EL

PT
Urban Services planning

N
Dr. DEBAPRATIM PANDIT
ARCHITECTURE AND REGIONAL PLANNING, IIT KHARAGPUR

Module 02: Services Planning Approaches

Lecture 10 : Service Planning Basics: Part 5
CONCEPTS COVERED

 Environmental impact assessment

EL
 Environmental Impact Assessment Clearance
 Impact assessment and mitigation measures

PT
 Life cycle Assessment

N
 Life cycle assessment framework
Environmental Impact Assessment
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) helps in evaluating the environmental, social, cultural, economic and
human health impacts(Beneficial and Adverse consequences) of a proposed project(facility/infrastructure)
prior to decision-making

Environment Protection Act, 1986: EIA methodology and process

EIA ensures selection of appropriate option and optimal use of resources(natural) towards sustainable
development.

EL
EIA Notification, 2006: Category A and Category B projects or activities

PT
 MSWM facilities(e.g., capping of existing dumpsites, landfill gas based power plant) are Category B projects
 Can be Category A if located within 10 km of wildlife reserves or protected areas or critical polluted areas or
eco-sensitive areas or interstate or international boundary

N
Non-hazardous MSW based power plants:
Category A: >=20 megawatts (MW)
Category B: < 20 MW and > 15 MW
Environmental clearance:
EIA is evaluated by the State Level Environment Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA), Expert Appraisal
Committee (EAC), State Level Expert Appraisal Committee (SEAC), State Pollution Control Board (SPCB)
Environmental Impact Assessment clearance
Screening: Scrutiny for determining project category(location, nature), need for EIA and the details of the study.

Scoping : Boundary, time extents and ToR for the EIA

Potential environmental and health-related impacts
Identification of alternatives(designs or location)
EIA:

EL
Identification & quantification of environmental and social impacts resulting from the project and its significance
Public consultation: Concerns of the local people or the people affected by the project are determined for

PT
addressing them in the mitigation plan.
Mitigation: Steps to reduce and avoid the likely adverse environmental consequences from the project

N
Reporting: EIA report is sent for appraisal
Review of EIA: Adequacy and effectiveness of the report
Decision-making: Final decision on project (rejected, approved or requires modification)
Post monitoring: To ensure impacts are within standards mitigation measures are effective
Environmental Impact Assessment Clearance
EIA (Source: CPHEEO(2016))
Submission of application by project proponent to SEAC (Form I, Pre-
Feasibility Report and ToR) EIA team

Identification of impacts
Scoping and communication of ToR for EIA by SEAC
Considered
Pre-feasibility Environmental baseline environment
Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) report monitoring improvement

Submission of draft EIA or application for public consultation Social Impact Application of impact Risk
Assessment assessment tools assessment

EL
Conducting the public hearing by SPCB or PCC
Mitigation measures

PT
Submission of proceedings of the public hearing by the SPCB or PCC to SEAC Environment
management plan
Submission of final EIA by the proponent after revision

N
Draft EIA report
Appraisal by SEAC

SEAC determines the ToR

Decision
of SEIAA
Rejection EAC or SEAC is the final appraising authority
Projects without no scope for mitigation
Issues clearance to project proponent may be denied
Impact Assessment and mitigation measures
Project processes
Description of the local environment (Meteorological Conditions, Wind Pattern, Ambient Air Quality, Water Environment,
Noise Environment, Traffic Study, Soil Quality, Bio Diversity (Flora & Fauna), Ecology, Land use, Land cover, Socio- Economic
Environment) Baseline estimates
Anticipated Environmental Impacts (Direct and indirect impacts and mitigation measures)

EL
Evaluation of Alternatives
Monitoring program

PT
Hierarchy of Environmental Impact Mitigation Options

N
Preventive Measures (Location or technology alternatives)
Minimization of impacts via design, construction and operation
Compensatory Measures (Improvements elsewhere)
Health Impact Assessment
Social Impact Assessment
Strategic Environment Assessment
Life cycle Assessment
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a method/framework for assessing environmental and other potential impacts
throughout the life of a product, process or service.
e.g. For a product from raw material acquisition to production to use, reuse and disposal

From cradle to grave

Helps comparing different products providing similar utility or performing similar functions

EL
Environmental impacts/benefits may occur at different phases of the lifecycle
e.g., Ethanol (paper fractions of solid waste)

PT
Ethanol is less polluting than diesel during operation of vehicles.
Ethanol production requires energy which may be coming from the electricity grid where coal is
used for producing electricity

