REMAINDER THEOREM

The learner proves the Remainder Theorem, Factor Theorem and the Rational Root Theorem. (M10AL-Ig-1)
NOVEMBER 3, 2023

1. Remainder- An amount left over after division (this is a result when the first number does not divide exactly by the other.
(Remainder - Isang halagang natitira pagkatapos ng paghahati (ito ay isang resulta kapag ang unang numero ay hindi eksaktong nahahati sa
isa.)
2. Theorem – a theorem is a statement that can be demonstrated to be true by accepted mathematical operations and arguments.
(Theorem – ang theorem ay isang pahayag na maaaring ipakita na totoo sa pamamagitan ng mga tinatanggap na mathematical operations
at mga argumento.)
3. Remainder Theorem – If the polynomial P(x) is divided by (x – r), the remainder R is a constant and is equal to P(r).
(Remainder Theorem – Kung ang polynomial P(x) ay hinati ng (x – r), ang remainder R ay constant at equal ng P(r).)
R = P(r)

There are two ways to FIND THE REMAINDER when P(x) is divided by (x – r), that is:
(1) using direct substitution (substitute r in the polynomial expression P(x)), or
(2) using synthetic division

1. Determine the remainder of (x4 – x3 + 2) when divided by (x + 2).

Step 1. Calculate P(r).
x+2=0
x = -2 The value indicator r will be -2.

R = P(r)
R = P(-2)
Step 2. Using direct substitution, substitute r in the polynomial expression P(x) to find the remainder R.
P(-2) = x4 – x3 + 2
= (-2) 4 – (-2) 3 + 2
= 16 – (-8) + 2
= 16 + 8 + 2
P(-2) = 26
R = 26

2. Determine the remainder of (x4 – x3 + 2) when divided by (x + 2) using synthetic division.

Step 1. Calculate P(r).
x+2=0
x = -2 The value indicator r will be -2.

R = P(r)
R = P(-2)
Step 2. Use synthetic division to find the remainder R.
Write x4 – x3 + 2 in a standard form. Look for missing terms, then replace it with 0 times the variable raised to that exponent in the
appropriate place.
x4 – x3 + 2
x – x3 + 0x2 +0x+ 2
4

Replace 0 as coefficients of the missing terms.

-2 1 -1 0 0 2
-2 6 -12 24
1 -3 6 -12 26 remainder

R = 26

Practice Exercise 1. Perform synthetic division to find the remainder R in each of the following and verified the result by direct substitution.
1. (x3 – 2x2 + x + 6) ÷ (x – 3)
2. (x4 – 3x3 + 4x2– 6x + 4) ÷ (x – 2)

Practice Exercise 2.
1. Let P(x) = 3x3 +4x2 - 5x + 6. Use the remainder theorem to evaluate P(-3). (use direct substitution)
2. If x4 – 10x3 + 2x2– 8x + 5, find P(10). (use synthetic division)