𝓐𝓒𝓚𝓝𝓞𝓦𝓛𝓔𝓓𝓖𝓔𝓜𝓔𝓝𝓣

As a student of Class XII, I did this project as

a part of my studies entitled “Study of Cancer”.
I owe a deep sense of gratitude to my biology
teacher Mrs. Andleeb Zehra, whose valuable
advice, guidance helped me in doing this project
from conception to completion.

At the same time, I cannot forget to express my

gratitude to our school Principal Mr. W.R. David,

for extending his generous, patronage and

constant encouragement.

Finally I am thankful to my parents for helping me

economically, and my friends for being a helping

hand at every step of this project.

 𝓘𝓝𝓓𝓔𝓧

1) WHAT IS CANCER ACTUALLY ?

2) COMMON TYPES OF CANCER

3) SIGN AND SYMPTOMS

4) DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NORMAL

CELL AND CANCER CELL

5) HOW DOES CANCER CELLS

ACTIVATE?

6) PREVENTION STEPS

7) DEVELOPMENT OF CANCER

8) MAIN CAUSES OF CANCER

9) TREATMENT OF CANCER

10) BIBLIOGRAPHY
 𝓢𝓣𝓤𝓓𝓨 𝓞𝓕 𝓒𝓐𝓝𝓒𝓔𝓡
 𝓦𝓱𝓪𝓽 𝓲𝓼 𝓒𝓪𝓷𝓬𝓮𝓻 𝓪𝓬𝓽𝓾𝓪𝓵𝓵𝔂?
Cancer is a disease involving abnormal cell growth with a
potential to invade to other parts of the body. In
contrast benign tumors do not spread to other parts of
the body.

They form a subset of neoplasm. A neoplasm or tumor is a

group of cells that have undergone unregulated growth
and will often form a mass or lump, but may be
distributed diffusely.

Cancer cells stealing energy from

normal healthy cells.

Cancer develops when the cell’s

genetic material gets damaged or

 𝓒𝓸𝓶𝓶𝓸𝓷 𝓽𝔂𝓹𝓮𝓼 𝓸𝓯 𝓒𝓪𝓷𝓬𝓮𝓻

Bladder Cancer

Breast Cancer

Colorectal Cancer
 Kidney Cancer

Lung Cancer

Lymphoma- Non Hodge skin

Melanoma

Oral and Oropharyngeal Cancer

Pancreatic Cancer

Prostate Cancer

Thyroid Cancer

Uterine Cancer

Brain Cancer

 𝓢𝓲𝓰𝓷𝓼 𝓪𝓷𝓭 𝓢𝔂𝓶𝓹𝓽𝓸𝓶𝓼

It produces no symptoms at the beginning of cancer, the
actual symptoms starts when there is a mass growth or
Ulcerates. People may become anxious or depressed
post-diagnosis. The risk of suicide in people with cancer
is approximately double.
Mass effects from lung cancer can block the bronchus
resulting in cough or Pneumonia; Esophageal Cancer can
cause narrowing of the Esophagus, making it difficult or
painful to swallow; and Colorectal Cancer may lead to
narrowing or blockages in the Bowel, affecting bowel
habits. Masses in breasts or testicles may produce
observable lumps. Ulceration can cause bleeding that, if
it occurs in the lung, will lead to coughing up blood, in the
bowels to anemia or rectal bleeding, in the bladder to
blood in the urine and in the uterus to vaginal bleeding.

These are some local symptoms which can show up the

growth of cancer cells.

Ulcerates: Sore on the skin or a mucous

membrane accompanied by disintegration
of tissue. Results in complete loss of
epidermis.
  𝓓𝓲𝓯𝓯𝓮𝓻𝓮𝓷𝓬𝓮 𝓫𝓮𝓽𝔀𝓮𝓮𝓷 𝓝𝓸𝓻𝓶𝓪𝓵 𝓒𝓮𝓵𝓵𝓼
𝓪𝓷𝓭 𝓒𝓪𝓷𝓬𝓮𝓻 𝓒𝓮𝓵𝓵𝓼
NORMAL CELLS CANCER CELLS

CELL REPRODUCTION
Cell reproduction is needed These cells may have gene
to replenish the cell mutations or chromosome
population that ages or mutations that affect the
becomes damaged or reproductive properties the
destroyed. Normal cells cells. They don’t experience
reproduce properly. biological aging and maintain
their ability to replicate and
grow.
  𝓗𝓸𝔀 𝓓𝓸𝓮𝓼 𝓒𝓪𝓷𝓬𝓮𝓻 𝓬𝓮𝓵𝓵𝓼 𝓪𝓬𝓽𝓲𝓿𝓪𝓽𝓮?
It is well known that cancer is preceded by damaged
DNA. Because DNA is encoded with the instructions for
cell behavior, damaged DNA can alter cell processes
including those that regulate growth and division. This is
supported by the fact that tissues which have a high cell-
division rate, such as bone and lymph, are the most
common sites for cancer.

Some genes, encoded on DNA, act as a switch that can be

turned on or off depending on cell needs. Free radicals
have the ability to break DNA strands which can result in
some genes being permanently switched on, such is the
case with cancerous cell growth. Although it is often
taught that the DNA mutations that lead to cancer
happen at random, research suggests there are
epigenetic triggers that may increase prevalence of DNA
damage.
  𝓟𝓻𝓮𝓿𝓮𝓷𝓽𝓲𝓸𝓷 𝓢𝓽𝓮𝓹𝓼:
DNA is vital for cell function and the body has
mechanisms by which it protects DNA from being
damaged. One of the most important mechanisms is the
one responsible for the production of antioxidants. A
major step in the prevention of DNA damage, and
therefore cancer, would be to optimize antioxidant
activity. Research has suggested that this can be
achieved through the adoption of a diet that
incorporates antioxidant rich foods or extracts.

Glutathione plays a major role in the antioxidant

activities of the body. Evidence shows that this molecule
alone has the ability to influence cancer risk in a directly
correlative manner. This means that by increasing your
body’s supply of glutathione, you are drastically improving
its ability to control free radicals before they damage
cells. There are several ways in which you can increase
your supply of glutathione.
 𝓓𝓮𝓿𝓮𝓵𝓸𝓹𝓶𝓮𝓷𝓽 𝓸𝓯 𝓒𝓪𝓷𝓬𝓮𝓻

 𝓜𝓪𝓲𝓷 𝓒𝓪𝓾𝓼𝓮𝓼 𝓸𝓯 𝓒𝓪𝓷𝓬𝓮𝓻:

 Tobacco use is the cause of about 33% of cancer

deaths.
 Another 10% is due to obesity, poor diet, lack of
physical activity, excessive drinking of alcohol.
 Nearly 20% of cancer cause is due to hepatitis B,
hepatitis C and human papillomavirus.
 Approximately 5-10% of cancer is due to inherited
genetic defect from person’s parents.

 𝓣𝓻𝓮𝓪𝓽𝓶𝓮𝓷𝓽 𝓸𝓯 𝓒𝓪𝓷𝓬𝓮𝓻:

 SURGERY
 RADIATION THERAPY

 CHEMOTHERAPY

 IMMUNOTHERAPY
 𝓑𝓘𝓑𝓛𝓘𝓞𝓖𝓡𝓐𝓟𝓗𝓨

For successfully completing my project file, I have

taken help from the following sites and books.

 www.google.com
 www.cancer.net
 www.healthtap.com
 NCERT BIOLOGY TEXTBOOK

THANK YOU