Analytical

Geometry
Grade 11
CAPS
Mathematics
Series
 Outcomes for this Topic

In this Topic we will :

 Recall and apply distance, gradient and midpoint formulae.

Unit 1
 Derive and apply a formula for the inclination of a line.
Unit 2
 Derive and apply formulae for the equation of a line.
Unit 3
 Unit 1

Distance,
Grade 11
Gradient and CAPS
Midpoint Mathematics
Series
Formulae
 Distance, Gradient and Midpoint Formulae
You should know that for two points A  x1; y1  and B  x2 ; y2  :
Distance between A and B :  x2 ; y2   B
AB   x2  x1    y2  y1 
2 2

y
A  x1; y1  
x
Gradient of line AB :

y y2  y1
mAB    tan 
x x2  x1
Co-ordinates of midpoint of segment AB :
 x1  x2 y1  y2 
 ; 
 2 2 
 Application of Distance Formula
A  2; 6  , B  5; 2  , C  4; 4  and D 8; 2 
are the vertices of quadrilateral ABCD.
A D
AB   5  2   6  2 
2 2

 49  16  65
B
C
DC  42  62  16  36  52

 ABCD is not a parallelogram nor a rectangle.

 Application of Gradient Formula
A  2;6  , B  5; 2  , C  4; 4  and D 8; 2 
are the vertices of quadrilateral ABCD. Know: AB  CD

26 4 4 A D
mAB   
5  2 7 7 ABCD is a
 Angle between AB and the Trapezium
positive x  axis is acute. B
4 2 6 2 C
mAD    and mBC  
6 3 9 3  AD BC
 mAD  mCD  1 and mBC  mCD  1
6 3
mCD  
4 2 CD  AD and CD  BC
 Application of Midpoint Formula
A  2;6  , B  5; 2  , C  4; 4  and D 8; 2 
are the vertices of quadrilateral ABCD.
A D
 Diagonals are not bisecting
each other. 
B
24 64 C
Midpoint of AC is  ;    3;1
 2 2 
 5  8 2  2   3 
Midpoint of BD is  ;    ;2 
 2 2  2 
 Tutorial 1: Distance, Gradient
and Midpoint Formulae
Given a quadrilateral with vertices as indicated.
1. Determine whether the opposite A  2; 4 
sides are equal in length.
B 1; 2  D  6;6 
2. Determine whether the opposite
sides are parallel.
3. Determine whether the diagonals C  5; 4 
bisect each other.
4. Classify this quadrilateral. PAUSE Unit
• Do Tutorial 1
5. Can this quadrilateral be • Then View Solutions
classified as a rectangle?
 Tutorial 1 Problem 1: Suggested Solution

1. Determine whether the opposite

sides are equal in length. A  2; 4 

AB  1  4  5 B 1; 2  D  6;6 

and CD  1  4  5

 AB  CD C  5; 4 

Similarily AD  16  4  20  BC
 Opposite sides are equal.
 Tutorial 1 Problem 2: Suggested Solution

2. Determine whether the opposite

sides are parallel. A  2; 4 
42 D  6;6 
mAB  2 B 1; 2 
2 1
64
and mCD  2
65
C  5; 4 
 AB CD  mAB  mCD 
2 1  Gradients 
mAD  mBC    AD BC  
4 2  are equal 
 Tutorial 1 Problem 3: Suggested Solution

3. Determine whether A  2; 4 
the diagonals bisect
B 1; 2  D  6;6 
each other.
Midpoint of diagonal AC
25 44 7 
is  ;    ;4  C  5; 4 
 2 2  2 
Midpoint of diagonal BD  Diagonals bisect each other
1 6 2  6   7  7 
is  ; 
  ;4  at the point  ; 4 
 2 2  2  2 
 Tutorial 1 Problem 4: Suggested Solution

4. Classify this quadrilateral.

A  2; 4 

B 1; 2  D  6;6 

We showed in question 2 that:

AB DC and AD BC C  5; 4 

 ABCD can be classified as a parallelogram.

 Tutorial 1 Problem 5: Suggested Solution

5. Can this quadrilateral be

classified as a rectangle?
In question 1 we showed that
opposite sides are equal.

We showed in question 2 that:

1
mAB  2 and mBC 
2
 mAB  mBC  1
B  90  ABCD is not a rectangle.
 Unit 2

Inclination
CAPS
of a Line Mathematics
Series
 What is the Inclination of a Line?
The angle that a line makes with the positive direction
of the x  axis is called the inclination of the line.
y A
y

x
  is the Inclination of the line
x
B y
mAB   tan 
x
for 0    180
 When are two Lines Parallel?
Two lines with the same
inclination will be parallel.

y A C

 
x
B D
AB CD  mAB  mCD  tan 
 When are two Lines Perpendicular?
mAB  tan  and mCD  tan 
 mAB  mCD  tan   tan   tan   tan  90   
 tan     cot    1
y C A
Assume that
AB  CD
  90  



x
B
D
 AB  CD  mAB  mCD  1
Transforming Inclination into Gradient
Example : Given that the inclination of a line is 78,
find the gradient of the line.

mLine  tan 78  4,705

Example : Given that the inclination of a line is 158,
find the gradient of the line.

mLine  tan158  tan 180  22 

  tan 22  0,404
 Transforming Gradient to Inclination
Example : Find the inclination of a line if the
3
the gradient of the line is .
4
3 1 3
m  tan   tan      tan 36,87
4 4
Example : Find the inclination of a line if the
5
the gradient of the line is  .
6
5 1 5
tan     Reference Angle  tan  39,81
6 6
   180  39,81  140,19
 Tutorial 2: Inclination of a Line

1. Given that AB CD and that mAB  1,7.

Determine the inclination of line CD.
2. The inclination of line AB is 73.
Determine the inclination of line
CD if CD  AB.

