`

0SCHOO OFCIVILE

SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Project Phase II (B20ED0704) Report

on

DESIGN OF AN IOT BASED INDOOR AIR

QUALITY MONITORING SYSTEM.
submitted in fulfillment of the requirements

for

Bachelor of Technology
by

VIDHYA SHREE S (R20ED109)

SHASHVITHA K (R20ED078)
VARUN C (R20ED106)

LIKITH B MOUNI (R20ED081)

Under the guidance of

Mr. PRASHANTH N
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

School of Civil Engineering, REVA University

2023-24
Rukmini Knowledge Park, Kattigenahalli, Yelahanka,
Bengaluru-560064
`

Tt

TOFCIVILENGISCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Project Phase-II Report

CERTIFICATE

Certified that the project work entitled DESIGN OF AN IOT BASED INDOOR AIR
QUALITY MONITORING SYSTEM. under my guidance by VIDHYA SHREE S
(R20ED109), SHASHVITHA K (R20ED078), VARUN C (R20ED106), LIKITH B
MOUNI (R20ED081) are bonafide students of REVA UNIVERSITY during the academic
year 2023-2024, is submitting the project phase II (B20ED0704) report in partial fulfillment
for the award of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering during the academic year
2023-2024. This report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements.

Signature of the Guide

EXAMINER 1 EXAMINER 2
`

Table of Contents

SL NO CONTENTS PAGE NO

1 INTRODUCTION
1-2

2 LITERATURE REVIEW
3-7

3 OBJECTIVES
8

4 PARAMETERS
9

5 METHODOLOGY
10-12

6 EXPERIMENTATION
13-21

7 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 22

8 OUTCOMES
23

9 REFERENCES
24

1
`

CHAPTER-1
1. INTRODUCTION

Air pollution, both indoors and outdoors, is a major environmental health problem
affecting people around the world. The level of air pollution is increasing rapidly due
to factors such as industries, urbanization, increasing population, vehicle use, etc.
As the world’s population becomes more urban, cities are under pressure to maintain a
liveable life.
The harmful effects of contamination include mild allergic reactions such as
inflammation of the throat, eyes and nose, as well as serious problems such as
bronchitis, heart disease, pneumonia, lung disease and exacerbation of asthma. Indoor
air pollution results insubstantially harmful effects on human health.
When the level of the containments increases beyond the permissible levels in the
environment can affect various organs of the human body. People spend most of the
day indoor and in an air-conditioned environment which has limited scope of fresh air
circulation.
Poor air quality in the workplace can affect the productivity of employees. Therefore,
it is important to know the quality of air-breathing. This can help to avoid polluted air
as much as possible and take measures to clean the polluted air.
There are many pollutants in the indoor air. For years, there has been debate over
which indoor air quality index is most appropriate.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is probably the most commonly used indicator for measuring
carbon dioxide produced by human breathing and carbon dioxide emitted by devices
such as gas stoves and boilers.
Other indicators are humidity and volatile organic compound (VOCs), both of which
are indicators of indoor air quality.

2
`

CHAPTER 2

2. LITRATURE REVIEW

Design of an IoT based indoor air quality monitoring system.

Author: M W P Maduranga , K N M H H Kosgahakumbura, G H C J
Karunarathna 2020

IMPORTANCE OF WORK

The purpose of this project is to design and develop an air quality monitoring system
based on the Internet of Things. Air quality is a major issue facing people today.
Factors such as industry, urbanization, population growth, and vehicle use pollute the
indoor and outdoor air to a considerable extent. Inhaling polluted air affects people’s
health and causes many illnesses.

RESULT

In this project, sensed the amount of carbon dioxide. The ppm levels of carbon dioxide
were collected for 5 consecutive days and the results were presented. Daily carbon
dioxide levels can change for the following reasons, the number of people in the area,
the time the area is occupied by other items such as furniture, and the fresh outdoor air
(ventilation) that enters the area.

