ks¾udKh iy msg ljrh (-

01' nqqÿmshdfKda W;=ukag;a W;=ï ñksfils 01

f,dj my< jQ lreKdfõ yd m%{dfõ m%;suQ¾;sh iïud iïnqÿrcdKka

i;a;ajhdf.a yd f,dalfha h:d ;;a;ajh uekúka jgyd .;a nqÿrcdKka

idudkH ñksiqka ye¢kaùfï § fhfok ukqIH hk moh nqorÿkag Ndú; jqj

iïnqoaO pß;h ms<sn`o úuiSfï § lreKdj" ohdj" wkqlïmdj" ffu;s%h" mrd¾:

Wkajykafia ysñÈß mdkaor uydlreKd iudm;a;shg iuje§ ;uka

uydldreKsl jQ nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.ka msysg ,enQ i;a;ajfhdaa wmuK h'

fihHudk - ;ud wkqkag jvd Wiia hehs is;Su

hkqfjka udkfhys m%fNao ;=kls' ksy;udkSnj kï udkh fyj;a Wv`.=lu

iïud iïnqoaO;ajh wjfndaOlr .ekSfuka miq miajk i;sfha wcmd,

odkh i|yd úfYaI wdrdOkd fkd,o iEu Èkl u msKavmd;fhys jevujñka

nqÿrcdKka jykafia ms<sn| uy;a m%idohg m;a mqlal=id;s rc;=ud Wkajykafia

nqÿrcdKka jykafia ieje;akqjr foõrï fjfyfrys jevjik iuhl

;d§ .=Kfha m%;suQ¾;sh

iemf;a § Woï ùu;a" úm;a;sfha § lïmdùu;a ñksia iudcfha fndfyda fokd

ud.kaÈh kï nuqKd nqÿrcdKka jykafia ±l meye§ ;u ÈhKsh

foõrï fjfyr oï iNdfjys nqÿrcdKka jykafia isõjkla msßig oyï

ìïìidr uyrc" fldai, uyrc" wfkams`vq isgq;=ud úYdLd Wmdisldj wd§

b;d W;=ï ksjerÈ u. fmkajd §u fY%aIaG ud¾f.damfoaYl;ajhhs" iF:d

zz;=fuyys lsppx wd;mmx wlLd;dfrd ;:d.;dZZ hkqfjka nqÿrcdKka

Okfhka n,fhka msßmqka rc orejkag isgqjrekag fuka u talidgl nuqKd

ish ±kW.;alï ksid udkfhka ysi Wÿïud.;a iÉpl" nl n%yau wd§kag

nqÿrcdKka jykafia ye¢kaùu i|yd zzu.a. ú¥ZZ zzu.a.fldúoZZ zzu.a.[aûZZ

zz;:d.;hka jykafia jk uu NslaIq ix>hdf.a kdhl;ajh ±Íug lsis

zzodrefKd NslLfj ,dN illdfrdZZ n, lduh Ok lduh ;k;=rej,g we;s

M,x fj lo,sx yk;s - M,x fj¨x M,x k,x

flfi,a" WK ng wd§ .ia M, .ekSfuka jekfikakd fia fkdyslauqKq

W;a;Í;r iudc od¾YkslhdfKda

flfkl= Wiia njg fyda my;a njg m;ajkafka ;u pß;h yd ls%hdms<sfj;

fldKav[a[" jmam" NoaÈh" uydkdu" wiaið jeks nuqKkag;a" kkao" rdyq,"

zziqoê wiqoê mpp;;x kdf[[d w[[x úfidOfhZZ

msßisÿ nj fyda wmsßisÿnj ;ud u we;s lr .; hq;a;la ñi lsisfjl=g

Ndr;Sh ldka;djf.a úuqla;sh Wfoid NslaIqKS Ydikh we;s lsÍfuka uy;a

mxpYS, m%;smodj wkqj Ndr;Sh iudch hym;a .=K.rel iudchla

wx.=;a;r ksldfha m[apl ksmd;fha ll=O iQ;%fha i|yka jk mßÈ f,dj

nqÿrÿkaf.a rEm ú,dih

iïud iïnqÿrcdKka jykafia wiuiu .=Khkaf.ka hq;= jk fial' Wkajykafiaf.a

nqÿrÿkaf.a fo;sia uyd mqreI ,laIK