PAUSE Unit
• Do Tutorial 2
• Then View Solutions
 Tutorial 2 Problem 1: Suggested Solution

1. Given that AB CD and that mAB  1,7.

Determine the inclination of line CD.

mCD  1,7
 tan   1, 7
  tan 1, 7    59,5
1

 Inclination of CD is 59,5
 Tutorial 2 Problem 2: Suggested Solution

2. The inclination of line AB is 73.

Determine the inclination of line CD if
CD  AB.
1
 mCD  and mAB  tan 73
mAB
1
 mCD 
tan 73
 1 
1
 Inclination of CD is 180  tan  
 tan 73 
or 180 17 or 163
 Tutorial 2 Problem 2: Alternative Solution
2. The inclination of line AB is 73.
Determine the inclination of line CD if
CD  AB.
y B
C
  90  73  163

73 
x
D
A
 Unit 3

Finding the
CAPS
Equation of a
Mathematics
Straight Line Series
Point – Gradient Form of a Straight Line
Let A  x1; y1  be a fixed point on a line with gradient m.
Let B  x; y  be any point on the line.
y
m
B  x; y   y CB y  y1
m  
x AC x  x1
A  x1 ; y1   C  x; y1 
x y  y1  m  x  x1 
Point  Gradient form of straight line
 Utilize the Point-Gradient Formula
Find the equation of the line passing through
2
the point  3; 5  that has a gradient of  .
3
Use the point-gradient formula.
y  y1  m  x  x1 
2
 Equation of line is given by y  5    x  3
3
2x 2x
or y     2  5  or y   3
3 3
Standard form of a straight line.
 2 – Point Form of a Straight line
Let A  x1; y1  and B  x2 ; y2  be two fixed points on a line.
y y2  y1
m  is the gradient of this line.
x x2  x1
Use point  gradient form of line:
y  y1  m  x  x1 
y2  y1
 y  y1   x  x1 
x2  x1
Two  Point form of straight line
 Utilize the two - point formula
Find the equation of the line passing through
the points  3; 5  and  4;3 .
Use the two  point formula: Alternatively:
y2  y1
y  y1   x  x1 y  5 
8
 x  3 
x2  x1 7
5  3
 Equation of line is given by y  3   x  4
3  4
8 8 x 11
or y  3   x  4  or y  
7 7 7
 Tutorial 3: Part 1: Equations of a Straight Line

1. Find the equation of the line that:

(a) Is parallel to the line y  3 x  2
and passes through  3; 4  .
(b) Is perpendicular to the line
2x
y  3  0 and passes through
3
the point  4;5  .
PAUSE Unit
• Do Tutorial 3 (Part 1)
• Then View Solutions
Tutorial 3 Problem 1(a): Suggested Solution

1(a) Find the equation of the line that is parallel to

the line y  3x  2 and passes through  3; 4  .

m  3 is the gradient of the line.

Use the point  gradient formula:

y  y1  m  x  x1 
 Equation of line is given by y  4  3  x  3

or y  3x  5
Tutorial 3 Problem 1(b): Suggested Solution

1(b) Find the equation of the line that is perpendicular to the

2x
line y   3  0 and passes through the point  4;5  .
3
2x 2
y  3  Gradient of given line is 
3 3
3
 Gradient of line perpendicular to given line is
2
From point  gradient formula the equation of required
line is given by:
3 3x
y  5   x  4  or y   11
2 2
 Tutorial 3: Part 2: Equations of a Straight Line

2. P  2; 4  , Q  4; 2  and R  7;1

are the vertices of PQR and PAUSE Unit
• Do Tutorial 3 (Part 2)
M is the midpoint of PQ. • Then View Solutions

(a) Find the equation of line MR.

(b) Is MR  PQ ?
(c) Determine the equation of the
line through M that is perpendicular to PQ.
(d) Find the equation of the line that is parallel
to PR and passes through M .
 Tutorial 3 Problems 2 (a) and (b): Suggested Solutions

2. P  2; 4  , Q  4;2  and R  7;1 are the vertices of PQR and

M is the midpoint of PQ.
P  2; 4 
(a) Find the equation of line MR.
(b) Is MR  PQ ?

2  a  M  3; 1 M   3; 1 R  7;1

2 1
mMR   Q  4; 2 
10 5
1 x 2
Equation of MR : y  1   x  7  or y  
5 5 5
2  b m PQ 
6
2
 3  MR  PQ  Reason?
Tutorial 3 Problem 2 (c): Suggested Solutions

2. P  2; 4  , Q  4; 2  and R  7;1

are the vertices of PQR and
M is the midpoint of PQ.
(c) Determine the equation of the line
through M that is perpendicular to PQ.

2.  c  mPQ  3  Gradient of line  to PQ 

1
3
Equation of requested line:
1 x
y  1   x  3 or y 
3 3 Know: M  3; 1
Tutorial 3 Problem 2 (d): Suggested Solutions

2. P  2; 4  , Q  4; 2  and R  7;1

are the vertices of PQR and
M is the midpoint of PQ. Know: M  3; 1
(d) Find the equation of the line that
is parallel to PR and passes through M .

2.  d  5 5
mLINE  mPR  
9 9
5 5x 2
y  1   x  3 or y  
Equation: 9 9 3
 End of the Topic Slides on
Analytical Geometry

REMEMBER!
• Consult text-books and past exam papers and
memos for additional examples.
• Attempt as many as possible other similar examples
on your own.
• Compare your methods with those that were
discussed in these Topic slides.
• Repeat this procedure until you are confident.

• Do not forget: Practice makes perfect!