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Psoriasis And Uveitis: A Literature Review

When it comes to researching and writing about complex medical conditions such as psoriasis and
uveitis, one cannot underestimate the challenges involved. A thorough literature review requires
meticulous attention to detail, extensive research, and a comprehensive understanding of the subject
matter. From sifting through countless scholarly articles to critically analyzing the findings, the
process can be daunting and time-consuming.

Psoriasis, a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by patches of abnormal skin, often presents
with various comorbidities, including uveitis, inflammation of the uvea in the eye. Understanding the
relationship between these conditions and their implications for patient management requires a deep
dive into the existing body of literature.

Navigating through the vast array of research papers, clinical studies, and medical journals can be
overwhelming, especially for individuals with limited time and resources. Moreover, ensuring the
accuracy and relevance of the information gathered is essential for producing a high-quality literature
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Therefore, this result may not totally reflect the risk of uveitis in patients who have only skin
psoriasis. 6. Conclusion The results of this study revealed significantly increased risk of both
prevalent and incident uveitis among patients with psoriasis. HVS have a history of congenital
herpes or herpes encephalitis months to years earlier, but these are uncommon. Loss of the
thermoregulatory function of the skin may cause fever or hypothermia. Global epidemiology of
psoriasis: a systematic review of incidence and prevalence. Further studies are required to evaluate
the association between psoriasis and uveitis, including relationships between the forms of the
disease and its severity and the impact of treatment, particularly in this country. Dr. Foster continues
to direct a research laboratory at the Massachusetts Eye research and Surgery Institution (MERSI),
through the support of his research foundation, The Ocular Immunology and Uveitis Foundation, and
continues his teachings activities and training fellows as a Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology at
Harvard Medical School. HVS.Most patients with HVS-related anterior uveitis either have a history
of HVS keratitis or have active. The lesions of guttate psoriasis are widely disseminated, particularly
on the proximal extremities and trunk. The cornea may appear cloudy and slit-lamp examination may.
Drug reactions may also result in erythemato-papulosquamous psoriasiform eruptions. J Dermatol
Sci. 2015;78(3):232-238. PubMed Google Scholar Crossref 8. Yang. Our website uses cookies to
enhance your experience. Heself discontinued methotrexate two months later. Study concept and
design: Chi, J. Wang, S.-H. Wang, Tung. Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Chi, J.
During the study, we identified 74?129 patients with incident psoriasis and 13?114 patients with
incident uveitis. Splinter hemorrhages occur secondary to rupture of capillaries in the dermis of the
nail bed. Although most of the immune-related adverse events (irAEs) are mild, reversible, and
manageable, potentially severe and rare irAEs remain relevant. His severe iritis needed subtenon
injections and only responded to infliximab after failing multiple biologics. By contrast, an increased
risk for incident uveitis among people with mild psoriasis but without psoriatic arthritis (ie, those
with the mildest inflammatory presentation on the spectrum of psoriatic disease) was not found.
Alternatively, if those ratios were not reported, sufficient raw data to calculate them was considered
acceptable. Subrata Roy Presentation on Cerebral Palsy and its orthotic management Presentation on
Cerebral Palsy and its orthotic management eshasmalik27 Seminario biologia molecular-Universidad
Pontificia Bolivariana. The eyes are considered as an immune privileged site, but ocular irAEs can
involve any component of the ocular apparatus ( 43 ). Leukocytes are not normally found in the
aqueous humor and their presence in the anterior ocular chamber allows a diagnosis of anterior
uveitis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2014;28(7):846-852. PubMed Google Scholar Crossref 16.
Li. Read instantly on your browser with Kindle for Web. Hospital procedures (including hospital-
based pharmacologic treatment, eg, therapy with a biological agent) are coded in the Danish National
Patient Register as treatment procedure (SKS) codes ( ). A Cross Sectional Study of Ethnic
Differences in Occurrence and Severity of A. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology, 30, 578-582.
A case series on Ocular Manifestations in Stevens Johnson Syndrome and Toxic. In order to rule out
the possibility of cancer-related retinopathy, infection and tumor metastasis, observation of ocular
findings using multiple imaging analysis can provide insights into possible etiology of the condition.