3
`

CHAPTER 2
2. LITRATURE REVIEW

IOT BASED AIR QUALITY MONITORING AND POISONOUS

GAS DETECTION SYSTEM.
Author: R.Shobha , S.Sadiq Mafas, B. Karthic Raja and M.B. Sangeeth Ajay
2019

IMPORTANCE OF WORK

They have utilized Arduino Uno Development kit that accompanies ATMega328P
microcontroller. To give Wi-Fi Support to it, we have utilized ESP-01 Wi-fi module
which encourages us to associate with the Thingspeak Stage. ESP-01 is associated
with 3.3Volts pi of Arduino Uno. MQ135 is associated with 5Volts pin of Arduino
Uno. As force will not be adequate to drive one more sensor, MQ7 is associated with
9Volts Battery through 5Volts LM7805 Regulator.

RESULT

This paper in like manner redresses the PPM checks referred to Air Quality Index.
This venture can be used both for indoor comparably outside. For indoor, we can
make this unit as minimized gadget so much that if each home started using the
gadget, we can screen the indoor air nature of a particular centered region. On account
of extending air pollution, there is need to look out for Indoor air quality as well. For
outside reason, surely one sensor is insufficient in light of the fact that one sensor has
an affectability scope of around 1 meter, so a gathering of sensors must be conveyed
to screen the open air quality.

4
`

CHAPTER 2
2. LITRATURE REVIEW

Design of a Low-Cost Air Quality Monitoring System Using Arduino

and ThingSpeak
Author: Anabi Hilary Kelechi, Mohammed H. Alsharif, Chidumebi Agbaetuo,
Osichinaka Ubadike, Alex Aligbe
4 march 2018

IMPORTANCE OF WORK
The impact of daily emissions of gaseous and particulate pollutants of machines and
industries on human health and the environment has attracted increasing concerns.
This impact has significantly led to a notable increase in mortality in the highly
industrialized zones. Therefore, monitoring air quality and creating public awareness
are important for a safer future, which led the governments globally to invest multi-
billion in policymaking and solution stratification to address the problem. This study
aims to design a real-time Internet of Things low-cost air quality monitoring system.

RESULT
This work successfully implemented a design of a low-cost air quality monitoring
system using Arduino and ThingSpeak, showing that an air quality system can be
implemented using a low-cost technology, Arduino and ThingSpeak. The executed
project was tested using various testing categories, namely, unit, sub-unit, system,
acceptance, and program testing. The system performs credibly well in all testing
parameters. With this system, a mobile app that can be easily deployed to monitor the
air quality across the spectrum can be developed, thereby improving the health of the
populace.

5
`

CHAPTER 2
2. LITRATURE REVIEW

IMPLEMENTATION OF INDOOR AIR QUALITY MONITORING

SYSTEM USING IOT AND GSM
Author: K.Durga Anudeepika, K.Durga Devi,M.Kamala, D.Swetha,
Dr.E.V.Krishna Rao
2016

IMPORTANCE OF WORK

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) mainly refers to the quality of air inside buildings as
represented by concentrations of pollutants and thermal (temperature and relative
humidity) conditions that affect the health and comfort of people living indoors.
According to Environmental Protection Agency, 96 percent of homes are victim to at
least one type of indoor air quality (IAQ) issue. The most common IAQ problem
could be small dust particles and paint fumes. When ignored, these contaminants can
build up and increase allergies, asthma, and cause other health problems.

RESULT

Hence a reliable low cost IAQ monitoring system which can measure 5 air quality
parameters was developed including the dust which is a major indoor air pollutant.
This system provides remote access of data in terms of graph and tabular form values
for research work on pollution in required buildings and also sends the alert message
to the user whenever pollution levels are high so that the indoor air environment is
always under the control. The reduced cost of the system compared to the other
available system may encourage more people to use this system which will ultimately
help in improving the indoor quality of air

6
`

CHAPTER 2
2.LITRATURE REVIEW

AIR POLLUTION INDICATING SYSTEM USING IOT

Author: Kiran Rajapkar, Anuja Redekar, Rushikesh Shingae, Smeet Sarmalkar,
Prof. Nilesh B Patil
09/September -2020

