Analysis and Implementation of Binomial SIW Slot
Antenna Array Based on Pascal’s Triangle Using
6-Port SIW Directional Coupler for X-Band Systems
Assem H. Elfeky
Communication and Electronic Department, ADC
Alexandria University
Alexandria, Egypt
asem.hussein@alexu.edu.eg
Hassan Nadir Kheirallah
Department of Electrical Engineering
Alexandria University
Alexandria, Egypt
engyk@dataxprs.com.eg
Abstract—The binomial arrayis a non-uniform amplitude
array in which the amplitude of the antenna elements are
arranged depending on the coefficient of the binomial series.This
series based on Pascal’s triangle for which the elements are
equally spaced with unequal amplitude excitation in such a way
that the resultant radiation pattern has reduced side lobes. In
this paper investigation and implementation of reduced side lobes
of non-uniform substrate integrated waveguide (SIW)slot
antenna array have been presented using the binomial excitation
of 121 described by Pascal’s triangle using 6-port SIW
directional couplerfor three sub-arrays. The proposed array
consists ofthree sub arrays of SIW slot antenna including twelve
radiating elements of rectangular shape slots distributed equally
for each sub-array. The proposed array has been designed and
implemented using Roggers 4350 of 𝛆𝐫 = 𝟑. 𝟔, 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝛅 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒 and
thickness 𝐡𝐑 = 𝟏. 𝟓 𝐦𝐦.The proposed array has been simulated
using HFSS simulator.Results from theproposed binomial SIW
antenna array showed agreement between simulation and
measurements and giving return loss (𝐒𝟏𝟏 = −𝟑𝟕. 𝟕 𝐝𝐁) , gain
( 𝐆 = 𝟏𝟏 𝐝𝐁) ,HPBW=45 degree, radiation efficiency of
84.3%,fractional bandwidth(𝐁𝐟 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟓% )and side lobe level
(SLL= −𝟐𝟏 𝐝𝐁)forX-Band missile guidance system applications.
Keywords—Non-uniform Antenna Array; The Substrate
Integrated Waveguide; SIW Directional Coupler;SIW Slot
Antennas; Binomial Excitation; Pascal’s Triangle
I. INTRODUCTION
Antenna plays a vital role in wireless and microwave
systems asa main component for these systems such as
satellite, radar and radio applications. The printed antennas are
one of the important technologies as they are designed to meet
the requirements of technological development, and tended to
the miniaturization of telecommunications systems [1-3].The
synthesis problem in the antenna array is the variations in
amplitude, phase and the spatial distribution of radiating
elements to have fixed constraints radiation, in other words
Ahmed F. Miligy
Communication and Electronic Department, ADC
Alexandria University
Alexandria, Egypt
Ahmed_miligy73@yahoo.com
Mohamed R. M. Rizk
Department of Electrical Engineering
Alexandria University
Alexandria, Egypt
Mohamed.rizk@alexu.edu.eg
reduction of side lobes. Different analytical methods and
numerical optimization such as Fourier, genetic algorithm and
Woodward-Lawson, etc…were developed for the synthesis of
the radiation pattern of antenna arrays.The main objective is to
find an appropriate set of element amplitudes which achieves
interference suppression with maximum SLL reduction and
narrow HPBW using the binomial array feeding based on
Pascal’s triangle [4-10]. Feeding structures of antenna array is
still an essential part of microwave system to obtain maximum
radiated power with minimum loss. The rectangular
waveguides still have the advantage of high power handling
capability in the high frequency range. It has several
disadvantages such as sophisticated design, expensive,
transitions using flanges and difficult integration with
microwave components. However, Microstripdevices are less