N
LCA helps in:
 Selection of an appropriate option(Recycling, incineration or landfilling)
 Improving the design of the product, process or service
 Identify the appropriate environmental and other impacts
 Marketing of the product, process or service
Life cycle Assessment framework
LCA frameworks/standards) (Source:https://www.iso.or
g/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:14040
ISO 14040:1997 (2006 revised) ”principles and framework for LCA” :ed-2:v1:en)
ISO 14044 “specifies requirements and provides guidelines”
ISO 14067 (carbon footprint of products/impact on climate change)
“specifies principles, requirements and guidelines for quantification and reporting of the carbon footprint of a product”
In addition to ISO 14040 and ISO 14044 it considers:

EL
Land-use change, carbon uptake, biogenic carbon emissions, soil carbon change

PT
Municipal solid waste management:
Energy production systems and waste management

N
Climate change: Carbon di-oxide (CO2), Methane(CH4) and other greenhouse gases(GHG) emission
 Waste can be considered as Renewable fuel
 Waste involves transportation
(increased transport of recycled materials & decreased transport of virgin material)
 Proper waste management can lead to material/product recovery and reuse
 Reduction of CH4 from landfills (resulting from decomposition of organic matter)
 REFERENCES

1. Life Cycle Assessments of Energy from Solid Waste, By: Göran Finnveden, Jessica Johansson, Per Lind

EL
and Åsa Moberg, Published By: Stockholms Universitet/Systemekologi OCH FOA, 2000
2. ISO 14044(2006), Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Requirements and

PT
guidelines

N
3. CPHEEO(2016), Municipal Solid Waste Management Manual, Ministry of Urban Development,
Government of India (Part 1, 2 and 3)
4. EIA notification (2006)
5. Understanding EIA By Centre for Science and Environment
(https://www.cseindia.org/understanding-eia-383)
 CONCLUSIONS

 Urban service planning and design process ends in plan evaluation and choice of

EL
alternatives which is usually conducted via EIA or LCA approaches.

PT
N
N
PT
EL
KEY POINTS

 Urban service planning and design process

EL
 Location choices
 Location choice based on suitability

PT
 Environmental impact assessment

N
 Environmental Impact Assessment Clearance
 Impact assessment and mitigation measures
 Life cycle Assessment
 Life cycle assessment framework
 EL
PT
Urban Services Planning

N
Dr. DEBAPRATIM PANDIT
ARCHITECTURE AND REGIONAL PLANNING, IIT KHARAGPUR

Module 02: Services Planning Approaches

Lecture 06 : Service Planning Basics: Part 1
CONCEPTS COVERED

⮚ Urban service types

EL
⮚ Urban service provision

PT
⮚ Urban service planning and design process
⮚ Landuse forecasting

N
⮚ Population forecasting
Urban Service types
Labor intensive service
❑ Routine, repetitive operations requiring manpower (e.g., solid waste collection, police patrolling operations)
❑ Involves planning for manpower, equipment(technology), logistics and operation strategies
❑ Can be modified easily
Distribution pattern
Minor equipment
Flexible facility location

EL
❑ Continuous feedback from service recipients (quality of service, willingness to pay, choice of technology)

PT
Capital intensive service
❑ Large infrastructure projects and technology choices (long term)

N
❑ Requires detail planning and financing
(e.g, Solid waste incineration plant, Landfill site, Hospital, school etc.)
Fixed Location
Design period and type of facility
Detail population and land use forecasts
❑ Public participation (willingness to pay, choice of technology, choice of location)
Urban service provision
Planning Design Implementation O&M

Feedback

Planning process and considerations: As per service and infrastructure

EL
Design (Technology, Location, Frequency):
Options, Acceptance, WTP (Initial and continuous feedback)

PT
Plan evaluation: Performance, Efficiency, Environmental Impacts, Health

N
impacts, Social implications(Equity, Acceptability), Cost

Implementation: Phasing, Permissions and Clearances, Agency

O&M: Feedback on service quality, Tariff

Urban service planning and design process
Identification of Issues ⮚ Issues could be specific to geographic context,
Land use forecast local population or as per the service that is
Population forecast being considered.
⮚ Issues could relate to technology choice, finance,
Gap analysis public and stakeholder acceptance.
⮚ Thus public participation and consensus building

EL
Choice of technology and engineering design
is key to any plan preparation.
Willingness to pay, Acceptance

PT
⮚ Similarly any proposal should be financially
Design period viable.

N
⮚ Issues provide the justification for plan
Location choices
preparation.
Distribution pattern
Logistics and operational alternatives
Plan evaluation
 For details on land use and land cover:
Landuse forecasting https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KIoKen7nKbU

❑ Landuse forecasting is part of the urban planning process

❑ Partly it is prediction of trends and partly prescribing measures as per population and economic development

Land cover: Surface cover on ground(water bodies, natural vegetation, rocks/soils etc.)
Land use: As per activities carried out in them(Mixed, Residential, Public and Semi-public, Recreation etc.)

Urban plans and Landuse transformation:

EL
What to retain, where to plan for new development and type of development, what to connect and what to protect.

