SENGR4250

Structural Design of Towers and

Other Vertical Structures

ENGR. ORLANDO C. DE GUZMAN

Instructor, Civil Engineering, CLSU

CENTRAL LUZON
STATE UNIVERSITY
Steel structures are formed from a skeleton frame that consist of vertical columns,
horizontal beams and so on made from steel materials, riveted, welded or bolted
together, often in a rectilinear grid. Steel structures are typically used for medium
and high-rise, industrial, warehouse and residential buildings.

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 MILD STEEL
CAST IRON

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The main building elements include walls, floors, roofs and bracing
members can be arranged to have a certain type of system that aids in
the structural stability of the building depending on the type or use of
the building, the nature and intensity of the applied loads and the
design life required.

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STATE UNIVERSITY www.clsu.edu.ph
Wall Bearing Framing
Wall bearing framing involves the erection of masonry walls on
the perimeter and interior of the building and the structural steel
members are then anchored on the masonry walls using bearing
and end steel plates and anchor bolts. The design and construction
of the wall bearing framing depends on the load intensity and the
span distance between successive supports.

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STATE UNIVERSITY www.clsu.edu.ph
Skeleton Framing
This is the column–beam structural framework system, in which all
the lateral and gravity loads are transmitted to the steel framework
and transferred down to the foundation. Skeleton framing typically
comprises of spandrel beams, main or primary beams, intermediate
or secondary beams, wall columns and interior columns and
reinforced concrete slab.

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STATE UNIVERSITY www.clsu.edu.ph
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STATE UNIVERSITY www.clsu.edu.ph
Long-Span Framing
A long span is a span that exceeds 12m. It helps to provide a flexible
floor space, column free internal spaces, reduction in the on-site
construction period, allows for installation of multiple services and
mixed use of spaces.

The following techniques are used; stub girders, hunched composite

beams, composite trusses, cantilever suspensions spans, folded
plates, curvilinear grids, thin shells domes, cable networks, space
trusses, portal frames and so on.

CENTRAL LUZON
STATE UNIVERSITY www.clsu.edu.ph
Long-Span Framing
A long span is a span that exceeds 12m. It helps to provide a flexible
floor space, column free internal spaces, reduction in the on-site
construction period, allows for installation of multiple services and
mixed use of spaces.

The following techniques are used; stub girders, hunched composite

beams, composite trusses, cantilever suspensions spans, folded
plates, curvilinear grids, thin shells domes, cable networks, space
trusses, portal frames and so on.

CENTRAL LUZON
STATE UNIVERSITY www.clsu.edu.ph
Beam/Girder
• deep steel beams which help to span long distances.
• spanning length depending on the girder steel grade and the span
depth ratio.
• installed in different ways.

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Truss
• greater depth they possess making them stiff against deflections.
• types of trusses used for long span construction:
• Pratt trusses
• Warren Trusses
• Fink Trusses
• Scissors
• Bow String
• Vierendeel Trusses.

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STATE UNIVERSITY www.clsu.edu.ph
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Rigid Frames
• connections are designed to bear both bending moment and shear
forces.
• designed as full continuous frames through the whole length and
height in the absence of the hinges or pins in the crowns and in mid-
span.
• large rigid foundations help to carry and distribute the moment and
shear to the ground.

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Arch
• can be made as solid arches or open web arches, three hinged, two
hinged or fixed arches.
• depend on the type of structural materials to be use, strength
capacities, anchorage, building use, foundation type and the loading
conditions.

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STATE UNIVERSITY www.clsu.edu.ph
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STATE UNIVERSITY www.clsu.edu.ph
END OF SLIDE
THANK
YOU
CENTRAL LUZON
STATE UNIVERSITY