expensive and easy for integration but still have the
disadvantages of low power and radiation loss compared with
waveguide devices.The SIW technologies which is a metal
filled via-hole array in substrate and grounded planes are the
solution to have at the same time the advantages of both
waveguide and microstrip technologies and overcome their
disadvantages. The SIW technologies have the advantages of
easily integration with other systems, compact in size, lesscost,
quality factor and low radiation loss. Most of microwave
components and systems can be implemented using the SIW
technology such as couplers, combiners, dividers shifters,
circulators, slot antennas, fractal antennas and other hybrid
microwave devices [1] and [11-13]. In This paper, the binomial
excitation based on Pascal’s triangle using SIW directional
coupler has been introduced to feed the SIW antenna array
having reduced side lobe levelsradiation patternfor differentX-
Band military applications like missile guidance,
trackingsystems and many other applications[1] and [14-18].
Simulation results of the proposed structures have been
obtained using HFSS simulator based on the finite element
method (FEM).
 II. THE SIW STRUCTURES DESIGN METHODOLOGY
𝛆𝐫 +𝟏 𝛆𝐫 −𝟏 𝟏
The SIW technology is considered a new technology for 𝛆𝐞 = + and λgT = (3 × 108 /f√εe ) (6)
𝟐 𝟐 √𝟏+𝟏𝟐hR /wT1
integrated microwave circuit applications. It is a quasi
dielectric filled rectangular waveguide (RWG)with low
conducting of via rows with diameter d and pitch p between
𝜆 μ λgS π2 hR
each via where, (𝑑 < 𝑃) as 𝑝 < 4𝑑and 𝑝 < 0 √𝜀𝑟 [1] and [19- ZTE = √ ×
ε λ
andZP = ZTE
8aS
(7)
2
22].The physical dimensions of SIW structure determine the
propagating 𝑇𝐸𝑛,0 mode, n=1, 2,…The dominant 𝑇𝐸10 has Thebasic SIW structure withtapering transition dimensions
maximum handling power with vertical electric current density are illustrated in figure 1 and the dimensions of SIW and RWG
on via rows. The TM modes cannot be supported in SIW are tabulated in tables I, II and III.
structures. The physical dimensions of RWG of width 𝑎𝑊𝐺 and
height 𝑏𝑊𝐺 determine the 𝑓𝑐 of the propagating mode where
𝑓 > 𝑓𝑐 using (1) [23] with length 𝐿𝑊𝐺 . The SIW structure
without tapering transition dimensions and guided wavelength
can be calculated using equations (2) and (3) depending on the
desired cutoff frequency, where 𝑎𝑑 is the width of dielectric
filled waveguide and 𝑎𝑠 is the width of SIW structure[1] and Fig. 1. TheBasic SIW With Tapering Transition
[20-22]. TABLE I. THE SIW DIMENSIONS [MM] AND PARAMETERS
𝜺𝒓 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜹 𝒉𝑹 𝝀𝒈𝒔 𝑾𝑺 𝑳𝑺 = 𝟐𝝀𝒈𝒔 𝒂𝑺 p d
𝜐 𝑚 2 𝑛 2 a
𝑓𝑐𝑇𝐸𝑚,𝑛 = √( ) + ( ) and a d = (1) 3.6 0.004 1.5 28 13.5 56 12.5 1.2 0.8
2 𝑎 𝑏 √εr
TABLE II. THE RWG DIMENSIONS [MM] AND PARAMETERS
𝜺𝒓 𝝀𝑾𝑮 𝒂𝑾𝑮 𝒃𝑾𝑮 𝑳𝑾𝑮 = 𝟐𝝀𝑾𝑮
d2 1 65.5 22.86 10.16 131
as = ad + (2)
0.95P TABLE III. THE TAPERING TRANSITION DIMENSIONS [MM]
𝝀𝒈𝑻
𝝀𝒈𝑻 𝑾𝑻𝟏 𝑾𝑻𝟐 𝑳𝑻𝟏 𝑳𝑻𝟐 =
𝟒
2π 20 4.8 3.2 10 10
λgs = Thescattering matrixof RWG and SIW structures expressed
2 2 (3)
√(2πf) . εr − ( π ) in (8) indicates a good performance of the structure as the
c aS
transmission coefficient reaches a magnitude of one all over
the frequency band.
To match the quasi-TEM mode of Microstrip line with
𝑇𝐸10 of SIW structure tapering transitions must be used. The
objective is to maintain the reflection coefficients in minimal
value without any mechanical assembly for integrated planar
𝜆𝑔𝑠
circuit on the same substrate. Dimensions WT1 ,WT2 , 𝐿 𝑇1 =
3
λgT
and 𝐿 𝑇2 = of the proposed Microstrip transmission line
4
feeding and transition can be calculated using equations from
(4) to (7) [23] based on SIW wave impedance 𝑍𝑇𝐸 and ohmic
resistance 𝑍𝑃 for 50 ohm impedance in (7)[1] and [13].

