EM II Lab Manual

Electrical Machines-II Lab
Lab Manual
B.E. V – Semester
Subject Code: 20EE C22
Prepared by
N. Santosh Kumar & Head

P. Hemeshwar Chary Dept. of EEE
In-charge EM-II Lab
EEE. Department.
CHAITANYA BHARATHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(Autonomous)
(Gandipet, Hyderabad, Telangana-500075)
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

CHAITANYA BHARATHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (A)
OUR MOTTO: SWAYAM TEJASWIN BHAVA
Institute To be a centre of excellence in technical education and research.

Vision
Institute To address the emerging needs through quality technical education and advanced research.
Mission
To achieve Academic and Professional Excellence in Teaching and Research in the frontier
Department
areas of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Vis-a -Vis serve as a Valuable Resource for
Vision
Industry and Society.
Emphasis on providing Strong Theoretical Foundation & Engineering Leadership
M1 Eminence, infusion of Creativity and Management skill while maintaining Ethics and
Moralfor Sustainable Development. ( Individual development )
Enable the Faculty and Student Interactions to trigger interest for Applied
Department
M2 Multidisciplinary Research and Entrepreneurship Culture resulting in Significant
Mission Advancement of the field of Specialization with Involvement of Industries and
Collaborative
Educational Networks. (Sense of Ownership, Networking and Eco system
Development)
Extend the Conducive Neighborhoods for Innovation in frontier areas to keep pace
M3 with Environmental, Societal and Technological Developments of the National and
International Community to Serve Humanity. (Service to Society, Atmanirbhar
Bharat)
Ennoble in offering Design solutions for Complex Engineering Problems using
PEO 1 appropriate modern Software tools, with the specified need of the Industry and
Protagonist in transforming the Society into a Knowledge Society.
Elevate Engineering Leadership and will be recognized as Experts working in in
PEO 2 Government, Consulting firms, International organizations with their Creativity in
Design of Experiments, Analysis and Interpretation of Data and Synthesis of
Information.
Exalt in their Professional career by Persistence in Team work, Ethical behavior,
PEO 3
Proactive involvement, and Effective Communication.
Excel by becoming Researches , Professors and Entrepreneurs who will create
PEO 4 and Disseminate new knowledge in the frontier areas of Engineering, Technology and
Management.
Evaluate complex Engineering Problems to meet the distinct need of Industry &
PSO 1 Society, by utilizing knowledge of Mathematics, Science, Emerging Technologies
such as AI, Block chain & IT tools.
Exhibit Latent talent in understanding the Engineering and Administration
PSO 2
standards at work place as a team leader to manage Projects in the Multi-Disciplinary
Environments.
Establish Engineering Expertise in Power system, Machines and Drives Systems and
PSO 3 also Pursue Research in the Frontier areas such as Embedded systems, Renewable
Energy, E- Mobility and Smart grid.
Program Outcomes of B.E (EEE) Program
Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals, and an

1. Engineering Knowledge
engineering specialization for the solution of complex engineering problems
Identify, formulate, research literature, and analyse complex engineering

2. Problem Analysis problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design system

3. Design/Development of components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
Solutions consideration for public health and safety, and cultural, societal, and
environmental considerations.
Use research-based knowledge and research methods including design of

4. Conduct Investigations
experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information
of Complex Problems
to provide valid conclusions.
Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern

5. Modern Tool Usage engineering and IT tools, including prediction and modelling to complex
engineering activities, with an understanding of the limitations.
Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal, health,

6. The Engineer and Society safety, legal, and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to
the professional engineering practice.
Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in societal and

7. Environment and Sustainability environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for
sustainable development.
Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities

8. Ethics
and norms of the engineering practice.
Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverseteams,

9. Individual and Teamwork
and in multidisciplinary settings.
Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering

community and with the society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and
10.Communication
write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations,
and give and receive clear instructions.
Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering and management

11.Project Management and
principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team,
Finance
to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
Recognize the need for and have the preparation and ability to engage in
12.Life-long Learning independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological
change.
LAB ETHICS
Do's
1. Enter the lab on time and make sign in the log book.
2. Keep the bags in the space provided.
3. Utilize lab hours in the scheduled slots.
4. Make sure that the Equipment /Apparatus /kit placed back to the Original position
after completion of the experiment.
5. Maintain the decorum of the lab.
Don'ts
1. Don’t bring any personnel belongings to the lab.

2. Don’t make noise in the lab.
3. Don’t bring mobile to the lab.
4. Don’t enter the faculty room without permission.
5. Don’t carry any lab equipment outside the lab, without permission.
SAFETY RULES
1. Never work alone in laboratories. Make sure that there are other students also
working in the laboratory. This is to ensure that sharing and help during any
unforeseen incidents.
2. Use only instruments and power tools provided with three wire power cord or
doubly insulated power tools.
3. Always 'SWITCH OFF' Power while making wiring connection for the specific
experiment.
4. Check all power cords for sign of damage. Replace or repair damaged cords and
leads.
5. Always wear shoes.
For boys: Enter the lab with the shirts tucked in.
For girls: Enter the lab by placing the plaint properly into the apron weared.
6. Never handle electrical instruments when your skin is wet.
7. Do not wear loose clothes while carrying an experiment in the laboratory and
especially in machines lab. Always wear safety goggles when using chemicals or
power tools.
8. Always connect a cable to lead to the point of highest potential as the last step i.e.
Do not connect the lead to the "hot" side of a circuit first, otherwise you will end
up holding a "hot" connector in your hand.
9. Make sure that there is an adequate illumination in the lab working area.
10. Never work on a current transformer unless its output shorted.

Course Code: 20EEC22
ELECTRICAL MACHINES - II LAB

Laboratory In-Charges
Faculty In-Charges:
1. N. Santosh Kumar, Assistant Professor.
2. P. Hemeshwar Chary, Assistant Professor.
Technician In-Charges:
1. Sri. K. Mallesh, Spl. Gr. Technician Gr-III.
2. Sri. P. Venumadhava Chary, Spl. Gr. Technician Gr-III.

