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Test Bank For Creating Environments For Learning Birth To Age Eight, 4e Julie Bullard
Test Bank For Creating Environments For Learning Birth To Age Eight, 4e Julie Bullard
Test Bank For Creating Environments For Learning Birth To Age Eight, 4e Julie Bullard
com
Test Bank
Fourth Edition
Julie Bullard
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[Q1]
Which of the following is a true statement about children’s learning during the early
years?
1. The lack of appropriate experiences in the early childhood years can alter a child’s
brain development. [correct]
2. Brain development is most rapid during adolescence.
3. Since children spend more time from fourth to eighth grade than in birth to grade
three environments, they have the opportunity to make up for missed early
experiences.
4. The synapses developed by the brain remain consistent during childhood.
[Feedback for Correct Answer 1]
Children’s brain development is altered by the environment and stimulation that they
receive. This affects not only the brain but even how genes are expressed.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 2]
Brain development is most active during the early childhood years.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 3]
Children in most early childhood environments will spend more time in these
environments than in the rest of elementary school. Additionally, learning is built on the
foundation of early childhood. If these skills are missing, it is often difficult to make them
up.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 4]
The synapses that are developed are strengthened or pruned as a result of
experiences.
[Q2]
Which of the following activities would be the best example of guided play?
1. The children are divided into small groups, and each child is given finger paint to
create a picture. The teacher asks them to create a picture of spring.
2. Children are assigned to a specific learning center where they choose what activity
they would like to participate in. The teacher has them rotate centers every 15
minutes.
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3. The teacher is leading the group in dramatizing the book Caps for Sale. The teacher
assigns some children to be the monkeys, others the trees, and one child to be the
peddler.
4. It is center time and two children have chosen the science center. They are
determining what types of homemade wands will make bubbles. The teacher had
introduced the activity during group time. [correct]
[Feedback for Answer Choice 1]
Child choice is a critical aspect of play. This includes whether to participate in the play,
the direction the play will take, and whether the play will continue. In this instance,
choice is limited.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 2]
Although there is some choice involved in the activity, the choice of how long to
participate is missing.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 3]
This is an example of playful learning, where the teacher uses a playful approach to
teach a lesson. Many play researchers do not view this as play
[Feedback for Correct Answer 4]
The example of the children creating bubble wands in the science center would be the
best example of guided play. The children have a choice of whether to participate and
for how long. The teacher has guided the learning through introducing it at group time.
[Q3]
Which is a true statement about play?
1. While play assists children’s social and emotional development, there is no evidence
that it helps them academically.
2. Play is critical in preschool, but once children enter elementary school, they need to
be more academically oriented.
3. If children have choices of activities, they don’t learn to follow rules.
4. Research suggests that guided play enhances children’s learning more than free
play or direct instruction. [correct]
[Feedback for Answer Choice 1]
Research demonstrates that play can assist children with social, emotional, literacy, and
cognitive development.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 2]
Research demonstrates that play continues to be an effective way for children to learn
even in elementary school.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 3]
As children play, they learn to follow self-imposed rules to keep the play going. For
2
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example, in dramatic play, they must continue the script and stay within their role to
keep the play moving forward.
[Feedback for Correct Answer 4]
Several studies have shown that guided play can enhance learning more than free play
or direct instruction.
[Q4]
Which of the following teacher statements is most aligned with developmentally
appropriate practice?
1. “Children are in my program for only half a day; therefore, we do not have time for
play. They can always play at home.”
2. “I believe that if we want children to be prepared for elementary school, we need to
spend our time on academics.”
3. “I believe that it is important to have a variety of materials at different levels in my
classroom to meet the needs of all the children.” [correct]
4. “I want to make sure that children are prepared when they go to elementary school.
So I make sure that we complete worksheets each day.”
[Feedback for Answer Choice 1]
Play is often more effective for learning than other approaches.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 2]
Play enhances children’s academic and social skills. Both are necessary for school
success.
[Feedback for Correct Answer 3]
The teacher who is most aligned with developmentally appropriate practices (D AP) is
the teacher who states, “I believe that it is important to have a variety of materials at
different levels in my classroom to meet the needs of all the children.” This teacher is
aware that children of the same age will be at different developmental levels.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 4]
Children learn best through active, hands-on learning.
[Q5]
Which of the following environmental strategies would be most effective in supporting
positive behaviors?
1. Teach children to share by reducing the number of toys
2. Have a large, open floor plan so that children have room to run
3. Provide clear boundaries between learning centers. [correct]
4. Place all the toys in toy boxes, so that there are less problems with picking toys up
[Feedback for Answer Choice 1]
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[Q1]
Which would be the most accurate definition of N AEYC?