WT2
=
hR
(a)
8eA WT2
2A
for <2
e −2 hR (4)

B − 1 − ln(2B − 1) + (b) (c)

2 W
[εr − 1 0.61 ] for T1 > 2
π (ln(B − 1) + 0.39 − ) hR
{ 2εr εr

(d)
Z0 εr +1 εr −1 0.11 377π
Fig. 2. The RWG and Basic SIW Without/With Tapering Transition
A= √ + (0.23 + ) and B = (5) Simulation Results (a) The S-Parameters [dB] (b) The SIW Electric
60 2 εr +1 εr 2Z0 √εr
Field Distribution [V/m] (c) The RWG Electric Field Distribution
[V/m] (d) The SIW With Tapering Electric Field Distribution [V/m]
[SSIW ] = [0.000656 0.9964 0.000076 0.998
] and [𝑆𝑅𝑊 ] = [ ]
0.9964 0.000634 0.998 0.0000776 (8)

TABLE IV. COMPARISION BETWEEN SIW AND RWG STRUCTURES

Size/
Parameters Cost Connection Power
Integration
Difficult (c)
Large/ Fig. 3. The 6-Port SIW Coupler for Binomial Excitation (a) The Basic-3dB
RWG Expensive using High
difficult SIWDirectional Coupler(b)The6-Port/Phase shifted SIW Coupler
flanges
Compact/ Less Easy using (c)The 6-Port /Same Phase SIW Directional Coupler
SIW Low
Easy expensive tapering
TABLE V. THE SIW DIRECTIONAL COUPLER FOR BINOMIAL
Parame- 𝑺𝟏𝟏 𝑺𝟏𝟐 EXCITATION OF THREE SUB-ARRAY DIMENSIONS [MM]
Fabrication Losses
ters [𝑴𝒂𝒈. ] [𝑴𝒂𝒈. ]
𝑳𝒉 𝑾𝑪 𝑳𝑪 𝒂𝑺 𝑾𝑫 𝑳𝑽
Conductor High 18.9 27 30.8 12.5 37.5 4.8
RWG Difficult Dielectric Low 0.00076 0.998
Radiation Low Simulation results of the proposed structure are shown in
Conductor Low figure 4 and the S-matrix in (9).
SIW Easy Dielectric High 0.00065 0.99
Radiation Low

Figure 2 and table IV present a comparison between the SIW

and RWG structures. Simulation results indicate a good
performance for both structures with the advantages of SIW
over RWG such as easy of fabrication and integration with
other systems. The selection of using SIW technology has been
chosen due to its ease of integration, low cost and ease for
fabrication.
III. THE SIW DIRECTIONL COUPLER FOR BINOMIAL
EXCITATION OF THREE SUB-ARRAYSSLOT ANTENNA
The SIW directional coupler is a passive device which used
(a)
for Routing, combining and dividing signals in microwave
systems. The –3dB SIW coupler has equaled and out of phase
transmissionpowers[19-22]. The three binomial SIW sub-
arraysantenna array is a non-uniform array for which the
elements requires the same phase and unequal amplitude
excitation using a specified current excitation known as
binomial excitation. The required excitation is the objective of
this section.Two -3dB SIW directional coupler have been
combined symmetrically resulting in the 6-port SIW directional
coupler of the same phase and unequal amplitude excitation at
ports 2, 3 and 4 based on Pascal’s triangle distribution to obtain
the required feeding of three arrays of 12 radiating elements of
SIW slot antenna array. The proposed structures are shown in (b)
figure 3 and the main dimensions are tabulated in table V.