Perspective plan: 10 categories of Land use

PT
Development Plan: 43 land use zones
41 PS-1 Govt./Semi Govt./ Public Offices

N
42 PS-2 Govt. Land (use undetermined)
43 PS-3 Police Headquarter/Station, Police Line
Public and * All land use categories
PS 44 PS-4 Educational and Research
Semi-Public
45 PS-5 Medical and Health have some provision for
46 PS-6 Social Cultural and Religious (inc. Cremation and Burial Grounds allowing social infrastructure
47 PS-7 Utilities and Services and public utility/service
61 P-1 Playground/Stadium/Sports Complex infrastructure and buildings.
P Recreational 62 P-2 Parks and Gardens - Public open spaces
63 P-3 Multi-open space (Maidan)
 For details on the Population forecasting method:
Population forecasting https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OBn7ucFzoq4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HnKhT4ov-ok

❑ Population forecasting is the starting point of service planning & infrastructure development.
❑ This helps in determining planning interventions and policy for a geographical area.
❑ Mortality rate, fertility rate, population growth rate, in-migration rate, out-migration rate etc.
are some of the important indicators.
❑ These rates can also change over time and needs to be predicted.

EL
❑ The rates also vary across different population groups and geographic areas.

PT
❑ For shorter time periods these rates can be assumed to remain same as the current rate.

N
URDPFI
Simple techniques (Through extrapolation) Mathematical methods
Analytical techniques (Projection value is Economic methods
the dependent variable and is based on
independent variables).
Population forecasting
Gompertz (1825) Mortality rates in humans increase exponentially with age.
Mortality (or hazard) is a loglinear function of age.
Where,
µx = mortality at age x.
A = Parameter for level of mortality at young age and
(Source: Xie, 2001) B = Parameter for rate of increase in mortality with age.

EL
Mathematical methods

PT
⮚ Population prediction using growth rate from a past period or Arithmetic increase method

N
from another population group with similar characteristics. Geometric increase method
⮚ Rates expressed as functions of time, and not any other factors. Incremental increase method
Logistic curve method
⮚ Total population is estimated and then divided as per sex, age etc. Graphical method
⮚ Growth rate may not be constant and may follow a curve.
⮚ Logistic growth curve represents a trend of growth Which initially grows but eventually comes
down to almost zero. (Universal biological law of growth)
Population forecasting Geometric Projection
2500
Arithmetic Projection

Population (in lacs)

2000
80
Population(in lacs)

70
1500
60
50
1000
40
30
500
20
10
0
0
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090
2021 2031 2041 2051 2061

EL
Year
Year

PT
Incremental Increase

N
180
Population (in lacs)

160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0 mi= rate of increase for each decade
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070
Year k= rate of change in increase for each decade
 Population forecasting
Employment method Where,
Economic methods E=economically active person
W=person in working age group
❑ Assumption: Economic events play major role P=Total population
❑ Opening or closing of a major industry change E/W= Activity rate
employment and population in an urban area. W/P = Ratio of working age population
❑ Migration plays a large role. Birth and death Migration and natural increase
rates are less sensitive to economic changes. The population change after a certain period ‘n’

EL
❑ Migrants bring dependents which generates with respect to period ’t’ can be given by:
new requirement of additional labour in

PT
subsidiary industries (trade, service, etc.) and
housing. Where, B= Birth, D= Death

Employment method,
Ratio methods,
Migration and natural increase,
Cohort survival method
N
IM = In migration, OM = Out migration
Ratio method
❑ Assumption: Changes in any area is a function of those
experienced in wider (parent) area.
❑ Smaller area projections are determined based on the
available projections of parent area.
Population COHORT SURVIVAL
Cohort Survival method
100+
forecasting 95-99
90-94 ❑ Future population is predicted based on the
85-89 survival of the existing population and new births.
80-84 ❑ Typically involves five‐year steps.
❑ Population is divided into cohorts
75-79
70-74
65-69 ❑ Fertility, mortality, migration rate etc. varies for each cohort.
60-64
55-59 Operation is repeated for ‘n’ times consecutively for a

EL
50-54
projection of ‘n’ years/time periods.
45-49
40-44
Projected populations of (t+1) th year becomes input for

PT
35-39
30-34 the calculation of (t+2) th year and so on.
25-29

N
20-24
15-19
People from the terminal age/age group of each
10-14 group is shifted to next age group for the next
05-09 iteration.
0-4

(8.00) (4.00) 0.00 4.00 8.00

x 10000000 ▪ Young population is decreasing.
Existing Male population Existing Female population ▪ People in age group 15 and above
Projected Male population Projected Female population are increasing.
REFERENCES

1. Xie, Y. (2001). Demographic Models. International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences.

EL
2. Ministry of Housing and Urban Development, 2014, Urban and Regional development plans

PT
formulation and implementation ( URDPFI ) Guidelines

N
 CONCLUSIONS

⮚ Urban service planning and design process starts with the identification of relevant issues

EL
specific to the geographical context.
⮚ Landuse and population forecasting in the key to any service plan preparation which must

PT
be completed before the service design process.