Global epidemiology of psoriasis: a systematic review of incidence and prevalence. Optic Neuritis
Related to Atezolizumab Treatment in a Patient With Metastatic Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer.
Among patients with psoriasis, fingernail changes occur in 50% of patients and toenail changes
occur in 35% of patients. Furthermore, given the high probability of systemic comorbidities,
including arthritis and cardiovascular, metabolic, and psychiatric disorders, patients should be
screened for such conditions and have an established primary care physician. Third-line systemic
therapy of bevacizumab and erlotinib was initiated, and the patient responded well to the
combination therapy. His psoriasis failed to respond to topical glucocorticoids (partly due to poor
compliance). Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1979;77:210-224. PubMed Google Scholar 15. Chandran.
We therefore examined the risk for incident (new-onset) uveitis in patients with mild psoriasis,
severe psoriasis, and psoriatic arthritis and for the reverse relationship in patients with uveitis in a
nationwide cohort of the Danish population. Uveitis is characterized by a process of intraocular
inflammation resulting from various causes. Splinter hemorrhages occur secondary to rupture of
capillaries in the dermis of the nail bed. Complete NMR Assignment of MogrosidesII A2, II E andIII
A1Isolated from Luo H. Despite this, nearly half of psoriasis patients had not seen a physician in the
past year, and many were on either no treatment or topical therapy alone. In contrast, in psoriatic
arthritis, HLA-B27 is positive in only 13-20% of the cases of peripheral arthritis and in 50-70% of
the cases of sacroiliitis. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 67, e179-e185. The onset
time of vision change occurs 3 weeks after initiation of pembrolizumab of this patient, therefore, we
suspected the ocular toxicity of this patient were primarily due to pembrolizumab. We calculated
incidence rates (IRs) and estimated IR ratios adjusted for potential confounders using Poisson
regression. Results. Psoriasis of the nail: anatomy, pathology, clinical presentation, and a review of
the literature on therapy. In a series of 112 patients with psoriatic arthritis and uveitis, 50% of the
cases had anterior and unilateral uveitis of sudden onset, which also occurs in patients with
spondyloarthropathies. The time to resolution of irAEs depends on different organs involved ( 51 ).
Inflammatory bowel disease, herpes zoster, and sarcoidosis were included as potential confounding
comorbidities because they have been associated with uveitis and psoriasis. 15 - 17 We calculated an
index of socioeconomic status based on the mean gross annual income (standardized by age) ranging
from 0 (lowest income group) to 4 (highest income group) during a 5-year period before study
inclusion. The lesions are characteristically well-defined, erythematous, scaly plaques and often have
the distribution detailed above (elbows, knees, scalp, intergluteal cleft) (Figs. 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, and
1.5 ). The plaques vary in size, and patients may present with only a few lesions or with widely
generalized disease. Immune-Related Adverse Events Associated with Immune Checkpoint
Blockade. Wendling and C. Prati, “Paradoxical effects of anti-TNF-. Continuous update of
comorbidities during the study period ensured accurate registration of potential confounding factors
that could change over time. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2014;28(7):846-852. PubMed Google
Scholar Crossref 16. Li. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons
Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original work is properly cited. The diagnosis was posterior uveitis with bilateral retinal
detachment. Likewise, patients contributed risk time in the mild psoriasis group until they fulfilled
the criteria for severe psoriasis, if appropriate. Prognosis for this form of uveitis is generally excellent.
However, our results remained consistent even after adjustment for potential confounding factors,
and they clearly indicate that patients with psoriatic skin disease, even in the absence of psoriatic
arthritis, are at increased risk for uveitis and that the reverse relationship may also be of clinical
importance.
Anterior uveitis may cause pain and redness, although these symptoms are mild and onset is
insidious. There were not enough evidences to support whether this special subtype of RCC would
have any link to this rare irAE. It is more likely to develop in patients with arthropathy or psoriasis
pustulosa compared to other forms of psoriasis. The title and abstract of the retrieved articles were
independently reviewed by two investigators (C.C. and L.C.). Articles that obviously did not fulfill
the inclusion criteria were screened out during this round. Clinicians may use this finding as a guide
for uveitis risk stratification among patients with different inflammatory presentations on the
spectrum of psoriatic disease. Longitudinal Health Insurance Databases..Accessed July 29, 2015. 22.