1. An association primarily serving childcare providers
2. An association primarily serving early childhood professionals working with children
ages 3–8
3. An association that advocates for young children and the early childhood profession
[correct]
4. An association that only has members in the United States
[Feedback for Answer Choice 1]
NAEYC is a professional organization that serves those working or advocating for
children from birth to age 8 in a variety of settings.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 2]
NAEYC is a professional organization that serves those working or advocating for
children from birth to age 8 in a variety of settings.
[Feedback for Correct Answer 3]
Among other things, NAEYC is a professional organization that advocates for young
children and the early childhood profession. They also develop national standards, grant
accreditation, and provide professional development and resources.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 4]
The association serves members around the world.
[Q2]
Which of the following teacher statements is consistent with developmentally
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[Q3]
Both the partnership for 21st Century Skills and the Association for Supervision and
Curriculum Development (ASCD) Whole Child Initiatives stress 21st Century Skills.
Which of the following is an example of a 21st Century Skill?
1. Engaging in critical thinking [correct]
2. Memorizing large amounts of information
3. Returning to the basics
4. Viewing the teacher as a “sage on the stage”
[Feedback for Correct Answer 1]
Engaging in critical thinking is one of the 21st Century Skills. Some other skills include
creativity, communication, collaboration, and technology skills.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 2]
Memorizing large amounts of information would be counter to 21stCentury Skills, which
emphasize thinking skills.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 3]
While content is important to 21st Century Skills, those advocating for this approach do
not believe that content alone is enough. Children need additional skills such as being
5
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[Q4]
The Partnership for 21st Century Skills emphasize learner-centered curriculum. Which
of the following would you likely see in a school emphasizing this philosophy?
1. Curriculum focusing on one subject at a time
2. Most of the time devoted to teacher-directed whole group activities
3. Project-based learning [correct]
4. Classroom with individual desks facing the interactive whiteboard
[Feedback for Answer Choice 1]
The Partnership for 21st Century Skills emphasizes integrated learning often with
themes based on children’s interests.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 2]
Learning center curriculum is based on student needs and interests. Rather than large
group teacher-directed groups, you would be more likely to see collaborative small
groups.
[Feedback for Correct Answer 3]
Project-based learning would be consistent with learner-centered curriculum. As
children engage in projects, they learn content and also 21st Century Skills.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 4]
A learning-centered classroom would be more likely to have tables and chairs
promoting collaborative small group learning than individual desks.
[Q5]
Early childhood textbooks frequently refer to Developmentally Appropriate Practices (D
AP). What is DAP?
1. Methods that assist each child to learn through a strength-based, play-based
approach [correct]
2. A one-size-fits-all teaching approach based upon developmental progressions
3. An early childhood curriculum
4. A mandate to allow free play versus teaching
[Feedback for Correct Answer 1]
DAP is “methods that promote each child’s optimal development and learning through a
6
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Learning Objective 1.3: Describe how early childhood theorists and curriculum
approaches support play-based learning in a rich environment.
[Q1]
Which of the following is a belief that was promoted by Montessori, Piaget, and
Malaguzzi?
1. They all believe that children learn through play. [correct]
2. They all believe that it is important to first teach the child the correct way to use a
material before giving the material to the child.
3. They all promote the plan, do, review method.
4. They all believe that it is best if the teacher takes a “hands-off” approach to teaching.
[Feedback for Correct Answer 1]
Montessori, Piaget, and Malaguzzi all believed that children learn best through play.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 2]
Montessori believed it is best to first teach the child the correct way to use a material,
while Piaget and Malaguzzi did not stress this. Piaget and Malaguzzi also emphasized
using more open-ended materials that could be used in a variety of ways.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 3]
The High Scope model based upon Piaget, promotes the plan, do, review method. This
is unique to this model and is not emphasized by Montessori or Malaguzzi.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 4]
None of the approaches believes in a “hands-off” approach. All view the teacher as a
facilitator of learning.
[Q2]
Which material would be the most likely to provide affordances?
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[Q3]
One of Vygotsky’s well-known theories is the zone of proximal development (Z PD). The
ZPD is assisted by scaffolding. Which of the following is a true statement regarding
scaffolding?
1. Scaffolding is having a teacher or another child complete the work for the child.
2. Scaffolding is the support provided to help a child perform a task in the ZPD zone.
[correct]
3. Scaffolding can only be provided by the teacher or an older child.
4. Scaffolding always involves showing a child what to do.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 1]
While modeling could be a type of scaffolding, completing the work for the child is not.
