EL

PT
Urban Services Planning

N
Dr. DEBAPRATIM PANDIT
ARCHITECTURE AND REGIONAL PLANNING, IIT KHARAGPUR

Module 04: Waste generation storage and minimization

Lecture 16 : Waste generation Part 1
CONCEPTS COVERED

⮚ MSW generation

EL
⮚ Waste generation global outlook
⮚ Key drivers for MSW generation

PT
⮚ MSW generation projection

N
MSW generation
Quantity of waste:
 MSW is a natural product of urbanization and depends on population, demographic characteristics, nature of the
city, income levels and lifestyle of the people
 Income related to consumption
 With GDP growth income changes
 For different income groups waste quantity and composition changes
Per capita waste generation increases around 1.3% per year.

EL
Urban population growth rate: 3.0%–3.5% per year(approximately)
Waste quantity increase: 5% per year

PT
ULB size(jurisdiction) also changes
CPHEEO Manual

N
National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), 1996 (43 cities)
Composition:
Organic fraction (30%–40%) Calorific value of refuse:
Ash and fine earth (30%–40%) 800 and 1,000 kilocalorie per kilogram (kcal/kg)
Paper (3%–6%) Carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio: 1:20 to 1:30
Plastic, glass, and metal (each less than 1%)
MSW generation
Urban per capita quantity of MSW Generation (1996) in Indian cities
Population Range (in million) kg/capita/per day CPCB, Environment Protection
Training and Research Institute
0.1 – 0.5 0.21 (EPTRI) (1999–2000) 210 Class I cities
0.5 – 1.0 0.25 & 113 Class II towns
1.0 – 2.0 0.27 Class I cities: 0.34 kg/capita/day
Class II towns: 0.14 kg/capita/day

EL
2.0 – 5.0 0.35
> 5.0 0.50

PT
N
NEERI(2004–2005) 59 cities (35 metro cities and 24 state capitals)
Waste generation rate: 0.12 to 0.60 kg/capita/day
Composition:
Compostable matter: 40%–60%
Recyclable fraction: 10%–25%
Moisture content: 30%– 60%
C/N ratio: 1:20 to 1:40
MSW generation
Other studies:
200 and 300 gm/capita/day in small towns and cities (population below 2,00,000)
300–350 gm/capita/day in cities (population between 2,00,000 and 5,00,000)
350–400 gm/capita/ day in cities (population between 5,00,000 and 10,00,000)
400–600 gm/capita/day in cities (population above 10,00,000)

Urban per capita quantity of MSW Generation (1996) in emerging economies

EL
Urban MSW Generation
Countries GNP per capita Urban Population (% of Total) (kg/capita/day)

PT
1995 2025 (est.) 1995 2025 (est.) 1995 2025 (est.)
Low Income 490 1050 27.8 48.8 0.6 0.6-1.0

N
Nepal 200 360 13.7 34.3 0.5 0.6
Bangladesh 240 440 18.3 40.0 0.5 0.6
India 340 620 26.8 45.2 0.5 0.7
China 620 1500 30.3 54.5 0.8 0.9
Sri Lanka 700 1300 22.4 42.6 0.9 1.0
Waste generation global outlook
❑ MSW(world): 2.01 billion tonnes annually and 3.4 billion by 2050 ❑ Unlike developed countries waste
❑ 33 % is not managed properly (environmentally safe) collected in poor countries is low
❑ Global average: 0.74 kg/person/day (48 % in urban areas and 26 % outside.
❑ Range (0.11 to 4.54 kg/capita/day)
❑ High income countries: 34% of all waste considering 16% of population
❑ Waste generated in South Asia will double by 2050
(kg/capita/day)

EL
2016 Average Min 25th Percentile 75th Percentile Max
Sub-Saharan Africa 0.46 0.11 0.35 0.55 1.57

PT
East Asia and Pacific 0.56 0.14 0.45 1.36 3.72

N
South Asia 0.52 0.17 0.32 0.54 1.44
Middle East and North Africa 0.81 0.44 0.66 1.40 1.83
Latin America and Caribbean 0.99 0.41 0.76 1.39 4.46
Europe and Central Asia 1.18 0.27 0.94 1.53 4.45
North America 2.21 1.94 2.09 3.39 4.54

(Source: What a Waste 2.0)

Key drivers of MSW generation
Economic growth
Waste generation positively correlated with economic
development
Growth rate slows at higher income level
Urbanization rate

EL
PT
N
(Source: What a Waste 2.0)
 Projected MSW generation
Total waste= Population X Waste generation rate
Population projection incl. migration
Waste generation rate = Function of urbanization & GDP/cap

City level GDP: Share of district level GDP

State Domestic Product (SDP) & District Domestic Product (District
GDP) by State Directorates of Economics and Statistics.