With effect from the academic year 2022-2023
20EE C22
ELECTRICAL MACHINES-II LAB
(Semester-V)
Instruction 2 P Hours per Week
Duration of SEE 3Hours
SEE 50 Marks
CIE 50 Marks
Credits 1
Prerequisite: Basic knowledge of Electrical Engineering, Machines and Circuit analysis.
Course Objectives:
1. To understand the practical connections of the machines.
2. To calculate the various parameters of induction motor and synchronous machine by
Performing the experiment.
3. To analyze the performance of the induction motor and synchronous machine by conducting
suitable experiments.
Course outcomes: After completing this course, students will be able to:
1. Make the connections for any given AC machine based on applications.
2. Design the meter ratings for various applications of induction and synchronous machines.
3. Control the speed of the induction motor by different methods.
4. Determine the efficiency and regulation of the given alternator using various methods.
5. Test the induction motor for their no-load and load characteristics.
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Three phase to two phase conversion of transformer (Scott connection)
2. Performance characteristics of Single-phase induction motor
3. Speed control of 3 phase induction motor by rotor resistance control and stator voltage
control
4. Speed control of 3 phase induction motor by V/f control method.
5. No- load test of slip ring induction motor to determine the relationship between
i) Applied voltage and speed, ii) Applied voltage and rotor current,
iii) Applied voltage and stator current, iv) Applied voltage and power factor,
v) Applied voltage and power input.
6. No-load test, blocked rotor test and load test on 3-phase squirrel cage induction motor.
7. Power Factor Improvement of Induction motor using capacitors.
8. Line excited induction generator characteristics.
9. Voltage regulation of alternator by
a) Synchronous impedance method b) Ampere-turn method.
10. Voltage regulation of alternator by zero power factor (ZPF) method.
11. Measurement of Xd and Xq of 3 phase salient pole synchronous machine by conducting slip
test.
12. Synchronization of 3phase alternator to bus bar using dark lamp method.
13. Observation of change in the active and reactive power of an alternator connected to an
Infinite bus by (a) varying excitation, (b) varying mechanical-power input.
14. V and Inverted V-curves of a given synchronous motor.
15. a) Grid Synchronization of DFIG. b) Active and reactive power control of DFIG
Note: At least TEN experiments should be conducted in the semester.
CO-PO & PSO Correlation Articulation Matrix:
Course
Outcome PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2 PSO3
CO1
3 2 1 2 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 2 2
CO2
3 3 2 2 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 2 2
CO3
3 3 2 2 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 2 2
CO4
3 3 2 2 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 2 2
CO5
3 3 2 2 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 2 2
CHAITANYA BHARATHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (A), HYD-75
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Academic Year: 2022-23, Odd-Semester
Course Code: 20EEC22
ELECTRICAL MACHINES - II LAB

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Three phase to two phase conversion of transformer (Scott connection)

2. Performance characteristics of Single-phase induction motor
3. Speed control of 3 phase induction motor by rotor resistance control and
stator voltage control
4. No- load test of slip ring induction motor to determine the relationship between
i) Applied voltage and speed, ii) Applied voltage and rotor current,
iii) Applied voltage and stator current, iv) Applied voltage and power factor,
v) Applied voltage and power input.
5. Power Factor Improvement of Induction motor using capacitors.
6. Voltage regulation of alternator by
(a) Synchronous impedance method (b) Ampere-turn method.
7. Voltage regulation of alternator by zero power factor (ZPF) method.
8. Synchronization of 3phase alternator to bus bar using dark lamp method.
Observation of change in the active and reactive power of an alternator connected to an
Infinite bus by (a) varying excitation (b) varying mechanical-power input.
9. V and Inverted V-curves of a given synchronous motor.
10. (a) Grid Synchronization of DFIG (b) Active and reactive power control of DFIG
Code: 20EEC22
ELECTRICAL MACHINES-II LAB
Index
Page No.
S.No: Experiment Name
1 Three phase to two phase conversion(Scott Connection)

2 Performance Characteristics of 1-Φ Induction Motor
3 Speed Control of Three-Phase Induction Motor by

varying rotor resistance and stator voltage.
3. Power Factor Correction of Three-Phase Induction
4
Motor by Using Static Capacitors
5 Synchronization of Alternator to Infinite bus bar
6 No-Load Test on Three-Phase Slip Ring Induction Motor
Regulation of an Alternator by Synchronous

7
Impedance and Ampere Turns Method
8 Regulation of an Alternator by ZPF Method
9 V and Inverted V Curves of Synchronous Motor
(a) Grid Synchronization of DFIG

10
(b) Active and reactive power control of DFIG
20EEC22 Electrical Machines-II Laboratory
1. SCOTT CONNECTION
Aim:
To perform the Scott connection of transformer, to obtain the two

phase supply from three phase supply and to study the efficiency at
various loads.
Name Plate Details:
S.no Specifications of 1-Φ Transformer

1 Rating
High voltage:
2 Voltage
Low voltage :
High voltage side:
3 Current
Low voltage side:
4 Frequency
Apparatus:
S.no: Equipment Range Type Qty

1 Voltmeter (0–600)V M.I. 1
2 Voltmeter (0–300)V M.I. 2
3 Ammeter (0–10)A M.I. 2
4 Ammeter (0–5)A M.I. 1
5 Wattmeter (0–600)V, 10A UPF 2
6 Resistive load 100Ωs, 5A 2
Theory:
In some cases like two phase electric arc furnace we may require
two phase (2-Φ) supply instead of three phase (3-Φ) or single phase (1-Φ)
power. For that it is necessary to convert 3-Φ to 2-Φ. Scott connection is
one by which 3-Φ to 2-Φ transformation is accomplished with the help of
two identical transformers having same current rating. The two
transformers are connected electrically but not magnetically. One
transformer has a center tap on primary side and it is known as Main
transformer and another transformer has 0.866 tap on primary side
known as Teaser transformer. The 50% tap point on primary side of the
main transformer is joined to 86.6% tap on primary of the teaser
transformer. Obviously full rating of the transformers is not at all used.
Department of EEE, CBIT (A) Page | 1
Circuit diagram:
Procedure:
1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Apply rated voltage at the 3-Φ input of the transformer.
3. At no-load, note down all the meter readings.
4. The secondaries are loaded with resistive loads and the loads are
simultaneously varied to obtain the balanced load on the 2-Φ
5. For each value of load, note the corresponding readings of all the
meters.
6. Calculate the efficiency and plot the graph.
Precautions to be taken:
1. Make sure the connections are properly made, avoid loose

connections.

