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Test Bank For Mechanics of Fluids 5Th Edition Potter Wiggert Ramadan 1305635175 9781305635173 Full Chapter PDF
Test Bank For Mechanics of Fluids 5Th Edition Potter Wiggert Ramadan 1305635175 9781305635173 Full Chapter PDF
2. A water-well driller measures the water level in a well to be 20 ft below the surface. The point
on the well is 250 ft below the surface. The pressure at the point is estimated to be:
(C) 688 kPa
Using Eq. 2.4.4, the pressure is
p = h = 9810 N/m 3 (250 − 20) ft 0.3048 m/ft = 688 000 or 688kPa
N/m 2
Or, we could use English units as follows:
14,350101.3
p = h = 62.4 (250 − 20) = 14,350 lb/ft 2 Then, = 685 kPa
14.7 144
.
The difference between the two numbers is due to the accuracy of the numbers used:
14.7, 9810, 62.4, and 101.3.
4
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Mechanics of Fluids, 5th Edition Chapter 2: Fluid Statics
3. To calculate the pressure in the standard atmosphere at 6000 m, the lapse rate is used (see Eq.
2.4.8). The percentage error, considering the pressure from Table B.3 in the Appendix to be
more accurate, is nearest:
(B)
Equation 2.4.8 yields
g/R
T0 − z 288.2−0.0065 6000
9.81/ 0.0065287
47.21−47.15
% error = 100 = 0.13%
47.21
5
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Mechanics of Fluids, 5th Edition Chapter 2: Fluid Statics
2. A horizontal 80-cm-diameter hatch is located on the top of a submersible designed for a diver
to escape. If the submersible is 100 m below the surface of the ocean, estimate the minimum
force required to open the hatch. Assume Ssaltwater = 1.02.
(C) 500 kN
The pressure at a depth of 100 m is p = h = (9810 × 1.02) × 100 = 106 N. The force
due to the saltwater acts at the centroid of the circular hatch since it is horizontal.
Moments about the hinge, which is assumed to be on the circumference of the
circular hatch with the force F on the opposite side, provides
0.8P = F 0.4 = 106 0.4. P = 500 000 N or 500kN
3. A 1.2-m high by 2.8-m wide vertical rectangular gate is used to control the flow of water from
a reservoir to a grinding mill. A frictionless hinge runs along the bottom of the gate. The
minimum force acting normal to and at the very top of the gate needed to hold the gate shut in
the vertical position if the water is at the very top of the gate is nearest:
(A) 6590 N
The pressure distribution on the gate is linear, increasing from zero at the top to
p = h = 9810 × 1.2 = 11 772 Pa at the bottom. Hence, the average pressure over the
gate is 5886 Pa providing a force of 5886 × 1.2 × 2.8 = 19 780 N acting on the gate.
This force acts through the centroid of the triangular pressure distribution (see Fig.
2.9), 0.8 m from the top. The force on the top of the gate (1.2 m above the hinge and
0.8 m above the force) is found by taking moments about the hinge:
1.2P = F d = 19 780 0.4. P = 6590N
6
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Mechanics of Fluids, 5th Edition Chapter 2: Fluid Statics
4. A gate automatically opens when the water gets too high. How high above the hinge must the
water be for the gate to just open?
(B) 1.2 m
The force of the water on the vertical gate acts at the hinge just as the gate is about to
open. If the force moves above the hinge, the gate will open. The distance 0.6 m below
the hinge means that the water surface is 2 × 0.6 = 1.2 m above the hinge for the gate
to open. See Fig. 2.10.
5. The force P needed to hold the 2-m-radius, 3-m-wide circular arc gate in the position shown is
nearest:
(B) 49 kN
Since the force due to the pressure on each area element of the circular arc acts through
the center of the arc, we can move the horizontal and vertical components to that center
of the arc. Sketch a free-body diagram of the water above the gate, as in Fig. 2.11b.