EL
Production approach (of GDP calculation) =
3
2.5
Sum of value added of all economic activities in territory

PT
2.37
2.5 2.21 (sum of output minus intermediate consumption) +
indirect taxes ‐ subsidies on products
Kg/capita/day

2
1.45
Expenditure approach (GDP at market price) =

N
1.5 1.3 1.3
1.11 1.18
1.06 0.99
1
0.63
0.79
0.68
0.81 0.81 0.9 Household final consumption expenditure(FCE) +
0.46 0.5 0.520.62 0.56
0.5 Non‐profit Institutions’ FCE + Government FCE +
0 Gross fixed capital formation +
Sub-Saharan South Asia East Asia and Middle East Latin America Europe and North America
Africa Pacific and North and Caribbean Central Asia
Acquisition less disposals of valuables +
Africa
Changes in inventories + Exports – Imports.
2016 average 2030 projected 2050 projected
GDP ‐ Depreciation = Net Domestic
(Source: What a Waste 2.0) (Source: URDPFI) Product (NDP) of the country.
REFERENCES

1. CPHEEO(2016), Municipal Solid Waste Management Manual, Ministry of Urban Development,

EL
Government of India (Part 1, 2 and 3)

PT
2. Ministry of Housing and Urban Development, 2014, Urban and Regional development plans
formulation and implementation ( URDPFI ) Guidelines

N
3. World Bank Group(2018), What a Waste 2.0 A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to 2050
 CONCLUSIONS

⮚ MSW generation depends on urbanization, demographic characteristics, nature of the

EL
city, income levels and lifestyle of the people.
⮚ MSW generation is likely to double by 2050 in South Asia.

PT
N
N
PT
EL
KEY POINTS

⮚ MSW generation

EL
⮚ Waste generation global outlook

PT
⮚ Key drivers for MSW generation
⮚ MSW generation projection

N
⮚ Production approach of GDP calculation
⮚ Expenditure approach of GDP calculation
 EL
PT
Urban Services Planning

N
Dr. DEBAPRATIM PANDIT
ARCHITECTURE AND REGIONAL PLANNING, IIT KHARAGPUR
Module 04: Waste generation, storage and minimization
Lecture 17 : Waste generation Part 2
CONCEPTS COVERED

⮚ Waste minimization

EL
⮚ Extended producer responsibility (EPR)
⮚ Waste minimization steps by ULBs

PT
⮚ Source segregation

N
⮚ Segregation of waste at urban level
⮚ Residential segregation
⮚ Non municipal solid waste global outlook
⮚ Case study: Waste Segregation: Corporation of the City of Panaji
Waste Minimization
 At Source Reduction And Reuse
 Integrated Solid Waste Management: Hierarchy of waste management
Strategies
 Awareness and education programs (residential, commercial and industrial generators)
e.g., Domestic composting
Campaigns for reducing use of specific non-recyclable, non-reusable or toxic material.

EL
Promoting material substitution (Use of rechargeable batteries)
 Complete ban of specific products in certain areas (e.g., banning plastic bags)

PT
 Green procurement and EPR
 On-site business and industry assistance programs

N
e.g. E-office for reducing paper use, double sided printing
 Involving supermarkets and retail stores (consumer education, packaging reduction and collection)
 Promoting materials exchange and reuse programs
e.g., used furniture sale
 “Pay as you throw” programs and associated bye-laws in ULBs.
 Variable waste management charges
Extended producer responsibility (EPR)
 National or State Level Directive and legislation
 Reduction of virgin materials for packaging and containers
 Incentives for energy and resource efficient product designs
 MSWM cost reduction
 Customer also receives monetary incentive (return product or package)
 Infrastructure for collection and recycling of material

EL
Deposit–refund systems:
Consumers are charged an additional amount initially which is returned when container is returned
e.g., Beverage industry: glass bottles and aluminum cans

PT
Battery industry: Lead acid battery
Quotas:

N
Product or packaging should contain a certain amount of recycled material
Product bans and Product charges:
In case of use of undesired materials or materials which doesn't allow recycling product can be banned
Extra tax is levied for use of materials which are not suitable to the environment etc.
Collection systems:
Retail outlets and producers can be jointly made responsible for return of packaging and used products
such as batteries.
Waste Minimization steps by ULBs
 Identification and registration of scrap dealers and recyclers and potential for new facilities.
 Identify and quantify main generators through robust data collection system
 Identify targets as per potential of waste reduction(residential waste, market waste, institutional waste, etc.)
 Specific programs for specific producers and generators supported by bye-laws and viable collection and
recycling system
 Institutional mechanisms and capacity
 Active awareness campaigns, advertising

EL
 Involve schools, colleges, women groups and business community

PT
India:
 Informal sector (kabadi system/scrap dealer and waste collectors)

N
 EPR initiatives should involve the informal sector
 Legislation is key and needs to be framed at central, state and ULB level.
 Eco-labeling standards
 Eco-industrial parks(material and resource exchange and co-
dependencies, industrial ecology)
Source Segregation
The SWM Rules, 2016:
 As per duties of waste generators source segregation is mandatory.
 Segregation involves sorting and separate storage of different waste components.
Biodegradable
Non biodegradable waste(recyclable waste, non-recyclable, combustible waste, sanitary waste, non recyclable inert waste)
Domestic hazardous wastes
Construction and demolition wastes etc.