Tabular Column
%Efficiency=
Voltage Current Voltage Current Wattmeter Output
S.no (Output /input)
V1 I1 V2 I2 (kW) (kW)
x 100
Output = √ (V1I1)2 + (V2I2)2
Expected Graph:
Results:
Conclusions:
Questions:
1. What is the use of Scott connection?

2. Compare open delta, Scott connections.
3. How the Scott connection is formed?
4. One transformer has cruciform type and second transformer
has square type of core which is the better one?
5. Draw the phasor diagram for Scott connection.

2. PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF 1-Φ INDUCTION MOTOR
Aim:
To conduct load test on 1-Φ Induction Motor and to plot its
performance characteristics.
Name Plate Details:
S.no Specifications 1-Φ Induction Motor

1 kW/hp
2 Voltage
3 Current
4 Speed
5 Frequency
6 Rotor
Apparatus:

1 Voltmeter 0 – 300V M.I. 1
2 Ammeter 0 – 10A M.I. 1
3 Wattmeter 0 – 300V, 10A UPF 1
4 Tachometer 0 - 99999rpm Digital 1
Theory:
Single phase Induction motors are not self-starting motors. To
make the motor to start it is temporarily converted into a two phase
motor during starting period. One of the method is by providing an extra
winding, known as auxiliary (or starting) winding, in addition to the main
(or running) winding on the stator with the phase displacement of 900.
The auxiliary winding and the capacitor can be designed for perfect two-
phase operation at any load and they are disconnected automatically by
centrifugal switch, when the motor approaches about 75% of speed then
the motor runs as single phase induction motor.
The load test on induction motor is performed to compute its
complete performance i.e. torque, slip, efficiency, power factor etc.
During this test, the motor is operated at rated voltage and frequency
and normally loaded mechanically by brake and pulley arrangement from
the observed data, the performance can be determined.
A brake drum is coupled to the shaft of the motor and the load is
applied by tightening the belt, provided on the brake drum. The net force
exerted at the brake drum in kg is obtained from the readings S1 and S2
of the spring balances.
Power factor of induction motor on NO-LOAD is very low because of

the high value of magnetizing current. With the increase in load the
power factor increases because the power component of the current is
increased. Low power factor operation is one of the disadvantages of
induction motor. An induction motor draws heavy amount of
magnetizing current due to presence of air gap between the stator and
rotor. Thus to reduce the magnetizing current in induction motor the air-
gap is kept as small as possible.
Circuit diagram:
Procedure:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. The DPST switch is closed and the single-phase supply is given to

the motor.
3. By adjusting the autotransformer, the rated voltage is applied and

the corresponding no load values of speed, spring balance and meter
readings are noted down.
4. If the wattmeter readings show negative deflection on no load, switch

of the supply & interchange the terminals of current coils (M & L) of
the wattmeter.

5. Now, again start the motor (follow above procedure for starting), take
readings by gradually increasing the load through brake drum
arrangement.
6. The procedure is repeated till rated current of the motor is reached.
7. The motor is unloaded, the auto transformer is brought to the

minimum voltage position, and the DPST switch is opened.

connections.
2. The auto transformer must be kept at minimum voltage position.
3. The motor is started at no load condition.
4. The motor should not be stopped under loaded condition
Tabular Columns:
S.no V IL N Pin S1 S2 W=S1-S2 T=9.81Wr Pout P.F. %η=

(Volts) (Amp) (rpm) (Watts) (Kg) (Kg) (Kg) (N-M) =2πNT/60 (CosΦ)
( Pout /Pin) *100
(watts)
1
2
3
4
5
Graphs:
Output Vs Power Factor
Vs Speed (rpm)
Vs Torque (N-m)
Vs Efficiency (%)

Results:
Conclusion:
Questions:
1. What are the types of single-phase induction motor?

2. Why single-phase induction motors are not self-starting?
3. How the direction of a capacitor start Induction motor is be
reversed?
4. What is the difference between three-phase and single-phase
induction motors?
5. What is the rating of single-phase machines? State its applications
6. What is the function of the capacitor in the motor?
7. Why single-phase induction motor has low power factor?
8. State double field revolving theory.
9. Why is the starting torque of a capacitor start induction motor high,
when compared to that of a split phase induction motor?
10. What is the function of Centrifugal switch?
11. What is the slip of forward and backward rotor fields?

3. SPEED CONTROL OF THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
Aim:
Speed control of three-phase slip ring induction motor by stator

voltage control method and rotor impedance control.
Name Plate Details:

1 kW/hp
2 Voltage
3 Current
4 Speed
5 Frequency
6 Rotor
Apparatus required:

1 Voltmeter 0 – 600V M.I. 1
2 Ammeter 0 – 10A M.I. 1
3 Rheostats 15Ωs, 8.6 Amps Wire wound 3
4 Tachometer (0 – 2000)rpm Analog 1
Theory:
Rheostatic control can be applied only to motor with wound rotor.

Resistance is included in the rotor circuit the speed depending on the
amount of additional resistance per phase. The percentage slip is equal
to the percentage rotor copper loss. If the motor is working at a constant
torque, the current will be sensibly constant and the drop in speed below
synchronism will be proportional to the extra resistance per phase. Thus
the drop in speed is proportional to the power dissipated in the rheostat,
the method therefore being very wasteful if speeds much below
synchronism are required. Thus if the speed is half synchronous peed,
half the power supplied to the motor will be wasted in the rheostat. A
further disadvantage of the method is that the speed is a function of the
external resistance only so long as the load torque remains constant.

Circuit Diagram:
Stator Voltage Control Method:
Observation Table:
S.no Stator Voltage (Volts) Speed ‘N’ (rpm)
1.
2.
3.