Chang. Recent case reports have emphasized the importance of an aggressive medical approach. An
Bras Dermatol. 2012;87(6):877-883. PubMed Google Scholar Crossref 19. Knox. The National
Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) provides anonymized linked data from the NHI for
epidemiologic research, encompassing the registration and demographic data of enrollees, health care
services data from hospitals and general practices, and medication dispensation data from hospitals,
general practices, and community pharmacies. Clinical Characteristics of Psoriasis and Its Variants
Plaque Psoriasis. Global epidemiology of psoriasis: a systematic review of incidence and prevalence.
Patients with palmoplantar psoriasis have more physical disability and discomfort than patients with
other forms of psoriasis: implications for clinical practice. The appearance of the choroiditis is not
pathognomonic for TB, and similar lesions may. Article types Author guidelines Editor guidelines
Publishing fees Submission checklist Contact editorial office. We searched FAERS database of
spontaneous reports of uveitis and retinal detachment of ICIs using web search tool ( ), using the
generic drug name “atezolizumab, avelumab, cemiplimab, durvalumab, ipilimumab, nivolumab, and
pembrolizumab”, AND “uveitis”, AND “retinal detachment” up to February 20, 2020. Uveitis
represents a diagnostic dilemma to ophthalmologist and infectious disease physicians. The.
Management of immune checkpoint blockade dysimmune toxicities: a collaborative position paper.
IrAEs due to ICIs involve different organs including skin, gastrointestinal tract, lungs, and
endocrine, musculoskeletal ( 13 ). A locus on chromosome 9p predisposes to a specific disease
manifestation, acute anterior uveitis, in ankylosing spondylitis, a genetically complex, multisystem,
inflammatory disease. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2011;20(3):236-242. PubMed Google Scholar
Crossref 20. Hsing. Full-text articles among the remaining potentially eligible articles were then
independently reviewed by the same two investigators for final determination of their inclusion
eligibility. It is a diagnosis of exclusion and X ray is usually the first imaging modality. Abdel-
Rahman O, Oweira H, Petrausch U, Helbling D, Schmidt J, Mannhart M, et al. Proinflammatory
cytokines are responsible for many of the histopathological alterations seen in skin with psoriatic
plaques. Safety profiles of anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 antibodies alone and in combination. Genetic
predisposition also contributes to the development of uveitis. Genome-wide scan reveals association
of psoriasis with IL-23 and NF-?? pathways. Nat Genet. 2009;41(2):199-204. PubMed Google
Scholar Crossref 28. Dong. HIV-positive patients with TB.A study of 100 patients hospitalized for
TB in Madrid found presumed ocular TB. Study concept and design: Egeberg, Mallbris, Skov,
Hansen. The timeline of his diagnosis, treatment and onset of irAE were shown in Supplementary
Figure 4.
Immortal Time Bias Question in the Association Between Toxicity and Outcome of Immune
Checkpoint Inhibitors. Syphilitic anterior uveitis is granulomatous in two thirds of patients. Clinico-
haematological Profile of Falciparum Malaria in a Rural Hospital of T. Overall, this is a difficult
diagnosis to make, as the histological findings may be nonspecific. Ophthalmological evaluation
should be carried out periodically in psoriatic patients with ocular symptoms or arthropathy, assuring
an early diagnosis of the ophthalmopathy and appropriate treatment with nonsteroidal
antiinflammatory drugs or immunomodulators, thus preventing loss of vision in patients with
psoriasis and uveitis. Immune-related tests and infection-related tests were also performed to rule out
uveitis caused by infection or tumor metastasis. Generalized pustular psoriasis may be mistaken for
Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS). Diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis by establishing intraocular
antibody production.Am J. Oil spots can be seen in other inflammatory diseases, including systemic
lupus erythematosus (SLE). In terms of disease severity, approximately 30% of psoriasis patients and
50% of those with both psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis rated their disease as severe. But the
association of oral anti-VEGF drugs with post uveitis and retinal detachment are unclassified
although this suggests a “signal” requiring further study ( 24 ). Third, when we excluded psoriasis
diagnosed before 2000 to avoid overestimating the risk of incident uveitis, it is likely that people
with early-onset psoriasis (eg, adults who first presented with psoriasis in childhood) were also
excluded. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2014;28(7):846-852. PubMed Google Scholar Crossref 16.