EL
Segregation helps in optimizing waste processing and treatment technologies.
 Waste contamination is lower resulting in lower volume for landfill.


PT
Transport is also efficient but may increase cost.
 Results in easier recovery of materials for reuse and recycling.


N
CH4 generation in landfill is less due to removal of biodegradable/organic materials.
Industrial waste within urban jurisdiction:
Waste generated by processing activities of different industries
(solid, liquid, or gas or hazardous or non-hazardous)
Large industries to manage waste themselves
Small-scale service industries (e.g., automobile garages, electroplating, dyeing, etc.)
Separate collection, transportation, and appropriate disposal.
Segregation of waste at urban level
Types of solid waste
Food Waste
Combustible waste
Non-combustible waste
Street waste
Construction and demolition
waste
Industrial waste and sludge
Bio-medical and hazardous
waste
Sources Description
wastes from cooking, market refuse, vegetables, meat etc.
Households, Combustible (primary organic) - paper, cardboard, wood,
institutions and boxes, plastic, cloth, leather, rubber, grass, leaves etc
commercial
Non-combustible (primary inorganic)- metals, tin, cans,
dirt, stones, bricks, crockery, glass bottles etc
streets, sidewalks,
EL
street sweepings, leaves, dirt, animal droppings, dead
alleys, vacant lots, animals etc
etc.
PT
Construction and Lumber, roofing and sheathing, scraps, crop residues,
demolition sites rubble, plaster, wire etc.
N
Factories, power Solid wastes resulting from industry process and
manufacturing operations (coal ash: thermal power plants,
plants, treatment blast furnace slag(iron & steel) and steel melting slag;
plants etc. aluminium, zinc, and copper produces red mud
Households,
institutions and pathological waste, explosives, radioactive material etc
hospitals
Residential segregation
(Source: CPHEEO(2016))
Domestic Hazardous
Wet Waste Dry Waste
Waste
Food wastes of all kinds, Paper Containers & Rags Metals E-waste*
cooked and uncooked, cardboard packaging of all Rubber Glass [all kinds] Hazardous Wastes**
including eggshells and and kinds excluding Wood Inserts Household medical
bones, flower, fruit and cartons those containing Discarded House sweepings waste***
waste including juice, hazardous clothing and inerts (not Batteries from flashlights
vegetable peels and materials Furniture garden, yard or and button cells.

EL
household garden/ plant Compound street sweeping) Light bulbs, tube lights and
wastes. packaging (tetra Compact Fluorescent

PT
Solid tissues, food pak, blisters Lamps (CFL)
wrappers, paper towels; etc.) Car batteries, oil filters and
fish and meat Plastics car care products and

N
consumables

* E-waste: Printer & printer cartridges, electronic parts and equipment and others
** Hazardous wastes: Chemicals and solvents and their empty containers, paints, oil, lubricants, glues, thinners and their
empty containers, insecticides, pesticides and herbicides and their empty containers, photographic chemicals, bleaches and
household kitchen & drain cleaning agents
*** Household Medical Waste: Thermometers and other mercury containing products, discarded medicines, injection
needles and syringes after destroying them both, sanitary wastes and diapers (should be collected daily)
Non Municipal solid waste Global outlook
12.73
Industrial waste, Agricultural waste, Construction and
demolition waste, Hazardous waste & Medical waste,
Electronic waste(e-waste)

 Industrial waste (globally) is 18 times greater than MSW

 Agricultural waste(globally) is 4.5 times of MSW
 Agricultural waste is managed separately (organic) 3.35


EL
C&D waste in India is disposed in same facility.
1.68
 Hazardous, medical, and e-waste are treated in specialized
0.32 0.25

PT
facilities (chemical processing plants, incinerators, and 0.02

disassembly centers)

N
kg/capita/day Industrial Waste Generation E-waste generation
(Source: What a Waste 2.0)
High Income 42.62 0.05

Upper Middle Income 5.72 0.02

Lower-middle income 0.36 0.01

Low income No Data <0.01

Case study: Waste Segregation: Corporation of the City of Panaji
Corporation of the City of Panaji (CCP), School and college, RWAs, local leaders & celebrities
Initially 2 bins(Wet and dry) and 100% collection
2015: 8 waste streams with different color coding
(wet, paper, plastic bags, metals or glass, non-recyclable,
tetrapacks, cardboard, & plastic bottles)
Material recycling stations in colonies for further
segregation of dry waste.