Rotor Impedance Control Method:
Observation Table:
S.no Rotor Position Speed ‘N’ (rpm)
1.
2.
3.
Procedure:
1. Connect the motor as per the circuit diagram.

2. Keep the external rheostats connected in the rotor circuit in
minimum position.
3. Start the motor without load and switch on the rotor resistance
starter in position ‘1’ after the motor attains steady speed move
switch to position ‘2’ Check again the motor speed. After the
motor attains steady speed move switch to position ‘3’ finally
move the switch to run position after the motor attains steady
speed in position ‘3’. Now in run position the motor is running
at its rated speed.

4. Slowly introduce equal resistance in all the three phases of the

rotor by adjusting external rheostats connected in the rotor circuit.
5. Note down the speed
6. Repeat steps 4 and 5 for different positions of the rheostats.
7. Note down the speed of induction motor for different values of
voltage input to the stator by varying the voltage through a
three phase variac.
Graphs:
Speed Vs Stator applied voltage
Speed Vs Rotor resistance

Result:
Conclusions:
Questions:
1. What are the different methods of speed control of poly phase

squirrel cage induction motor? What are the limitation and
disadvantages of these methods?
2. Explain why the frequency changing device should change
frequency and voltage simultaneously while controlling the
speed on an induction motor?
3. A 3-phase induction motor at normal speed is carrying about
half the rated load. If one of the supply line fuses blows off will
the motor stop or continue running?
4. What is the objection to reduced voltage starting of poly phase
induction motors?
5. Under what conditions is the direct on line starting of poly phase
cage induction motor preferred?

4. POWER FACTOR CORRECTION OF THREE-PHASE INDUCTION

MOTOR BY USING STATIC CAPACITORS
Aim:
To improve the power factor of 3-phase induction motor by using
static capacitors.
Name Plate Details:

1 kW/hp
2 Voltage
3 Current
4 Speed
5 Frequency
6 Rotor
Apparatus:

1 Voltmeter (0 – 600)V M.I. 1
2 Ammeter (0 – 10)A M.I. 1
3 Wattmeter (0–600)V /10A, UPF UPF 1
4 Capacitors Electrostatic 3
Theory:
The best possible power factor of an induction motor
operating near its full load capacity is about 0.86 lag, whereas its
no-load power factor varies from 0.1 to 0.3 lag.
Since induction motor may be light loaded for a part of their
operating time, their average power factor is very low. The reasons
that an induction motor always operates at lagging power factors
for any value of load are as follows
1. The magnetizing current necessary for the production of

working magnetic flux, lags the applied voltage by 900.
2. The voltage drops in stator and rotor leakage reactances

increases the power factor angle between applied voltage and
stator current. Consequently the effect of the power factor is
lagging.

3. By using static capacitors across the stator terminals of both

squirrel cage and wound rotor induction motors the power
factor may be improved.
4. In smaller rating induction motors controlling the power factor

by static capacitors is the simplest and most economical.
Circuit diagram:
Procedure:

2. Switch on the machine under no load without connecting
the capacitors.
3. Note down the readings of ammeter, voltmeter, wattmeter
and power factor meter.
4. Now, slowly introduce the load on the induction motor such
that the currents increase in steps of 0.5A and note down the
readings.
5. The procedure is repeated till rated current of the motor is reached.
6. The motor is unloaded, and the TPST switch is opened.

7. Now connect the capacitors as shown in the circuit diagram and

switch ON the supply to the induction motor and repeat the
above procedure by varying the load from no-load to full load
and note down all meter readings

connections.
2. The motor is started at no load condition and should not be stopped
under loaded condition.
Tabular Columns:
Without capacitors
Voltage Current S1 S2 Power Power factor

s.no
(Volts) (Amps) Kg Kg (kW) (CosΦ)
1.
2.
3.
With capacitors
Voltage Current S1 S2 Power Power factor

s.no
(Volts) (Amps) Kg Kg (kW) (CosΦ)
1.
2.
3.
Results:
Conclusion:

Questions:
1. Write the disadvantages of low power factor.

2. What are the causes of low power factor?
3. It is always economical and desirable to improve the power factor of
an installation in a power system to __________
4. For consumers, the most economical power factor is ____________
5. Write the advantages and disadvantages of static capacitors.
6. Write the advantages and disadvantages of synchronous condenser.

5. SYCHRONISATION OF ALTERNATOR TO INFINITE BUSBAR
Aim:
To study the synchronization of alternator with infinite bus-bars by
dark lamp method.
Name Plate Details:
S.no Specifications DC Motor Alternator

1 Phase
2 kVA/kW/hp
3 Voltage
4 Current
5 Speed
6 Frequency
Apparatus:
S.no Equipment Range Type Qty

2 Ammeter (0 – 10)A M.I. 1
Wire
3 Rheostat 300Ω, 2A wound
1
Wire
4 Rheostat 290Ω, 2.8A & 100Ω, 5A wound
1
5 Lamp Bank 230 V 1
6 Frequency meter (0-100)Hz 1
Theory:
In this dark lamp method, 3-lamps each of which is rated for

alternator terminal voltage are connected across the switches of the
alternator. When the conditions of parallel operation (voltage, frequency
& phase sequence) are satisfied the lamps should be more or less dark.
To synchronize the alternator with bus-bar the prime mover of the
alternator is driven at speed close to the synchronous speed decided by
the bus-bar.
Now the field current of the alternator is increased till voltage across the
machine terminals is equal to the bus-bar voltage.

If all the lamps go ON & OFF concurrently, indicating that the

phase sequence of the alternator matches with bus-bar. On the other
hand if they ON & OFF one after the another it resembles the incorrect
phase sequence, which can be corrected by changing any two phases of
the alternator (by shutting down the machine).
Depending on the frequency difference between alternator voltage

and bus-bar voltage ON & OFF rate of these lamps is decided. Hence the
rate of flickering has to be reduced to match the frequency this is
possible by adjusting the speed of alternator by its prime mover control.
When all these parameters are set the lamps become dark at this instant
the synchronizing switch must be closed.
Circuit Diagram: Dark Lamp Method

Procedure:
1) Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.