Li. Hospital procedures (including hospital-based pharmacologic treatment, eg, therapy with a
biological agent) are coded in the Danish National Patient Register as treatment procedure (SKS)
codes ( ). Switching back to infliximab with a surgical port quickly resolved his uveitis. Drafting of
the manuscript: Egeberg, Khalid, Hansen. We further evaluated the risk of uveitis among those with
mild and severe psoriasis, respectively. His psoriasis occurred after the initiation of monoclonal anti-
TNF agents, infliximab and adalimumab. Some studies suggest that this bimodal distribution
represents two distinct forms of psoriasis; compared to patients whose psoriasis presents later in life,
patients with early onset psoriasis are much more likely to possess a genetic marker that is highly
associated with psoriasis and to have a parent with psoriasis. Clinico-haematological Profile of
Falciparum Malaria in a Rural Hospital of T. In vivo, in vitro toxicity and in vitro angiogenic
inhibition of sunitinib malate. Treatment for vision threatening lesions in adults includes sulfa
drugs(e.g. Complete NMR Assignment of MogrosidesII A2, II E andIII A1Isolated from Luo H.
Report Back from San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium (SABCS) 2023: Spotlight. By the use of
nationwide data from the entire Danish population, our study therefore expands the existing
evidence considerably. Moreover, the mean socioeconomic status was marginally lower in the
reference population, and slightly more women (56.3%) than men had psoriatic arthritis. Article
types Author guidelines Editor guidelines Publishing fees Submission checklist Contact editorial
office Frontiers in Oncology. When patients have complications with anti-TNF associated psoriasis, it
poses a practical challenge to their care. Most of the symptoms are not typical, and are easily
confounded by underlying co-morbidities, so mild manifestations of ocular toxicities are commonly
overlooked. Intermediate uveitis, posterior and panuveitis each account for 10 to 15% of uveitis
cases in university referral.
His diffuse body rash cleared, but the scalp, palm and sole plaques persisted. Article types Author
guidelines Editor guidelines Publishing fees Submission checklist Contact editorial office. Immune-
Related Adverse Events by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Significantly Predict Durable Efficacy
Even in Responders with Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Recent insights into the
immunopathogenesis of psoriasis provide new therapeutic opportunities. Springer, Cham. Download
citation.RIS.ENW.BIB DOI: Published: 01 July 2018. Bursitis is inflammation or irritation of a
bursa sac. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1979;77:210-224. PubMed Google Scholar 20. Durrani.
Eligible studies must include (i) a cohort of patient with adult psoriasis (cases) and a cohort of
patients without psoriasis (comparators) and (ii) reported the difference of prevalent or incident
uveitis between the two study groups. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2013;22(8):842-849. PubMed
Google Scholar Crossref. It also analyzed reviews to verify trustworthiness. Work-role of Radiation
Therapists in the Consequences of Adaptive Radiotherap. Report Back from San Antonio Breast
Cancer Symposium (SABCS) 2023: Spotlight. ICIs are generally well tolerated, and irAEs are
generally manageable, but irAEs may sometimes lead to treatment discontinuation or withdrawal,
and rarely death ( 14 ). Nivolumab versus Everolimus in Advanced Renal-Cell Carcinoma. Some
studies suggest that this bimodal distribution represents two distinct forms of psoriasis; compared to
patients whose psoriasis presents later in life, patients with early onset psoriasis are much more likely
to possess a genetic marker that is highly associated with psoriasis and to have a parent with
psoriasis. Recent case reports have emphasized the importance of an aggressive medical approach.