(Combine FH and FV to make F, then F will pass through the center of the arc at which
point it can be decomposed into FH and FV.) They produce the same moments when
located at the center as if they were located where they actually act. Take moments
about the hinge so that only P and FH produce moments:
P P
4 0 cm 4 0 cm
FH
2.4P = 2FH = 2( hA) = 2 9810 1 (2 3) FV
FH FV 2m
P = 49 050 N
Fx Fx
Fy Fy
Forces in normal Move forces to center
position
For practice, maintain FH and FV in their normal positions and solve for P. We use
Eq. 2.4.28 to help find the distance dH above the hinge where FH acts:
I 323/12
dH = 2 − y p = 2 − y + = 2 −1− = 0.667 m
Ay (3 2) 1
FV acts through the center of gravity of the quarter circle. The distance dV from the
hinge to FV is:
4r 42
dV = = = 0.849 m
3 3
6. An object requires a force of 30 N to hold it under water. The object weighs 90 N in air. Its
density is nearest:
(C) 750 kg/m3
A free-body diagram would show 30 N and 90 N acting down and the buoyant force
FB acting up (see Eq. 2.4.36):
120
FB = 30 + 90 = 120 = water V = 9810 V . V = m3
9810
The weight is expressed as W = g V so that
120
90 = x g V = x 9.81 . x = 750 kg/m 3
9810
8
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Mechanics of Fluids, 5th Edition Chapter 2: Fluid Statics
2. The tank in Problem 1 has a small hole positioned in its top at the very rear of the tank which
is accelerated at ax = 5 m/s2 in the direction of the longer side. The lowest pressure in the
tank, which is filled with water, is nearest:
(C) −9 kPa
Sketch the tank showing the zero pressure line emanating
from the left upper corner. It slopes down to the right. Eq. α
0.8 m p =0
2.5.3 gives h as h
2
ax 1.8× 5 5 m/s
h = Ltanα = 1.8× . ∴h = = 0.917 m
g 9.81
The minimum pressure exists at the top of the front of the tank:
pmin = −γ h = −9810 × 0.917 = −9000 Pa
Note: The water will not flow out of the hole at the rear since the vacuum will
hold it in the tank.
9
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Mechanics of Fluids, 5th Edition Chapter 2: Fluid Statics
3. The force acting on the bottom of the cylinder of Example 2.12 is nearest:
(A) 55.6 N
The pressure distribution on the bottom of the cylinder, using p = 0 at r = 0, is (see
Eq. 2.6.4)
ρω 2 1000
p−0 = (r 2 − 0) or p= 26.6 2 r 2 = 353 800r 2
2 2
Integrate over the bottom area:
0.1
353 800 × 0.14
Fbottom = ∫ 353 800r 2 × 2π r dr = 2π × = 55.6N
0 4
4. The U-tube shown is rotated about the left vertical leg at 100 rpm. The highest pressure in the
U-tube is nearest:
(B) 4.2 kPa
The highest pressure occurs at the right-hand corner of the bottom where r2 = 0.2 m.
Select p1 = 0 at the top of the left leg. Using ω = 100 × 2π /60 = 10.47 Eq.2.6.4
rad/s,
provides
ρω2 2 2
p2 − p1 = (r2 − r1 ) − γ (z2 − z1 )
2
1000
p2 =10.47 2 × 0.22 − 9810 × ( − 0.2) = 4154Pa
2
Careful: Point 2 is at (0.2, −0.2) m. (The units will work out if we use kg, N, m, and
s as the units. Check them if you’re uncertain. Angular velocity must be in rad/s,
never rpm).
5. If the U-tube in Problem 4 is rotated about the right leg, what maximum rpm will result in the
20°C water being thrown from the tube?
(B) 672 rpm
The water will leave the tube when the lowest pressure in the tube, the pressure at
the top of the right leg, reaches the vapor pressure which is 2.34 kPa abs (see Table
B.1 in the Appendix). The pressure there is given by Eq. 2.6.4:
ρω 2 2 2
p2 − p1 = (r2 − r1 ) − γ ( z2 − z1 )
2
10
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Mechanics of Fluids, 5th Edition Chapter 2: Fluid Statics
1000 2
101 300 − 2340 = ω × 0.22 . ∴ ω = 70.34 rad/s or 672 rpm
2
We used p1 = 101 300 Pa since the pressure at point 2 is in absolute pressure. The
pressure must be in Pa not kPa.
11
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Mechanics of Fluids, 5th Edition Chapter 2: Fluid Statics
2. A water-well driller measures the water level in a well to be 20 ft below the surface. The point
on the well is 250 ft below the surface. The pressure at the point, in SI units, is estimated to be:
(A) 632 kPa
(B) 652 kPa
(C) 688 kPa
(D) 698 kPa
3. To calculate the pressure in the standard atmosphere at 6000 m, the lapse rate is used (see Eq.
2.4.8). The percentage error, considering the pressure from Table B.3 in the Appendix to be
more accurate, is nearest:
(A) 0.08%
(B) 0.13%
(C) 0.24%
(D) 0.31%
3
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Mechanics of Fluids, 5th Edition Chapter 2: Fluid Statics
2. A horizontal 80-cm-diameter hatch is located on the top of a submersible designed for a diver
to escape. If the submersible is 100 m below the surface of the ocean, estimate the minimum
force required to open the hatch. Assume Ssaltwater = 1.02.