(a)

(b) (c)
 TABLE VI. THE SIW DIRECTIONAL COUPLER FOR BINOMIAL
EXCITATION OF THREE SUB-ARRAYSPARAMETERS [DECIBEL]
RL IL C D I
C1 C2 D1 D2 I1 I2
22.2 3.17
7.73 7.74 34.66 34.54 42.41 42.27
(d) TABLE VII. THE SIW DIRECTIONAL COUPLER FOR PASCAL’S TRIANGLE
DISTRIBUTION OF THREE SUB-ARRAYS
Port 2 Port 3 Port 4
Mag. Phase Mag. Phase Mag. Phase
0.694 -103.9 0.411 -103.3 0.41 -103.7

IV. THE SUB ARRAYS OF THE SIWSLOT ANTENNA

(e)
Fig. 4. The SIW Coupler for Binomial Excitation of Three Sub-Array
Simulation Results (a) The S-Parameters [dB] (b and c) The Phase
shift [deg.] (d) The -3dB SIW Coupler Electric Field [V/m] (e) The
SIW Coupler of Three Sub-ArrayElectric Field Distribution [V/m]
0.0780.6940.411 0.41 0.0080.008
0.6940.0130.0360.0350.4110.411
[𝑆] = 0.4110.0360.4050.3450.2640.522 (9)
0.41 0.0350.3450.402 0.52 0.263
0.0080.4110.264 0.52 0.4220.359
[0.0080.4110.5220.2630.359 0.42 ]
The Parameters of the proposed SIW coupler such as
Return Loss (RL) , insertion loss (IL), isolation (I1and I2),
coupling coefficient (C1 and C2) and directivity (D1 and D2)
and where, I=C+D [23]which represent the performance of the
device are calculated usingequations from (10) to (14) [23] and
tabulated in table VI.Also the SIW directional coupler for
Pascal’s triangle distribution of three sub-arrays is tabulated in
table VII.
A SIW slot antenna for radar, satellite and microwave
applications in X-Band is proposed. Slots are located in the
peak position of standing wave.The SIW cavity backed
rectangular slots antenna is presented in this paper for
applications in the X-Band[24-30]. In this section two varieties
ofthree sub-arrays of SIW slot antenna including 12 radiating
elements of rectangular shape slots distributed equally for each
sub-array have been introduced. The structures of the proposed
antenna varieties are shown in figure 6 and the main
dimensions are tabulated in table VIII. Simulation results are
shown in figures 7 ,8 and 9.TheSIW sub-array antenna
parameters are tabulated in table IX for input power of 1 watt
which indicate that the choice is for the second variety with
RL=-33 dB and radiation efficiency of 82.6%.
(a)

(b)
Fig. 6. The Sub-Array of the SIW Antenna Varieties (a) The First Variety(b)
The Second Variety
Fig. 5. The SIW Directionl Coupler for Binomial Excitation of 3-Element
Antenna Array Parameters
TABLE VIII. DIMENSIONS OF SIW SLOT ANTENNA VARIETIES [MM]

Return Loss (RL) = −20log|S11 | (10) 𝑳𝑺𝟏 𝑳𝑺𝑳 𝑳𝑺𝑳𝟏 𝒘𝑺𝟏 𝒘𝒔𝑳 𝑳𝑺𝟐 𝒘𝒔𝑳𝟏
37.5 16.45 16.5 4.3 0.5 23.5 0.3
𝒘𝑺𝟐 𝒘𝑺𝟑 𝒘𝑺𝟒 𝒘𝑺𝟓 𝒘𝑺𝟔 𝒘𝑺𝟕 𝒘𝑺𝟖
Insertion Loss (IL) = 10log(P1 /P2 ) = −20log|S12 | (11)
3.75 2.1 2 0.825 0.3 0.6 1.15

𝐼𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝐼1) = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑃1 /𝑃5 ) = −20𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑆15 | (12)

𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 (𝐶1) = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑃1 /𝑃3 ) = −20𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑆14 | (13)

𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝐷1) = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑃4 /𝑃5 ) = 20𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑆14 /𝑆15 | (14)

