RESEARCH ARTICLE | MARCH 18 2024

The by-product of oil palm dosage application on Turnera

subulata growth supports water supply
Pauliz Budi Hastuti  ; Gilang Tri Anggara; Wiwin Dyah Ully Parwati; Teddy Suparyanto; Digdo Sudigyo;
Bens Pardamean

AIP Conf. Proc. 3026, 020003 (2024)

https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0199886

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21 March 2024 15:45:28

 The by-product of Oil Palm Dosage Application on Turnera
subulata Growth Supports Water Supply
1, a)
, Gilang Tri Anggara1, b), Wiwin Dyah Ully Parwati1, c),
Teddy Suparyanto2, 3, d), Digdo Sudigyo3, e), Bens Pardamean3, 4, f)
1
Faculty of Agriculture, STIPER Institute of Agriculture Yogyakarta, Indonesia 55281
2
Faculty of Agricultural Technology, STIPER Institute of Agriculture Yogyakarta, Indonesia 55281
3
Bioinformatics and Data Science Research Center, Bina Nusantara University, Jakarta, Indonesia 11480
4
Computer Science Department, BINUS Graduate Program - Master of Computer Science Program, Bina
Nusantara University, Jakarta, Indonesia 11480
a)
Corresponding author: pauliz@instiperjogja.ac.id
b)
instiper@instiperjogja.ac.id
c)
dyahully_yk@yahoo.co.id
d)
teddysup@binus.ac.id
e)
digdo.sudigyo@binus.edu

21 March 2024 15:45:28

f)
bpardamean@binus.edu

Abstract. Plant growth with complex organic matter content can be enhanced by using oil palm by-products. These
organic materials can maintain the water supply in the plant body. Therefore, in oil palm plantations with significant
groundwater consumption, organic matter's the ability to sustain water availability. Caterpillars that devour palm leaves
are among the numerous pests that threaten oil palm plantations. Predators of leaf-eating caterpillars use the holly rose
flower (Turnera subulata) in oil palm farms as a habitat. Therefore, the effect of the type and dose treatment of oil palm
by-products on the growth of Turnera subulata was observed to support sustainable water management in oil palm
plantations. The research was carried out using a factorial design arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD)
consisting of two components: the type of palm oil mill by-product (boiler ash, empty bunches, and solid) and the dose of
a by-product (% volume) consisting of four dosages (0, 25, 33, and 50% volume). The research data were analyzed using
variance at the 5% test level. A DMRT test at the 5% test level was conducted on the treatment that had a significant
effect. The growth of Turnera subulata was most positively impacted by a solid application dose of 50% volume.
Turnera subulata plants responded the least favorably to the application of empty bunches in any dose treatment.

INTRODUCTION
In order for oil palm plants to grow adequately and yield high productivity, intense planting is necessary. In oil
palm cultivation, pests often attack plants, both when they are immature and in mature plants. The most common
pest attacks include oil palm leaf-eating caterpillars. With the sporadic occurrence of exploration, the onslaught of
fireworms and bagworms has resulted in several long-term issues. Defoliation, a side effect of this insect attack,
causes plants to lose leaves, which directly inhibits production by up to 70% for one incident. Due to multiple
incidents in the same year, there was a significant drop of up to 93% [1]. The losses caused by the caterpillar pest
disrupt plant photosynthesis because the leaves become dry, the midrib hangs and ultimately has an impact on not
forming bunches for 2-3 years [2-3].
Controlling leaf-eating caterpillar invasions is necessary to prevent disruptions in plant growth and lower
productivity. In oil palm plantations, Turnera subulata or holly rose flower serves as a habitat for the carnivorous
fire caterpillar Sycanus leucemecus [4]. Turnera subulata flower growth is influenced by suitable planting media
that can supply appropriate nutrients. These media is a significant factor in plant breeding, both generative

The 7th International Conference on Science and Technology (ICST22)

AIP Conf. Proc. 3026, 020003-1–020003-8; https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0199886
Published by AIP Publishing. 978-0-7354-4894-0/$30.00