N
N
PT
EL
 KEY POINTS

⮚ Labor intensive services

⮚ Capital intensive services

EL
⮚ Urban landuse transformation

PT
⮚ Arithmetic increase method
⮚ Geometric increase method

N
⮚ Incremental increase method
⮚ Migration and natural increase
⮚ Cohort survival method
 EL
PT
Urban Services Planning

N
Dr. DEBAPRATIM PANDIT
ARCHITECTURE AND REGIONAL PLANNING, IIT KHARAGPUR

Module 02: Services Planning Approaches

Lecture 07 : Service Planning Basics: Part 2
CONCEPTS COVERED

⮚ Gap analysis

EL
⮚ Carrying capacity

PT
⮚ Norms and standards
⮚ URDPFI guidelines

N
⮚ Considerations for provision of social infrastructure
⮚ Service level benchmarks
GAP analysis
❑ Land use transformation and population growth has to be supported through provision of infrastructure and services.
❑ Gap analysis refers to determining the current state of infrastructure and services and the desired state as per projected
changes, priorities, financial viability and carrying capacity.
❑ Current state refers to the current distribution/coverage pattern, technology used (which may have become irrelevant or
obsolete), remaining life of infrastructure/equipment/facilities and other issues.

Projections Financial Viability

Programs and

EL
GAP Policies
ANALYSIS
Norms and

PT
Standards
Carrying Capacity Priorities
Aims and

N
Objectives

Current State Stakeholders’ ❑ Relative priority of

Consultations
attributes
Laws and
Coverage of Remaining life of Regulations
Infrastructure Technology
Infrastructure
Carrying capacity
❑ Carrying capacity is the ability of an area to support population based on available resources and their usage.
❑ Resources include different urban services and infrastructure.
❑ These resources are also interdependent and provision of one also affects the other.

Carrying capacity depends on the:

Socio‐economic characteristics of people
Technology used

Different types of carrying capacities:
Infrastructure capacity level
Institutional capacity level
EL
PT
Infrastructure, facilities and services within an area
affects the quality of life and the environment
(clean air, water, soil, greenery).

Perceptual carrying capacity
Environmental capacity level
Sustainable capacity level and
Bio‐centric capacity level
N
Environment and ecosystem an area also affects
the quality of life.
Institutional capacity affects the quality of urban
services.
Norms and standards
❑ Norms are a set of rules based on expert opinion and consensus Acts, Laws and regulation
considering technical and technological processes and their
Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016
limitations, appropriateness of their application in the local
context and other factors such as availability of alternatives and Rules apply to all urban local bodies.
financial viability.
❑ The term standard and norms are used alternatively.
❑ Standards are repeatable, harmonized and agreed values for

EL
different procedures, dimensions or types/options.

PT
Indian Roads Congress (IRC)

N
Formulates Standards, Codes of Practices and Guidelines for design, construction and
maintenance of roads and bridges, road transportation, traffic etc.
Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation (CPHEEO)
Guidelines (Manuals) for planning, designing, construction and operation & maintenance
of water supply, sanitation, drainage, solid waste management projects for Public Health
Engineering Departments, ULBs and various other bodies such as State Water Boards.
URDPFI guidelines
❑ Framework for plan preparation and their implementation in urban areas.

These guidelines include suggestions on:

▪ The planning process & content of plans
▪ Resource mobilization measures (land and finance), Institutional reforms etc.
▪ Approaches and strategies for regional and urban planning
▪ These guidelines are not standards and are not uniformly applicable at all places

EL
▪ Modified as per local context, existing issues and needs and technology considered

PT
Lack of manuals and standards for provision of labor intensive services and social infrastructure.

N
URDPFI has given certain guidelines on provision of social infrastructure some of which are based on other
guidelines/standard:
Education facilities Recreational facilities
Healthcare facilities Sports Facilities
Socio Cultural facilities Distribution Services
Police Safety
URDPFI guidelines
Education Facilities
Population Area Requirements Population Area (Source: URDPFI, 2014)
Student (Ha) Category Student Strength served per Requirements
Category served per
Strength unit (Ha)
unit Building Playfield
College 1000 - 1500 1.25 lakh Building – 1.8
Pre Primary, --- 2500 0.08
Playfield – 2.5
Nursery School
University Campus --- --- 10 – 60 ha.
Primary School 500 5000 (NBC 0.2 0.2
(Class I to V) 2005) Technical education ITI – 400 10 lakh ITI – 1.6

EL
Senior Secondary 1000 7500 0.6 1 center (A) Polytechnic – 500 Polytechnic – 2.4
School (VI to XII) Technical education --- 10 lakh ITI – 1.4
center (B) Polytechnic – 2.1