EL
Decentralized composting units for community usage
(Residences, hotels)

PT
Tie-ups with recycling units (bulk segregated wastes)

N
EPR initiatives
Local dairies to pay for returning washed plastic milk bags
at local booths,
Tetra Pak (company) for buyback of empty tetrapacks
Co-processing of plastics and other dry fraction rejects (Source: CPHEEO(2016)

(2 baling machines used, 4 cement plants 250 km–600 km away)

Case study: Waste Segregation: Corporation of the City of Panaji

Hazardous wastes (Treatment, storage, and disposal facility (TSDF)

in Karnataka)

SWM cell headed by a Waste Management Officer

Sanitary Inspector oversees 15 supervisors in each zone
Centralised complaint redressal system and quick response vehicle

EL
Public Communication Strategy:

PT
Green and black bins to residents at subsidized rates
Regular meetings to disseminate program details

N
Cultural programs (music festivals, fairs, and carnivals) with
message of civic hygiene and citizen responsibilities
(Source: CPHEEO(2016)

User charges
Other revenue sources (Sale of compost, sale of segregated waste
for recycling)
REFERENCES

1. CPHEEO(2016), Municipal Solid Waste Management Manual, Ministry of Urban Development,

EL
Government of India (Part 1, 2 and 3)

PT
2. World Bank Group(2018), What a Waste 2.0 A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to 2050

N
 CONCLUSIONS

⮚ Waste minimization and segregation are the most important strategies in MSWM which

EL
determines its effectiveness and outcome.
⮚ A coordinated and participatory approach involving all stakeholders is required for

PT
successful implementation of these strategies in urban areas.

N
N
PT
EL
 KEY POINTS

⮚ Waste minimization

EL
⮚ Extended producer responsibility (EPR)
⮚ Waste minimization steps by ULBs

PT
⮚ Source segregation

N
⮚ Segregation of waste at urban level
⮚ Residential segregation
⮚ Non municipal solid waste global outlook
 EL
PT
Urban Services Planning

N
Dr. DEBAPRATIM PANDIT
ARCHITECTURE AND REGIONAL PLANNING, IIT KHARAGPUR
Module 04: Waste generation, storage and minimization
Lecture 18 : Waste quantification and characteristics
CONCEPTS COVERED

⮚ Waste quantification

EL
⮚ Waste traffic count
⮚ Percentage of waste collected in Indian cities

PT
⮚ Sampling strategy

N
⮚ Waste characteristics
Waste quantification
 Waste generated needs to be quantified
 Waste collected and generated varies significantly
 Waste disposed at unauthorized places(vacant lots, alleys, ditches, etc.)

 Waste recovered by informal waste collectors or waste pickers do not enter into waste stream

EL
 Significant variation in waste collected at urban and rural areas.

PT
N
 Waste needs to be quantified at multiple locations
 Waste generated (households, markets, institutions etc.) is quantified following
appropriate sampling mechanism.
 Waste is weighed at weighbridges at transfer stations or along route to processing and
disposal facilities.
Waste traffic count
(D)
Waste collected and Waste arriving at Reject
waste picked up by processing facility - 2
waste pickers (decentralised facilities)

(B) (C)
(A) Segregated waste to Waste arriving at Reject (F)
Waste Collected processing facility - 1
Waste Generated secondary storage or Waste dispose
(centralized)

EL
processing facility

PT
(E) Reject
Extraction for reuse and recycle
(through formal recycling systems)

N
 Waste carrying vehicles are weighed at municipal or private weighbridges (Source: CPHEEO(2016)

Total waste collected: No. of trips x Weight of waste in vehicle

Weight of waste collected = Volume of waste x Density (400–500 kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3 )
* Trucks carrying waste are sometimes not full or may be filled with material of lower density
 Percentage of waste collected in Indian cities

EL
PT
Waste collection in South Asia

N
(Source: What a Waste 2.0)

Percent
Sampling strategy
Sample survey to determine per capita rate of generation (10-day period x 2 to 4 times a year)
 Municipal solid waste composition varies both temporally and spatially.
 Samples collected at different times of the day at same spot may show different composition

Long term Plans:

Sampling strategy:
7 days at different locations(representative) in ULB during 3 seasons (summer, winter, and rainy seasons).