(A) 300 kN
(B) 400 kN
(C) 500 kN
(D) 600 kN
3. A 1.2-m high by 2.8-m wide vertical rectangular gate is used to control the flow of water from
a reservoir to a grinding mill. A frictionless hinge runs along the bottom of the gate. The
minimum force acting normal to and at the very top of the gate needed to hold the gate shut if
the water is at the very top of the gate is nearest:
(A) 6590 N
(B) 9800 N
(C) 10 000 N
(D) 13 300 N
4. A gate automatically opens when the water gets too high. How
high above the hinge must the water be for the gate to just open?
(A) 0.6 m
(B) 1.2 m
(C) 1.8 m
(D) 2.4 m
4
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Mechanics of Fluids, 5th Edition Chapter 2: Fluid Statics
6. An object requires a force of 30 N to hold it under water. The object weighs 90 N in air. Its
density is nearest:
(A) 850 kg/m3
(B) 800 kg/m3
(C) 750 kg/m3
(D) 700 kg/m3
5
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Mechanics of Fluids, 5th Edition Chapter 2: Fluid Statics
2. The tank in Problem 1 has a small hole positioned in its top at the very rear of the tank which
is accelerated at ax = 5 m/s2 in the direction of the longer side. The lowest pressure in the
tank, which is filled with water, is nearest:
(A) 12 kPa
(B) 9 kPa
(C) −9 kPa
(D) −18 kPa
3. The force acting on the bottom of the cylinder of Example 2.12 is nearest:
(A) 55.6 N
(B) 50.4 N
(C) 45.2 N
(D) 38.4 N
4. The U-tube shown is rotated about the left vertical leg at 100
rpm. The highest pressure in the U-tube is nearest:
(A) 5.6 kPa
Water
(B) 4.2 kPa 20 cm
(C) 2.2 kPa
(D) 0.8 kPa 20 cm
.
5. If the U-tube in Problem 4 is rotated about the right leg, what maximum rpm will result in the
20°C water being thrown from the tube?
(A) 741 rpm
(B) 672 rpm
(C) 569 rpm
(D) 432 rpm
6
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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yards. The Austrian army was similarity equipped. The Italians were
equipped with a 105-mm gun essentially of the same characteristics
as the French 105-mm M-1913.
Medium Gun. Ideal. A caliber of between 4.7 and 5” on a carriage
permitting a vertical arc of fire of from minus 5 degrees to plus 80
degrees; a horizontal arc of fire of 360 degrees. Shrapnel and shell
weighing not over 60 pounds, maximum range 18,000 yards; with
semi-fixed or separate loading ammunition permissible.
Medium Gun Practical. Corps artillery should be armed with the
present type 4.7” gun, Model 1906, except that at least one regiment
should be armed with the British type 5”-guns purchased abroad.
Transport. All corps guns should be developed for long, rapid
hauls. Similar ammunition vehicles should be developed. The wheels
for the gun carriage should be rubber-tired.
Medium Howitzer. In the opinion of the French, Italians, British
and the Americans, the 155-mm howitzer (Schnieder) was
conspicuously successful in the present war. It should, therefore, be
retained as a type. The howitzer and carriage as it stands at present,
is a highly satisfactory and efficient piece of armament. For the
future it is believed that effort should be made to increase the range
by improvements in the form of projectile, and it is believed that the
form of howitzer and carriage should be studied with a view of
obtaining, through modifications, a maximum range of approximately
16,000 yards.
Many batteries of 155-mm howitzers (Schnieder) were motorized
in the American Army in France, and the consensus of opinion is
definitely toward the retention of this form of prime mover. It is
interesting to note that all the important belligerents have settled
upon a howitzer of approximately 6” in caliber, and otherwise
essentially of the same ballistic characteristics as the type in
question. The projectile of this caliber is the smallest projectile which
can be called upon to give adequate mining effect against material
targets of semi-permanent nature. The place of this howitzer is,
therefore, determined by considerations of its destructive ability. It is
a splendid destruction and neutralizing weapon.
Medium Howitzer. Ideal. A caliber of about 155-mm on a carriage
permitting a vertical arc of fire of from minus 5 degrees to plus 65
degrees; and a horizontal arc of fire of 360 degrees. The projectile
should not weigh over 100 pounds and should be interchangeable
with projectiles for other guns of this caliber referred to later on. High
explosive shell, only, should be supplied.