PT
Integrated School 1500 90,000 – 1 0.7 2.5
without hostel lakh Coaching – 0.3
facility (Class I-XII) Engineering College 1500 10 lakh 6 ha/ college

N
Integrated School 1500 90,000 – 1 0.7 2.5 Medical College --- 10 lakh 15 ha/ college
with hostel facility (NBC, lakh
(Class I-XII) 2005) Other Professional 250 to 1500 10 lakh 2 – 6 ha.
Colleges
School for 400 45,000 0.2 0.3
Physically Nursing and --- 10 lakh 2000 sq.m
Challenged Paramedical Institute
(MPD, pg 135)
School for 10 lakh 0.2
Mentally (MPD, pg Veterinary Institute --- --- As per Ministry
Challenged 137) (MPD, pg 135) norms
Source: NBC, 2005 Part 3 and MPD 2021 Source: NBC, 2005 MPD 2021
URDPFI guidelines
Norms for Sports Facilities
Population Land area
Sl.No. Category
served per unit requirement
1 Residential unit play area 5000 5000 Sq.m.
2 Neighbourhood play area 15000 1.50 ha
3 District Sports Centre 1 Lakh 8 ha
4 Divisional Sports Centre 10 Lakhs 20 ha (Source: URDPFI, 2014)
Source: NBC (2005), Part 3
These standards depends upon:

EL
Landuse and nature of the urban area
(Industrial city, Hill station)

PT
Demographic characteristics
Size of the urban area

N
Economic characteristics
Land availability
Plot area may vary as per the above characteristics as well as on the nature of the
educational facility.
Threshold population can also be determined based on population characteristics,
population density and the total number of population in the area.
Considerations for provision of social infrastructure
Hierarchy of social infrastructure/services
▪ Small towns serve surrounding villages (Health centers, colleges)
▪ Medium towns cater to both small towns and villages
▪ Large cities (local and regional demand)

Thus for higher order facilities there is a need to consider:

a) Higher population size than actual (25%)

EL
b) Consider top tier facilities beyond the standard measure
A higher order facility can be provided in a lower order settlement considering other constraints.

PT
Proximity

N
Local level facilities should be provided considering non-motorized transportation ( 300-800 m /
5‐15 minutes walking distance)
A fire station is provided as per travel time of the fire tender to reach the furthest extent.

Participation
Location should consider participation of the community it is designed to serve. This increases
community involvement in maintenance of facility and also encourages participation of women.
Consideration for provision of social infrastructure
Ownership
❑ Many of social infrastructure facilities are privately owned.
❑ In that case location choice of these facilities by their owners becomes important.
❑ Location choice is determined based on several factors which varies as per the service that is provided.
❑ Facilities such as small kindergarten schools and medical clinics are developed as an business
opportunity by private individuals in their own premises as well.
❑ These should be considered while framing norms and standards.

EL
Multiple use

PT
Multiple use of facilities can help in:
❑ Improving efficiency in land utilization
❑ Reducing investment requirement

N
❑ The uses can be complimentary
(e.g. school and adult education center, bus terminal with transit authority office on top)
❑ Repurposing existing underutilized infrastructure for other purpose

Nature of service Threshold value Novelty Sustainability

Service level benchmarks
Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD now MoHUA), Government of India (2009):
Service Level Benchmarking (SLB) initiative (water supply, wastewater, solid waste management and storm water drainage)
⮚ Poor service delivery and inadequate returns from infrastructure investment
⮚ Monitoring of service delivery in urban areas
⮚ Identification of standard performance parameters (understood and used by all)
⮚ Fixing of benchmark levels
⮚ A framework for monitoring and reporting

EL
⮚ Sharing of information and best practices

PT
Facilitates measurement of performance gaps, performance management and improves service delivery accountability .
Sl. No. Indicators Benchmark Levels (Source: URDPFI, 2014)
Solid Waste Management

N
1 Household level coverage of Solid Waste Management service 100%
2 Efficiency of collection of Municipal Solid Waste 100%
3 Extent of segregation of Municipal Solid Waste 100%
4 Extent of Municipal Solid Waste recovered/recycled 80%
5 Extent of scientific disposal of Municipal Solid Waste 100%
6 Extent of cost recovery in Solid Waste management service 100%
7 Efficiency of redress of Customer complaints 80%
8 Efficiency in collection of user charges 90%
Service level benchmarks Rationale
•
•
Door-to-door collection of waste (100%)
Waste-free clean roads and drains
• Maximise treatment, recycling & disposal

Indicators: • Percentage of households and

Definition establishments that are covered by a daily
Definition, title, units doorstep collection system.
Rational for indicator
• Total number of households and
Calculation methodology Data establishments in the service area
Coverage • Total number of households and
Frequency of measurement requirements establishments with daily doorstep
Jurisdiction of measurement collection