(a)
 V. THE BINOMIAL SIW SLOT ANTENNAARRAY USING 6-
PORT SIW DIRECTIONAL COUPLER
In this section the full integrated binomial SIW antenna
array and the 6-port SIW directional couplerhave been
presented. The far field array factor of this array can be
expressed as in (15) where 𝑎𝑖 is the amplitude of 𝑛𝑡ℎ element,
𝜃 is the angle from broadside ,𝑓(𝜃, 𝜑) is the directivity pattern
(b) (c)
and 𝑋𝑖 is the distance between position of 𝑛𝑡ℎ element and
Fig. 7. The First Variety of the SIWSub-Array of Slot Antenna Simulation array center.
Results (a) The Surface Current Distribution [A/m] (b) The Antenna
Gain [dB] (c) The 3-D Radiation Pattern [dB] 𝑃
𝑓(𝜃, 𝜑)
𝐹𝑠(𝜃) = ∑(𝑎𝐼 𝑒 𝑗𝛹𝑖 )𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐾0 𝑋𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝛹𝑖 ) (15)
𝐹𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑖=1

In the binomial array the radiating sources are arranged

according to the binomial expansion and in order to miniminize
minor lobe the radiating sources must have current amplitudes
proportional to the coefficient of binomial series expressed in
(a) (16)which equivalent to Pascal’s triangle where n is the
number of radiating sources ,r=0,1,2,3,…. in the array of total
length 𝑛𝜆/2

𝑛!
(1 + 𝑥)𝑛 = (16)
(𝑛
𝑟! − 𝑟)!

The array consists of 12 rectangular shape radiating

elements distributed equally for the threesub-arraysfor X-Band
applications as shown in figure 10.
(b) (c)
Fig. 8. The Second Variety of the SIW Sub-Array of Slot Antenna
Simulation Results (a) The Surface Current Distribution [A/m] (b)
The Antenna Gain [dB] (c) The 3-D Radiation Pattern [dB]

Fig. 10. The Integrated Binomial Array with SIW Directional Coupler

A. The Binomial SIW Antenna Array Simulation Results

The simulation results of the performance of the binomial
SIW antenna array are shown in figure 11.The Parameters of
the binomial slot antenna array are tabulated in table X.

(a)
Fig. 9. The Return Lossof the Sub-Array Antenna Varieties [dB]

TABLE IX. THE SIW ANTENNA PARAMETERS [10.34 GHZ]

Rad.
S11 Umax. Pacc. Prad G
Variety Effici-
[dB] [W/Str.] [W] [W] [dB]
ency [%]

First -13.5 0.222 0.953 0.76 4.7 80.6

(a)
Second -33 0.414 0.999 0.825 7.18 82.6
 between simulated and measured results over the operating
frequency band as indicated in figure 12.

(b)

(a)

(c)

(b)

(d)

(e)
Fig. 11. The Binomial SIW Antenna Array Simulation Results (a) Return
Loss [dB] (b) Surface Current [A/m] (c) The Gain [dB],f= 8.04 GHz
(d) The Gain [dB] , f= 10.34 GHz (e) The Gain [dB] , f= 9.8 GHz (c)
TABLE X. PARAMETERS OF THE BINOMIAL SLOT ANTENNA ARRAY Fig. 12. The Binomial SIW Slot Antenna Array Implementation and
Rad. simulation results (a)The Implemented System(b) The Measuremnt
S11 Umax. Pacc. Prad G in Lab. (c) The Comparision between measured and simulated results.
f [GHz] Effici-
[dB] [W/Str.] [W] [W] [dB]
ency [%]
0.622 VI. CONCILUSIONS
8.04 -25 0.994 0.732 8.956 73.62

9.53 -11.5 0.777 0.929 0.772 10.21 77.7

The binomial SIW antenna array with the advantages of
this technology has been presented for missile guidance system
9.8 -15.8 0.91 0.973 0.821 10.7 84.3
10.34 -37.7 1 0.999 0.793 11 80
applications. As a conclusion table XI introduces a summary of
the binomial SIW antenna array results showing agreement
B. The Binomial SIW Antenna Array Measured Results between simulation and measured results.A comparison with
The Binomial SIW Antenna Array measured results have seven previous research models is showin table XII. It is clear
been obtained in laboratory using(R&S ZVB 20 vector that this work introduces a compact integrated binomial
SIWantenna array with improved return loss, high gain,
network analyzer 10 MHz: 20 GHz) showing agreement
minimum SLL and narrow bandwidth.
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