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(pollination) and vegetative (propagation). Plant propagation is more efficient and affordable than cultivation from
seed or pollination [5].
Plant growth from vegetative propagation requires adequate nutrients and water for plant growth. However,
excessive use of fertilizers can affect the groundwater quality in the planting environment. By-products from oil
palm plantations can reduce dependence on chemical fertilizers [6]. Empty fruit bunches (EFB) and boiler ash from
the EFB combustion process can be combined with organic fertilizer and a consortium bacteria of EM4 (Effective
Microorganism 4) to accelerate plant growth [7]. In addition, palm oil solid waste from processing mesocarp and
palm kernels, called solid, can be combined with growth fertilizer. A solid combination with inorganic fertilizers can
increase plant growth and improve soil quality. The three palm oil wastes contain organic matter needed for plant
growth. As a result, by-products of palm oil can be used as natural organic fertilizer [8-9].
Organic matter reduces soil bulk density and boosts the soil's ability to hold water. However, organic matter
improves the stability of soil aggregates and causes the soil's color to darken [10-11]. Organic matter affects the
soil's ability to hold water through direct and indirect effects [12]. Giving organic matter to the soil surface (mulch)
can significantly reduce evaporation and soil water loss. Indirectly, organic matter added to the soil will impact the
aggregation process and the distribution of soil pores, resulting in changes in the soil's ability to store water [11-13–
15]. The restoration of organic matter to the soil environment will have an immediate impact on the soil's microbial
community. These soil bacteria can improve the soil's health and quality [16–18].
The organic matter can be used for plant growth from vegetative propagation, one of which is cuttings. Natural
organic materials from oil palm by-products can maintain the water supply in the oil palm plantation environment.
The by-product applications can support sustainable water management for oil palm plantations, which have a
substantial demand for groundwater. The application of oil palm by-products to vegetatively propagated Turnera
subulata has the potential to boost the plant's growth rate. The correct dose of palm oil by-products on these plants is
necessary for maximum plant growth. As a result, our study employs three types of palm oil by-products with dose
treatment on the growth effect of Turnera subulata shoot cuttings.

LITERATURE STUDY

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Empty Fruit Bunches and Boiler Ash as a By-Product Application
Empty fruit bunches (EFB) as soil improvement material are by-products produced by palm oil mills in the form
of solids that account for up to 21% of the processed fresh fruit bunches (FFB). Oil palm empty fruit bunches can be
used as a soil improvement material and fertilizer by applying them directly to plants [19-20]. The combination of
EM4 and organic fertilizer will hasten the development of the population of microorganisms in organic matter,
resulting in a faster fermentation process [7]. According to Hastuti and Rohmiyati [21], the phosphorus content in
EFB compost plays a role in stimulating plant growth and roots. Phosphorus is part of the cell nucleus, which is very
important in cell division and the development of meristem tissue. Sukandar et al. [22] stated that giving EFB
compost 5 tons/ha mixed with 1 ton/ha oil palm boiler ash and 200kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer could increase the length
of plant panicles, the amount of plant grain, the protein content of rice, and the percentage of rice grain. Nutrient
content in empty bunches 45-50% water, 12.60% ash, 2-3% N, 35.10% C, 0.2-0.4% P, 4-6% K, 1-2% Ca , 0.8-1%
Mg, C/N 15.03, and organic matter >50% [23].
Boiler ash is produced by burning oil palm empty fruit bunches, shells, and palm fiber in a boiler at temperatures
ranging from 800 – 900ºC. As a result of its strong base saturation capabilities, boiler ash can be used as a suitable
ameliorant to raise the pH of the soil. In addition, boiler ash has a complete nutritional content and can improve soil
structure. Hence, the boiler ash can be processed into fertilizer based on this potential [24]. Boiler ash is known to be
alkaline, contains inorganic minerals and metal elements, and is a nutrient needed by plants. According to Purwati et
al. [25] study, the application of boiler ash can raise the yield of numerous food and hard crops. Meanwhile, boiler
ash also significantly improves the quality and health of the soil. The results of the chemical composition analysis
conducted by Eliartati et al. [26] using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) the content in 1 kilogram of Boiler Ash are as
follow Silica 6.06%, Aluminum 2.20%, 2.09% Iron, Manganese 0.09%, Carbon 8.61%, Potassium 30%, Sodium
3.24%, 0.17% magnesium, Sulfur 6.90%, Zinc 767 ppm, Copper 316 ppm.