A service goal (for a period of time) •

EL
Service area refers to either ward or ULB
Data Quality • Total households and establishments in the
Data reliability grading scale(A: Highest). service area – integrated with GIS data

PT
• Total number of households and
establishments with daily
A B C D Calculation doorstep collection
X 100
Total number of households and

N
No. of households Average daily waste No. of wards Aggregate city level
and establishments collected by serviced by estimate by the establishments in service area
with doorstep doorstep, dived by doorstep collection, service provider
collection as stated the estimated daily as a percentage of Coverage of Solid Waste Management Services
by involved agency waste generation total number of
for waste collection. by the entire city. wards in the ULB

Can be verified Daily averages are

from the records of based on the
User Charges for weighbridge values
doorstep collection for seven
services. GIS spatial consecutive days in
data integration a month
REFERENCES

1. Ministry of Housing and Urban Development, 2014, Urban and Regional development plans

EL
formulation and implementation ( URDPFI ) Guidelines

PT
2. Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. (2006). A Handbook of Service Level
Benchmarking. New Delhi: Ministry of Urban Development.

N
 CONCLUSIONS

⮚ The need for urban services are determined through gap analysis which considers the

EL
current state of infrastructure and services and the desired state as per projected changes,

PT
priorities, financial viability and carrying capacity of that area.

N
N
PT
EL
 KEY POINTS
⮚ Gap analysis
⮚ Carrying capacity

EL
⮚ Norms and standards

PT
⮚ Acts, laws and regulation
⮚ URDPFI guidelines

N
⮚ Hierarchy of social infrastructure
⮚ Threshold population
⮚ Proximity of social infrastructure
⮚ Service level benchmarks
 EL
PT
Urban Services Planning

N
Dr. DEBAPRATIM PANDIT
ARCHITECTURE AND REGIONAL PLANNING, IIT KHARAGPUR

Module 02: Services Planning Approaches

Lecture 08 : Service Planning Basics: Part 3
CONCEPTS COVERED

 Urban service planning and design process

EL
 Stakeholder and citizen participation


PT
Likert scale
 Relative importance/priority

N
 Willingness to pay
 Conjoint analysis and discrete choice experiment
 Engineering design and design period
Urban service planning and design process
Projections Financial Viability
Programs and
Identification of Issues Identification of Policies
Projected
Land use forecast Norms and
requirements Standards
Population forecast
Carrying Capacity Priorities
Aims and
Gap analysis Objectives

EL
Current State Stakeholders’
Choice of technology and engineering design Consultations

Willingness to pay, Acceptance

PT
Laws and
Coverage of Remaining life of Regulations
Design period Infrastructure Technology
Infrastructure

N
Location choices
Distribution pattern
Logistics and operational alternatives
Plan evaluation
Stakeholder and citizen participation:
Participatory Planning
 Incorporation of people’s attitudes and perception in the planning process.
 The difference in users’ expectations and users’ perception of service quality determines
the user’s willingness to avail a service or pay for it.
 Perceived service quality is measured using users’ satisfaction with the existing service.
 It can be used to determine priorities/areas where service quality have to be improved.

EL
User perception survey (service quality, choice/acceptance)

PT
Willingness to pay survey

Revealed preference(RP) surveys:

N
Determining preferences based on decision maker's actual choices, in the real context.
Stated Preference (SP) surveys:
Hypothetical choice alternatives and new attributes or new hypothetical levels of attributes of
existing choices.
RP and the SP choice behavior is based on the neo classical theory of consumer behavior.
(i.e., individuals will choose the alternative which has higher utility)
 Likert Scale
 The Likert scale is widely used in user perception studies and is a rating scale used to measure opinions,
attitudes or behavior.
 It is commonly constructed with four to seven points/options which respondents have to choose.

Likert scale
Strongly Agree (2) Uncertain (3) Strongly Disagree (5)
Agree (1) Disagree(4)
Incineration is better than landfill

EL
PT
 Likert scale is ordinal in nature and arithmetic operations(e.g., determining mean) can not be conducted
 In regression models these values are DUMMY CODED.

N
 5-point Likert scale is often treated as an interval scale (i.e., the difference between very satisfied and
satisfied is same as the difference between neutral and not satisfied)
This is a risky assumption and should be avoided if possible.

 Higher order Likert scales can be treated as an interval scale.