EL
Repeat: Every 3–5 years
(Source: CPHEEO(2016)

PT
Short term Plan:
100 sampling locations per 1,00,000 population
Locations:

N
Areas with low, mid, and high income levels, Commercial areas or establishments, Institutions, Hospitals
and health care establishments, Small and medium-sized enterprises, Hotels, Function halls, Vegetable
markets, Sports complexes or facilities, Places of worship (temples, mosques, etc.)
Waste for 3–7 days are stored in appropriate containers and weighed
 Wastes generated by different categories of generators in an ULB.
 Component wise estimates can be also generated for ULB.
Waste characteristics
 Helps in determining the type of storage, transport, resource recovery, disposal and environmental impact
 Sample survey: Sample size >100 kg

Moisture Content
𝑊𝑊 − 𝑊𝐷
𝑀𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 % = ∗ 100
𝑊𝑊

EL
Where:
WW = Wet weight of sample and

PT
WD = Air-dry weight of sample

N
 Moisture content range: 20%–45% (Arid –Wet season)
 Weight of MSW depends on moisture content
 Moisture content determines incineration feasibility
 Wastes generated in developing countries has more organic content than industrialized countries
 Moisture content is generally high in wastes containing more organic content and food waste
Waste characteristics
Size distribution
Affects selection of appropriate collection,
transportation, processing, treatment, and disposal
practices

Determined with the use of a set of screens with

square openings of size usually 100, 50, and 25 cm.

EL
PT
N
Sample size distribution of MSW
components in Mexico City
Mechanical properties
Important for proper design of processing plants and final disposal facilities.
Waste characteristics
Density of Waste
 The density of waste (mass per unit volume, kg/m3 ) determines the storage and
transportation volume requirements.
 MSW density in India is typically around 450–500 kg/m3
 Initial density of MSW determines if compactor bins and refuse compactors are
required (High-density waste like street sweeping waste do not require compactor)

EL
 Compactors are required for low density wastes (e.g., packaging wastes, plastic
waste) where compaction ratio of 2.5:1 is achievable. Refuse compactor

PT
Bulk Density Measurement

N
Wooden box of l m3 capacity
Wooden box of 1 ft3 capacity
Spring balance: 50 kg
Composite sample first filled in small box and weighed and then
filled in larger box till it is filled
Weight is noted and process is repeated 3 times for average weight
Waste is not compacted by pressure.
Waste characteristics
Thermal properties
Calorific value of waste:
 Heat generated from combustion of a unit weight of the waste(kilojoule per kilogram (kJ/kg))
 Bomb calorimeter is used for measuring calorific value
 Calorific value of waste determines feasibility of energy production
 Calorific value of LFG is also determined and depends on methane content.

EL
Bio-Chemical Characteristics
This is required to determine the efficacy of any treatment process.

PT
Chemical characteristics:
(pH, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (N-P-K), total organic carbon, C/N ratio, and calorific value)

N
Biochemical characteristics:
(carbohydrates, proteins, natural fiber, and biodegradable factor)

Toxicity:
Toxicity profile of MSW (heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants, pesticides, and insecticides)
Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP): Toxicity profile of MSW
REFERENCES

1. CPHEEO(2016), Municipal Solid Waste Management Manual, Ministry of Urban Development,

EL
Government of India (Part 1, 2 and 3)

PT
2. World Bank Group(2018), What a Waste 2.0 A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to 2050

N
 CONCLUSIONS

⮚ Waste generated, collected and reaching different processing and disposal

EL
facilities needs to be quantified.
⮚ Waste characteristics determine the appropriate strategies and technologies for

PT
storage, transport, resource recovery and disposal.

N
N
PT
EL
 KEY POINTS
⮚ Waste quantification
⮚ Waste traffic count

EL
⮚ Percentage of waste collected in Indian cities

PT
⮚ Sampling strategy
⮚ Waste characteristics

N
⮚ Moisture content
⮚ Size distribution
⮚ Mechanical properties
⮚ Density of waste
 EL
PT
Urban Services Planning

N
Dr. DEBAPRATIM PANDIT
ARCHITECTURE AND REGIONAL PLANNING, IIT KHARAGPUR
Module 04: Waste generation storage and minimization
Lecture 19 : Waste composition
CONCEPTS COVERED

⮚ Waste composition global outlook

EL
⮚ Determination of waste composition
⮚ Case study waste composition Cuttack, 2008

PT
⮚ Case study at different ULBs in Karnataka, 2012

N
 Waste composition global outlook
Plastics, Rubber, Ceramics, Wt (g)/
Location Putrescibles Paper Metals Glass Textiles
Leather Dust, Stones cap/ day
Bangalore, India 75.2 1.5 0.1 0.2 0.9 3.1 19.0 400
 Municipal waste composition is
Manila, 45.5 14.5 4.9 2.7 8.6 1.3 27.5 400
categorization of types of materials
Philippines in municipal solid waste.
Asuncion, 60.8 12.2 2.3 4.6 4.4 2.5 13.2 460
Paraguay
 Global food loss and waste(FLW)
Seoul, Korea 22.3 16.2 4.1 10.6 9.6 3.8 33.4 2,000
Vienna, Austria 23.3 33.6 3.7 10.4 7.0 3.1 18.9 1,180
accounts for a significant
proportion of food and green