Solid Waste from Palm Oil Application

Solid waste from palm oil mills is derived from the mesocarp of palm kernels processed in the palm oil mill
(POM). Solid is the final product in the form of solids from the fresh fruit bunch (FFB) processing in the POM using
a decanter system. In the distillation of palm oil, a decanter is used to extract the liquid phase (oil and water) from

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the solid phase [27]. The decanter can remove 90% of all solids from palm sludge and 20% of dissolved solids from
palm oil. Its application to oil palm plants can increase the physical, chemical, biological, and soil content and
reduce the need for inorganic fertilizers [1-28]. All parameters except flowering age and amount of fruit planted
were significantly affected by solid and TSP fertilizer combination treatment to eggplant.
Provision of solid waste from oil palm as much as 34 tons/ha and TSP 75 kg/ha can give the best results on
eggplant growth and yield [29]. According to the Indonesian Plantation Statistics 2015, 7,442,557 tons of FFBs were
produced in Riau Province 2015. Solid 372,127 tons were created from the amount of FFB manufactured [30]. Solid
organic fertilizer has the potential to improve the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the soil [31].
One ton of solid is equivalent to 10.3 kg of urea, 3.3 kg of RP, and 1 kg of kieserite [1]. The results of the laboratory
analysis of Utomo and Widjaja [32] regarding the solid content (total content/kg) as follow Crude protein 12.63%,
crude fiber 9.98%, crude fat 7.12%, Nitrogen 1.47%, Phosphorus 0.17%, Potassium 0.99%, Magnesium 0.24%,
Calcium 1.19%, C-organic 14.4%, Hemicellulose 5.25%, Cellulose 26.35%, other ingredients 20.21%, energy 3454
kc.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This research was conducted at a private company-owned oil palm plantation in the Indonesian village of Sam
Sam, Siak District in Riau Province. January 2022 through March 2022 were used for this study's execution.

21 March 2024 15:45:28

FIGURE 1. The research site for oil palm plantations in Riau Province, Indonesia

Types of tools and materials used were stationary, ruler, label paper, polybag size 25 cm x 15 cm, gembor, knife,
paranet, rice envelope, camera, oven, and digital weighing scale. The materials used were boiler ash, empty fruit
bunches, solid, Turnera subulata cuttings, and EM4 (Effective Microorganism 4). The study was conducted using a
factorial design arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 2 factors. The first factor is the
type of by-product which consists of 3 types, namely boiler ash (A), empty bunches (T), and solid (S). The second
factor is the by-product dose treatment (P) which consists of 4 dose levels (% volume), namely: 0% (P1), 25% (P2),
33% (P3), and 50% (P4). As a result, there were 3 x 4 = 12 treatment combinations in this study, and since each
treatment combination was used three times, a total of 12 x 3 = 36 plants were tested.
Plant pests and host diseases were sterilized from the research location. Then the ground is leveled so that the
position of the polybag is not tilted. Topsoil that had been sifted according to the treatment dose, respectively 0%,
25%, 33%, and 50% by volume, was combined with planting medium, boiler ash, and empty and solid bunches of
compost. The combinations were homogenized before being packaged in 25 cm x 15 cm polybags. Then the

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polybags are arranged at a distance of 30 cm x 20 cm. Turnera subulata stem cuttings were made from obliquely
cut, 15 cm long stems. Planting stem cuttings involves inserting the stems into a planting medium that has been
mixed with by-products to a depth of 5 cm.
Cuttings are irrigated based on field circumstances for plant maintenance. Each 500 cc of water is applied twice
daily, in the morning and evening. If it rains during the day and the soil remains moist, watering is conducted once a
day in the afternoon. Once a month, weeding is done when weeds are spotted encroaching on the polybag. Weeds
are pulled out by hand in polybags and outside polybags. Planting stem cuttings are repeated if any plants are
diseased or damaged. Each seedling stem cutting has received one replacement. The following parameters were
measured: the number of leaves (strands), the shoot height (cm), fresh weight of the shoot (g), dry weight of the
shoot (g), fresh weight of the root (g), dry weight of the root (g), and the root volume (ml). The research data were
analyzed using analysis of variance at the 5% level. If there is a significant difference in treatment, then further
tested with Duncan's (DMRT).