Satisfaction from low(1) to high(10).
Relative Importance/priority
Satisfaction with 1 2 3 4 5 or 7
cleanliness of road
Satisfaction with Solid 1 2 3 4 5
or 7
waste collection
Overall level of 1 2 3 4 5 or 7
satisfaction with Satisfaction with Water
municipal services supply quantity
1 2 3 4 5 or 7
Satisfaction with
drainage efficiency
Multiple Linear regression

EL
Binary logistic regression Likert Scale : Psychometric scale
to measure attitude, opinion,
Ordinal logistic regression

PT
perception.
Multinomial logistic regression

N
To model the relationship between the response variable and one or more explanatory variables which
can be both continuous and categorical.
Can be used both for RP and SP studies to determine relative priority/importance of attributes.
For details on regression models:
Derived importance https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oTIb1CxvmzM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w-_SZrbFepE
Stated importance https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VLiYOcPGtIc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BKN4JKoYP_o
Willingness to pay
 Relative importance of attributes can also be derived through WTP for the service.
 WTP estimates the maximum amount people would pay (new service or improving existing service)
 Revealed and stated methods both can be used.

Hypothetical methods of WTP

Contingent valuation Conjoint analysis Discrete choice experiment

EL
Contingent valuation
 Respondents are directly asked to state their maximum WTP.

PT
 Suffers from overstatement or understatement of the amount.

N
Open-ended CV Amount person is willing to pay is asked

Referendum CV A person is asked if he/she is willing to pay a certain amount

Payment card CV A person chooses from a list of amounts which he/she is willing to pay.
Conjoint analysis & discrete choice experiment
❑ A person is subjected to a hypothetical scenario where the respondent is supposed to give an
attractiveness rating or make a choice from a defined choice set.
❑ Each scenario is a combination of certain levels of some factors. These scenarios can be combined to
create choice cards.
❑ Factors and its levels are decided by the researcher and can also include price/cost.

Question Number

EL
1 <= max 400 START 400

PT
Choice Code Choice Code
The 1st trial
161 106

Choice A Choice B Choice C Household Preferences for Improved

N
Garbage pickup service Solid Waste Management (SWM)
Attribute 1 Private agency Municipal office
provider Services: A Randomized Conjoint
I want to
Temporary garbage Personal spot for each Analysis in Kathmandu Metropolitan
Attribute 2 Common spot in community choose my
collection spot household
current Ward No. 10
Attribute 3 Garbage pickup frequency Two times a week Three times a week
SWM
Intermediate garbage Service (Source: Bikash, B.,
Attribute 4 Community recycling centers Home compost bins
processing facility
Ichihashi, M., 2022)
Attribute 5 Monthly service charge NRs 1000 NRs 500
Your Rank(1,2,3)==>
Conjoint analysis
Conjoint analysis & discrete choice A representative choice set
Option A (Current) Option B
❑ Based on regression analysis the researcher can Waste segregation Need and multiple free
and recycling at No Need containers provided by
decide how much cost/price a person can pay for source the government
unit improvement in other factors. Collection Frequency Once a day, Irregular Twice a day, Regular
❑ Through this priority for different factors can also Noise With noise Less noise
Cost MOP 0 MOP 30
be determined.
● I would choose option A
❑ Socio-economic characteristics of individuals ● I would choose option B
making the choice can also be included as factors

EL
● I would choose ‘none’ of them
which allows design of services for different Discrete choice experiment
market segments. (Source: Jin J et.al., 2006)

PT
❑ Fractional factorial design is used to reduce the Marginal WTP for each attribute
total number of choice cards by selecting a few Attributes WTP MOP (US$)

N
treatment combinations instead of running all SEPR 6.37 (0.80)
combinations. FREQ 0.81 (0.10)
NOISE 6.12 (0.77)
For details on RP,SP surveys and conjoint analysis: Estimating the public preferences for
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HU_1VGkZ0I0 solid waste management programmes
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oVnvzKZqXJ4 using choice experiments in Macao
Engineering design and design period
 Appropriate Design and technology choices considering societal objectives, norms and standards, geographical context,
climate and access to finance.
 Evaluation of alternatives.
Expert opinion
User acceptance
Willingness to pay

EL
Design period

PT
 Design periods are aligned with development plan (population and land use) periods
and phases. Usually if expansion in future is difficult design life is more.

N
 Capital intensive infrastructure projects such as for water supply, sanitation etc. are
designed usually for 30 years after their completion.
 Labor intensive projects are usually designed for 3-5 years.
 The design period also considers useful life of equipment or structures.
 Based on availability of finances(low finance shorter design period) and rate of
interest (low interest longer design period).
REFERENCES

1. Ministry of Housing and Urban Development, 2014, Urban and Regional development plans

EL
formulation and implementation ( URDPFI ) Guidelines

PT
2. Bikash, B., Ichihashi, M. Household Preferences for Improved Solid Waste Management (SWM)
Services: A Randomized Conjoint Analysis in Kathmandu Metropolitan Ward No.

N
10. Sustainability 2022, 14, 2251. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042251
3. Jin J, Wang Z, Ran S. Estimating the public preferences for solid waste management programmes
using choice experiments in Macao. Waste Management & Research. 2006;24(4):301-309.
doi:10.1177/0734242X06064977
 CONCLUSIONS

 User perception and attitudes are included in the planning process through user

EL
perception survey and willingness to pay survey.
 Relative importance and priority of factors influencing the choice process can be

PT
determined based on regression analysis.