These participants may have had further attacks and a higher disease burden than detected in this
study. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2002;31(6):413-418. PubMed Google Scholar Crossref 31. Increased
focus on eye symptoms in patients with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis and on skin and joint
symptoms in patients with prior or current uveitis may be appropriate. Int J Rheum Dis.
2012;15(4):414-418. PubMed Google Scholar Crossref 9. The remaining 7 seven studies were
included in the meta-analysis. Fourth, the exclusion of patients with a history of uveitis from the
cohort with psoriasis presumably has led to an underestimation of the overall uveitis burden in the
group with psoriasis. KEYWORS: Uveitis, Acute retinal necrosis, Progressive outer retinal necrosis,
Herpetic anterior uveitis, and. Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: All authors. Overall,
this is a difficult diagnosis to make, as the histological findings may be nonspecific. For psoriatic
arthritis, we performed subanalyses with the ICD-10 code M072, which is specific for psoriatic
spondylitis. Poisson regression models were used to calculate crude and age- and sex-adjusted IR
ratios (IRRs) and IRRs adjusted for age, sex, socioeconomic status, and comorbidities ( Table 1 ).
Relationship between SARS CoV, MERS CoV and COVID19. Foster,Todd J. Murdock,Margret
Schlesinger,Carol A. The corresponding IRs (95% CIs) for mild psoriasis, severe psoriasis, and
psoriatic arthritis in patients with uveitis were 15.51 (12.92-18.62), 2.66 (1.72-4.13), and 4.25 (3.00-
6.01), respectively ( Tables 2 and 3 ).
Intertrigo secondary to skin friction can also be very similar in appearance to inverse psoriasis. Lyme
uveitis should be treated the same as neuroborreliosis preferably with. Mild to moderate disease,
classified as involving less than 10% of the BSA, represents approximately 80% of cases of plaque
psoriasis. We also found an increased risk for mild psoriasis, severe psoriasis, and psoriatic arthritis in
patients with uveitis. Arrows indicate active bone inflammation with hyperintense signals. This case
highlights the monitoring and timely detection of rare irAEs in RCC patients receiving ICIs. The
clinical signs of arthropathy are found around ten years following onset of the skin condition. US
perspectives in the Management of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis: patient and physician results
from the population-based multinational assessment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis (MAPP)
survey. Approximately 20% of patients develop ocular symptoms as the initial manifestation of the
disease. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to examine the bidirectional relationship
between psoriatic disease, including psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis, and uveitis. Miyakubo T, Mukai
R, Nakamura K, Matsumoto H. Akiyama H. A Case Of Ipilimumab-Induced Unusual Serous Retinal
Detachment In Bilateral Eyes. Diagnosis may be difficult, especially in panuveitis cases.Becuase
that. The heterogeneity analysis revealed no statistical heterogeneity ( ) (Figure 3 ). Likewise,
patients contributed risk time in the mild psoriasis group until they fulfilled the criteria for severe
psoriasis, if appropriate. Accordingly, the present systematic review and meta-analysis combined all
of the available data and found both incident and prevalent uveitis to be significantly more common
among patients with psoriasis than among general population. Alaghehbandan R, Stehlik J, Trpkov
K, Magi-Galluzzi C, Condom Mundo E, Pane Foix M, et al. Splinter hemorrhages occur secondary
to rupture of capillaries in the dermis of the nail bed. His psoriasis occurred after the initiation of
monoclonal anti-TNF agents, infliximab and adalimumab. Uveitis tends to develop more often in
patients with arthropathy or psoriasis pustulosa rather than the other forms of psoriasis. 19 Studies
suggest that a breakdown in the barrier between the blood and the aqueous humor may occur as a
result of a subclinical inflammation in patients with psoriasis, even when ocular symptoms are not
present. 16,18. Prognosis for this form of uveitis is generally excellent. Dan Med Bull.