EL
Mexico City. 59.8 11.9 1.1 3.3 3.5 0.4 20.0 680
Mexico waste
Paris, France 16.3 40.9 3.2 9.4 8.4 4.4 17.4 1,430

PT
Australia 23.6 39.1 6.6 10.2 9.9 9.0 1,870  FLW affects food security,
Sunnyvale, 39.4 40.8 3.5 4.4 9.6 1.0 1.3 2,000 food safety, economy, &

N
California
environment
Bexar County, 43.8 34.0 4.3 5.5 7.5 2.0 2.9 1,816
Texas (30% of all food)
 MSW quantity, composition, and other characteristics vary at the national level, urban
level, community level and among different households
 This is based on degree of industrialization, socioeconomic development, natural
resources, affluence and climate.
 Waste Composition global outlook
 High-income countries generate relatively less food and
green waste and more recyclable dry waste (plastic, paper,
cardboard, metal, and glass) waste.
 Low-income countries: Recyclable materials account for
16 % of the waste stream.

EL
PT
N
Waste composition South Asia

(Source: What a Waste 2.0)

Determination of waste composition
 Waste composition is determined through standard waste sampling procedure.
 Samples from different generators or disposal sites are sorted into different categories as per requirement and
weighed.

Quartering and Coning Sampling Procedure

 MSW is collected from random

EL
generators in a target area
 All waste samples are mixed to form pile

PT
 This is flattened out and divided into 4
quarters.

N
 Two diagonally opposite quarters are
discarded and the rest again is mixed to
(Source: CPHEEO(2016)
form a pile.
 This is repeated till desired size(10 kg) of
waste is obtained for subsequent
segregation and testing
Case study: Waste composition Cuttack, 2008
(Rs.)
India
Compostable matter: 40%–60%
Recyclable fraction: 10%–25%

Waste composition varies among

income groups

EL
Data: Primary survey, 2008

PT
Sampling strategy:
Household level waste

N
collection
(Rs.)
Source: Solid waste
management for Cuttack
municipal area, By Divya Jivan
Pati, MCP dissertation, IIT
Kharagpur
Case study: Waste composition at different ULBs in Karnataka, 2012
Bellary Hospet Kampli Kamalapur
ULB Status City City Municipal Town Town
Corporation Council (CMC) Municipal Panchayat (TP)
(CC) Council (TMC)
Area (Sqkm) 81.95 50.92 23.66 13.00
No. of wards 35 35 23 20

EL
Population(2011) 409644 206259 39241 25504
Elected body Mayor President President President

PT
head

N
Adm. Head Commissioner Municipal Chief officer Chief officer
Commissioner grade-I grade-II
Responsible for Health officer Environmental Environmental Junior Health
SWM Engineer Engineer Inspector
Qty .of Waste 180.0 85.0 12.5 8.0
(TPD)
(Source: Reddy P.H., Pandit D.(2018))
Case study: Waste composition at different ULBs in Karnataka, 2012

 Primary surveys in selected zones/ wards all types ULBs using

 Population projections: Incremental increase method (2021)
 Per capita waste generation at HH level is calculated by taking the total
weight and also weight of each type of component generated

% of population showing different income ranges (Bellary)

EL
Income ranges(Rs.) 2001 2011 2021 (Proj)
0-5000 27.58 20.68 15.51

PT
5001-10000 37.93 34.48 30.25
10001-20000 24.13 27.58 29.1
Household Survey

N
above -20000 10.36 17.26 25.14
Total 100% 100% 100%
Town No. of Samples
Population Projection
Bellary 75
Income and Income growth analysis to determine future
Hospet 75
population of different income groups.
Kampli 77
Kamalapur 75
Case study: Waste composition at different ULBs in Karnataka, 2012

(Source: Reddy P.H., Pandit D.(2018))

EL
(Rs.)