Medium Howitzer. Practical. The corps should be armed with the
155-mm (Schnieder) howitzer referred to above. The type of fuses
for shell should be super quick and long delay.
ARMY ARTILLERY.
Missions. In addition to the division and corps artillery fulfilling the
missions outlined above there must be additional artillery available.
There are missions of interdiction, neutralization and destruction
which fall beyond the activities or capabilities of the normal corps or
medium field types; there must exist a surplus of division or corps
types, properly transported, for strategic reinforcements of divisions
and corps during such times as the normal allotment to such units is
insufficient; there must be artillery of special purpose—mountain
artillery, trench and super guns and howitzers. Of the above
additional artillery, a type of heavy field gun and a type of heavy field
howitzer are considered normally necessary in the armament of a
field army; the gun should have a range of approximately 25,000
yards, and the howitzer a range of about 18,000 yards. These
weapons are more powerful than the medium field types, add range
to the interdiction and harassing and to the neutralization and
destruction possible with the corps type. Considering the paragraphs
pertaining to divisional artillery and the introduction to corps artillery
it will be seen that the normal artillery of a field army can be
accomplished by the assignments of two caliber, i. e., two light
weapons, two medium weapons and two heavy weapons—a gun
and a howitzer in each class—and a satisfactory anti-aircraft gun.
Heavy Field Gun. The consensus of opinion of all artillery officers
—British, Italian and American—is that the heavy field gun should be
of approximately 6” caliber and that guns of greater caliber than this
are necessary in limited number for field operations. The French
were constructing 194-mm guns during the latter stages of the war. It
is believed that in developing this type of gun the French were
actuated almost entirely by the necessity for increased range, since
the German 150-mm gun, Model 1916, outranged the G. P. F. by
approximately 5,500 yards. The French have recently made
considerable progress in securing the necessary increase in range
with the G. P. F. All of the principal nations engaged in the war used
a heavy field gun of approximately 6” caliber. This type has given
such general satisfaction that its continuance is assured. The
principal mission of the heavy field gun is harassing and interdiction
fire, and for these uses the 6” projectile is sufficiently heavy. The
maximum practicable traverse and elevation should be provided by
the carriage of the heavy field gun. The G. P. F. carriage has given
general satisfaction, but its wide tread and the excessive time
required to occupy a position are very objectionable features. It is the
consensus of all artillery officers—French, British and American—
that the heavy field gun should be of approximately 6” caliber and
with a range in excess of 25,000 yards, with not less than 60 degree
traverse, weighing not more than 12 tons, limbered, capable of
occupying and leaving a position quickly, and with a width of tread
which does not prevent two-way traffic on ordinary roads. The
Italians differ from this opinion only in that they are satisfied with a
maximum range of 18,000 yards.
Heavy Field Gun. Ideal. A caliber of about 155-mm on a carriage
permitting a vertical arc of fire from 0 degrees to plus 65 degrees;
with a horizontal arc of fire of 360 degrees. The maximum range
should be about 25,000 yards.
Heavy Field Gun. Practical. Arm with the present type 155-mm
G. P. F. and carry on experiments for type of carriage as outlined for
division field gun. The fuses should be super-quick and short delay.
Transport. All artillery of this type should be motorized and tested
and experiments for ammunition vehicles to correspond with the
types of carriages developed, and should be carried on
simultaneously.
Heavy Field Howitzer. No type of heavy field howitzer developed
during the war has given general satisfaction. The consensus of all
army artillery officers—French, English and American—is that two
calibers of howitzers are necessary—one a companion piece for the
6” gun and one of the maximum possible power consistent with the
necessary mobility. The lighter of these two howitzers should have
the same mobility as the 6” gun, with a caliber of about 8” and a
maximum range of not less than 16,000 yards. The heavy field
howitzer should be of about 9.5” caliber with a range in excess of
16,000 yards; the carriage should provide for wide traverse and must
have sufficient mobility to accompany the army in the field. It will
probably be necessary to transport this howitzer in more than one
load, and the maximum weight of any load should not exceed 12
tons. The average time necessary for occupying a position should
not exceed six hours under actual field conditions.
Heavy Field Howitzer. Ideal. A caliber of about 8” on a carriage
permitting a vertical arc of fire of from 0 to plus 65 degrees; and a
horizontal arc of fire of 360 degrees. The maximum range should be
18,000 yards.
Heavy Field Howitzer. Practical. Use at present 8” material of
British design which is on hand.