1997;44(4):445-448. PubMed Google Scholar 14. Baadsgaard. Dr. Foster continues to direct a
research laboratory at the Massachusetts Eye research and Surgery Institution (MERSI), through the
support of his research foundation, The Ocular Immunology and Uveitis Foundation, and continues
his teachings activities and training fellows as a Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology at Harvard
Medical School. IHC indicated that PD-L1 Tumor Proportion Score (TPS) was 25% (
Supplementary Figure 1 ). According to the large population-based Multinational Assessment of
Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis (MAPP). In erythrodermic psoriasis, the skin over the entire body
surface area is inflamed, erythematous, and scaly. Study supervision: Gislason, Mallbris, Skov,
Hansen. T cells correlates with their enhancing or suppressive effects on autoreactive T cells in
experimental autoimmune uveitis. J Immunol. 2013;191(3):1118-1125. To enhance the accuracy of
outcomes, we confirmed the end point by requiring records of the diagnosis on at least 2 outpatient
visits or 1 hospital admission. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to explore whether the pooled result
would be significantly different if the dominant study was not included. Pitting, a common feature
of psoriatic nail disease, can also be seen in alopecia areata and contact dermatitis.
Treatment for vision threatening lesions in adults includes sulfa drugs(e.g. Firstly, the irAEs in
different underlying malignancies may also vary. Other features that are typically seen in plaque
psoriasis. Compared with the nonpsoriatic controls, a higher proportion of participants with psoriasis
had type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia ( P. Proin flammatory cytokines are
released by TH1 cells, including TNF-?, IL-2 and INF, inducing the inflammatory cascade. Anterior
uveitis is four times more common than posterior uveitis. Clinical course, therapy, and long-term
visual outcome. The nonpsoriatic control group consisted of people who had never received a
diagnosis of psoriasis from the 2005 Longitudinal Health Insurance Database. Reck M, Rodriguez-
Abreu D, Robinson AG, Hui R, Csoszi T, Fulop A, et al. Nivolumab versus Everolimus in Advanced
Renal-Cell Carcinoma. The extent and severity of psoriasis can be measured using the Psoriasis Area
and Severity Index (PASI). Article types Author guidelines Editor guidelines Publishing fees
Submission checklist Contact editorial office. Although its role in psoriasis is not complete-
associated with severe skin disease. Standard diagnosis criteria for the acute retinal necrosis.
Molecular dissection of psoriasis: integrating genetics and biology. Histology showed was high-grade
RCC, papillary type with vena cava tumor thrombus ( Supplementary Figure 1 ). Complete NMR
Assignment of MogrosidesII A2, II E andIII A1Isolated from Luo H. Report Back from San
Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium (SABCS) 2023: Spotlight. The psoriasis spread to his entire body
with diffuse lesions on his trunk, arms and legs and hyperkeratotic fissured plaques on his palms and
soles ( Figure 2 ). Pharmacokinetics of High-Dose Methotrexate in Egyptian Children with Acute Ly.
Finally, the study participants were predominantly Han Chinese and therefore, as with other
population-specific studies, the findings may not be generalizable. The Strengthening the Reporting
of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting
observational studies. Lancet. 2007;370(9596):1453-1457. For psoriatic arthritis, we performed
subanalyses with the ICD-10 code M072, which is specific for psoriatic spondylitis. Patients were
identified through administrative registries, and information on age, sex, socioeconomic status,
medication, and comorbidity was obtained using individual-level linkage of administrative registers.
Wendling and C. Prati, “Paradoxical effects of anti-TNF-. Complete registration and the prospective
nature of ICD diagnostic codes in the Danish National Patient Register ensured that nonresponse
and recall bias were minimal. Barbie - Brand Strategy Presentation Barbie - Brand Strategy
Presentation Good Stuff Happens in 1:1 Meetings: Why you need them and how to do them well
Good Stuff Happens in 1:1 Meetings: Why you need them and how to do them well Introduction to
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Uveitis associated with psoriatic arthritis followed a more insidious course and was more likely to be
continuous, bilateral and to be situated behind the crystalline lens compared to cases of uveitis and
spondyloarthropathy. The timing of development of his psoriasis implied a role of anti-TNF agent to
induce psoriasis. Baseline characteristics were presented as frequencies with percentages for
categorical variables and means (SDs) for continuous variables.

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