READING PHILIPPINE HISTORY REVIEWER

The Meaning and Relevance of History

HERSTORY
HISTORY
“no document, no is a term for history written from a
Study of the past feminist perspective and emphasizing
history”
History is written by VICTORS.
Greek word historia the role of women, or told from a
woman's point of view.
– “knowledge acquired through inquiry or
Why study history?
investigation”  unite a nation
- account of the past of a person/group  Used as a tool to legitimize
through written documents and historical
events. The study of change over time, and
regimes and forge a sense of
it covers all aspects of human society. collective identity through
collective memory.
 Lessons from the past can be
HISTORIOGRAPHY
used to make sense of the
Ilustrados “enlightened one”
present.
Study of how the past was
Intended for the Spaniards so that
studied. they realize that Filipinos are
How was the historical text people of their own intellect and
written? culture. Graciano López Jaena
Who wrote it? Marcelo H. del Pilar
What was the context of its Mariano Ponce
publication?
Antonio Luna
APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF
What is the historical method
used? HISTORY José Rizal,

What were is the

thesources?
Idealism belief that Social Memory “based on consensus”. But, Historian’s Job
history can be described in beliefs based on consensus can lead to
terms of ideas--what people error. Just because a majority believes in  not just to seek historical
thought and the intent behind something doesn’t make it valid. evidence and facts but also to
their actions. interpret these facts
Historicism asserts “the  “Facts cannot speak for
Causation Complex events may have themselves”
autonomy of the past must be
multiple causes. To understand causation, it  give meaning to facts and
respected”. Each age has its
is important to understand the difference organize
own values, and events should
between what is necessary and what is
be described within the context
sufficient.
of those values. Historical Methodology

Relativism is the belief that

Comprises certain techniques and rules that
there is no absolute truth and
that all views of history are historians follow to properly utilize sources
valid. and historical evidence in writing history.
 POSITIVISM LESSON 2
THEORIES OF HISTORY
• Emerged between 18th-19th On Determining the Veracity of
century • Random Theory history is the Historical
• Requires empirical and random - that the interaction Materials/Records/Texts
observable evidence before of billions of humans and their Historical Sources
• Cyclical Theory is a socio-
one can claim that a • Primary and secondary
philosophical concept that says
particular knowledge is true sources
history is based on the
• “no document, no history” repetition or recurrence of • Classification depends on
social processes. the historicalSource
Primary subject being
• Great Man Theory history is studied
POSTCOLONIALISM • Produced at the same
th driven by great men. The
history of the world is but the time as the event,
• Emerged in the early 20 century biography of great men. period, or subject
• Understanding their societies against • Great Forces Theory the world studied.
the shadows of their colonial past is not shaped by a few men, but • Firsthand evidence
• A reaction and an alternative to the it is changed by factors in • Compelling and direct
colonial history societies as a whole. It holds evidence of human
• Looks at two things in that the great men are formed activity
and given the opportunities to • Actual records that have
history
1. Tell the history of their nation that succeed by the movements of
will highlight their identity free EXAMPLES
survived from the past
the societies in which they live.
from that of colonial discourse and  Autobiographies
• Divine Providence Theory history
knowledge  Memoirs
is controlled by God. It is this
2. Criticize the methods, effects, and  Eyewitness account
system of history that is put forth
idea of colonialism  Diary
in the Bible.  Fossils
Historical Research • Great Mind Theory some set of  Relics
• isbrilliant
a process intellects, or even one
of collecting and  Letters
interpreting data about past eventsthe
mental genius, supplies or  Photographs
mainspring
ideas in order to of find how human
they  Speeches
advancement.
affected the presentHistory is ideas.
events and then  Videos
• drawn forward or driven
it studies possible reasons behind ahead  Legal documents
by some ideal force in ordertheir
to  Ornaments
certain events to explain
realize its preconceived ends.  Clothing
VIEWS
followed. OF HISTORY
influence on the events that  Tools

• may not just help to figure out

• Deterministic between
connections Free will pastis andan Evaluating the authenticity
illusion.events,
present All is determined
it can also by God
provide of a primary source by
or some kind of supreme power or
the researchers with information Garraghan (1950)
creative force. There is events
no chance
LIMITATIONS regarding possible future
or free will. Rather every event
• Evolutionary View History rests
• Sources mayonnotthebebelief
reliable 1. Date- When was it
that random forces produced?
and may represent
can misleading
create improvements in 2. Localization- Where did it
facts about the events. man, and also the world
animals, originate?
• Not all pastbecause
events purely
can be natural forces are 3. Authorship- Who wrote it?
studied because
• Historyof theislack of moving toward
a story 4. Analysis- What pre-existing
evidence and
a conclusion.source material served as the basis
materials. It gets more 5. for
Integrity- What was its
its production?
challenging to have research original form?
This is the basic Judeo-Christian 6. Credibility- What is the
if the events are from a more
view. Like all great stories, history evidential value of its
distant past. Secondary Source
• has a beginning,
A researcher does not have a middle, and an content?
end.result.
control over the It has a climax (the• cross and a reason for certain
Finding
EXAMPLES • Produced by an author who used
resurrection) and is being events drawndoes not mean that
primary sources to produce the
 Biographies towardSeven Factors
a particular inthe
conclusion Evaluating
same reason
(the the Internal
can lead
material. to
 Encyclopedia return Criteria
of Christ)bybyHowell similar
an author- events.
and Prevenier Because
• Created by it
(2001)
historians and
 Textbooks creator. may have happened in a writers based on their
scholastic
 Thesis 1. The Genealogy of thetotally different
Document- refers to the of the primary
interpretation
 Dissertations circumstance
development of the document. The document in the past.
sources. may be
 Interviews original, a copy, or a•copy Theof research
the copy. may
•includes last
Describes, discuss, interpret,
2. The Genesis of the Document-
longer, depending onthe situations
theupon,
 News reports and the authorities during comment
the document’s production. analyze,
 Movies historical event and data
evaluate, summarize, and process
 News articles 3. The Originality of theavailability.
Document- primary
includessources.
the nature
 Scholarly journals • May require travel between
of the document whether it is an eye/earwitness account
 Transcriptions various destinations.