IMPORTANCE OF WORK
Air pollution is one of the major environment issue. It is the process of releasing any
toxic particles into the air that lowers its quality. This paper enabled on IOT along
with cloud to make services real time and faster. We made our own DIY Arduino,
because buying an arduino is little bit expensive. The Air Quality Index for the
observed pollutants is determined by Thing speak. It will display the pollution as per
the particular date in proper format of graph, also our project will show the air
elements in PPM and display it on LCD. In this IOT project, we can monitor the
pollution rate from anywhere and anything using your computer or mobile

RESULT
The system to monitor the air of environment using Arduino microcontroller, IOT
Technology is proposed to improve quality of air. With the use of IOT technology
enhances the process of monitoring various aspects of environment such as air quality
monitoring issue proposed in this system. Here, using the MQ135 .MQ7 and MQ6 gas
sensor gives the sense of different type of hazardous gas and Arduino is the heart of
this project. Which controls the entire process. Wi-Fi module connects the whole
process to internet and LCD is used for the visual Output. The sensors when
interfaced with Arduino gives out values in ppm (parts per million).

7
`

CHAPTER 3
3.OBJECTIVES

1. To monitor and Collect data on key air quality parameters like temperature,
humidity, CO2 levels, particulate matter, and volatile organic compounds
(VOCs).
2. To record the concentration levels of atmospheric pollutants to define air
quality levels.
3. To identify and address air quality issues, indoor air quality monitoring can
significantly improve the health and wellbeing of occupants.

8
`

CHAPTER 4
PARAMETERS

1.Gaseous Pollutants: These are gaseous pollutants that exist in the atmosphere as
individual molecules. They include:

 Particulate Matter (PM): PM is a mixture of solid and liquid particles

suspended in the air. It is further classified by size.
 PM2.5: Fine particles less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter, small enough to
penetrate deep into the lungs and cause respiratory problems.
 PM10: Coarse particles less than 10 micrometers in diameter, can irritate the
eyes, nose, and throat.
 Ozone (O₃): A highly reactive molecule formed by the interaction of sunlight
with nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds. It can irritate the lungs
and cause respiratory problems, especially for people with asthma.
 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO₂): A reddish-brown gas emitted from car exhaust and
industrial processes. It can irritate the lungs and airways, and contribute to the
formation of ground-level ozone.
 Sulphur Dioxide (SO₂): A colorless gas with a pungent odor, emitted from
burning fossil fuels. It can irritate the respiratory system and contribute to acid
rain.
 Carbon Monoxide (CO): A colorless, odorless gas produced by incomplete
combustion of fuels. It binds to hemoglobin in the blood, reducing the oxygen
supply to the body.

2. Meteorological Parameters:
These parameters describe the weather conditions that can affect the dispersion
and concentration of pollutants in the air. They include:
 Temperature: Air temperature affects the rate of chemical reactions that
produce certain pollutants.
 Humidity: The amount of moisture in the air can affect the formation and
persistence of some pollutants.
 Wind Speed and Direction: Wind can help disperse pollutants or concentrate
them in certain areas.
 Precipitation: Rain and snow can wash pollutants out of the air.

9
`

CHAPTER 5
METHADOLOGY

 Selection of air monitoring sites

 To choose appropriate sensors and instruments based on the pollutants.
 To calibrate the sensors regularly to ensure accurate measurements and
minimize drift over time.
 To collect real time or periodic data from the monitoring sites using the
selected instrument.
 To process the raw data to remove outliers, apply corrections and calculate
pollutants concentrations.
 To implement quality control procedures to ensure data accuracy
 To analyse the processed data to identify trends, spatial variations and potential
sources of pollution.

FLOW CHART

10
`

CHAPTER 5
COMPONENTS

Arduino UNO
Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P, It has 14 digital
input/output pins 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a USB Connection,
powerjack, an ICSP header and a reset button.

Figure1 Arduino UNO Figure2 MQ135

MQ135 sensor
The MQ135 sensor can sense NH3, NOx, alcohol, Benzene, smoke, CO2 and some
other gases. It gives the output in form of voltage levels.