PT
N
HH waste storage: Waste disposal behavior of HH
31% respondents used closed containers 39% : Door to Door (D2D)
39% open containers 19% : Community bins (CB)
12% plastic bags 26% and 16% of respondents dump waste on
Rest 4% piled the waste in their yard. road side and open places respectively.
 Case study: Waste composition at different ULBs in Karnataka, 2012
(Source: Reddy P.H., Pandit D.(2018))
Rs. 0-5000
Others
24%
Wood
9%
Organic
Cloth 58%
2%

EL
Garden
Plastic Paper waste
2% 5% 0%

PT
Bellary (409644) Kamalapur (25504)
above Rs. 20000
Organic Organic Bellary

N
Others
Garden waste Garden waste 23%
Paper Paper
Plastic Wood Organic
46% 40% 9% 43%
24% 50%
9% Cloth
1%
1% Garden
3% 1% Plastic Paper
% 7% waste
6% 0% 2% 5% 3% 7% 14%

Source: Primary Survey

Case study: Waste composition at different ULBs in Karnataka, 2012
 The C&D waste is also taken to the
landfill site.
 Quantity of waste generated at city
level is higher than the standard
reference norms.
 For Effective and Efficient
Municipal Solid Waste Planning &

EL
Management detail estimates on
waste generation needs to

PT
conducted for each urban
area.
.443

N
.429
.359 .349

Bellary Hospet Kampli Kamalapur

Per capita waste gen. at city level (Kg/c/d)

Source: Primary Survey

REFERENCES

1. CPHEEO(2016), Municipal Solid Waste Management Manual, Ministry of Urban Development,

EL
Government of India (Part 1, 2 and 3)

PT
2. World Bank Group(2018), What a Waste 2.0 A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to 2050
3. Reddy P.H., Pandit D., A Framework for Improving MSWM Efficiency in Different Types of ULBs: Case

N
Study Bellary District Karnataka, NCHF Bulletin, 31(5), pp. 25-30, 2018.
Link: https://www.nchfindia.net/special-issue-nov-2018.pdf
 CONCLUSIONS

 MSW quantity, composition, and other characteristics vary at the national level, urban
level, community level and among different households.

EL
PT
N
N
PT
EL
KEY POINTS

⮚ Waste composition global outlook

EL
⮚ Determination of waste composition

PT
⮚ Case study waste composition Cuttack, 2008
⮚ Case study at different ULBs in Karnataka, 2012

N
 EL
PT
Urban Services Planning

N
Dr. DEBAPRATIM PANDIT
ARCHITECTURE AND REGIONAL PLANNING, IIT KHARAGPUR
Module 04: Waste generation storage and minimization
Lecture 20 : Waste storage
CONCEPTS COVERED

⮚ Household level storage of segregated waste

EL
⮚ Bulk waste storage
⮚ Waste storage in public places

PT
⮚ Secondary storage

N
⮚ Case study: Stationery compacters in Kolkata
⮚ Case study: Indore
Household level Storage of Segregated Waste
Covered bins

Color (As per SWM Rules, 2016)

“Bins for storage of bio-degradable wastes shall be painted
green, those for storage of recyclable wastes shall be printed
white and those for storage of other wastes shall be printed
black”

EL
Wet waste (green)
Dry waste (white) (Source: CPHEEO(2016))

PT
Domestic hazardous waste (black/red)

N
Capacity
 Frequency of collection and quantity of waste generated.
 Household(5 members): 12–15l (0.015 m3 ) bin for dry/wet waste considering daily collection
 Spare capacity: 100%
 In case of alternate days either larger bin or multiple container.
 Regular washing of wet waste bin.
 Plastic bag use inside waste bin should be avoided
Household-level Storage of Segregated Waste
Special Waste including Domestic Hazardous Waste(DHW) storage
 Complete segregation and storage for handing over to special waste
collection centers or collection schemes through retail outlets.
 ULBs should establish 1 DHW center per 20 sq. km.

Yard Waste or Garden Waste storage

 On-site treatment

EL
 Large standard containers for storage for collection
Kakinada Municipal Corporation (KMC)

PT
Large gated communities and complexes: (Source: Niti Aayog(2021))

 Internal door to door collection of segregated waste or community level bins

N
 Bin design as per collection vehicle design and lifting mechanism
Typical design:
60l (25kg) bin: 12 households
120l (50kg) bin: 24 households
240l (96 kg) bin: 48 households
Material of bin construction: High-density polyethylene (HDPE)
Highly durable and ultraviolet (UV) tested
Bulk Waste storage
(Source:https://www.indi
Bulk Waste Generator: Average waste generated per day> 100kg amart.com/proddetail/fo
(Offices and institutions, hospitals & nursing homes, educational ur-wheeled-waste-bins-
18179768588.html)
institutions, hostels, hotels, commercial and retail establishments,
markets, religious facilities, sports complexes)

 Segregated on-site waste storage

 Standard bin design as per collection system and auto lifting by

EL
standard bin lifting devices on compacters or vehicles 4 wheeled HDPE container

PT
Design: Wheeled(4 wheels) HDPE, galvanized iron bins
Capacity and number: Waste generated per day and collection

N
frequency and 100% spare capacity
240 l (96 kg), 600 l (270–280 kg), 770 l (315–350 kg), 1,100 l (449–
495 kg)