2) Switch ON the supply of DC Motor and adjust its field rheostat to
make the alternator to run at rated speed (synchronous speed).
3) Switch ON the DC supply of alternators field winding by keeping
the synchronizing switch open.
4) Close TPST switch on AC side and measure the bus-bar / line
voltage.
5) Now connect voltmeter to alternator terminals and adjust its field
current such that it gives voltage equal to bus-bar/line side voltage.
6) Now observe the sequence of glowing of synchronizing lamps. All
the three sets of lamps will begin to glow bright and dark
simultaneously.
7) The field rheostat of alternator is adjusted to bring the frequency of
alternator to same frequency of infinite bus-bar.
8) The phase sequence of the alternator is made as same as the
infinite bus bar by observing the sequence of glowing of
synchronizing lamps. If the phase sequence is same then the all the
lamp sets will remain in dark for longer period of time.
9) If required make small adjustments in excitation of alternator and
speed of DC motor, to remain the lamps in dark for longer period of
time at that instant synchronizing switch is closed.
10) Thus synchronizing the alternator with the bus-bar. At the time of
closing the switch note ammeter reading, it should be as small as
possible.
Precautions:
1) Avoid loose connections.

2) Make sure that alternator voltage and bus-bar voltage should be
same at the time of closing the synchronizing switch.

Results:
Conclusions:
Questions:
1) What do you mean by synchronization of alternator to infinite bus-

bar?
2) Mention the conditions to be satisfied for synchronization.
3) Name different methods of synchronization.
4) Write the advantages of parallel operation of alternators.
5) What are the draw backs of dark lamp method.

6. NO-LOAD TEST AND BLOCKED ROTOR TEST ON THREE-

PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
Aim:
To conduct No-test and Blocked rotor test on a three-phase
Induction motor and predetermine its characteristics for various loads
by drawing he circle diagram.
Name Plate Details:

1 kW/hp
2 Voltage
3 Current
4 Speed
5 Frequency
6 Rotor
Apparatus:

2 Ammeter (0 – 10)A M.I. 1
3 Wattmeter 3-Φ,(0–600)V / 10A UPF 1
4 Tachometer 0 – 99999rpm Digital 1
5 3-Φ Variac (0-460)V 1
6 Starter Star-Delta 1
Theory:
No-load Test:-
This test is used to determine the no load current Io, no load power
factor cos Φo, windage & friction losses, no load core losses, no load
input, core resistance Ro and magnetizing reactance Xo.
The motor is uncoupled from its load and rated voltage is applied to the
stator. Since there is no output, the power supplied to-the stator is the
some of its copper losses, core losses and friction and wind-age losses
in rotor. Since slip at no load is often within one-tenth of one percent,
the rotor current is practically zero and hence the analogy to the no-
load test of the transformer.

However the no load stator current of the induction motor is

comparatively large therefore copper losses in the stator may not be
neglected as they were for the transformer primary.
No-load test is performed with different values of applied voltage
below and above the rated voltage while the motor is running without
load. The power input for all three phase Po voltage Vo and current Io are
measured by wattmeter, voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
The stator copper loss can be determined by calculating the
winding resistance i.e., measure the resistance between any two
terminals of stator winding by using direct current this gives the
resistance of two phase in series which must be divided by 2 to obtain
resistance per phase.(Rac = 1.25Rdc  R1)
The input Power = W1+W2= P0

Stator copper loss = 3I02 R1
we have no load input power P0=√3 V0I0 CosΦ0
CosΦ0 =P0 / (√3 V0I0)
In phase component of load current Iw = I0 CosΦ0
Magnetizing component of load current Im = I0 SinΦ0
Resistance in Magnetizing circuit R0 = V0 / √3 Iw
Magnetizing reactance X0 = V0 / √3 Im
No load impedance Z0 = V0 / √3 I0
Blocked Rotor Test:-
This test is also known as locked-rotor or short-circuit test.

It is used to find out
(i) short-circuit current with normal voltage applied to the stator.
(ii) Power factor at short-circuit condition.
(iii) Equivalent resistance and reactance of motor as referred to stator.
(iv) Full-load copper loss.
The rotor is prevented from turning by blocking it and a low

voltage of less than 10% of rated voltage is applied to the stator by
using three phase auto transformer. Voltage is them gradually
increased until rated current is circulated in the stator. Since the
voltage required is quite low the power supplied to the stator will be
dissipated as copper loss in both stator and rotor.
If Vs: applied voltage
Is: Short circuit current per phase in stator winding
Ps: Total input power at short circuit

Isc: Short circuit current with normal voltage ‘V’
Isc = Is x (V/Vs)
CosΦ = Ps / (√3 VsIs)

Since input on short circuit meets the stator and rotor copper losses
and core losses being very small can be neglected therefore
Input power under short circuit Ps = 3 (Isc)2 Ro1
Equivalent resistance per phase referred to stator Ro1 = Ps /3Is2
Equivalent impedance per phase referred to stator Zo1 = Vs /Is

Equivalent reactance per phase referred to stator Xo1 = √ (Zo1)2 – (Ro1)2
Circuit diagram: No-Load Test

Procedure:
1. Connect circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Initially keep the break drum free to rotate.
3. Apply rated voltage and note down the corresponding all meter
readings.
Tabular Columns:
Voc I0 Wo
S.no (Volts) (Amp) (kW)
Blocked Rotor Test
Procedure:
2. Initially keep the break drum tight i.e it should not rotate.
3. Apply reduced voltage to circulate rated current and note down the
corresponding all meter readings.