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The variance results revealed that the type and dose of by-product had a significant difference in the number of
leaves. There was no significant interaction between the type and dose of by-product and the number of leaves of
Turnera subulata cuttings. Table 1 shows the findings of the analysis.

TABLE 1. Effect of type and dose of by-product on the number of leaves of Turnera subulata cuttings (strands)
Dose by product (% volume)
Type of by-product Mean
0 25 33 50
Boiler Ash 61,00 68,00 66,33 81,67 69,25 a
EFB 46,00 47,33 41,33 37,33 43,00 b

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Solid 50,00 75,33 75,33 102,33 75,75 a
Mean 52,33 q 47,66 pq 45,74 pq 55,33 p -
The mean followed by the same letter in the column or the same row is not significantly different based
on DMRT level 5%.

The analysis's findings indicated that, except for leaf number, there was a significant interaction between the
type and dose of oil palm by-product and the growth parameters of the Turnera subulata plant. This result
demonstrates the interaction between by-product type and dose affecting Turnera subulata plant growth. The by-
products created during the processing of palm oil mills are all organic substances that help to enhance the soil's
physicochemical and biological characteristics. The administration of all these organic materials at various doses
will have varying effects on the growth of Turnera subulata plants.
According to Table 1, the type of solid by-product at a dose of 50% produced the most leaves while being
considerably different from EFB but not significantly different from boiler ash. The number of leaves caused a
significant difference in the by-product dose, with doses of 33% and 25% increasing with the number of leaves. The
by-product dose of 0% (control) indicated the lowest number of leaves. The research of Mahdalena and Majid [33]
is in accordance with these results that the application of solid decanter as fertilizer has a significant effect on the
growth of the number of leaves. The number of leaves increased significantly throughout the vegetative growth of
oil palm seedlings 30 and 90 days after planting.

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 FIGURE 2. Growth trend of shoot height during 12 weeks of observation in each combination of oil palm by-
product treatments. The treatment groupings are shown in the descriptions in AP: Boiler Ash, TP: EFB (Empty Fruit
Bunches), and SP: Solid.

TABLE 2. Effect of type and dose of by-product on the number of leaves of Turnera subulata cuttings (strands)
Treatment Parameter
Fresh Dry
Shoot Root
Type of weight of weight of Root fresh Root dry

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Dose height Volume
by-product the shoot the shoot weight (g) weight (g)
(cm) (ml)
(g) (g)
0% 26,00 cde 12,91 c 3,00 c 4,94 de 2,51 bcde 12,00 cd
25% 33,77 bcd 38,50 ab 9,89 b 12,34 ab 3,77 b 19,33 ab
Boiler Ash
33% 27,10 cde 23,27 bc 6,94 bc 7,40 cde 1,99 bcde 14,33 bcd
50% 36,73 bc 46,34 a 11,50 b 13,18 ab 3,56 bc 20,33 ab
0% 27,00 cde 16,63 c 4,10 c 3,68 e 1,81 cde 9,00 d
25% 21,50 de 22,66 bc 5,82 bc 5,85 cde 1,82 cde 12,33 cd
EFB
33% 16,53 e 9,84 c 2,70 c 4,64 e 1,12 de 11,00 cd
50% 15,43 e 8,53 c 2,39 c 3,54 e 1,00 e 8,33d
0% 27,30 cde 9,14 c 2,43 c 4,03 e 1,10 de 9,00 d
25% 41,63 ab 40,28 ab 11,54 b 10,10 bc 2,85 bcd 16,33 bc
Solid
33% 41,77 ab 38,23 ab 10,36 b 9,79 bcd 3,23 bc 16,33 bc
50% 52,70 a 55,35 a 17,06 a 15,97 a 6,15 a 23,67 a
The mean followed by the same letter in the column or the same row is not significantly different based on DMRT
level 5%.