[Feedback for Correct Answer 2]
Scaffolding uses a variety of techniques to assist a child to perform a task in their ZPD.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 3]
Scaffolding can be provided by anyone with increased knowledge or skills including a
younger child.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 4]
Scaffolding could be just providing a hint.
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[Q4]
What would you most likely see in a HighScope program?
1. Children engaged in plan, do, review [correct]
2. Children participating in several hours of direct instruction
3. Commercial materials only
4. A hands-off approach as children use the learning environment
[Feedback for Correct Answer 1]
Children engage in plan, do, review in the HighScope approach.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 2]
Children in the HighScope approach engage in play-based learning rather than several
hours of direct instruction.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 3]
HighScope emphasizes natural materials in addition to commercial materials.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 4]
HighScope promotes the teacher scaffolding learning as children use learning centers.
[Q5]
What would you be most likely to see in a Montessori program?
1. Plastic hammers
2. Mainly open-ended materials
3. Orderly environments [correct]
4. Adults directing children’s activities
[Feedback for Answer Choice 1]
Montessori advocated using real tools rather than plastic child toys.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 2]
Montessori materials are often closed ended, meaning that they are designed so that
there is a correct way to use the material.
[Feedback for Correct Answer 3]
Montessori advocated an orderly environment stating that it helped children to develop
order in their lives.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 4]
Teachers in Montessori schools give children lessons on how to use materials but then
allow them to work on their own.
Learning Objective 1.4: Describe the role of the teacher in creating effective learning
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[Q1]
Tenille is sitting with a group of preschool children at lunchtime. Which of the following
is an example of an open-ended question she could ask at this time?
1. Do you like apples or oranges better?
2. What are the ways that apples and oranges are alike? [correct]
3. What color are the beets?
4. What do you say when Terrence passes you the meat loaf?
[Feedback for Answer Choice 1]
Closed-ended questions ask the child to recall factual information, give a correct
answer, answer yes or no, or state a preference. In this case, children are asked to
state a preference.
[Feedback for Correct Answer 2]
The best example of an open-ended question is, “What are the ways that apples and
oranges are alike?” Open-ended questions encourage multiword responses that have
more than one correct answer. They invite conversation, require thinking and problem
solving, and ask children to share ideas, theories, thoughts, emotions, and reasoning.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 3]
This question is closed ended, where there is one correct answer.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 4]
This question is closed ended. There is a specific answer the teacher is expecting.
[Q2]
Which of the following is the most effective approach in designing an environment for
the four-year-old children in your program?
1. Duplicate an environment that has proved to be successful in another program.
2. Observe the children in your classroom to understand their interests and
developmental levels, and then use this information to design an environment.
[correct]
3. Set up an environment with all the recommended learning centers and then
eliminate any centers that are not used.
4. Duplicate the five-year-old classroom in your program so the children will be familiar
with it when they transition to the next room.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 1]
Duplicating environments does not allow you to meet the unique interests and needs of
the children in your classroom. It also does not take into account the unique philosophy
of the program.
10
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[Q3]
Scott is just beginning to learn the names for the letters of the alphabet. Which of the
following would be an example of the teacher scaffolding his learning?
1. The teacher requires Scott to spend 15 minutes a day working with letter flash cards.
2. The teacher tells Scott, “You need to learn all your letters and then you will be ready
to read.”
3. The teacher does not want to push Scott to learn letters before he is ready, so she
takes a “hands-off” approach.
4. The teacher says the names of the letters as she writes down words that Scott
dictates. [correct]
[Feedback for Answer Choice 1]
It is often more effective and more motivating for children to learn the letters in a
meaningful context rather than through repeated drill.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 2]
Telling a child that he needs to learn the letters without providing appropriate support is
not effective.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 3]
The “hands-off” approach will not help Scott to learn the letters.
[Feedback for Correct Answer 4]
An example of scaffolding would be to name the letters as you write down the words
that Scott dictates. This allows Scott to learn the letters in a meaningful context and
supports him in learning the letter names.
[Q4]
Four teachers are discussing how they support children’s play during center time. Which
is facilitating learning through guided play?
11
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1. “Since I do not want to disrupt children’s play, I take a hands-off approach during
learning center time.”
2. “I give each child specific tasks to perform during learning center time.”
3. “I direct the children’s play, that way I know that they are learning and that all the
children are involved.”