Tabular Columns:
S.no Vsc Isc Wsc

(Volts) (Amp) (kW)
1
Construction of circle diagram:
1. Draw horizontal axis OX and vertical axis OY. Here the vertical axis
represents the voltage reference.
2. With suitable scale, draw phasor OA with length corresponding to I 0

at an angle Φ0 from the vertical axis. Draw a horizontal line AB.
3. Draw OS equal to ISN at an angle ΦSC and join AS.
4. Draw the perpendicular bisector to AS to meet the horizontal line AB

at C.
5. With C as center, draw a semi-circle passing through A and S. This

forms the circle diagram which is the locus of the input current.
6. From point S, draw a vertical line SL to meet the line AB.
7. Fix the point K as below.
For wound rotor machines where equivalent rotor resistance R2′ can be
found out:
Divide SL at point K so that SK: KL = equivalent rotor resistance: stator

resistance.
For squirrel cage rotor machines:

Find Stator copper loss using ISN and stator winding resistance R1.
Rotor copper loss = total copper loss – stator copper loss.
Divide SL at point K so that SK: KL = rotor copper loss: stator copper

loss
Note: If data for separating stator copper loss and rotor copper loss is
not available then assume that stator copper loss is equal to rotor
copper loss. So divide SL at point K so that SK= KL

Graph:

Results:
Conclusion:
Questions:
1. What is the difference between the rotor input and the rotor
power developed?
2. Describe the following terms i) Normal Torque ii)Starting
Torque
iii) Maximum Torque
3. What are the losses that take place in an induction motor?
State the factors on which such losses depend.
4. What are the effects of increasing rotor resistance on starting
current, starting torque maximum torque and full load slip of
an induction motor?
5. What tests are to be performed on an induction motor to be
able to draw its circle diagram?
6. What information one can get about the performance of the
motor from circle diagram?

7. NO-LOAD TEST ON THREE-PHASE SLIP RING INDUCTION

MOTOR
Aim:
To conduct No-test on a three-phase Slip ring Induction motor and
draw the its characteristics.
Name Plate Details:

1 kW/hp
2 Voltage
3 Current
4 Speed
5 Frequency
6 Rotor
Apparatus:

2 Ammeter (0 – 10)A M.I. 2
4 3-Φ Variac (0-460)V 1
5 Power factor 500V, 10Amps 1
meter
Theory:
An induction motor is an electrical device that converts electrical
energy into mechanical energy. It is most widely used for industrial
applications due to its self-starting attribute. Slip ring induction motor
is one of the types of 3-phase induction motor and is a wound rotor
motor type. Because of various advantages like low initial current, high
starting torque, and improved power factor, it is used in applications
that require high torque, cranes, and elevators. The rotor windings
consist of more number of windings, higher induced voltage, and less
current compared to the squirrel-cage rotor. The windings are
connected to external resistance through slip rings, which helps to
control the torque/speed of a motor.

Circuit diagram:
Procedure:

2. Initially keep the auto transformer at zero position.
3. Gradually apply voltage in steps till rated voltage is reached.
4. For each step note down speed, stator current, rotor current, and
power factor.
5. Draw the characteristics between V ‘vs’ Is, V ‘vs’ Ir, V ‘vs’ N,
V ‘vs’ pf
Tabular Columns:
Is Ir
N Power
V (stator (rotor
(Speed) Factor
S.no (Volts) current) current)
(rpm)
(Amp) (Amp)
1
2
3

Expected graph:
Results:
Conclusion:
Questions:
1. What are types of 3- phase induction motor?
2. Why the rotor slots of a 3-phase induction motor are skewed?
3. Why the induction motor is called asynchronous motor?
4. Write an expression for the slip of an induction motor.
5. What is reason for inserting additional resistance in rotor

circuit of a slip ring induction motor?
6. What are the information obtained from no-load test in a 3-

phase induction motor?

8. V AND INVERTED V CURVES OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
Aim:
To plot V and inverted V curves of synchronous motor under
loaded and no load conditions.
Name Plate Details:
S.no Specifications 3-Φ Synchronous Motor

1 kVA/kW/hp
2 Voltage
3 Current
4 Speed
5 Frequency
6 Rotor
Apparatus:

2 Ammeter (0 – 20)A M.I. 1
3 Ammeter (0 – 2)A M.I. 1
4 Rheostat 600Ω, 1.7A Wire wound 1
4 Wattmeter 3-Φ,(0–600)V / 10A UPF 1
6 3-Φ Variac (0-460)V 1
Theory:
Similar to dc motor in case of synchronous motor induced emf is
opposed by applied voltage through armature windings of impedance
Zs. In a synchronous motor rotor rotates at the speed of rotating
magnetic field speed produced by stator current. When load on the
motor increases its fixed axis makes an angle ‘δ‘ with the axis of
rotating magnetic field.
Normal Excitation: If the field current is equal to the rated excitation,
which is called the normal field excitation. The pf of the motor is unity
at this excitation.
Under Excitation: If the field current is below the normal excitation it
is called under excitation. The pf of the motor decreases (lagging pf) at
this excitation.

Over Excitation: If the field current is above the normal excitation it is

called over excitation. The pf of the motor increases (leading pf) at this
excitation.
If the armature current (Ia) is plotted against the field current (If) of
a synchronous motor at constat load, the curve appears as ‘V’ hence the
curve is known as V-curve. The current drawn by the motor will be
minimum when the Ia is in phase with the voltage or the pf of the motor
is unity. It is observed that whenever the field current changes, the no-
load armature current raises sharply on each side of the unity power
factor point. It is also observed that at full load, large changes in If or
excitation make relatively less difference in the I a.The power factor for
constant output is plotted against the field current for a constant load
then it will be as inversion of V-curve.
Circuit diagram:
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram

2. Switch on supply directly and slowly increase the auto transformer
voltage to a rated value
3. Adjust the field rheostat to a position such that the armature
current is a minimum value

4. Note down their value of armature current for field currents above
and below this value.
5. At the point where armature current is minimum load should be
applied on the motor. This is done because at this point, the power
factor is maximum and also to avoid hunting motors.
6. Gradually the load should be increased such that motor draws
rated current
7. Now repeat the same procedure for unloaded motor.
8. Calculate the power factor by using wattmeter reading.
Tabular Columns:
Without load
Voltage Ia If W1 W2 (W1 +W2) Pf

S.no (volts) (amps) (amps) watts
(watts) (watts) (CosΦ)
1.
2.
3.
4.
With load
Voltage Ia If W1 W2 (W1 +W2) Pf

S.no (volts) (amps) (amps) watts
(watts) (watts) (CosΦ)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Φ = tan-1 (√3 (W1-W2) / (W1+W2))

Power factor = Cos Φ

Model Graph:
Results:
Conclusion:
Questions:
1. What are the difficulties in starting a synchronous motor?