Railway Artillery. The war has demonstrated the necessity for
long range and powerful guns for distant interdiction and harassing
work and for super-heavy howitzers for the destruction of semi-
permanent fortifications. Artillery of these types can best be mounted
on railway carriages and this type of mount offers no serious
disadvantages since these guns will not be used except with large
forces which require extensive railroad systems for their supply. This
does not apply to guns of the type used to bombard Paris; such guns
have no military value and their construction is not justifiable.
ANTI-AIRCRAFT GUNS.
Light Gun. Ideal. Caliber about 3” with initial velocity of at least
2,600 f. s.; semi-automatic breechblock, mounted on carriage,
permitting 80 degrees elevation and 360 degrees traverse;
projectiles weighing not less than 15 pounds, of one type high
explosive shell with maximum ballistic qualities and as large
explosive charge as possible; fixed ammunition; smokeless,
flashless powder, mechanical fuse. In this type every effort must be
made to increase the rate of fire and decrease time of flight; this
latter is limited only by considerations of a reasonable accuracy life
for the gun.
Light Gun. Practical. Arm units with present 3” anti-aircraft
equipment. Continue experiments leading to the development of the
ideal.
Transport. Ideal. Caterpillar mount or caterpillar trailer mount
drawn by caterpillar tractor, each unit to permit a sustained speed of
12 miles per hour.
CHAPTER V
THE 3-INCH FIELD GUN.
THE GUN.
The Gun is known officially as the 3-inch Field Gun, Model 1905. It
is a built-up construction of nickel-steel and consists of a tube with a
rifled bore, 3 inches in diameter, upon which are shrunk the jacket,
locking hoop and front clip hoop. The jacket reinforces the rear half
of the tube. The locking hoop serves to secure the jacket from any
longitudinal movement to the rear. On the under side of the gun,
extending the entire length of the jacket, locking hoop, and front clip,
are formed two recoil guides or clips which fit over and secure the
gun to the guide rails of the cradle. When the gun is fired, it slides
along the guide rails. The dust guard covers the part of the guide
rails between the locking hoop and the front clip. The rifling of the
bore is right-hand twist and starts with 0 turns at the breech
increasing to 1 turn in 25 calibers at 10 inches from the muzzle, then
uniform to the muzzle.
Jacket.
Locking hoop.
Tube.
Bore.
Rifling.
Lands.
Grooves
Breech recess.
Front clip.
Muzzle.
Dust guard.
Recoil guides or clips.
Chamber.
Recoil lug.
Line sight (front and rear).
Handy oilers.
Axle
Trail, consisting of—
Flasks (right and left)
Tool box
Elevating gear transom
Rear sight box
Spade
Spade Edge
Float
Handspike fulcrum
Cradle, head, rear
Gun slides or Guide Rails
Cradle Pintle
Traversing lug
Rear clip
Lug for elevating and traversing lock
Bracket seat, firing handle
Quadrant fastening
Rear-sight bracket support
Front-sight bracket support
Spring-support guides
Retaining ring, with hasp and fastening
Cradle head, front
Shoulder guard
Cradle brush
Recoil-indicator throw
Recoil indicator
Cylinder head
Cylinder with cylinder end screwed in
Cylinder end stud and nut
Counter-recoil buffer
Rings, packing
Gland
Piston rod, with plug, screwed in
Piston
Piston-rod nut
Filling plug with gasket
Drain plug
Spring support
Counter-recoil springs
Rocker
Cradle Pintle socket
Elevating and traversing lock
Traversing mechanism, consisting of—
Traversing-gear case
Traversing plate
Handwheel with handle and spindle
Traversing shaft
Traversing-shaft bearing in two parts
Traversing link with bushing
Traversing-link pivot with nut
Azimuth pointer and scale
Elevating mechanism, consisting of—
Elevating pin
Inner elevating screw
Outer elevating screw
Wheels guards
Trail handles
Trail seats
Trail-seat supports
Sponge-staff socket
Name plate
Handspike
Lunette
Cradle, consisting of—
Cradle body
Elevating bevel gear
Elevating bevel pinions
Elevating crank shafts, with handles
Elevating screw cover
Axle seats, include—
Seat arms
Seat-arm guards
Foot rests
Tie rods
Shield braces
Apron shield
Apron latches
Main shield, consisting of—
Main shield
Hood
Shutter, open-sight port
Shutter, panoramic-sight port
Top shield, consisting of—
Top shield
Top shield fastenings
Road brake, includes—
Brake beams
Brake shoes
Springs with covers
Brake rods
Brake lever
Brake shaft
Brake segment with two segment racks
Ammunition carriers
Range quadrant case