MQ7
This is a simple-to-use Carbon Monoxide (CO) sensor, suitable for sensing CO
concentrations in the air. The MQ-7 can detect CO-gas concentrations anywhere from
10 to 500ppm. This sensor has a high sensitivity and fast response time.

Figure 3 MQ7

11
`

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)

This is a basic (16x2) 16 character by 2 line display.Black text on Green background.
It is used to indicate the Air and Humidity in PPM.

ESP 01 Wi-Fi Module

The ESP8266 module enables microcontrollers to connect to 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi, using
IEEE 802.11 bgn. It can be used with ESP-AT firmware to provide Wi-Fi connectivity
to external host MCUs, or it can be used as a self-sufficient MCU by running an
RTOS-based SDK.

Figure 4 LCD figure 5 ESP 01 WIFI Module

Thingspeak
Thingspeak is a cloud platform for Internet of Things. It allows the users to store the
data collected from sensors in different channels. It is also used for real-time data
processing, visualizations, and plugins.

12
`

CHAPTER 6
EXPERIMENTATION

Selection of air monitoring site

Collection of sensors

Calibration of sensors
JDV

Collecting real-time data from the

monitoring site based on IOT

Analyse IOT data in THINKSPEAK

cloud

Visualize data in MATLAB plots

13
`

CHAPTER 6
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

Figure 8

COMPONENTS USED

1. BREADBOARD
2. HUMIDITY AND TEMPERATUE SENSORS
3. GAS SENSORS
4. MQ7
5. MQ137
6. LCD Display

14
`

Fig 9.Experimental setup fig 10

Fig 11 programme

15
`

CHAPTER 6

PROGRAMME INSTALLED

#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>
#include <SPI.h> #include <Wire.h>
#include "DHT.h"
#define DHTPIN D5 // connected to nodemcu Digital pin D4 (see pin mapping
sheet) #define DHTTYPE DHT11 // DHT 11 sensor type
#include <Wire.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>
LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27,16,2);
#include "MǪ135.h"
#define ANALOGPIN A0 // Define Analog PIN on Arduino Board #define RZERO
206.85 // Define RZERO Calibration Value MǪ135 gasSensor =
MǪ135(ANALOGPIN);
DHT dht(DHTPIN, DHTTYPE); // create an instance of DHT
WiFiClient client;
String apiKey = "HGRD2G1U4C5BB7H0"; // Enter your Write API key from
ThingSpeak
const char *ssid = "VR"; // replace with your wifi ssid and wpa2 key
const char *pass = "varunvr10";
const char* server = "api.thingspeak.com"; float h;
float t;
int val1 = D3;
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600); //start serial dht.begin(); //start DHT

16
`

lcd.init();
lcd.backlight();
Serial.println("Connecting to "); Serial.println(ssid);
WiFi.begin(ssid, pass);
while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED)
{
delay(500); Serial.print(".");
}
Serial.println("");
Serial.println("WiFi connected"); Wire.begin();
pinMode(val1,INPUT);
// On esp8266 you can select SCL and SDA pins using Wire.begin(D4, D3);
// For Wemos / Lolin D1 Mini Pro and the Ambient Light shield use Wire.begin(D2,
D1);
float rzero = gasSensor.getRZero(); delay(2000);
}
void loop()
{
int val = digitalRead(val1);
Serial.print("MǪ7 valu3e : ");
Serial.println(val);
lcd.print(val);
float ppm = gasSensor.getPPM();
//delay(1000);
Serial.print("CO2 ppm value : ");
Serial.println(ppm);
lcd.setCursor(0,1);

