Atomic Structure and the Periodic table

An atom is composed of a nucleus and electrons that go around the former. The nucleus is composed
of protons with a positive charge and neutrons without charge, and the number of protons (atomic
number) determines the chemical properties of the atom (element type)

The atomic structure refers to the structure of an atom comprising a nucleus (centre) in which the
protons (positively charged) and neutrons (neutral) are present. The negatively charged particles
called electrons revolve around the center of the nucleus.

Chemist in the History of Atomic Theory

1. Marcel Proust- proposed that the weight of all atoms are simple multiplies of hydrogen and is
regarded as a fundamental unit which all others are made of.
2. Michael Faraday-matter is electrical in nature, and that chemical change can be produced by
electric in a matter.
3. Marie Curie-Polish chemist who discovered radium, an element formed in the integration of
uranium.
4. Sir. William Crookes-discovered cathode rays, consisting of small but energetic negative
particles with a mass equal to a hydrogen atom, a mass of 1, and a charge of-1 called
electron.

Atomic theory went through many changes over many years. One of the first people to think about a
particle that makes up everything was Democritus in the 4th century BC. Chemists in the late 1700's
began to build on this further.

John Dalton-the father of atom science

⮚ All atoms is made up of tiny particles called atoms.

⮚ All atoms cannot be made or destroyed, or divided.
⮚ Atoms of the same elements are exactly alike.
⮚ Chemical reactions are the result of the atoms rearranging themselves.
⮚ Atoms can join together to form larger particles in the compound. Elements combine to form a
molecule of that element, while atoms of different elements combine to form a molecule of a
pound.

Proton- positively charge particles with a mass equal to hydrogen atom, discovered by Goldstein.
Electron- negatively charged particles with no mass, discovered by J.J Thompson.
Neutrons- neutrally charged particles with a mass equal to that of proton, discovered by James
Chadwick.
Periodic table, in chemistry, the organized array of all the chemical elements in order of
increasing atomic number—i.e., the total number of protons in the atomic nucleus. When
the chemical elements are thus arranged, there is a recurring pattern called the “periodic
law” in their properties, in which elements in the same column (group) have similar
properties.

The initial discovery, which was made by Dmitry I. Mendeleyev in the mid-19th century, has been of
inestimable value in the development of chemistry.

The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of chemical elements that is arranged by

increasing atomic number and group’s elements according to recurring properties. The
seven rows of the periodic table are called periods.

Other information we can find are the followings:

Symbols, period, name, electron configuration, atomic weight, oxidation states, density,
melting point, boiling point, electronegativity, ionization energy and natural occurrences.

Period- is a single horizontal row in the periodic table. It is also known as series.
Group- is a vertical row in the periodic table. It is also known as family.

Electron configuration- is the designation of the most probable distribution. Is the way in
which electrons are distributed among the various orbitals.
(All of the atoms have more than one electron except hydrogen)
Electron distribution mnemonics
Division of Periodic Table

alkali metal, any of the six chemical elements that make up Group 1 (Ia) of the periodic
table—namely, lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), and
francium (Fr). The alkali metals are so called because reaction with water forms alkalies
(strong bases capable of neutralizing acids).

Transition metals, The first main transition series begins with either scandium (symbol Sc,
atomic number 21) or titanium (symbol Ti, atomic number 22) and ends with zinc (symbol
Zn, atomic number 30). The second series includes the elements yttrium (symbol Y, atomic
number 39) to cadmium (symbol Cd, atomic number 48).

The "Other Metals" are:

Aluminum,Gallium,Tin,Thallium,Lead,Bismuth.

Nonmetals are located on the far right side of the periodic table, except hydrogen, which is
located in the top left corner. The 17 nonmetal elements are: hydrogen, helium, carbon,
nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, neon, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, argon, selenium, bromine,
krypton, iodine, xenon, and radon.

The halogen elements are the six elements in Group 17 of the periodic table. Group 17
occupies the second column from the right in the periodic table and contains fluorine (F),
chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), astatine (At), and tennessine (Ts).

Rare-earth element, any member of the group of chemical elements consisting of three
elements in Group 3 (scandium [Sc], yttrium [Y], and lanthanum [La]) and the first extended
row of elements below the main body of the periodic table (cerium [Ce] through lutetium
[Lu]).