N
 Final choices for service infrastructure, facilities and choices are determined considering
engineering design and design period.
N
PT
EL
KEY POINTS

EL
Participatory planning
 Revealed preference surveys

PT
 Stated preference surveys
 Likert scale

N
 Contingent Valuation
 Conjoint analysis
 Discrete choice experiment
 Design period
 EL
PT
Urban Services planning

N
Dr. DEBAPRATIM PANDIT
ARCHITECTURE AND REGIONAL PLANNING, IIT KHARAGPUR

Module 02: Services Planning Approaches

Lecture 09 : Service Planning Basics: Part 4
CONCEPTS COVERED

 Urban service planning and design process

EL
 Location choices
 Location choice based on suitability

PT
N
Urban service planning and design process
Projections Financial Viability
Programs and
Identification of Issues Identification of Policies
Projected
Land use forecast Norms and
requirements Standards
Population forecast
Carrying Capacity Priorities
Aims and
Gap analysis Objectives

EL
Current State Stakeholders’
Choice of technology and engineering design Consultations

Willingness to pay, Acceptance

PT
Laws and
Coverage of Remaining life of Regulations
Design period Infrastructure Technology
Infrastructure

N
Location choices
Distribution pattern
Logistics and operational alternatives
Plan evaluation
Location choices
Selection of land areas for provision of infrastructure/facilities is decided as per their suitability or by selecting the best
option available.
Choice by Private Individual: (e.g., School, College, Clinic, Hospital)
 Land use restrictions
 Choice of a location/plot among many alternatives
 Owners existing residence can be also one of the alternatives provided space requirement is less and satisfies

EL
other criteria

PT
Discrete Choice Modelling
Individual chooses one option out of a set of alternatives

N
Steps:
 Choice problem is defined(e.g., criteria for choosing a location)
 Generation of alternatives (e.g. location near CBD or in suburb)
 Evaluation of alternatives using specific decision rule
Dominance, Satisfaction, Lexicographical rules, and Utility based
Dominance: One alternative is better when at least one attribute is better than all other.
Satisfaction: Level of satisfaction of the decision maker with a particular alternative.
Location choices
Lexicographical rules: Ranks are given to the alternatives and decision maker decides on any of these alternatives
Utility based rule:
 Each alternative is given a scaler utility value based on the different attribute vectors characterizing each alternative
 A rational individual selects the with the highest utility value
 The utility value depends on the characteristics of the alternative and also on the characteristics of the decision maker.

EL
Deterministic utility theory
Similar individuals with similar characteristics will make the same choices given the same set of alternatives

PT
Random utility or probabilistic choice model

N
Lack of information
Choice variability due to no observable reasons.
In probabilistic choice model, the choice can be expressed in a probabilistic way
An individual ‘n’ will choose alternative ‘i’, if the utility of alternative ‘i’ (Uin) is greater than the utility of
alternative ‘j’ (Ujn). For details on regression models:
Binary logistic regression https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w-_SZrbFepE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VLiYOcPGtIc
Multinomial logistic regression https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BKN4JKoYP_o
Location choice based on suitability
Public choice and siting criteria: (e.g., landfill, Incineration plant, District hospital) For details on siting criteria or suitability analysis:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gy3eg49aXOw
Siting criteria or factors:
 Specific to facility/infrastructure
 Land availability, Land price,
 Environmental & Ecological impacts,
 Affected population and biodiversity etc.

EL
Overlay mapping methods
Independence among criteria, Inappropriate standardization of maps.

PT
Multi-criteria Evaluation (MCE)/ Multi-criteria decision making(MCDM) methods

N
Depend on multi-criteria technique and standardization method
 Weighted Linear Combination
Score for each option = Σ Attribute Weight x Attribute scaled value
Can be combined with GIS overlay to create composite maps. (Source: URDPFI, 2014)
 Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)
Weights of the factors and sub-factors are calculated using a preference scale and
pairwise comparison matrix using opinion of experts or the affected population.
 REFERENCES

1. CPHEEO(2016), Municipal Solid Waste Management Manual, Ministry of Urban Development,

EL
Government of India (Part 1, 2 and 3)

PT
N
 CONCLUSIONS

 Choice of a technique for locating infrastructure/facilities is decided as per the context,

EL
purpose, constraints and its utility.

PT
N
N
PT
EL
KEY POINTS

 Urban service planning and design process

EL
 Location choices
 Location choice based on suitability

PT
 Deterministic utility theory

N
 Random utility or probabilistic choice model
 Overlay mapping methods
 Multi-criteria Evaluation (MCE)/ Multi-criteria decision making(MCDM) methods