17
`

lcd.print("MǪ135:");
lcd.print(ppm,0);
// Reading temperature or humidity takes about 250 milliseconds!
// Sensor readings may also be up to 2 seconds 'old' (its a very slow sensor)
h = dht.readHumidity();
// Read temperature as Celsius t = dht.readTemperature();
// Check if any readings failed if (isnan(h) || isnan(t)) {
Serial.println("Failed to read from DHT sensor!");
return;
}
if (client.connect(server,80)) // "184.106.153.149" or api.thingspeak.com
{
String postStr = apiKey; postStr +="&field1="; postStr += String(t); postStr
+="&field2="; postStr += String(h); postStr +="&field3="; postStr += String(ppm,0);
postStr +="&field4="; postStr += String(val); postStr += "\r\n\r\n";
client.print("POST /update HTTP/1.1\n"); client.print("Host: api.thingspeak.com\n");
client.print("Connection: close\n");
client.print("X-THINGSPEAKAPIKEY: "+apiKey+"\n");
client.print(postStr.length()); client.print("\n\n"); client.print(postStr);
Serial.print("Temperature: "); Serial.print(t);
Serial.print(" degrees Celcius, Humidity: ");
Serial.print(h);
Serial.println("%. Send to Thingspeak.");
}
client.stop();
Serial.println("Waiting...");
// thingspeak needs minimum 15 sec delay between updates delay(1000);
}

18
`

TEST RESULTS

EMMISION TEST RESULT

EXPERIMENTAL RESULT

Temperature 38.5
Humidity 29
MQ135(CO2) 8
MQ7(CO) 1

Tabular column 1

19
`

GRAPHS

Fig 12 fig 13

Fig 14 Fig 15

20
`

TEST RESULTS

SL LOCATION TEMPERATURE HUMIDITY MQ135(CO2) MQ7(CO)

NO
1 Petrol bunk 38.5 29 8 1
2 Lab 35.2 27 1 0.63
3 Kitchen 26.2 34 2 1
4 Food court 28.9 38 9 1.23
5 Parking lot 36 22 12 1.12

Tabular column 2

Fig 16

Fig 17
21
`

Fig 18

Fig 19
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

 From the above observation the temperature is more in petrol bunk, less in
kitchen area.
 Humidity is more in food court, less in parking lot.
 MQ135 (CO2) is more in parking lot, less in kitchen.
 MQ7(CO)is more in food court, less in lab.

22
`

CHAPTER 7
OUTCOMES

 Monitoring raises awareness about air quality motivates action.

 Studies have shown reductions in pollutants after implementing ventilations
improvements or reducing chemical use.
 Data can inform policies like promoting sustainable transportation or restricting
idling vehicles.
 Improved air quality can lead to decreased respiratory problems and improved
cognitive function.

23
`

CHAPTER 8
References

1. Maduranga, kosgahakumbara, karunarathna. “ design of IOT based

indoor air quality monitoring system” vol 117-122,2020
2. JunHo Jo ,ByungWan, JungHoon Kim, SungJun , WoonYong Han .
“Development of an IoT-Based Indoor Air Quality Monitoring Platform”
Volume 2020.
3. M. Anitha Lakshmi Sutha Kumar “Development of an IoT-Enabled Air
Pollution Monitoring and Air Purifier System” volume 14 may 2023
4. Alim yasin, james delenay, toh yen pung.“The Design and
Implementation of an IoT Sensor-Based Indoor Air Quality Monitoring
System Using Off-the-Shelf Devices” 21 September 2022
5. Dr .s.sekar,M.Nandha, Naveen kumar,B.Prakash raj,p.Prasana
Ganapathy. “IOT based Air quality Monitoring system . Volume :07 issue
03 mar 2020,
6. Gangaraju tejaswini, Dr balamurgan V . “ IOT based air pollution
monitoring system” volume 8 issue 4 April 2023
7. 7 . Rafia Mumtaz , syed mohammad hassan, Muhammad Zeeshan, shakir
uferah shafi. “IOT based air pollution monitoring system. Volume8
issue 4 April 2020
8. Maduranga kogahakumbara, karunarathna. “ design of an IOT based
indoor air quality monitoring system” Vol 1 pp 117-122 ,2020
9. R. shobha, S. sadiq mafas, B karthic raja , M B Sangeetha ajay. “IOT
based air pollution monitoring system and poisonous gas detection
system” volume 12 issue 3 march 2021
10. Kiran rajapkar, Anuja redekar, rushikesh shingae, smeet sarmalkar, prof.
Nilesh b patil. “Air pollution indicating system using IOT” volume 2
issue 09 September 2020

24