Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2005 SPE 93558 Zougari Et Al
2005 SPE 93558 Zougari Et Al
2005 SPE 93558 Zougari Et Al
Live Oils Novel Organic Solid Deposition and Control Device: Wax Deposition
Validation
M. Zougari* and A. Hammami, Schlumberger, and G. Broze and N. Fuex, Shell Global Solutions (US) Inc.
Design of Organic Solids Deposition and Control the rinsed deposit (post-rinse stage) were then taken to
System illustrate the distinctiveness of each stage.
One of the remarkable features that can be observed
from these photographs is the uniformity of the deposit
The OSDC was designed and developed to study the thickness. This indicates the uniformity of hydrodynamics
fundamentals of physical and chemical processes governing within the cell, which implies that deposition at any location
wax and asphaltene deposition from petroleum fluids. One of on the inner surface of the outer cylinder occurs under very
the main objectives in designing the OSDC cell was to similar conditions. That is, there is negligible variation in
generate experimental measurements of key parameters of deposit characteristics over the entire deposition surface. This
engineering significance. These include deposit quantification, allows the averaging of the relevant analyses of the total
deposit composition, and deposition kinetics as a function of deposit, such as composition, without introducing any
temperature, pressure, shear, surface roughness and surface significant error.
type.
The OSDC device is based on flow between rotating The results of the analyses of the deposits are
concentric cylinders, also known as the Taylor-Couette presented in Tables 4 and 5. It can be seen from Table 4 that
system. A schematic diagram of the OSDC cell is shown in the deposits from Gulf of Mexico stock tank oil (STO) as well
Figure 2. As can be seen from the figure, the OSDC cell as corresponding live oil have very high wax content. Such
comprises a central rotating cylinder and an outer stationary high wax contents (or low oil content) are usually referred to
cylinder with the process fluid occupying the annular space. as hard deposits. For the Thai oil, opposite trend was observed
This cell design implies that a maximum fluid velocity exists and the reason for this disparity was not clear at this time but
adjacent to the inner cylinder and zero velocity adjacent to the is under investigation. Regardless, all four deposits are low in
stationary outer cylinder. The velocity profile thus obtained is oil contents unlike deposits obtained from cold finger type
similar to that obtained in a pipe flow. The inner surface of bench-scale systems.18
the outer cylinder serves as the deposition surface. For wax
deposition experiments, discussed in this paper the outer One of the parameters that is important for
cylinder surface is maintained at temperatures lower than the engineering purposes is the rate of deposition. Such rates
bulk fluid and the wax appearance temperatures. Table 1 allow prediction of how much deposit would form over a
summarizes the performance conditions of the OSDC. given period of time. This information is then utilized to plan
the pigging frequency to avoid impairment or blockage of the
Case Studies flow-line. Table 5 provides the specific deposition rates
expressed in the units of mass of wax in the deposit per unit
Wax Deposition Tests area per unit time per temperature differential. The
Here, we present selected sets of experimental data temperature differential here is the difference in deposition
for wax deposition from both stock-tank and live-oil samples surface temperature and the wax appearance temperature of
of two petroleum fluids of significantly different origins. the test oil. This temperature differential is the actual driving
Relevant properties of the two oils are provided in Table 2. force for the precipitation of wax. The specific deposition
Four sets of experimental data will be discussed. A summary rates for STO and live Thai oils are similar but those for the
of test conditions is provided in Table 3. Gulf of Mexico oil sample differ by over 20 percent. More
Results and Discussion. As summarized in Table 3, extensive analyses of these experimental data are underway.
two sets of experimental data – one corresponding to stock-
tank oil (atmospheric pressure) and other to live oil (13.8 Conclusions
MPa) – for each of the two oils were collected. Figure 3
presents the photographs showing the deposit formed on the A novel device called the Organic Solid Deposition and
inside surface of the outer cylinder from the Gulf of Mexico Control (OSDC) cell has been designed, developed and
oil sample. The difference between the pre-rinse and post- successfully tested for the study of organic solids deposition
rinse deposit characteristics can be observed clearly from the from petroleum fluids. The cell is based on the Couette-Taylor
stark variation in the color of the deposits. The post-rinse or concentric cylinder geometry. A detailed characterization of
deposit is white (like candle wax) with a tint of yellow the OSDC cell was completed and flow visualization
indicative of slight oil entrapment in the n-paraffin rich experiments showed that fully turbulent flow regime could be
material. We classify this material as the true deposit. The pre- obtained. The detailed characterization of OSDC behavior
rinse deposit has a darker color due to a layer of oil adhering reinforced that the data generated from the OSDC cell could
the actual deposit surface. Similar photographs showing the be readily scaled to pipeline conditions with respect to
pre-rinse and post-rinse deposits obtained from Thai oil relevant parameters such as wall shear stress and heat transfer
sample are shown in Figure 4. rate by conducting experiments under representative operating
At the end of each test, the fluids were displaced conditions of high pressure and turbulent flow. The desired
from the OSDC, and opened to reveal the deposit. functionality of the OSDC cell was successfully demonstrated
Photographs of the deposit were taken as (pre-rinse stage). by conducting wax deposition tests on stock tank oil as well as
The deposit was then washed with proper solvent to remove live oil samples. The key features of the wax deposit obtained
the excess oil coating the whole deposit. New photographs of include uniform profiles and low oil content of the deposit.
SPE 93558 3
Temperature WAT – 2 or 3 oC
Spindle Rotation Speed 100 Hz
16000
Pre-Rinse Post-Rinse
14000
Stock-Tank
12000 Wax
Reservoir
Pressure (psia)
10000
Hydrate
8000
6000
Asphaltene
Live
4000
Bubble Point
2000
Flow line
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Figure 3. Photographs showing wax deposits formed on the
inner surface of stationary cylinder from Gulf of Mexico
Temperature
Temperature (oF) STO and corresponding live oil.
Pre-Rinse Post-Rinse
ro
Stock-Tank
ri
Ω H
Live