Community C&D waste collection bins

 Waste storage in Public Places
Provided at a distance of 25m to 250m along streets as per context.
(Also provided within parks, markets, public places, tourist areas, bus
and railway stations, large retail/shopping malls)

Segregation: Dry and wet waste

(Source:https://www.dreamstime.com

EL
/dry-waste-wet-waste-dustbin-park-
indore-india-blue-green-dustbins-to-
placed-park-to-separate-dry-wet-

PT
waste-to-image171556832)

N
Indore: Dry and waste storage in park
Secondary storage
 Community bins are provided where door to door collection is difficult to implement
 Similarly waste collected via door to door collection is also brought to a collection
point in the neighborhood where it may need to be stored
 Primary goal is to ensure healthy and hygienic environment for users and workers.
Waste storage depots
Cement-concrete bins, Masonry bins Dhalao

EL
Dhalaos (large three-walled concrete structures) Source:https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-
news/delhis-north-civic-body-turns-vacant-dhalaos-into-
Metal bins or containers gardens-libraries-101640802146087.html)

PT
 Cement concrete/masonry bins are enclosures are difficult to clean and remain littered and dirty
 People throw garbage from a certain distance which further increases the litter

N
 Cover is not applied even though mandatory
 All community bins should be washed at regular intervals
 Storage depots and container design compatibility with primary
& secondary waste collection vehicles
Metal containers
 Easily lifted through mechanical means
 Reduces manual and multiple handling of waste Metal container
Secondary storage
Typical design of secondary storage containers
1100 litre capacity four wheeled bins/containers: Lifted
through compactor
3000 to 7000 litre capacity metal containers: Lifted using
dumper placer system
Hook lift containers 8 cu.m. or larger (multi-purpose bulk Primary collection to secondary storage
waste containers)

EL
(Source: CPHEEO(2016))

Capacity

PT
200% of average daily expected waste storage requirement

N
Maintenance
Cleaning at least once a month
Painting at least once a year prevents corrosion.
Replacement of broken parts
Secondary storage to compactor
(Source: CPHEEO(2016))
Periodic inspection of depot flooring screen walls: Every 3 months
Secondary storage of street sweeping and silt from drains
Case study: Stationery Compactors in Kolkata
2012: Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC)
Kolkata Environmental Improvement Project (ADB)
 Improved collection efficiency and transportation
 Compactors are fitted with hook loaders
 78 sites selected under the JNNURM program
 Custom design considering available space and waste
generated in service area.

EL
 Tip cart mechanism for manual feeding, wheel barrow (Source: https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/calcutta/waste-
compactor-must-in-large-kolkata-housing-complexes/cid/1790860)
feeding, and 1–2 m3 auto tippers.

PT
(Source:https://www
 Enables transportation of waste in closed containers .kmcgov.in/KMCPort
al/outside_jsp/KMC_
 Littering is stopped at

N
starts_portable_
secondary storage site Compactor_15_
01_2013.jsp)
 Allows night transportation
 Seamless integration with
primary collection system
 Design as per available area
 Training and capacity building
Case study: Indore
Cleanest city in India (Segregation at source)
2 bin system (Swacch Bharat Mission)
Biodegradable waste(green), Nonbiodegradable waste(blue)
2017: Further segregation of sanitary and hazardous waste(Swacch
Survekshan toolkit)
Public acceptance: Awareness campaigns, trust building sessions

EL
Deterrent: Unsegregated waste was not collected

Current Segregation practice:

PT
Collection of biodegradable, non-
Biodegradable, Non-biodegradable (excluding plastic), Plastic, Sanitary,
biodegradable, domestic hazardous,
Domestic hazardous and E-waste

N
electronic and sanitary waste
Enables further waste processing and resource recovery:
(Source: Niti Aayog(2021))

Litter bins across the entire city(Blue, green)

Pandemic: New yellow bin for mask and glove recovery
Door-to-door: Less than 50 kg of garbage daily
Bulk waste generators separate system
REFERENCES

1. CPHEEO(2016), Municipal Solid Waste Management Manual, Ministry of Urban Development,

EL
Government of India (Part 1, 2 and 3)

PT
2. Niti Aayog(2021), WASTE-WISE CITIES Best practices in municipal solid waste management

N
 CONCLUSIONS

 MSW storage container sizes depend on the collection frequency and the quantity of
waste generated.

EL
 Containers need to be of standard sizes and are cleaned and maintained regularly.

PT
N
N
PT
EL
KEY POINTS

⮚ Household level storage of segregated waste

EL
⮚ Bulk waste storage
⮚ Waste storage in public places

PT
⮚ Secondary storage

N
⮚ Case study: Stationery compacters in Kolkata
⮚ Case study: Indore