SYLLABUS FOR OBLIGATIONS AND CONTRACTS:

BY: Atty AAS

Source Law: Civil Code of the Philippines

I. OBLIGATIONS
a. Definition – (Art. 1156)
i. Elements
1. Active Subject
2. Passive Subject
3. Prestation
a. Kinds of Prestation
b. Determinate v. Indeterminate Object
4. Vinculum
b. Nature of Obligations
i. Read: Primitivo Ansay v. The Board of Directors of the National
Development Company, GR No. L-13667, April 29, 1960

c. Sources
i. Law – (Art. 1158)
ii. Contracts – (Art. 1159)
1. Definition: (Art. 1356)
2. Elements
3. Read: Dy v. People of the Philippines, GR No. 189081, August
10, 20116
iii. Quasi-Contracts – (Art. 1160)
1. Concept of unjust enrichment
2. Negotiorum Gestio v. Solutio In Debiti
a. READ: PNB v. CA, GR No. 97995, 21 January 1993
b. READ: Domestic Petroleum Retailer Corp. v. Manila
International Airport Authority, GR No. 210641,
March 27, 2019
iv. Delicts – (Art. 1161)
v. Quasi-Delicts – (Art. 1162)
1. Definition – (Art. 2176)
2. Nature of liability – (Art. 2177)
3. READ: De Jesus v. Uyloan, GR No. 234851, February 15, 2022
4. Person’s liable – (Art. 2180)
a. Mendoza v. Leonora, GR No. 160110, 18 June 2014
d. Kinds of Obligations
i. Pure/Conditional/Obligation with a Term
1. Pure – (Art. 1179)
2. Conditional – (Art. 1180- Art. 1190)
 a. Fulfillment depends on the sole will of the debtor,
chance, or third person – (Art. 1182)
b. Impossible Conditions – (Art. 1183)
c. Suspensive Condition – (Art. 1184)
d. Resolutory Condition – (Art. 1185)
e. Improvement, loss, deterioration during the pendency
of the obligation – (Art. 1189)
f. Reciprocal Obligations – (Art. 1191)
3. Obligation with a Term – (Art. 1193 – Art. 1198)
a. Who’s benefit the period is designated? (Art. 1196)
b. Instances when the court can fix the period of an
obligation – (Art. 1197)
c. Instances when debtor loses the benefit of the using the
period – (Art. 1198)
ii. Solidary/Joint
1. Solidary – (Art. 1207, 1208-1222)
a. Solidary v. Indivisibility (Art. 1210)
2. Joint – (Art. 1208)
3. Effects of Solidary and Joint Obligations:
a. Object is indivisible
b. Assignment of obligations – (Art. 1213)
c. Payment – (Art. 1217)
d. Novation, compensation, confusion or remission of
debt – (Art. 1215, 1219, 1220)
e. Lost, impossibility, fortuitous event – (Art. 1221)
f. Personal and Real defenses – (Art. 1222)
iii. Alternative/Facultative
1. Alternative – (Art. 1199 -1205)
a. Right of choice – (Art. 1200)
b. Effect – (Art. 1201)
i. When creditor is in bad faith – (Art. 1203)
ii. When debtor is in bad faith – (Art. 1204)
iii. When the obligation ceases to be alternative –
(Art. 1205)
c. Responsibility of the debtor during the pendency of
the obligation – (Art. 1205)
2. Facultative – (Art. 1206)
a. Effect of loss of the thing intended as substitute
iv. Divisible/Indivisible (Art. 1223 - 1225)
1. Divisible (Art. 1225)
2. Indivisible (Art. 1225)
v. Obligations with a Penal Clause
1. Concept – (Art. 1226)
2. Effects of payment of penalty/enforceability – (Art. 1227)