2. What are the commonly employed methods of starting a
synchronous motor?
3. What are the applications of synchronous motor?
4. What is synchronous condenser?
5. What do you understand by hunting?
6. State the characteristic features of synchronous motor.

9. REGULATION OF AN ALTERNATOR BY SYNCHRONOUS

IMPEDANCE AND AMPERE TURNS METHOD
Aim:
To determine the regulation of an alternator by Synchronous
impedance and Ampere turns method.
Name Plate Details:
S.no Specifications DC Shunt Motor Alternator

1 kW/hp
2 Voltage
3 Current
4 Speed
5 Frequency
Apparatus:

2 Ammeter (0 – 10)A M.I. 1
3-Φ,(0–600)V /
3 Wattmeter UPF 1
10A
5 3-Φ Variac (0-460)V 1
Theory:
An alternator is an electrical generator that converts mechanical
energy to electrical energy in the form of alternating current. For
reasons of cost and simplicity, most alternators use a rotating magnetic
field with a stationary armature. Low rated alternators use rotating
armature with a stationary magnetic field.
The voltage regulation of an alternator is defined as the difference
between the no-load (Eo) and full-load (V) voltage expressed as a
percentage of full-load voltage.
Voltage regulation of an alternator is usually much higher than that of

power transformer. This is due to large amount of leakage reactance
present in alternator, effect of armature reaction and armature

resistance.Many methods have been devised for determining the

regulation of an alternator from other than direct readings and actual
load tests. By conducting open circuit test and short circuit test the
voltage regulation can be predicted with a great deal of convenience and
economy.
As it is difficult and impracticable to determine the regulation of
large alternator by actual load tests due to lack of adequate loading
facilities and the great expense involved.
In Synchronous Impedance Method / EMF method effective resistance
of armature and its synchronous reactance is required to determine the
regulation. After finding Ra and Xs regulation can be computed as below
Regulation obtained by these method is higher than actual value hence

it is called as pessimistic method.
In Ampere turn method /MMF method makes use of OCC and
SCC characteristics and regulation obtained by these method lower
than actual value hence it is called as optimistic method.
Circuit diagram: Open Circuit Characteristics

Procedure:
Open Circuit Test:-
2. Before starting the experiment motor field rheostats should be kept
at minimum position and alternator field rheostat should be kept at
maximum position.
3. Switch on the supply and close the DPST switch.
4. Adjust the field rheostat of the motor to attain rated speed (equal to
synchronous speed of the alternator)
5. By decreasing the field rheostat of alternator, the excitation current
of alternator is increased gradually in steps.
6. Note the readings of field current, and its corresponding armature
open circuit voltage in a tabular column.
7. The voltage readings are taken up to and 10% beyond the rated
voltage of the machine.
8. The curve is drawn between the induced emf per phase and the field
current known as open circuit characteristics (O.C.C.).
Circuit diagram: Short Circuit Characteristics

Procedure:
Short Circuit Test:-
2. The excitation/field current of alternator is gradually increased in
steps until rated current (1.5 to 2 times the value of full load
current) flows in the machine.
3. At each step note down the readings of excitation current and
armature current (short circuit current)
4. During this test the speed of the alternator is maintained constant.
5. The curve is drawn between armature/short circuit current and
field current known as short circuit current (S.C.C.).
Observation:
Open Circuit Test
S.no Field Current (If) Open circuit voltage (Eo)

Amps volts
1.
2.
3.
Short Circuit Test
S.no Field Current (If) Short circuit current (Isc)

Amps Amps
1.
2.
3.
Model Calculations:
Synchronous impedance method:
Ra is determined by conducting DC test method or measure by using

multimeter.

Generated emf on No-load is
+ve sign for lagging pf and

–ve sign for leading pf
Calculate the no-load voltage (Eo) and voltage regulation for full-load
and
1. 0.8 lagging pf
2. Unity pf
3. 0.8 leading pf
Ampere turns method:
If1 is the field current required to circulate short circuit current

If2 is the field current at rated voltage
Now find the resultant field current (If) by using below relation
+ve sign for lagging pf and

–ve sign for leading pf
find the no-load voltage(Eo) corresponding to resultant field current I f

and then calculate voltage regulation for full-load and
1. 0.8 lagging pf
2. Unity pf
3. 0.8 leading pf

Graphs:
Draw the graph between If ‘Vs’ Eo per phase and If ‘Vs’ Isc
Precautions:
1. Avoid loose connections.
2. Before making or breaking the circuit, supply must be switched
off.
Results:
Conclusions:

Questions:
1. What is voltage regulation of an alternator?

2. Under what condition, regulation is positive or negative?
3. What is regulation at UPF?
4. What are the factors that cause a change of the alternator terminal
voltage as it is loaded?
5. What happens to synchronous reactance if air gap is increased?
6. Explain synchronous impedance method of computing the voltage
regulation leads to pessimistic values?
7. Explain ampere turn method of computing the voltage regulation
leads to pessimistic values?
8. Mention the types of alternators based on rotor construction.
9. Write different excitation systems employed for exciting the field
winding of an alternator.
10. Why alternators are rated in KVA?