Figure 2 shows that Solid by product type at a dose of 50% by volume produced the highest shoot height
compared to boiler ash and oil palm empty fruit bunches. The number of nutrients necessary for plant growth, the
soil quality, and the water availability affects plant height. The amount of organic matter in the soil has an impact on
the availability of water. Table 2 shows that the shoot heights of the by-product solid type at a 50% volume dose
were noticeably different from those of boiler ash and EFB. The availability of organic material and nutrients in the
solid influences this result. As can be observed in Utomo and Widjaja's study [32], the solid accumulation of organic
matter reached 75.73% per kilogram of solid. The availability of this enormous organic matter can boost the soil's
cation exchange capacity, preserve its water availability, and function as a pH buffer. According to Lal [34], c-
organic can assist boost soil fertility as well as soil and water quality. In addition to being a provider of high organic
matter, solid also contains macro and micronutrients needed by plants. Those studies [32] further reveals that
macronutrient availability is 2.6% per kilogram solid. The availability of macronutrients from oil palm by-products

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stimulates plant growth from vegetative propagation. Therefore, macronutrients lead to better shoot growth rates
with robust applications.
Fresh weight measurement is related to the water content contained in the observed plants. Table 2 indicates that
the fresh weight of the shoot and roots measurement was not significant in the solid and boiler ash treatments. The
solid has a high organic content, which allows nutrients to maintain and supply sufficient water to plants.
Meanwhile, boiler ash has a high potassium content. The potassium content serves as a transport product of
photosynthesis. Most of the output of the process is hydrogen (water). As a result, in the wet weight measurement,
the water content in the plant body was nearly equal between solid treatment and boiler ash. These effects are
brought on by the presence of oil palm by-products, which can keep the water content of the plant body sustainable.
The dry weight, meanwhile, is influenced by the materials found in the plant part under examination. Table 2
also shows that the plants that were applied solidly had a significantly higher difference in shoot dry weight and root
dry weight. Plant vegetative growth was relatively high with solid treatment than with boiler ash. The reason for
these findings is that the macronutrient composition of the solid is more intricate or complete than boiler ash. This
study relates to the parameters of shoot height, where the growth of shoot height is proportional to the weight of the
plant. As a result, the application of the solid treatment on increased shoot height in Table 2 affects the plant's dry
and wet weight. The root volume parameter in solid and boiler ash treatment was not significantly different at the
highest measurement value. In accordance with the previous measurement of root fresh weight parameters, the
highest value of fresh weight was not significant between solid and boiler ash applications.
EFB (Empty Fruit Bunches) showed the lowest results on all observation parameters. This result is presumably
because the organic matter in the EFB treatment has not decomposed completely because the composting time is
only four weeks. Meanwhile, Aprilya [35] discovered that empty fruit bunches decompose entirely in 4 - 6 months
of composting. Therefore, before being applied to plants in the subsequent research, the decomposition of EFB must
first be processed.
Improving growth parameters to other parameters can result in extensive and comprehensive research potential.
A combination of commercial fertilizer treatment with oil palm by-products can be used for further research to
reduce chemical use in plantations. It also maintains the groundwater quality which support the sustainable water

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management in Indonesia [36]. The implementation of agriculture in the 4.0 era can be applied to this research
problem, especially observing the impact of using by-products on other parameters with data science [31] and
Artificial Intelligence [37–39]. Digitizing agricultural management, such as the irrigation system [40–42], and
recording research data [43–45] have previously been accomplished through multidisciplinary collaborative
research. This study has an enormous opportunity for future research projects involving the by-products of the palm
oil industry.

CONCLUSION
The type and dose of oil palm by-product application had a significant interaction effect on the growth of
Turnera subulata except for the number of leaves. The application of solid by-products at a dose of 50% volume had
the highest impact on Turnera subulata growth. The Turnera subulata plants grew least in response to the
application of empty fruit bunches in any dose. The parameter of empty fruit bunches is not optimal because it is not
in the previous decomposition process. Therefore, to compare with other by-products in future research, a
decomposition process on empty fruit bunches must first be performed. Treatment potential can be developed by
examining the combination of oil palm by-products with different inorganic fertilizers to observe plant growth.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We acknowledge the support from Faiz Ayyas Munawwar from Bioinformatics and Data Science Research
Center (BDSRC) Bina Nusantara University, Jakarta.

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