4. “I observe children while they use learning centers and interact when appropriate to
support their learning.” [correct]
[Feedback for Answer Choice 1]
Guided play is when the child directs the play, and the teacher scaffolds the child’s
learning. A total hands-off approach does not provide scaffolding.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 2]
Guided play is when the child directs the play, and the teacher scaffolds the child’s
learning. In this case, the teacher is directing the play.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 3]
Guided play is when the child directs the play, and the teacher scaffolds the child’s
learning. In this case, the teacher is directing the play.
[Feedback for Correct Answer 4]
This is an example of guided play. The child directs the play, and the teacher supports
the learning as needed.
[Q5]
Your local mall is having a children’s event. Your organization is attending and wants to
promote play as a primary way that children learn. Which of the following would be the
most effective in advocating play-based learning?
1. Provide a sink and float activity for children and have a display board that describes
what children are learning as they participate in the activity. [correct]
2. Have an art display with children’s work from various programs.
3. Give each family a handout that provides research about what children learn during
play.
4. Set up a booth with a finger painting activity for children to participate in.
[Feedback for Correct Answer 1]
A hands-on activity will entice families to visit your booth. The activity is appropriate for
young children. The display board will help families to understand what children are
learning especially if it is written with a bullet list containing as few words as possible to
make the point.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 2]
An art display can be a way for the public to see children’s work. However, without an
explanation of what children are learning, many will not understand the value of what
12
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Application Exercises
Application Exercise 1.1
Learning Objective 1.1 Explain why the environment is important for children’s
learning.
[Q1]
Use the opening photo in Chapter 1 of your text or eText to answer the following
question. How does the environment support positive behaviors?
[Q2]
Use the opening photo in Chapter 1 of your text or eText to answer the following
question. What could be added to this environment to support positive behaviors?
[Q1]
Scenario: You visit a classroom in which the Pre-K children are sitting at tables. All the
children are completing the same alphabet worksheets.
Question: What are two developmental principles this practice violates?
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exactly the same developmental level and that they learn through drill.
[Q2]
Scenario: You visit a classroom in which the Pre-K children are sitting at tables. All the
children are completing the same alphabet worksheets.
Question: What is at least one example of an authentic opportunity to practice learning
letters that you might find in learning centers? Why would this activity be more
developmentally appropriate than having all the children complete the same alphabet
worksheet?
[Q1]
Your text or eText discusses five early childhood theorists: Montessori, Piaget,
Vygotsky, Malaguzzi, and Steiner. What are the similarities between at least three or
more of the theorists?
[Q2]
Your text or eText discusses five early childhood theorists: Montessori, Piaget,
Vygotsky, Malaguzzi, and Steiner. What is at least one unique idea that each theorist is
credited with developing and promoting?
15
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Test Items
Multiple Choice Questions
1) Which answer is the best example of free play as described in the textbook?
a. The teacher engages the children in a game of red light and green light.
b. Children participate in a scripted drama.
c. A group of children pretend that they are preparing and eating a meal.
d. A group of children and their coach participate in little league baseball.
2) Research reveals that outcomes for children are better if they are in classrooms with
.
a. more teacher-directed instruction
b. more play-based instruction
c. more large group activities
d. less center time activities
3) Which statement is not true? The value of play is supported by .
a. United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child
b. Theorists including Montessori, Vygotsky, Piaget, and Malaguzzi but not Steiner
c. Curricular approaches including Waldorf, Reggio Emilia, HighScope, Tools of the
Mind, and Montessori
d. Developmentally Appropriate Practices
4) Teachers support the learning through the environment in all the following ways
EXCEPT ___________.
a. building interest in the centers and materials
b. taking a hands-off approach as children use the centers
c. assessing children and documenting their learning
d. having large and small discussions about the center activities
5) Which of the following is an example of an open-ended question?
a. Do you want peaches or pears?
b. What is your favorite type of flower?
c. How many buttons do you have on your shirt?
d. How are cows and horses the same or different?
6) Which statement is not true? Children generally exhibit more positive behaviors if
the teacher .
a. provides retreat areas where children can be alone
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4. Lev Vygotsky believed that play was the ideal avenue for practicing self-regulation
skills because children need to use self-regulation skills to sustain a plot and to stay
in character. Additionally, it is a highly motivating activity for practicing these skills.
5. There are many appropriate open-ended questions that could be asked. For
example, “How are grasshoppers, crickets, and centipedes alike? How are they
different? Where do you think you might find a cricket? Where do you think you
might find a centipede?”
6. A teacher could help families understand the learning center approach through
introducing learning centers at a family night, posting skills that children are learning
in each learning center, displaying and sending home children’s artifacts that are
created during learning center time, planning special events to showcase what
children are learning, or creating a booklet to send home to each family of learning
center photos with what children are learning in each center.
20
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