10. REGULATION OF AN ALTERNATOR BY ZPF METHOD
Aim:
To determine the voltage regulation of an alternator by Zero Power
Factor (ZPF) method.
Name Plate Details:
S.no Specifications DC Shunt Motor Alternator

1 kW/hp
2 Voltage
3 Current
4 Speed
5 Frequency
Apparatus:

2 Ammeter (0 – 10)A M.I. 1
3-Φ,(0–600)V /
3 Wattmeter UPF 1
10A
5 3-Φ Variac (0-460)V 1
Theory:
An alternator is an electrical generator that converts mechanical energy
to electrical energy in the form of alternating current. For reasons of
cost and simplicity, most alternators use a rotating magnetic field with
a stationary armature. Low rated alternators use rotating armature with
a stationary magnetic field.
The voltage regulation of an alternator is defined as the difference
between the no-load (Eo) and full-load (V) voltage expressed as a
percentage of full-load voltage.
The regulation obtained by synchronous impedance method is

based on total synchronous reactance i.e. sum of armature leakage
flux reactance and reactance due to armature reaction.
But in Zero Power Factor (ZPF) or Potier reactance method
regulation calculation is based on separation of reactance due to

leakage flux and that due to armature reaction flux.
To determine the voltage regulation by this method, a curve
between terminal voltage and field excitation while machine is being
run on synchronous speed and delivering full load at zero power factor
(lagging) have to be drawn along with no load characteristic.
The ZPF characteristic curve is of exactly same shape, as the OCC

but it is shifted vertically downward by leakage reactance drop I XL and
horizontally by armature reaction mmf.
ZPF method gives more accurate results since it is based on the

separation of armature leakage reactance drop and the armature
reaction effects. The following experimental data is required in this
method.
i) Effective resistance of armature winding

ii) Open circuit characteristics
iii) Field current to circulate full load current in the stator
iv) Zero power full load voltage characteristics.
Circuit diagram: ZPF method

Procedure:
2. By adjusting the rheostats in the motor circuit to maintain the
rated speed at each the variation of no-load voltage for changes in
field excitation of the alternator should be noted down. Plot O.C.C
with these values.
3. Short circuit the three terminals of the alternator with an
ammeter inserted in any one line and note down the field current
for full load short circuit current.
4. Now load the alternator at rated voltage with the 3-phase
inductive load which take almost a 900 lagging current with no
real power consumption. With this loading at rated voltage and
rated armature current note down the field current. Tabulate all
the readings and draw the respective curves.
5. Determine the resistance per phase of the alternator.
Observation:
Open Circuit Characteristics
S.no Field Current (If) Open circuit voltage (Eo)

Amps volts
4.
5.
Zero Power Characteristics (Inductive loading)
S.no Field Current (If) voltage (V) Armature Current (Ia)

Amps volts Amps
1.
2.

Graph:
 The point A is obtained from a short circuit test with full load
armature current. Hence OA represents excitation (field current)
required to overcome demagnetizing effect of armature reaction
and to balance leakage reactance drop at full load.
 Point B is obtained when full load current flows through the
armature.
 From B, line BC is drawn and parallel to OA.
 Then a line is drawn through c parallel to initial straight part of
OCC (parallel to OG), intersecting the OCC at D.
 BD is joined and a perpendicular DF is dropped on BC.
 The triangle BFD is imposed at various points OCC to obtain
corresponding points on the ZPF curve.
 The length BF in BFD represents armature reactance and the
length DF represents leakage reactance drop IXL.
 This known as Potier reactance voltage drop and the triangle is
known as Potier Triangle.

 The potier reactance is given as
 In case of cylindrical rotor machines, potier reactance is nearly

equal to armature leakage reactance.
 In case of salient pole machine, the magnetizing circuit is more
saturated and the armature leakage reactance is smaller than the
potier reactance.
Precautions:
1) Avoid loose connections.

2) Before making or breaking the circuit, supply must be switched off.
Results:
Conclusions:
Questions:
1) How do you obtain zpf characteristics on the machine for testing?

2) What is the effect of the armature reaction at upf, zero lagging pf
and zero leading pf?
3) What is meant by leakage reactance of an alternator? How do you
find it from the zpf test?
4) What is meant by potier reactance of an alternator? How do you
find it from the zpf test?
5) Is a zpf curve similar to an occ curve of an alternator? How much
is it shifted horizontally and vertically from the occ curve?
6) What is the saturated reactance of an alternator?

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Electrical Machines-II Lab

N. Santosh Kumar & Head

CHAITANYA BHARATHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Institute To be a centre of excellence in technical education and research.

Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals, and an

Identify, formulate, research literature, and analyse complex engineering

Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design system

Use research-based knowledge and research methods including design of

Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern

Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal, health,

Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in societal and

Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities

Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverseteams,

Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering

Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering and management

1. Don’t bring any personnel belongings to the lab.

doubly insulated power tools.

5. Always wear shoes.

6. Never handle electrical instruments when your skin is wet.

up holding a "hot" connector in your hand.

10. Never work on a current transformer unless its output shorted.

ELECTRICAL MACHINES - II LAB

2. P. Hemeshwar Chary, Assistant Professor.

2. Sri. P. Venumadhava Chary, Spl. Gr. Technician Gr-III.

Course Code: 20EEC22

ELECTRICAL MACHINES - II LAB

1. Three phase to two phase conversion of transformer (Scott connection)

1 Three phase to two phase conversion(Scott Connection)

3 Speed Control of Three-Phase Induction Motor by

6 No-Load Test on Three-Phase Slip Ring Induction Motor

Regulation of an Alternator by Synchronous

9 V and Inverted V Curves of Synchronous Motor

(a) Grid Synchronization of DFIG

To perform the Scott connection of transformer, to obtain the two

Name Plate Details:

S.no Specifications of 1-Φ Transformer

S.no: Equipment Range Type Qty

1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.

1. Make sure the connections are properly made, avoid loose

Department of EEE, CBIT (A) Page | 2

Output = √ (V1I1)2 + (V2I2)2

1. What is the use of Scott connection?

Department of EEE, CBIT (A) Page | 3

2. PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF 1-Φ INDUCTION MOTOR

Name Plate Details:

S.no Specifications 1-Φ Induction Motor

S.no: Equipment Range Type Qty

Power factor of induction motor on NO-LOAD is very low because of

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. The DPST switch is closed and the single-phase supply is given to

3. By adjusting the autotransformer, the rated voltage is applied and

4. If the wattmeter readings show negative deflection on no load, switch

Department of EEE, CBIT (A) Page | 5

6. The procedure is repeated till rated current of the motor is reached.

7. The motor is unloaded, the auto transformer is brought to the

1. Make sure the connections are properly made, avoid loose

S.no V IL N Pin S1 S2 W=S1-S2 T=9.81Wr Pout P.F. %η=